1 Seminar Seminar on on Power Quality Improvements Power Quality Improvements Using Multipulse Converters Using Multipulse Converters By By Prof. Bhim Singh, Prof. Bhim Singh, Senior Member, IEEE Senior Member, IEEE Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Delhi New Delhi-110016, India New Delhi-110016, India
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Power Quality Improvements Using Multipulse Converters
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11
Seminar Seminar onon
Power Quality Improvements Power Quality Improvements Using Multipulse ConvertersUsing Multipulse Converters
ByBy
Prof. Bhim Singh, Prof. Bhim Singh, Senior Member, IEEESenior Member, IEEE Department of Electrical EngineeringDepartment of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology DelhiIndian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi-110016, India New Delhi-110016, India
22
Multipulse converters are converters providing Multipulse converters are converters providing more than six pulses of DC voltagemore than six pulses of DC voltage per cycle from per cycle from AC input.AC input.
Or the converter having Or the converter having more steps in AC input more steps in AC input currentcurrent than that of six pulse bridge rectifier supply than that of six pulse bridge rectifier supply current.current.
Bridge rectifier is the basic block required for AC-Bridge rectifier is the basic block required for AC-DC conversion, however, full-wave and half-wave DC conversion, however, full-wave and half-wave rectifiers are also used up to 120kW ratings.rectifiers are also used up to 120kW ratings.
Phase shifting transformers are used to derive Phase shifting transformers are used to derive multiple phase supply from three-phase AC mains multiple phase supply from three-phase AC mains using different combinations of transformer using different combinations of transformer windings such as star, delta, zigzag, fork, polygon, windings such as star, delta, zigzag, fork, polygon, etc.etc.
What are Multipulse AC-DC Converters?
33
Problems in AC-DC ConvertersProblems in AC-DC Converters
The major The major problemsproblems in AC-DC converters are in AC-DC converters are injection of harmonicsinjection of harmonics at input and output at input and output . .
Harmonics causeHarmonics cause dielectric, thermal or dielectric, thermal or voltage stress, which cause voltage stress, which cause premature ageingpremature ageing of electrical insulation.of electrical insulation.
Voltage distortionVoltage distortion at point of common at point of common coupling takes place due to the voltage drop coupling takes place due to the voltage drop of harmonic currents flowing through system of harmonic currents flowing through system impedances.impedances.
Capacitor bank Capacitor bank overloadingoverloading due to system due to system resonance.resonance.
44
Problems in AC-DC ConvertersProblems in AC-DC Converters
Interference Interference on telephone and on telephone and communication lines due to noise induced communication lines due to noise induced from the power conductors.from the power conductors.
Poor power factorPoor power factor.. Equipment damageEquipment damage from voltage spikes from voltage spikes
created by high frequency resonance created by high frequency resonance resulting from notching. resulting from notching.
55
Power Quality Standards in AC-DC Power Quality Standards in AC-DC
ConvertersConverters IEEE Standard IEEE-519.IEEE Standard IEEE-519.
established in 1981 as the “Recommended Practices and established in 1981 as the “Recommended Practices and requirements for Harmonics Control in Electrical Power System” requirements for Harmonics Control in Electrical Power System” giving limits on current and voltage distortion and revised in giving limits on current and voltage distortion and revised in 19921992
IEC 61000 IEC 61000 The electric equipments have been categorized in four groups: The electric equipments have been categorized in four groups: Class- A, B, C and D, for the purpose of harmonic current Class- A, B, C and D, for the purpose of harmonic current limitationlimitation..
IEEE-1531 IEEE-1531 IEEE-1531 (issued in 2003) gives necessary guidelines for IEEE-1531 (issued in 2003) gives necessary guidelines for specifications for the use of passive shunt harmonic filters in low specifications for the use of passive shunt harmonic filters in low and medium voltage electric power systemsand medium voltage electric power systems
66
Current Distortion Limits for General Distribution Systems(120 V Through 69 000 V), IEEE-519 Std.
Maximum Harmonic current Distortion in Percent of IL
Individual Harmonic order (Odd Harmonics)
ISC/ IL<11 11h17 17h23 23h35 35h TDD
<20* 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0
20<50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
50<100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0
100<1000 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0
>1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0
Even harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd harmonic limits above.
Current distortion that results in a dc offset, e.g., half-wave converters, are not allowed
*All power generation equipment is limited to these values of current distortion, Regardless of actual ISC/ IL
Where,Isc= maximum short-circuit current at PCC.
