1 OVERVIEW OF EXISTING KNOWLEDGE AND NATIONAL – LEVEL POLICIES IN INDIA FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Dr. B. Sengupta Member Secretary Central Pollution Control Board Ministry of Environment & Forests New Delhi Email:[email protected]Website:http://envfor.nic.in/cpcb Paper presented at workshop on Urban Air Quality Management Organised by the World Bank on 14 May 2002
67
Embed
PowerPoint Presentationsiteresources.worldbank.org/.../Resources/… · PPT file · Web view · 2004-03-18New Delhi Email :[email protected] ... Jan 1999 Unleaded NCR Feb 2000 Unleaded
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1
OVERVIEW OF EXISTING KNOWLEDGE AND NATIONAL – LEVEL POLICIES IN INDIA
FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Dr. B. SenguptaMember Secretary
Central Pollution Control BoardMinistry of Environment & Forests
Website:http://envfor.nic.in/cpcb Paper presented at workshop on Urban Air Quality Management
Organised by the World Bank on 14th May 2002
2
CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
APEX BODY IN INDIA FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL (AIR, WATER, NOISE, SOLID WASTE) POLLUTION.
TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC WING OF MOEF SET UP UNDER PARLIAMENT ACT ( WATER ACT 1974, AIR ACT 1981)SUPREME COURT/HIGH COURT EXPECTATIONSRESPONSIBLE FOR SETTING ALL STANDARD AND POLICIES FOR
CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BASED ON SCIENTIFIC STUDY.
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT, 1986 (SECTON 5, DELEGATED BY MOEF)
NEW RESPONSIBILITIES GIVEN UNDER VARIOUS RULES / ACTS
NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL BIOMEDICAL RULES HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT EIA - NOTIFICATION FLY ASH MANAGEMENT COAL BENEFICIATION VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROL
3
KEYWORDS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL
PROGRAMMEPPM
PREVENTION
PROMOTION
MITIGATION
4
PREVENTION • Restriction on polluting technology
Example : Mercury Cell
• Restriction/ ban on polluting products
Example: Toxic Persistent Pesticides
• Restriction on sitting of polluting industries inside designated areas
Example: Coastal Zone/ Agra Trapezium Doon Valley
5
PROMOTION
• Clean Technologies/ process modification/ house keeping
(R&D/ Demonstration projects/ Incentives)
• Environment friendly products (ECOMARK)
• Compatible Industries Example: Waste of one industry could be raw
material for the other
• Common effluent treatment plants
6
MITIGATION
• Control at Source (In plant / add-on system)
• Reduction of Waste, Recovery & Recycling
• Restoration/ Reclamation
Example: GAP/ NRAP
7
1. Major Cities (Vehicular Air Pollution)
2. 24 – Critically polluted area (Industrial Air Pollution)
3. Indoor Air Pollution (Rural Area)
AIR POLLUTION ISSUES
8
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM IN INDIA
I. MAJOR CITIES (DELHI, KOLKATA, MUMBAI, CHENNAI, AHMEDABAD, BANGALORE, HYDERABAD, PUNE, KANPUR).-----VEHICLES, SMALL/MEDIUM SCALE INDUSTRIES II. PROBLEM AREA
AREA TYPE OF POLLUTING INDUSTRIES
SINGRAULI - POWER PLANTS, MINING, ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY.
