04.04.2018 1 Technical English - II 9 th week Irrigation and Drainage agriculture / plant / irrigation / manmade system / water requirement / wasting water / over watering Irrigation is the controlled application of water for agricultural purposes through manmade systems to supply water requirements not satisfied by rainfall. The main objective of irrigation is to provide all plants with sufficient water to grow and remain healthy without wasting water and over watering. irrigation potential / arable land / rain fed agriculture / economically irrigable rainfed agriculture The climate of Turkey is semi-arid with some extremities in temperature. Climate and precipitation figures exhibit great variance throughout the country: in the higher interior Anatolian Plateau, winters are cold with late springs, while the surrounding coastal fringes enjoy the very mild-featured Mediterranean Climate. Average annual precipitation is 643 mm, ranging from 250 mm in the Central Anatolia, to over 2500 mm in the coastal area of north-eastern Black Sea. Approximately, 70% of the total precipitation falls during the period between October and April, and there is a little rainfall during summer months. Precipitation (P)-over- Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) ratio (P/PET). (P/PET) precipitation / evapotranspiration / arid / humid / semi-arid / sub-humid / coastal fringes / plateau
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Technical English - II 9th week
Irrigation and Drainage
agriculture / plant / irrigation / manmade system / water requirement / wasting water / over watering
Irrigation is the controlled application of water for
agricultural purposes through manmade systems to supply
water requirements not satisfied by rainfall.
The main objective of irrigation is to provide all plants
with sufficient water to grow and remain healthy without wasting
The climate of Turkey is semi-arid with some extremities in temperature. Climate and precipitation figures exhibit great variance throughout the country: in the higher interior Anatolian Plateau, winters are cold with late springs, while the surrounding coastal fringes enjoy the very mild-featured Mediterranean Climate. Average annual precipitation is 643 mm, ranging from 250 mm in the Central Anatolia, to over 2500 mm in the coastal area of north-eastern Black Sea. Approximately, 70% of the total precipitation falls during the period between October and April, and there is a little rainfall during summer months.
Precipitation (P)-over-Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) ratio (P/PET).
precipitation / evaporation / surface run-off / leakage / groundwater / exploitable water potential / water consumption / basin
In various sectors, as 34 billion m3 in irrigation, 7 billion m3 in domestic water supply and 5 billion m3 in industry totally 46 billion m3 of water was consumed in 2008. This sum corresponds to only 41% of the available exploitable potential of 112 billion m3.
water potential / water consumption / domestic water supply / exploitable potential irrigable land / actual water consumption / projection
Total amount of economically irrigable land is 8.5 million hectare. As of 2008, 5.28 mha of economically irrigable land has been equipped with irrigation facilities. By 2023, 8.5 mha land has been intended to be developed. The summary of the table's contents: There are lots of things to do in the field of irrigation and water resources. As a future civil engineer, get ready for some challenge and opportunity.
regional development / socio-economic development / sustainability / irrigation schemes
The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) is a regional development project aimed at the full fledged socio-economic development of the Southeastern Region of Turkey, known historically as Upper Mesopotamia, which has witnessed some of the earliest civilizations in the world. The GAP is the largest investment for regional development in the history of the Turkish Republic. It was originally planned in the 1970s to consist of projects for irrigation and hydraulic energy production on the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, but transformed into a multi-sector social and economic development program for the region in the 1980s. As an integrated regional development project based upon the concept of sustainability, the GAP covers investments in such fields as urban and rural infrastructure, agriculture, transportation, industry, education, health, housing and tourism, as well as dams, power plants and irrigation schemes.
key dams / irrigation areas
Karakaya
Atatürk
Birecik
Karkamış
Keban
Kralkızı Dicle Batman Ilısu Cizre
Kralkızı Dicle Batman
Ilısu
Cizre
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Euphrates (Fırat) Basin Keban Karakaya Atatürk Birecik Karkamış
Tigris (Dicle) Basin
Kralkızı Dicle Batman Ilısu Cizre
Ataturk dam (Energy and Irrigation), 170 m high rock-fill, 85 million m3
embankment, 2400 MW installed capacity
Urfa twin
tunnels, 7.6 m
& 26.4 km
The longest
irrigation tunnel
in the world
Discharge canal of the twin tunnels
Q=330 m3/s; 12 m, h=7m
Image source: The pictures in the slides (#4 thru #13) are taken from the following publication; a) Ozis, U. (1996) Historical water schemes in Turkey. "Water Resources Development" 12(3) 365-401. b) Ozis, U. (1994) Ancient water works in Turkey with regard to the history of hydraulics engineering. Ankara, State Hydraulic Works, Publication for the 40th anniversary of DSI’s foundation, 203 p.
The project includes 22 dams, 19 hydropower plants, and irrigation networks, on the Euphrates - Tigris River Basin. The total cost of the project is estimated as 37 billion TL, 21 billions of which (57%) have already been invested. Upon the completion of the project, 1,8 million hectares of land will be brought under irrigation, energy production in the region will reach 27.387 GWh, per capita income will rise by 209% and about 3,8 million people will be provided employment opportunities. The planned irrigation area corresponds to 21% of total irrigable land in Turkey and annual energy production to 20% of total electric energy potential in Turkey.
irrigation channels / bed capacity / vocational qualification / training program / consultancy
As a result of the completion of the activities and projects within the GAP Action Plan;
The completion of the construction of 1,649 km long main irrigation channels,
The opening up of 1,060,000 hectares of land to irrigated agriculture,
The completion of 2,209 km of national and county roads and many highway bridges reaching 2.8 km in length,
Reaching the targets of 50%, 100% and 90% of schooling, respectively in preschool, primary and high school education,
Creation of 3,580 additional bed capacities in health sector,
Giving vocational training to 35,000 people, through an extended vocational qualification acquaintance training program,
Reaching up to 6,200 people with training and consultancy programs in order to help them establish their own businesses, are targeted.