IL= maximum demand load current (fundamental frequency component) at PCC
77
Current Distortion Limits for General Subtransmission Systems (69001 V through 161 000 V), IEEE-519 Std.
Advantages of Multi-pulse AC-DC Advantages of Multi-pulse AC-DC ConvertersConverters
The performance parameters such as total-The performance parameters such as total-harmonic-distortion (THD) of harmonic-distortion (THD) of AC mainsAC mains current and ripple factor of current and ripple factor of output DC output DC voltagevoltage improve, simultaneously. improve, simultaneously.
The improvement is The improvement is independentindependent of supply of supply frequency frequency variation, unlike passive filters.variation, unlike passive filters.
Minimal or no controlMinimal or no control required as Diodes required as Diodes and/or thyristors are mainly used.and/or thyristors are mainly used.
Phase shifting transformers are used to derive multiple phase supply from three-phase AC mains using different combinations of transformer windings such as star, delta, zigzag, fork, polygon, etc.
Front end of Switched mode Front end of Switched mode powers like-SMPS, UPS, powers like-SMPS, UPS, AC-DC motor drives, dc AC-DC motor drives, dc servo drives.servo drives.
aircraft VSCF (Voltage aircraft VSCF (Voltage source controlled source controlled frequency) systems and frequency) systems and aircraft maintenance aircraft maintenance systems using 60Hz/400Hz systems using 60Hz/400Hz converter systems. converter systems.
synchronous motor drive synchronous motor drive of large power ratings for of large power ratings for applications such as applications such as mining.mining.
Harmonic Spectrum of 18-pulse AC-DC Harmonic Spectrum of 18-pulse AC-DC converterconverter
6161
A A six-pulse diode-bridgesix-pulse diode-bridge fed vector-controlled induction fed vector-controlled induction motor drive (VCIMD) and the controller.motor drive (VCIMD) and the controller.
Zs
Zs
Zs
isa
isb
isc
+
-
6- pulse rectifier
Cd Vdc
Ld
IGBT Based Inverter
~~~
PWM Current
Controller
Field Orientation
and Reference Current
Generation
Estimator for
idm* , iqm* , ω2
*
LimiterPI Speed
Controller
Field Weakening
3 Phase IM
3- Phase AC Mains
ima
imb
imc
ima
imb
ima*
imb*
imc*
idm*
iqm*
ω2*
imr
T T*
ωr
ωrωrωr
*
6262
Dynamic response of 6-pulse diode rectifier fed VCIMD with load perturbation--supply phase voltage VA, source current isA, motor currents
Iabc, speed wr, developed electromagnetic torque Te and DC link voltage Vdc.
6363
Input current waveform and harmonic spectrum of 6-pulse AC-DC converter at full-load.
6464
Twelve-pulse AC-DC converter based on fork-transformer configuration.
3-phase AC
Mains
~~~
iA LOAD
+
-
K1
K2
Vdc
idc
K3
6565
Three-phase supply voltage applied to the input of autotransformer as
0sc
0sb
0sa 120VV ,120VV ,0VV
K1+ K2=1
Output voltages of this configuration are expressed as
b3a1a1 VKVKV
c3a1a2 VKVKV
K1=0.8165, K2= 0.1835, K3= 0.2988
6666
Non-Isolated fork-connection based 24-Pulse AC-DC converterNon-Isolated fork-connection based 24-Pulse AC-DC converter
IPR
3-phase AC
Mains
~~~
iA LOAD
+
-
VDC
iDC
DB1
DB2
DB3
DB4
6767
a
bc
a1
a2a3
a4
b1
b2
b3b4c1c2
c3
c4
K4
K7
K6
K5
nVA
VB
VC
DB1
DB2
DB3
DB4
K8
7.5°
7.5°
7.5° 7.5°
a
bc
n
a1
7.5°7.5°
15° 15°
15°15°
a2 a3a4
b1
b2
b3
b4c1
c2
c3
c4
Phasor representation of transformer for 24-pulse AC-DC converter having fork connected windings.
Winding arrangement of transformer for 24-pulse AC-DC converter having fork connected windings.
6868
0sc1
0sb1
0sa1 217.5VV ,5.97VV ,5.22VV
0sc2
0sb2
0sa2 232.5VV ,5.112VV,5.7VV
0sc3
0sb3
0sa3 247.5VV ,5.127VV,5.7VV
0sc4
0sb4
0sa4 262.5VV ,5.142VV ,5.22VV
The four sets of required voltages for the converters DB1 to DB4 are:
Matlab model of 24-pulse AC-DC converter with VCIMD load.