0.75 µg/m3 0.50 µg/m3 AAS Method after sampling using EPM 2000or equivalent filter paper24 Hour
Average**1.5
µg/m31.0 µg/m3 0.75 µg/m3
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
8 Hours Average**
5.0 mg/m3
2.0 mg/m3 1.0 mg/m3 Non dispersive Infrared Spectroscopy
1 Hour Average 10.0mg/m3
4.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3
Ammonia (NH3) Annual Average*
0.1 mg/m3 -
24 Hour Average**
0.4 mg/m3
* Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.** 24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days. NOTE1. National Ambient Air Quality Standard : The levels of air quality necessary with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health, vegetation and property.2. Whenever and wherever two consecutive values exceed the limit specified above for the respective category, it would be considered adequate reason to institute regular/continuous monitoring and further investigations.3. The State Government / State Board shall notify the sensitive and other areas in the respective states within a period of six months from the date of notification of National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
20
Sensitive areas – sensitive area may include the following: 1) 10 kms all around the periphery of health resorts so notified by State Pollution Control Boards in consultation with department of public health of the concerned state. 2) 10 kms all around the periphery of biosphere reserves, sanctities and national parks, so notified by Ministry of Environment and Forest or concerned states. 3) 5 kms all around the periphery of an archeological monument declared to be of national importance or otherwise so notified A.S.I. in consultation with State Pollution Control Boards. 4) Areas where some delicate or sensitive to air pollution crops/important to the agriculture/horticulture of that area are grown so notified by State Pollution Control Boards in consultation with department of agriculture/horticulture of concerned state. 5) 5 kms around the periphery of centers of tourism and/or pilgrim due to their religious, historical, scenic or other attractions, so notified by department of tourism of the concerned state with State Pollution Control Boards.
21
Non-attainment Areas Observed Annual Mean Concentration of
a Criterion PollutantExceedence = ---------------------------------------------------------Factor Annual Standard for the Respective Pollutant and Area Class
The Four Air Quality Categories are:
Critical Pollution (C): When EF is more than 1.5; High Pollution (H): When EF is between 1.0 - 1.5; Moderate Pollution (M): When EF is between 0.5 - 1.0; Low Pollution (L): When the EF is less than 0.5.
22
STATE / CITY SO2 NO2 SPM AREA CLASS I R I R I R Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad L L L M H H Vishakhapatnam L L L L L C Bihar Dhanbad M H M M H C Jamshedpur M M M M M C Patna - L - L - C Delhi Delhi L L M M C H Gujarat Ahmedabad L L L M H C Goa Ponda - L - L - H Vasco L - L - L - Himachal Pradesh Shimla - L - L - L Damtal - L - L - C Parwanoo L L L L M C Paonta Sahib L - L - L -
Air Quality Category in Some Cities during 1999
23
STATE / CITY SO2 NO2 SPM AREA CLASS I R I R I R Haryana Yamuna Nagar - - - - M - Karnataka Bangalore L M M M L H Mysore L - L - L - Kerala Cochin L L L L L H Kottayam L L L L L L Kozhikode L L L L L M Thiruvananthapuram
L L L L L M
Maharashtra Mumbai L L L L M C Chanderpur L M M M L H Dombivali L M L M L L Nagpur L L L M L C Nashik L M L L L M Pune M M M H M H
24
STATE / CITY SO2 NO2 SPM AREA CLASS I R I R I R Solapur - L - M - C Thane L L L L L L Madhya Pradesh Bhilai L M L M M C Bhopal L L L L M C Indore L L L L H C Jabalpur - M - L - H Korba - L - L - H Nagda L L L L L C Satna L L L L M H Raipur L L L M M C Punjab Ludhiana L L L M H C Jalandhar L L L M M C Orissa Angul L L L L M M Talcher L - L - L - Rourkela L L L L H M
25
