PowerPoint ® Lecture prepared by Gary A. Beluzo FOSSIL FUELS The Lifeblood of the Global Economy 20.

PowerPoint® Lecture prepared by Gary A. Beluzo

FOSSIL FUELS The Lifeblood of the Global Economy

20

Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company

STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Compare and contrast the ways in which the US economy obtains and uses coal, oil, and natural gas.

• Compare and contrast the biological and geological processes that form coal, crude oil, and natural gas.

• Explain why at some point, global oil production will decline over time rather than simply disappear overnight.

• Describe why it is so difficult to estimate the quantity of oil that remains.

• Explain the costs and benefits of efforts to reduce US dependence on imported oil.

• Explain why crude prices tend to fluctuate and why they are so high now.

After reading this chapter, students will be able to


Déjà vu- All Over Again

• 1973-1974 and 1979-1981 global reduction in oil production

• Cadillac's of the 1950s and 1960s no longer were a status symbol by the late 1970s

• 1986 price collapse reinitiated larger vehicles and lower gas mileage

• But higher prices are back

• Will SUVs suffer a similar fate?


Past and Present Fossil Fuel Use• Conventional Fossil Fuels

• Coal, oil, and natural gas

• Nonconventional Fossil Fuels• Oil share and tar sands

• More expensive to produce

• May replace conventional fuels

• Coal

• Oil

• Natural Gas


Changes in U.S. Energy Use


Fossil Fuel Use by Sector


Formation of Fossil Fuels• Millions of years ago

• Net primary production of autotrophs

• Large amounts of organic matter in small area

• Organic matter cut off from oxygen

• Rearranged to concentrate energy content

• “Geological accident”

• Fossil Fuel resource base represents less than century of primary production of terrestrial ecosystems


Coal

• Derived from terrestrial plants millions of years ago

• Estuaries and swamps (mostly woody plants)

• C:H used to rank coals

• Anthracite (9:1)

• Bituminous

• Subbituminous

• Lignite


Crude Oil and Natural Gas

• Derived from aquatic organisms, mainly plankton

• Shallow marine environments

• Sedimentation

• Kerogen (precursor of oil and natural gas)

• Trapped in sedimentary rocks (oil shale)

• Crude Oil

• Natural Gas


Coal Mining Techniques


Crude Oil and Natural Gas Extraction


Secondary Oil Recovery


Oil Refinery


U.S. Natural Gas Pipelines


U.S. Reserves to Production Ratio


Yield per Effort of Oil Exploration


Yield per Effort Explained


When Will the World Run Out of Oil?


Hubbert’s Logistic Curve


Energy Return on Investment


Net Energy Supply


U.S. Oil Imports


Economic Effects of Efforts to Increase Oil Production


Oil Production from ANWR


Remaining Supplies of Oil


Oil Price Regimes


Control Over Supply


Changes in Supply and Demand

PowerPoint ® Lecture prepared by Gary A. Beluzo FOSSIL FUELS The Lifeblood of the Global Economy 20.

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