7171
15Out43
14Out33
13Out42
12Out32
11Out41
10Out31
9Out23
8Out22
7Out13
6Out12
5
In3
4In2
3Out21
2Out11
1In1 1+
1
+2
2
+3
3
+4
4
+5
5
+6
6
+7
7
+8
8
PhC
1+
1
+2
2
+3
3
+4
4
+5
5
+6
6
+7
7
+8
8
PhB
1+
1
+2
2
+3
3
+4
4
+5
5
+6
6
+7
7
+8
8
PhA
Matlab model of auto-transformer for the 24-pulse AC-DC converter system simulation.
7272
-400-200
0200400
VA
(V)
0
I ac(A
)
-50
0
50
I abc (
A)
0
100200
Time(sec)
wr(r
ps)
-50
050
100150
T e(N-m
)
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.30
500
Time (sec.)
Vdc
(V
)
Dynamic response of 24-pulse diode rectifier fed VCIMD with load perturbation----- supply phase voltage VA, source current isA, motor currents Iabc, speed wr, developed electromagnetic torque Te and DC link voltage
7373
0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.8-40
-20
0
20
40
I A (
A)
time (s)
0 12 24 36 48 600
20
40
60
80
100
THD = 3.221%
% M
agni
tude
Harmonic order
Input current waveform and harmonic spectrum of 24-pulse AC-DC converter at full-load.
Input current waveform of 12-pulse AC-DC converters at light load and its harmonic spectrum
7878
Dynamic response of 24-pulse diode rectifier fed VCIMD with load perturbation--supply phase voltage VA, source current isA, motorcurrents Iabc, speed wr, developed electromagnetic torque Te and DC link voltage.
7979
Input current waveforms of 24 pulse AC-DC converter at full load and its harmonic spectrum.
8080
Comparison of magnetic ratings in different AC-DC converters
Sr.Sr.No.No.
TopologyTopology Main Main Transformer Transformer
An Isolated Fork Connected Transformer Based 24-Pulse AC-
DC Converter
9494
Six-pulse diode bridge rectifiers with delta and star-Six-pulse diode bridge rectifiers with delta and star-connected transformers supply are commonly used.connected transformers supply are commonly used.
3-phase AC
Mains
~~~
iA
1 : a
LOAD
Six-Pulse Diode Bridge
i DC
VDC
+
-
A 6-pulse AC-DC converter using delta/star transformer.
9595
iA
1:a
Load
Six- Pulse Diode Bridge
Vdc
+
-
idc
~~~
Delta/star Transformer
3- phase AC
Mains
A 6-pulse AC-DC converter using delta/star transformer
Twelve-pulse AC-DC converter based on fork-transformer configuration-
3-phase AC
Mains
~~~
iALOAD
+
-
VDC
iDC
1 : a
K1K2
9696
IPR
3-phase AC
Mains
~~~
iA LOAD
+
-
VDC
iDC
1 : aDB1
DB2
DB3
DB4
Twenty four-pulse AC-DC converter based on fork-transformer configuration-
9797
Delta/fork transformer winding arrangement for 24-pulse AC-DC converter.
