PowerPoint: Part 2

The HeartPart 2

Circulatory System:

Cardiac Cycle

• One complete contraction and relaxation of all 4 chambers of the heart

• Atrial systole, Ventricle diastole

• Atrial diastole, Ventricle systole

• Quiescent period

• Resistance opposes flow– great vessels have

positive blood pressure– ventricular pressure must

rise above this resistance for blood to flow into great vessels

Principles of Pressure and Flow

• Pressure causes a fluid to flow – ____________________________ - pressure difference

between two points

Heart Sounds

• ____________________ - listening to sounds made by body

• First heart sound (S1), louder and longer “_______”, occurs with closure of _______ valves

• Second heart sound (S2), softer and sharper “_______” occurs with closure of __________________ valves

• S3 - rarely heard in people > 30

Phases of Cardiac Cycle• ________________ period– all chambers relaxed– AV valves open and blood

flowing into ventricles• _____________ systole– _____ node fires, depolarize– atria contract, force

additional blood into ventricles

– ventricles now contain ____-___________________ (____) of about 130 ml of blood

___________________ of Ventricles

• Atria repolarize and relax

• Ventricles depolarize

• Ventricles contract

• Rising pressure closes AV valves - ___________________

• No ejection of blood yet (no change in volume)

Ventricular Ejection

• Pressure opens ________________ valves

• Blood ejected

• Stroke volume: amount ejected, _____ ml at rest

• SV/EDV= ejection fraction, at rest ~ ____%, during vigorous exercise as high as ____%, diseased heart < ______%

• ___________________: amount left in heart

Ventricles- Isovolumetric Relaxation

Ventricles repolarize and relax (begin to expand)

• _______________ valves close (__________ notch of aortic press. curve) - heart sound S2 occurs

• AV valves remain closed

• Ventricles expand but do not fill (no change in volume)

Ventricular Filling - 3 phases

1. Rapid ventricular filling • AV valves first

open

2. ________________• sustained lower

pressure, venous return

3. ______________ • filling completed

Major Events of Cardiac Cycle• __________ period

• __________ filling

• Isovolumetric contraction

• _______________ ejection

• _______________ relaxation

Rate of Cardiac Cycle

• Atrial systole, 0.1 sec

• Ventricular systole, 0.3 sec

• Quiescent period, 0.4 sec

• Total 0.8 sec, heart rate 75 bpm

Ventricular Volume Changes at Rest

End-systolic volume (ESV) 60 ml

Passively added to ventricle during atrial diastole +30 ml

Added by atrial systole +40 ml

End-diastolic volume (EDV) 130 ml

Stroke volume (SV) ejected by ventricular systole -70 ml

End-systolic volume (ESV) 60 ml

Both ventricles must eject same amount of blood

________________ (CO)

• Amount ejected by ventricle in 1 minute• Cardiac Output = ____________ x

________________– ~ 4 to 6L/min at rest– _____________________ CO to 21 L/min for

fit person and up to 35 L/min for world class athlete

• ____________________: difference between a persons maximum and resting CO with fitness, with disease

Heart Rate• ___________ = surge of pressure in artery– infants have HR of 120+ bpm – young adult females avg. _______ bpm– young adult males avg. ________ bpm– HR rises in the elderly

• ____________: resting adult HR above 100– stress, anxiety, drugs, heart disease or body

temp.

• _____________: resting adult HR < 60– in sleep and endurance trained athletes

Chronotropic Effects

• ____________ chronotropic agents HR

• ____________ chronotropic agents HR

• ____________ of medulla oblongata– an autonomic control center with two

neuronal pools: a cardioacceleratory center (sympathetic), and a cardioinhibitory center (parasympathetic)

Chronotropic Chemicals• _______________• Neurotransmitters - cAMP 2nd messenger– catecholamines (NE and epinephrine) • ______________________

• _______________ – caffeine inhibits cAMP breakdown– nicotine stimulates catecholamine secretion

• _______________– TH adrenergic receptors in heart,

sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation, HR

• Electrolytes– _____ has greatest effect• hyperkalemia

– myocardium less excitable, HR slow and irregular

• ______________________– cells hyperpolarized, requires increased stimulation

– ___________• ______________________

– decreases HR

• hypocalcemia – ____________________

Chronotropic Chemicals

Sympathetic Nervous System

• _______________________- center– stimulates sympathetic nerves to SA node,

AV node and myocardium– nerves secrete _________________, binds to

-adrenergic receptors in the heart(positive chronotropic effect)

– CO peaks at HR of 160 to 180 bpm– Sympathetic n.s. can HR up to 230 bpm,

(limited by refractory period of SA node), but SV and CO (less filling time)

Parasympathetic Nervous System

• Cardioinhibitory center stimulates _________ nerves

• right vagus nerve - SA node• left vagus nerve - AV node

– secretes ACH which binds to receptors• nodal cells hyperpolarized, HR slows

– vagal tone: background firing rate holds HR to sinus rhythm of 70 to 80 bpm• severed vagus nerves (intrinsic rate-100bpm)• maximum vagal stimulation HR as low as 20 bpm

Inputs to Cardiac Center

• Higher brain centers affect HR– cerebral cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus • sensory or emotional stimuli (rollercoaster, IRS audit)

• ___________________ – inform cardiac center about changes in

activity, HR before metabolic demands arise

• ________________ signal cardiac center– aorta and internal carotid arteries • pressure , signal rate drops, cardiac center HR• if pressure , signal rate rises, cardiac center HR

Inputs to Cardiac Center

• ____________________________– sensitive to blood pH, CO2 and oxygen

– aortic arch, carotid arteries and medulla oblongata

– primarily respiratory control, may influence HR

CO2 (hypercapnia) causes H+ levels, may create acidosis (pH < 7.35)

– Hypercapnia and acidosis stimulates cardiac center to HR

Stroke Volume (SV)

• Governed by three factors:1. _________________

2. contractility

3. _________________

• Example preload or contractility causes SV afterload causes SV

Preload

• _________________________________________

________________________________________• ____ preload causes ___ force of contraction– exercise venous return, stretches

myocardium ( preload) , myocytes generate more tension during contraction, CO matches venous return

• ______________________________ - SV EDV– _____________________________________• _________ they are stretched ( preload) the

______ they contract

Contractility

• Contraction force for a given preload

• ______________ inotropic agents – factors that ____ contractility• hypercalcemia, catecholamines, glucagon, digitalis

• _____________ inotropic agents – factors that ____ contractility are• hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia

Afterload

• Pressure in arteries above semilunar valves opposes opening of valves

afterload SV– any impedance in arterial circulation _____

afterload

• Continuous in afterload (____________, atherosclerosis, etc.) ________________ of myocardium, may lead it to weaken and fail

Exercise and Cardiac Output

• Proprioceptors– HR ____ at beginning of exercise due to signals from

joints, muscles

• Venous return– muscular activity ____ venous return causes ______

SV

HR and SV cause CO• Exercise produces ventricular hypertrophy– _______ allows heart to beat more slowly at rest cardiac reserve