How a bird works Colin Pennycuick University of Bristol
How a bird works Colin Pennycuick
University of Bristol
Elbow
Wrist
Splayed tips
Primary
feathers
Secondary
feathers
Tail
Undercarriage
(water, land)
Engine
Navigation
Speed Span Area Beta AR Cl
m/s m m2
8.6 0.67 0.063 1 6 1.3 60,000
12.4 0.57 0.85
22.1 0.25 0.0385 0.37 1.3 0.25 300,000
Re
Energy height dep 381 249
Energy height arr 245 70
Energy height lost 136 179
L/D 11.2 7.8
White-fronted Goose Cessna 182
Goose
Cessna 182
BIRD
Multiple spars
BAT
Segmented spar
PTEROSAUR
Single spar