A
BC
Primary
a1
Secondary
a2a3
a4
b1
b2
b3b4c1
c2
c3
c4
K1
K4
K3K2
n
VA
VB
VC
DB1
DB2
DB3
DB4
9898
Phasor representation of transformer for 24-pulse Phasor representation of transformer for 24-pulse AC-DC converter having fork connected secondary AC-DC converter having fork connected secondary
winding winding
7.5°
7.5°
7.5°
7.5°
Va
VbVc
n
a1
Secondary
7.5°7.5°
15° 15°
15° 15°
a2 a3
a4
b1
b2
b3
b4c1
c2
c3
c4
A
N
BC
Primary
9999
0sC
0sB
0sA 120VV ,120VV ,0VV
Three-phase supply voltage applied to the primary of transformer as
Secondary phase voltages for the transformer with transformation ratio ‘a’ (a= Va/VA)
Four sets of required voltages for the converters DB1 to DB4 are
CcBbAa VaV ,VaV ,VaV
0sc1
0sb1
0sa1 217.5VV ,5.97VV ,5.22VV
0sc2
0sb2
0sa2 232.5VV ,5.112VV,5.7VV
0sc3
0sb3
0sa3 247.5VV ,5.127VV,5.7VV
0sc4
0sb4
0sa4 262.5VV ,5.142VV ,5.22VV
100100
K1=0.7029, K2= 0.15072, K3= 0.29116, K4= 0.21315
b3b2a1a1 VKVKVKV
a4b2a1a2 VKVKVKV
15-VV a2a3
45-VV a1a4 45-VV a1a4
45-VV a1a4
kVA rating = 0.5 ∑ (Vwinding I winding)
TUF= PDC/∑ (Vsec . Isec)
101101
MATLAB model of the 24-pulse AC-DC converter
v+-
Vin2
v+
-
Vin1
In1
In2
In3
Out11
Out21
Out12
Out13
Out22
Out23
Out31
Out41
Out32
Out42
Out33
Out43
Fork24-pulseISO-Xer
Transformer
LOAD
Scope2
Scope
12
LT3
12
LT2
12
LT1
12
LT
i+ -
Iin3
i+ -
Iin2
i+ -
Iin1
i+ -
Iin
A
B
C
+
-
DB4
A
B
C
+
-
DB3
A
B
C
+
-
DB2
A
B
C
+
-
DB1
N
A
B
C
3-Ph
vA
iA
iB
iC
102102
MATLAB model of the proposed transformer for 24-pulse AC-DC converter
15Out43
14Out33
13Out42
12Out32
11Out41
10Out31
9
Out23
8Out22
7Out13 6
Out12
5
In34
In2
3Out21
2Out11
1In1
1+
1
+2
2
+3
3
+4
4
+5
5
+6
6
+7
7
+8
8
PhC
1+
1
+2
2
+3
3
+4
4
+5
5
+6
6
+7
7
+8
8
PhB
1+
1
+2
2
+3
3
+4
4
+5
5
+6
6
+7
7
+8
8
PhA
103103
Comparison of power quality parameters of12-pulse and 24-pulse AC-DC converters with varying
load
TopologyTopology LoadLoad THD of THD of VVacac (%) (%)
Comparison of power quality parameters of Comparison of power quality parameters of the 12-Pulse and 24-Pulse AC-DC converters the 12-Pulse and 24-Pulse AC-DC converters
with 6-Pulse AC-DC Converter with 6-Pulse AC-DC Converter
Topology
Topology
LoadLoad AC MainsAC MainsCurrent ICurrent I
ac ac (A)(A)% THD of% THD of
IIacac at atDistortionDistortionFactor DFFactor DF
Comparison of power quality parameters of proposed 36-pulse AC-DC converters with varying load
116116
Comparison of power quality parameters of Comparison of power quality parameters of the 36-Pulse AC-DC converters With 6-Pulse the 36-Pulse AC-DC converters With 6-Pulse AC-DC Converter at full-load and light load AC-DC Converter at full-load and light load
The instantaneous values of input phase voltage (vA), input AC mains current (iA), primary winding currents (iAB and iCA), winding-currents of secondary (iK1 to iK6), a bridge output current (idc1) of 36-pulse AC-DC converter.
118118
Input current waveform of 6-pulse AC-DC converter at light-load andits harmonic spectrum
Input current waveform of 6-pulse AC-DC converter at full-load andits harmonic spectrum
Input and output voltage and current waveforms of 36-pulse AC-DC converter at light load
Input current waveform of 36-pulse AC-DC converters at light load and its harmonic spectrum
119119
Input and output voltage and current waveforms of 36-pulse AC-DC converter at full load.
Input current waveforms of 36 pulse AC-DC converter at full load and its harmonic spectrum.
120120
Test result showing input power, voltage along with current waveforms and input current harmonic spectrum at (a) light load and (b) full-load.
121121
Sr.Sr.No.No.
TopologyTopology Main Transformer Main Transformer ratingrating
(% of load)(% of load)
IPTIPT ratingrating(% of (% of load)load)
Total Total rating of rating of magneticsmagnetics
,,(% of load)(% of load)
11 6-pulse6-pulse 108.0108.0 -- 108.0108.0
22 36-36-pulsepulse
124.2124.2 0.850.85 125.0125.0
Comparison of magnetic ratings in different AC-DC converters
Test results showing power quality parameters of 36-pulse AC-DC converter
123123
The propose 36-pulse AC-DC converter is realized by three 2.2kVA, single-phase transformers and the design details are as follows:
Flux Density: 0.8Tesla, Current Density: 2.3A/mm2, Turns per volt: 0.88E-Laminations: Length=23.5cm, Width=16cmI-Laminations: Length=23.5cm, Width= 4cmEffective Area of cross-section of core=58cm2 (7.6 cm X 8.6cm)
124124
Transformer winding details WindingNumber of turns Gauge of wire (SWG)
Winding voltageWinding voltage No. of No. of TurnsTurns
A Six-Pulse A Six-Pulse T-ConnectedT-Connected AC-DC Converter AC-DC Converter
LOAD
Six-Pulse Diode Bridge
1:a13-phase AC
Mains
~~~
VA
VBVC
iA
iB
iDC
VDC
+
-iC
TSTP
MS2MP1MP2 MS1
127127
Waveforms of 6-pulse AC-DC converter at full-load.