STATE / CITY SO2 NO2 SPM AREA CLASS I R I R I R Rajasthan Alwar L L M H M C Jaipur L L M M M C Jodhpur L L L L M C Kota L L L L L C Udaipur - M - C - C Tamil Nadu Coimbatore L L L L L L Chennai L L L L L L Tuticorin - L - L - M Uttar Pradesh Agra L L L L M C Renusagar M - M - H - Dehradun L L L L M H Gajroula L L L L M H Kanpur L L L M H C Varanasi - - - - - C Lucknow L L L L H C Ghaziabad L - L - M - West Bengal Kolkata M M L L H C Chandigarh L L L L M H Pondicherry - L - M - M
26
S.no. City Type of Area 1999 2000 Residential & Other Areas C C 1. Hyderabad Industrial C H Residential C H 2. Visakhapatnam Industrial M L Residential & Other Areas
C C 3 Ahmedabad
Industrial C C Residential & Other Areas
C C 4 Cochin
Industrial M M 5 Nagpur Residential & Other
Areas C C
Residential & Other Areas
C C 6 Mumbai
Industrial M M Residential C C 7 Solapur Industrial H C Residential & Other Areas
H C 8 Chennai
Industrial M M Residential & Other Areas
C C 9 Kanpur
Industrial C C Residential C C 10 Dehradun Industrial H H Residential & Other Areas
C C 11 Kolkata
Industrial H C Residential & Other Areas
C C 12. Jaipur
Industrial H C 13 Bangalore Residential & Other
Areas N.A. C
Industrial N.A. L
Air Quality w.r.t. RSPM
27
TRENDS IN MEGA CITIES
28
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Cities
Con
cent
ratio
n
(µg/
m3 )
1995 1996 1997 19981999 2000 2001 NAAQS
SO2 ( RESIDENTIAL AREAS)
29
010203040506070
Cities
Con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g/m
3 )1995 1996 1997 19981999 2000 2001 NAAQS
NO2 ( RESIDENTIAL AREAS)
30
0
50
100
150
200
Cities
Con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g/m
3 )
1999 2000 2001 NAAQS
RSPM ( RESIDENTIAL AREAS)
31
050
100150200250
Cities
Con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g/m
3 )
1999 2000 2001 NAAQS
RSPM ( INDUSTRIAL AREAS)
32
050
100150200250300350400
Cities
Con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g/m
3 )
1999 2000 2001 NAAQS
SPM ( RESIDENTIAL AREAS)
33
Monthly Average of RSPM at Various Locations in Kolkata During January 2001.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Dunl
op B
ridge
Coss
ipor
e
Shya
mba
zar
Colle
ge S
treet
Bele
ghat
a
Mou
lali
Salt
Lake
Ulta
dang
a
How
rah
Brid
ge
Lalb
azar
Rajb
haba
n
Min
to P
ark
Hazr
a
Mom
inpu
r
Hyde
Roa
d
Tara
tala
Beha
la C
how
rast
a
Tolly
gung
e
Gar
ia
Bais
hnab
ghat
a
Jada
vpur
Kasb
a
Bond
el G
ate
Taps
ia
E.M
. Bye
pass
& B
. M. R
d. X
'ing
Locations
Con
cent
ratio
ns (µ
g/m
3 )NAAQS (24-Hourly for Res. & Other Areas) NAAQS (24- Hourly for Ind. Areas)
Source:- West Bengal Pollution Control Board, Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal, Website - http://www.wbpcb.gov.in/html/airqua.htm
Steps taken to control Air Pollution in India- Evolved National Ambient Air Quality Standards based on health impact- Emission standards for Air Polluting Industries developed for the major air polluting industries- Implementation of standards in 17 categories of Highly Polluting Industries and other small/medium scale industries (stone crushers, brick kill, re-rolling mills, etc.)- Fuel Quality improvement for Pollution Control- Action Plan for 24 problem areas- Vehicular Pollution Control
- Improvement in Fuel quality - Diesel with low sulfur content (0.25 in whole country and 0.05 in NCR & Mumbai)
- Gasoline - Lead Phased-out throughout the country from 1.2.2000.
- Low Sulfur content (0.1% in whole country and 0.05% in NCR and Mumbai)
- Low Benzene content (1% in NCR).- CNG - All commercial vehicles to operate on CNG by
30.09.2001.- Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate for all vehicles every 3
months- Coal benefication/clean coal technology – notification regarding use of beneficiated coal- Pollution control in Taj Trapezium Zones (gas to foundries, monitoring of air
quality, etc.- Air Quality Monitoring at National Level (295 stations spread over 93 cities)- Air Quality Index for public Information- Air Quality Data on TV channels and daily news papers for Public awareness.
