7/5/2017 1 Out of Chaos, Order(s) 2017 Master Gardener College Erwin ‘Duke’ Elsner Consumer Horticulture/Small Fruit Extension Educator 520 W. Front Street [email protected]231-922-4822 Phylum Arthropoda • Insects and their relatives Phylum Arthropoda • Insects and their relatives • Lots and lots of relatives Arthropods dominate the planet— by number of species • Estimates vary, but conservatively: – 6 to 10 million species – Over 80 % of all animal species – 900,000 described species of insects – Millions more undescribed or undiscovered • United States estimates: – 91,000 insect species described – 73,000 yet to be described – 23,700 beetles – 19,600 flies – 17,500 bees, wasps and ants – 11,500 moths and butterflies Portions of animal kingdom Portion of all known species
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7/5/2017
1
Out of Chaos, Order(s)
2017 Master Gardener College
Erwin ‘Duke’ ElsnerConsumer Horticulture/Small Fruit
Arthropods dominate the planet—by number of species
• Estimates vary, but conservatively:– 6 to 10 million species– Over 80 % of all animal species– 900,000 described species of insects– Millions more undescribed or undiscovered
• United States estimates:– 91,000 insect species described– 73,000 yet to be described– 23,700 beetles– 19,600 flies– 17,500 bees, wasps and ants– 11,500 moths and butterflies
Portions of animal kingdom Portion of all known species
• Numerous pairs of legs, 1 pair per segment; 1st pair a poison fang
• 1 pair of antennae
• Chewing mouthparts
• predators
Class Chilopoda - Centipedes
Class Diplopoda - Millipedes• 2 tagmata, a
cephalothorax & abdomen
• Generally cylindrical
• Numerous pairs of legs, 2 pair per segment
• 1 pair of antennae
• Chewing mouthparts
• scavengers
Class Diplopoda - Millipedes
Class Malacostraca (Crustacea)
• Crabs, lobsters,
crayfish, sowbugs
• 2 tagmata, a
cephalothorax &
abdomen
• 4 to 7 pairs of legs
• 2 pairs of antennae
Order Isopoda
• Sowbugs, pillbugs
• 2 tagmata, a
cephalothorax &
abdomen
– But hard to discern
the division point
• 7 pairs of legs
• Omnivorous scavengers
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Class Arachnida• 2 tagmata, a
cephalothorax &
abdomen
• 4 pairs of walking
legs
• No antennae
• Chelicerate
mouthparts
• Spiders, ticks, mites
Arachnida Morphology• Two body parts: Cephalothorax and Abdomen
Arachnida Morphology• Mites and Ticks - hard to discern the
cephalothorax from the abdomen
Spiders, order Araneae
Spiders, order Araneae• Many families, hard to key out
• Mostly generalists, some are searchers
• Kill prey with venom
• Some kill prey larger than themselves
• Some use silk for capturing prey
Order Opiliones - Harvestmen
• 2 tagmata, a
cephalothorax &
abdomen,
appearing fused
• 4 pairs of walking
legs
• No antennae
• Minor predators &
scavengers
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Arthropod Orders: Acari
• Mites and ticks– Chelicerate mouthparts (diff. form of piercing-sucking)– Gradual metamorphosis– 4 pairs of walking legs (1st stage has 3 pair) – No antennae, no wings– Body divisions not obvious, a cephalothorax and
abdomen
Order Scorpiones
Order Pseudoscorpiones Class Insecta (Hexapoda)
• 3 body regions,
– head, thorax & abdomen
• 0-3 pairs of jointed legs
• Some species with
wings
• 1 pair of antennae
• Mouthparts modified in
various ways
• Incredibly diverse and “successful”
Insect Morphology• Three body parts: Head, thorax and Abdomen
Insect Morphology• Three body parts: Head, thorax and Abdomen
• Beetles and weevils– Chewing mouthparts on adults and immatures
– Complete metamorphosis
– Front wings (elytra) hardened, shell-like
– Adults usually have noticeable antennae
– Larvae have head capsules, usually three pairs of legs on the thorax and no legs on the abdomen
Insect Orders: Lepidoptera
• Butterflies and moths– Chewing mouthparts on larvae, siphoning on
adults– Complete metamorphosis– Wings covered with colored scales– Adults usually have noticeable antennae– Larvae have head capsules, usually three pairs of
– Larvae in two main forms – caterpillar-like or grubs with head capsules
Insect Orders: Diptera
• Flies & Mosquitoes
– Larvae with “chewing” mouthparts, adults with piercing-sucking or sponging mouthparts
– Complete metamorphosis
– Adults with one pair of membranous wings
– Larvae with no legs on thorax or abdomen
– Rather soft-bodied or slightly hardened adults
Exercise 2
• Sort your insects to order level
Identification Keys
• Dichotomous
keys
• Picture keys
• Word keys
• Combinations
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Picture Keys Picture Keys
Word Keys
• Must be read with utmost attention to detail
• Mark choices with pencil or sticky notes
Dichotomous Keys
• Most combine word “couplets” and
figures when needed to clarify
descriptions
Key:
• An arrangement or listing of the significant characteristics of a group of organisms, used as a guide for taxonomic identification
Taxonomic Key:
• Taxonomic keys are like a flow chart, consisting of a series of decision point at which the user has to compare specimens to descriptions, figures or pictures to decide what “path” to follow
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Taxonomic Key:
• Taxonomic keys are like a flow chart, consisting of a series of decision points at which the user has to compare specimens to descriptions, figures or pictures to decide what “path” to follow
• The path does not necessarily follow lines of relation or phylogeny
• A key constructed so that at each decision point there are only two options
Dichotomous Key:
Wings are presentYes No
Front wings thickenedYes No
More than 6 legsYes No
That’s all,
folks!
Erwin ‘Duke’ ElsnerSmall Fruit EducatorMSU Extension520 W. Front [email protected]