128128
Input current waveform and harmonic spectrum of 6-pulse AC-DC converter at full-load.
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
-45
0
45
I A (
A)
time (s)
0 12 24 36 48 0
20
40
60
80
100
THD = 23.89%
% M
agni
tude
Harmonic Order
129129
Twelve-pulse AC-DC converter based on T-transformer configuration.
3-phase AC
Mains
iDC
1:a2
~~~
iA
iB
iC
VA
VBVC
LOAD
+
-
VDC
IPR
130130
Connection diagram of T-connected transformer for isolated Connection diagram of T-connected transformer for isolated 24-pulse AC-DC converter. 24-pulse AC-DC converter.
iDC
1:a2
3-phase AC
Mains
~~~
iA
iB
iC
VA
VBVC
LOAD
+
-
VDC
IPR
ZSBT
D1 D2
NA
NBVm
131131
Winding arrangement and phasor representation of transformer for 12 and 24-pulse AC-DC converter having T-connected windings.
TP1
MP1MP2
A
N
BC
Primary
TS1
TS2
TS3
TS5
TS4
TS6
MS1MS2
MS3
MS4MS7
MS6 MS5
MS8
15° 15°
15°
15°
15°15°
a
bc
n
a’ a”
b”
b’c”
c’
Secondary
132132
Design of Transformer for 12-Pulse and 24-Pulse AC-DC ConvertersThe voltages across primary winding of the T-connected transformers VTP1= 0.866 VLP VMP1= VMP2=0.5 VLPThe secondary voltage produced is related to primary voltage by the transformation ratio. a3 = VLP / VLSThe secondary produces two sets of three-phase voltages that are displaced from respective primary voltages by +15° and -15°. The various winding voltages in terms of secondary voltage VLS can be determined from Fig. 3 by following relations.VTS1= K1*VLSVTS2= K2*VLSVTS3= VTS3= K3*VLSVTS5= VTS6= K4*VLSVMS1= VMS2= K5*VLSVMS3= VMS8= K6*VLSVMS4= VMS7= K7*VLSVMS5= VMS6= K8*VLS
133133
The values of constants K1 to K8 are:K1=0.5577, K2=0.2887, K3=0.1392, K4=0.1196,K5=0.1494, K6=0.0577, K7=0.0917, K8=0.4082
134134
MATLAB model of T-transformer based 24-pulse AC-DC converter
135135
Matlab model of T-transformer for the 24-pulse AC-DC converter system simulation.
136136
Waveforms of 12-pulse T-connected AC-DC converter at full-load - supply phase voltage VA, supply line currents IA, IB and IC , output DC link current (IDC) and voltage (VDC).
137137
Input current waveform and harmonic spectrum of 12-pulse T-connected AC-DC converter at full-load.
0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
-50
0
50
I A (
A)
time (s)
0 12 24 36 480
20
40
60
80
100
THD = 6.142%
% M
agni
tude
Harmonic Order
138138
Waveforms of 24-pulse T-connected AC-DC converter at full-load - supply phase voltage VA, supply line currents IA, IB and IC , output DC link current (IDC) and voltage (VDC)
139139
0.05 0.06 0.07
-50
0
50
I A (
A)
time (s)
0 12 24 36 48 0
20
40
60
80
100
THD = 3.507%
% M
agni
tude
Harmonic Order
Input current waveform and harmonic spectrum of 24-pulse T-connected AC-DC converter at full-load.
140140
Comparison of Power Quality Parameters of 12-Pulse and 24-Pulse AC-DC Converters.
