Remediation of Crude Oil Impacted Soils with Electron Beam Irradiation John Lassalle, Marco Martinez, Thomas Thompson, Kenneth Briggs, Harika Damarla, Craig Evangelista Andrea Strzelec, David Staack (Mechanical Engineering Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA) Paul Bireta, Deyuan Kong, Thomas Hoelen, and Gabriel Sabadel (Chevron) 1 A15-03
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Remediation of Crude Oil
Impacted Soils with Electron Beam
Irradiation
John Lassalle, Marco Martinez, Thomas Thompson, Kenneth Briggs, Harika Damarla, Craig Evangelista
Andrea Strzelec, David Staack
(Mechanical Engineering Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA)
Paul Bireta, Deyuan Kong, Thomas Hoelen, and Gabriel Sabadel
(Chevron)
1
A15-03
Motivation and
Objectives• Pollution of soils by heavy hydrocarbons is a major global environmental issue [1].
• Light Crude Oil – very mobile, bioremediate or weather away
• Very Heavy Oil – asphalt – immobile & acceptable
• Mid – Heavy Oil – don’t weather or bioremediate easily, moderate mobility, nuisance
• Remediation technologies must be fast, efficient, and economical at large scales
Objectives:
• Show proof of concept (TPH reductions to <1%)
• Impact of test parameters such as dosage
• Design of experiment setup
Niger River Delta [P1] Picture of Rock Bay Crude Oil
Remediation Site
2
Background
1. TPH = Total petroleum hydrocarbonMeasure of hydrocarbon (C6 thru C40) content in the soil.
Initial 3% - 5% Oil w/w
Goal (industrial) < 1%
Goal (non-industrial) < 0.15%
2. Typical Thermal & Energetic Removal MethodsDirect Heating - (flame on soil – heat to 500oC)
Indirect Heating – kiln drying (heat to 500oC)
Oxidation & Combustion – occurs in direct heating
Pyrolysis – occurs in high temperature kiln drying (inert gas)
3
Combustion
Pyrolysis
Conceptual e-Beam Process Overview Schematic
Excavation
Crushing &
Sizing
Conveyor
E-beam Processing
(mobile facility brought to site)
Gas Treatment / Air
Quality Control
Condensation of
desorbed vaporsTreated Soil
Water
Oil
Stock-
piling
Conveyor
Backfill with
Treated Soil
0.5 – 1 MW,
10 MeV
Electron Beam
Soil stays on site
Radiation
Shielding
Necessary only
when beam is
on. No residual
radiation.
4Soil Amendments
Why e-Beam?
• Advantages:– Higher rate of energy
addition than all other
energetic methods
– Production of char (fixed
carbon with potential
benefits for soil health)
5
0
100
200
300
400
500
-5 5 15 25
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
]
Time [min]
Soil Temperature-All Treatments
Industrial ThermalDesorption
Pyrolysis
Electron Beam
Held for 200 min
- Radiation chemistry speeds up pyrolysis cracks (easier to remove) or
polymerizes (reduces mobility) some medium-heavy hydrocarbons.
- Oils can be recovered from the soils
- Volumetric heating simplifies material handling, potentially enables
separation of liquid crude oil.
• Disadvantages:• Higher specific energy requirements (x2) than thermal methods
• Need radiation shielding during operation
• Penetration depth
E-beam processing facility concept
6
• Trailer mounted portable ebeam.
• On site, ex-situ
• Shown below is a single 800 kW, 8 MeV beam (Rhodotron)
• 100 CY / day, 10 ft/min feed, 8 second residence time
6
~70ft
Top ¼ of soil exits. Bottom ¾
captures residual heat and
dries input soil prior to ebeam
to ~10% water content.
Experimental Methods
• Experimental configurations
– Small batch 100g preliminary experiments
– Stationary large batches for dose matching
– Conveyed 3 kg samples (1 to 5 inches/minute)
• Various Soils Tested
– Synthetic Manufactured Mixtures (crude + dirt)
– Field Attained Soils (GSC1AOS, GSI14RD, BTSludge)
– Benchmark Soils (BM1, BM2, TX1)
• Dose ranges from 200 to 2500 kJ/kg at 6-10 kGy/s.
30s to 6 min residence time for irradiation.
• UV-Vis Absorption, Colorimetry for screening tests, Gas chromatography, Lancaster Labs for Third Party evaluation of TPH, TPO/TPD (fixed and mobile carbon).