56
INSPECTION & CERTIFICATION SYSTEM Fitness certification is a statutory requirement for commercial
vehicles and public transport vehicles. Periodicity for certification is once in a Year.
For non-commercial passenger cars, fitness certification is required for renewal of registration, only after 15 years from the date of first registration. In case of two wheelers no such requirement exists.
Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificates are required to be obtained every three months for all categories of vehicles. In case of petrol vehicles idling CO measurements are taken and in case of diesel vehicles, free acceleration smoke is measured.
RTOs, filling stations & service stations are authorized to issue PUC certificates. There are more than 400 PUC centers in Delhi.
The agency for issue of Fitness Certificate is the Transport Department.
A fee of Rs. 150 per vehicle for heavy commercial vehicles and Rs. 50 for medium & light commercial vehicles is levied for obtaining PUC certificates.
57
INSPECTION & CERTIFICATION SYSTEM Fitness certification is a statutory requirement for commercial
vehicles and public transport vehicles. Periodicity for certification is once in a Year.
For non-commercial passenger cars, fitness certification is required for renewal of registration, only after 15 years from the date of first registration. In case of two wheelers no such requirement exists.
Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificates are required to be obtained every three months for all categories of vehicles. In case of petrol vehicles idling CO measurements are taken and in case of diesel vehicles, free acceleration smoke is measured.
RTOs, filling stations & service stations are authorized to issue PUC certificates. There are more than 400 PUC centers in Delhi.
The agency for issue of Fitness Certificate is the Transport Department.
A fee of Rs. 150 per vehicle for heavy commercial vehicles and Rs. 50 for medium & light commercial vehicles is levied for obtaining PUC certificates.
58
30694686545055873343CO (ug/m3)
-
-
34.0
43.0
31.67
41.69
27.96
-
23.72
-
Vehicle No.(Lac)
% Calm Wind
163191200--RSPM (ug/m3)
-101136312408Pb (ng/m3)
-59637566NO2 (ug/m3)
1618253542SO2 (ug/m3)
.All autos/taxis and buses to run on CNG.. At present 1600 buses, 11000 taxis and cars, 25000 autos on CNG.
. Buses more than 8 years old phased out. Replacement of pre-1990 autos/taxis with vehicles on clean fuels.Conversion of post-1990 autos to CNG initiated. Fuel testing lab established
.15 years oldcommercialvehicles banned.Pre-mix 2-T oil in retail outlets
.Govt. vehicles to run on CNG/Catalytic Converter.
-Other Measures
.Diesel with 0.05% sulphur throughout retail outlets in NCT.
.Diesel sulphur reduced to 0.05% in selected outlets..Gasoline Benzene reduced to 1%.Gasoline sulphur with 0.05% max.sulphur in all outlets..Low smoke 2-T oil introduced
.Diesel sulphur reduced to 0.25%.Gasoline Benzene reduced to 3%.Gasoline Lead phased out
.Fuel quality specifications notified under EPA for the first time.Pb (g/lit)=0.15Diesel S=0.5%Gasoline Benzene=5%
.Diesel S 1%
.Gasoline lead 0.56 g/l.Benzene no limit
Fuel Quality Improvement
CNG/LPG Norms finalized.
.Euro-I equivalent norms for all types of vehicles except passenger vehicles which are Euro-II equivalent.
.Emission norms for cat.converter fitted vehicles made stringent..Hot-start replaced by cold –start tests which gives less emissions.
.Emission norms made stringent as compared to 1991.
