Chapter 1 Communication: Essential Human Behavior Real Communication, Second Edition by Dan O’Hair and Mary Wiemann
Aug 14, 2015
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Communication: Essential Human Behavior
Communication: Essential Human Behavior
Real Communication, Second Editionby Dan O’Hair and Mary Wiemann
Why Study Communication?Why Study Communication?
Formal study can−Improve our skills−Help us make sense of what
happens in our lives−Increase our personal impact−Enhance our relationships with others
Communication Enables Us to…
Communication Enables Us to…
Express Affiliation Express Affiliation Affiliation is the affect, or feelings,
you have for others; emotion.
It can be expressed in many ways; both verbal and non verbal
Achieve GoalsAchieve Goals We need communication to
accomplish particular objectives
Goal or task oriented communication can be both direct and indirect
Influence OthersInfluence OthersControl; ability of one person, group, or organization to influence others.
Describing CommunicationDescribing Communication
Communication is the process by which individuals use symbols, signs, and behaviors to exchange information.
Characteristics of CommunicationCharacteristics of Communication
Symbolic−Symbols are arbitrary
constructions that refer to people, things, and concepts
−Symbols stand for things, but they are not the “thing.” There is no relationship between symbols and the “thing” they stand for.
SymbolsSymbols
Tree
Features (cont’d)Features (cont’d)
Meaning−the significance we bestow
on phenomena—what they signify to us
−We negotiate the meaning of symbols with others through communication
Characteristics of CommunicationCharacteristics of CommunicationRequires a shared code
−A code is a set of symbols joined together to create meaning
−Involves encoding and decoding
Characteristics of CommunicationCharacteristics of Communication
Need not be intentional−Giving information vs. giving off information
Characteristics of CommunicationCharacteristics of Communication
Occurs through various channels−A channel is a method
through which communication occurs
Modeling Communication
http://youtu.be/Btj94IHVc6I?t=22s
Components of Communication (cont’d) Components of Communication (cont’d)
Feedback is the verbal or nonverbal response to communication. +/-
The Channel is the medium by which the message travels; “the medium is the message”
Context or a specific environment that involves several situational factors; Culture
− People simultaneously send and receive messages
− Changes over time
− Occurs within systems
Components of Communication (cont’d) Components of Communication (cont’d)
Noise is any interference that occurs as we communicate. Internal or External.
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Communication and CultureCommunication and Culture
Real Communication, Second Editionby Dan O’Hair and Mary Wiemann
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Culture DescribedCulture Described
Culture is a…learned system of thought and behavior that belongs to and typifies a relatively large group of people; it is the composite of their shared beliefs, values, and practices.
How do we learn culture?How do we learn culture?
listening and observing others' communication
worldview—the framework through which we interpret the world
Learn Culture through communication
Express Culture through communication
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Intercultural Communication
Communication between people from
different cultures who have different
worldviews.
Why does it matter?
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Intercultural Communication
We live in a diverse society.
The world is mobile.
Computer mediated
communication
Global market place
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Cultural Variation
1. High Context vs. Low-Context2. Collectivist vs. Individualist 3. Uncertainty Tolerance4. Masculine vs. Feminine5. Power Distance6. Time Orientation7. Emotional Expression
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
High-Context vs Low-Context
High-context cultures use contextual cues (such as time, place, relationship, and situation) to interpret meaning and send subtle messages.
Low-context cultures use very
direct language and rely less on situational factors to communicate.
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Collectivist vs IndividualistCollectivists tend to perceive
themselves as members of larger groups first and communicate from that perspective.
People from individualist cultures value individuality, autonomy, and privacy.
Power Distances
Way in which a culture accepts
and expects the division of
power among individuals
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Masculine vs Feminine
Masculine cultures place value on assertiveness, achievement, ambition, and competitiveness.
Feminine cultures place value on nurturance, relationships, and quality of life
Comfort with uncertainty
Cultures differ in the degree of anxiety that members feel about the unknown. The ability to adapt behaviors in order to reduce uncertainty and risk, is referred to as uncertainty avoidance.
Time Orientation
The way that cultures communicate with and about time Monochronic cultures treat time as a
limited resource that can be saved or wasted.
Polychronic cultures are less concerned with making every moment count and time is a much more fluid concept.
Value of Emotional Expression
Hyperbole, vivid language with great emotional intensity, is often used by collectivist cultures. Individualist cultures tend to use more understatement, language that downplays the emotional intensity or importance of events.
What Co-Cultures do you belong to?What Co-Cultures do you belong to?
Groupings with unique characteristics; race, sex, gender religion, common interests, activities.
Generational cultures
Barriers to Competent Intercultural CommunicationAnxietyEthnocentrismDiscriminationCombat with…Intercultural sensitivity Intergroup contactAccommodation