Data Evaluation
water demand / climate / meteorological data / water availability / soil characteristics / crop pattern
Water Demands & Climate
Water sources in the project area
Geology and soils
Investigations on crop pattern before and after the proposed irrigation project
Environmental aspects
Socio-economic aspects
Determining an appropriate irrigation system
Methods for crop water need
Blaney-Criddle
Thornthwaite
Penman
Jensen-Haise
Christen-Hargraves
plant / crop /crop water need / humidity temperature
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The Blaney Criddle method estimates monthly ET from mean monthly temperature, percent of annual daylight hours and empirical coefficients. An adjustment can be made in the equation to compute ET on a daily basis.
This calculation is shown below
ET = k * t * p / 100
where ET is the daily crop ET (L) k is the daily empirical crop & meteorological coefficient t is the mean daily temperature (T) p is the daily percent of annual daytime hours
evapotranspiration / annual daylight hours / empirical coefficient crop / evapotranspiration / crop factor / crop water need / effective rain / irrigation water need
ETo × Kc = ET crop
ET crop = crop evapotranspiration or crop water need (mm/day) Kc = crop factor ETo = reference evapotranspiration (mm/day)
VALUES OF THE CROP FACTOR (Kc) FOR VARIOUS CROPS AND GROWTH STAGES
Crop Initial stage Crop dev. stage Mid-season stage Late season stage
Barley/Oats/Wheat 0.35 0.75 1.15 0.45
Bean, green 0.35 0.70 1.10 0.90
Bean, dry 0.35 0.70 1.10 0.30
Cabbage/Carrot 0.45 0.75 1.05 0.90
Cotton/Flax 0.45 0.75 1.15 0.75
Cucumber/Squash 0.45 0.70 0.90 0.75
Eggplant/Tomato 0.45 0.75 1.15 0.80
Grain/small 0.35 0.75 1.10 0.65
Lentil/Pulses 0.45 0.75 1.10 0.50
Lettuce/Spinach 0.45 0.60 1.00 0.90
Melon 0.45 0.75 1.00 0.75
Onion, green 0.50 0.70 1.00 1.00
Peanut/Groundnut 0.45 0.75 1.05 0.70
Pepper, fresh 0.35 0.70 1.05 0.90
Potato 0.45 0.75 1.15 0.85
Radish 0.45 0.60 0.90 0.90
Soybean 0.35 0.75 1.10 0.60
Sugar beet 0.45 0.80 1.15 0.80
Sunflower 0.35 0.75 1.15 0.55
Tobacco 0.35 0.75 1.10 0.90
deep percolation / surface run-off / effective rain
Rainfall and Effective Rainfall
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Pe - Effective Rainfall (mm/month)
P -
R
ain
fall (
mm
/mo
nth
)
Effective rainfall means useful or utilizable rainfall for irrigation.
seasonal variation / crop water need / rain / irrigation / monthly-based calculation
Irrigation = Crop Water Need – Effective Rain (Monthly-based calculation)
Classification of Irrigation Water Conveyance System
Components
water conveyance / main channel / secondary channel / tertiary channel / farm channel / furrow
Main canal Secondary canal Tertiary canal or ditch Farm canal (Furrow)
The irrigation system consists of: A (main) intake structure or (main) pumping station, A conveyance system, A distribution system, A field application system A drainage system
Basin or pool or graded border Field poly pipe irrigation
Pivot sprinkler system Line sprinkler system
Micro spray or mist Single sprinkler system
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Weir notch
Submerged orifice
Parshall flume Weir notch
Ramp flow Submerged orifice
The suitability of water for irrigation depends on the amount and the type of salt the irrigation water contains. The higher the salt concentration of the irrigation water, the greater the risk of salinisation.
Salt concentration of the irrigation water in g/l
Soil salinisation risk
Restriction on use
less than 0.5 g/l no risk no restriction on its use
0.5 - 2 g/l slight to moderate risk
should be used with appropriate water management practices
more than 2 g/l high risk not generally advised for use unless consulted with specialists
water contains / salt concentration / salination / salinisation
plant / transpiration / evaporation / salinisation or salination
A high salt concentration in the soil is harmful for the plants.
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soil / soil moisture / water content / wilting / hygroscopic / capillary / percolation / saturation / root zone
Good management essential. Too little water or too much water means stunted or dead crop.
The root zone
Computer-based irrigation control systems
Control board showing timers, soil moisture sensor-controllers, solenoid valves wiring, and flow meters – data logger. Source: CARDENAS-LAILHACAR (2006)
The system consists of a combination of hardware and software that acts as a supervisor with the purpose of managing irrigation
Source:
soil moisture / water content / computer based / managing irrigation / control board / moisture sensor
perforated pipes / trench / permeable fill / crunched concrete or stone (blue metal) / backfill / moling depth
Open drains use land that otherwise could be used for crops,
They restrict the use of machines,
They also require a large number of bridges and culverts for road crossings and access to the fields,
Open drains require frequent maintenance (weed control, repairs, etc.).
In contrast to open drains, buried pipes cause no loss of cultivable land and maintenance requirements are very limited. The installation costs, however, of pipe drains may be higher due to the materials, the equipment and the skilled manpower involved.
open drain / buried pipes / cultivable land / weed control / installation cost / repair / skilled manpower
Agricultural drainage waters are poorly quantified and its determinants are not fully understood.