.Relaxed normsEmission Norms of Vehicles
2001 (Jan-Jun)2000199819961994
VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES TAKEN AND THEIR IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY IN DELHI
59
33.43
55.87 55.4
46.86
30.69
23.7227.96
31.67 34
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1994 1996 1998 2000 2001( CO
IN u
g/m
3X 1
00 /
VEH
ICLE
S IN
LA
KH
S)
CO VEHICLES
AMBIENT POLLUTANT LEVELS IN TRAFFIC INTERSECTION IN DELHI
6675
6359
67
01020304050607080
1994 1996 1998 2000 2001
NO2 IN
ug/m3
NO2
4235
2518 15
100
50
25
5 50
20
40
60
80
100
120
1994 1996 1998 2000 2001SO2
IN u
g/m
3 /D
IESE
L S
IN 1
00
X p
pm
SO2 DIESEL S
60
AMBIENT POLLUTANT LEVELS IN TRAFFIC INTERSECTION IN DELHI
40.8
31.2
13.610.1
56
15
1.3 1.30
10
20
30
40
50
60
1994 1996 1998 2000
LEA
D IN
10
X u
g/m
3 / P
TRL
Pb IN
mg/
l
LEAD PETRL Pb
20 19.1 18
25
5 5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1998 2000 2001RSP
M I
N 1
0 X
ug/
m3
/ D
IESE
L S
IN
10
0 X
ppm
RSPM DIESEL S
CORRELATION OF AMBIENT NO2 LEVEL WITH CALM CONDITIONS OF WIND IN DELHI
2000 2005 2010 A 2010 B 2010 C 2010 D 2010 E 2010 F
F / VTA- 2000/2000B- 2000/2005C- 2005/2000D- 2005/2005E- EUROIII/EUROIIIF- EUROIV/EUROIV
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION & EMISSION EVALUATIONPRESENT & FUTURE PROJECTION FOR DELHI
63
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATED/DISSEMINATED TO INDUSTRY FOR POLLUTION CONTROL
Technologies evaluated / disseminated by Central Board are listed below:
1. Control of air pollution from coal fired reverberatory furnaces (with IIT-DELHI).
2. Development of control technology for suppression and prevention of dust emission from stone crushers (with NPC).
3. Optimization of combustion efficiency and control of emission from small (less than 2t/hr) boilers (with NPC).
4. Noise control system from stationary diesel generator sets (with IISC).
5. Disposal and utilization of red mud from aluminium industries (with JLNAR).
6. Technologies for removal of SO2 from flue gases (with CPRI).
64
7. Technologies for control of NOx emissions (with DCL).
8. Evaluation of technologies for different types of boilers (FBC, PFBC etc.) (with TERI)
9. Evaluation of clean coal technologies.
10. Characterization of fabric filter dust collector.
11. Design and operating parameters of electrostatic precipitators.
12. Utilization of fly ash in cement industry (with NCBM, UOR).
65
THRUST AREAS TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA
Source Attribution Study to be Carried out Systematically in all Major Cities and Critically Polluted Areas ( 7 cities and 24 Problem Areas)
Action Plan Preparation and Implementation in Following Areas
Reduction of Sulphur in Diesel. Premix 2T Oil for 2 Stroke Vehicles Phasing out of 2 Stroke Vehicles Particulate Trap in Diesel Vehicles More Use of Clean Transportation Vehicles
66
Effective I/M Programme for inuse Vehicles Reduction of Particulate Emission from Coal Based Power Plants ( Bag
filters, ...) Reduction of Sulphur in Furnace Oil Effective Pollution Control for from Stone Crusher, Lime Kiln, Brick Kiln,
Foundry, Small Boilers, Hot-Mix Plants, Secondary Lead Industry etc. Relocation of Polluting Industries Approved Fuel Usage in Major Cities Ban on Open Burning of Biomass DG sets (Both Stationery and Portable) Pollution Control Checking of Adulteration in Fuel Use of Beneficiated Coal in Thermal Power Plants Reduction of Emission from Ash Pond Continuous Monitoring of PM10, O3, NOx, HC etc. in Ambient Air