A 48-pulse controlled AC-DC converter derived A 48-pulse controlled AC-DC converter derived from six-pulse converter by pulse multiplicationfrom six-pulse converter by pulse multiplication
Three-Phase 24-Pulse Bidirectional Mid Point Reactor Converter.
va
vb
vc
ia
ib
ic
vdc
Load
idcCp
Cq
Transformer
Transformer
151151
Pulse multiplication in series connected isolated Pulse multiplication in series connected isolated AC-DC converter using auxiliary circuitAC-DC converter using auxiliary circuit
Three-Phase Unidirectional 24-Pulse Converter
Tr3 vdc
Load
idc
va
vb
vc
ia
ib
ic
La
Lb
Lc
Transformer
Tr2
Cp
Cq
152152
Pulse Multiplication in parallel connected bridges using Pulse Multiplication in parallel connected bridges using DC ripple reinjection TechniqueDC ripple reinjection Technique
Three-Phase 48-Pulse Bidirectional Converter
vdc
Load
va
vb
vc
ia
ib
ic
Transformer
Ld
o0
o30idc
153153
Y
LOA
D
YY L
v1
v2
I0
3-phasesupply
Pulse multiplication in 12-pulse controlled rectifier using multi-tap interphase reactor
154154
N o
N K
v SK
v YK
T K
T m
a
V M
N o
N m
v SK
v Ym
T K T m
a
V M
V y1
.
V y2
.
V y1
.
V x
.
V 2
.
V 1
.
V z2
.
V z1
.
V zn
.
q
q-
0 0
/2n
/n
/2n
V M
.
q-
V yn
.V y(n-1)
.
V yn
.V y1
.
V x
. V 2
.V 1
.
V z1
.V zn
.
qq-
0 0
/2n
/n
/2n
V y(n-1)
.
V z(n-1)
.V M
.
q
0 0
Tapped IPT
155155
Simulation for isolated 12x3-PulseControlled operationContinuous
v+-
Vin3
v+-
Vin2
v+-
Vin1
v+-
Ving
A
B
C
+
-
Univ2
g
A
B
C
+
-
Univ1
Conn1
Conn3
Conn2
Subsystem1
Step2
A
B
C
a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3
StarDelTr
Conn3
Conn1
Conn2
Conn4
Src&SrcX
Scope2
Scope1
RL3
RL!3
RL!2
i+-
Iin1i+ -
Iin
-K-
Gain
alpha
FiringAngle
0
Constant
c 12
Breaker
alpha_deg
A
B
C
Block
PY
PD
12plsGen
Matlab model for pulse multiplication in 12-pulse controlled rectifier using multi-tap interphase reactor
156156
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2-20
-10
0
10
20
Time (s)
Cur
rent
(A),
Vol
tage
/25(
volts
)
0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18-10
-5
0
5
10
Time (s)
FFT window: 2 of 9.209 cycles of selected signal
0 20 40 600
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Harmonic order
Fundamental (50Hz) = 9.214 , THD= 3.97%
Mag
Simulation resultsfor pulse multiplication in 12-pulse controlled rectifier using multi-tap interphase reactor
157157
Y
LOAD
T m
T pq
C p
C q
I0
Pulse multiplication in 12-pulse rectifier with series connected bridges for high voltage
Selection Criterion of Multipulse AC-DC Selection Criterion of Multipulse AC-DC ConvertersConverters
Number of phases in AC mains Number of phases in AC mains Required level of power quality in input (permitted PF, CF, Required level of power quality in input (permitted PF, CF,
THD)THD) Type of output DC voltage (constant, variable, etc.)Type of output DC voltage (constant, variable, etc.) Power-flow (unidirectional and bi-directional)Power-flow (unidirectional and bi-directional) Number of quadrants (one, two or four)Number of quadrants (one, two or four) Nature of DC output (isolated, non-isolated)Nature of DC output (isolated, non-isolated) Requirement of DC output (Controlled and Uncontrolled)Requirement of DC output (Controlled and Uncontrolled) Required level of power quality in DC output (voltage ripple, Required level of power quality in DC output (voltage ripple,
voltage regulation)voltage regulation) Type of DC loads (linear, nonlinear, etc.)Type of DC loads (linear, nonlinear, etc.)
177177
Selection Criterion of Multipulse AC-DC Selection Criterion of Multipulse AC-DC ConvertersConverters
CostCost SizeSize WeightWeight EfficiencyEfficiency Noise level (EMI, RFI, etc.)Noise level (EMI, RFI, etc.) Rating (W, kW, MW, etc.)Rating (W, kW, MW, etc.) ReliabilityReliability Number of DC outputsNumber of DC outputs Environment (ambient temperature, altitude, pollution Environment (ambient temperature, altitude, pollution
level, humidity, types of cooling, etc.)level, humidity, types of cooling, etc.)
178178
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