Power Point #1 Fall 2012 Copy

7/29/2019 Power Point #1 Fall 2012 Copy

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Course Description & Objectives:This course is intended to illustrate oil

industry practices from crude to product.

We will examine refinery oil and gas

operations from feed, through to

products, touching on processing stepsnecessary to meet consumer demands.

An Introduction to Petroleum ProcessingCHE451

University of Toronto, Fall 2010


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NoTextRequired,JustCourseNotes

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Assessment based on:

Short Assignments 20%

Mid Term Exam 25%

Final Exam 55%

Short Assignments : 1 to 2 pages.

Mid Term Exam : Expect closed book.

Final Exam : Timing Set by Registrar.

Questions are welcomed regarding course material.


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TopicsCoveredCrudeOilLanguageofRefinersASTMProceduresGravity

Colour

FlashPointsVapourPressure

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TopicsContinuedViscosity

CloudandPourPointsSulphur

OctaneNumberComposition

Characterization

Desalting

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TopicsContinuedWater

Heating

Distillation

PrimarySeparationGasSystemsSecondaryProcessesSourWater

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TopicsContinuedSulphurRecoverySafetySystemsAdditionaltopicsDependingonavailabletime.

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An engineering discipline concerned with the

activities related to the production of hydrocarbons,

which can be either crude oil or natural gas.

Considered as upstream sector of the oil and gasindustry, which are the activities of finding and

producing oil and gas.

What is Petroleum Engineering?


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What is Petroleum Engineering?

A petroleum engineeris involved in nearly all

stages of oil and gas field evaluation, development

and production.

The goal of a petroleum engineer is to maximise

hydrocarbon recovery at a minimum cost while

maintaining a strong emphasis on reducing all

associated environmental problems.


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Petroleum geologists find hydrocarbons by analysing subsurface structures

with geological and geophysical methods.

Reservoir engineers work to optimize production of oil and gas via proper well

placement, production levels, and enhanced oil recovery techniques.

Drilling engineers manage the technical aspects of drilling exploratory,

production and injection wells. It also include mud engineer who manage the

quality of drilling fluid.

Production engineers, including subsurface engineers, manage the interface

between the reservoir and the well, including perforations, sand control, downholeflow control, and downhole monitoring equipment; evaluate artificial lift methods;

and also select surface equipment that separates the produced fluids (oil, gas,

and water).

Petroleum engineers are divided into

several groups:


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A mixture of hydrocarbons naturally existing as

a liquid in underground reservoirs that remains

a liquid at atmospheric pressure.

Crude oil is the raw material which is refined

into gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, propane,

petrochemicals, plastics, pharmaceuticals, and

other products.

What is crude oil?


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Petroleum (crude oil) is a naturally occurring

mixture which contains:

a wide range of materials consisting of

hydrocarbons in gaseous, liquid or solid state

compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen and

Oxygen

metal (e.g. nickel, vanadium, .. ) containingconstituents up to several thousand ppm.

one or more of the; hydrogen sulfide, helium,

and carbon dioxide.

What is crude oil?


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Hydrocarbon Crude oil is a mixture of

hydrocarbons.

They are often chains of carbon

atoms with hydrogens attached.

The longer chains have higher

boiling points, so they can beseparated by distillation.

The simplest groups are the

alkanes and alkenes. They all end

with 'ane' and 'ene' respectively. The first bit of their name depends

on the number of carbon atoms.

meth = 1 carbon, eth = 2, prop = 3, but =

4, pent = 5, hex = 6.


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mixture containing thousands of different organic

hydrocarbon molecules

83-87% Carbon 11-15% Hydrogen

1-6% Sulfur

What is crude oil?


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Paraffins

Naphthenes

Aromatics

Non-hydrocarbon

Chemical Composition of Petroleum

Substances present in petroleum fall intofour major groups:

The relative proportions of these compounds

determine the physical properties (density, viscosity, pourpoint, etc) of petroleum.


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Paraffins

These are also known as

aliphatic hydrocarbons.

They include the alkanes,

which are saturated and

have the general formula

CnH2n+2 (methane, ethane,etc) and the alkenes, which

are undersaturated and have

the general formula CnH2n.

The carbon atoms are

joined together to form

chains.


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Naphthenes

These are referred to also as

cycloparaffins and are

characterised by their carbon

atoms joined in such a way as

to form a ring.

The heavier MW fraction of

petroleum often contains quite

complex naphtene molecules

with two or more ring joinedtogether.


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Non-hydrocarbon Compounds in this group

contain nitrogen, sulphur and

oxygen (NSOs).

Free nitrogen gas may be

generated during the formation of

petroleum.

Sulphur organic compounds are

often foul smelling. The best

known is H2S.

Oxygen compounds include

alcohols, ethers and organic

acids.


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Global Oil and Gas Fields


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ThefirstoilwellinNorthAmericawasinOilSprings,OntarioCanadain1858.

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1876 California Oil Refinery


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EarlyProductionofCrudeUSFigures

1859 2000barrels1869 4,215,000barrels1879 19,914,146barrels1889 35,163,513barrels1899 57,085,428barrels1906 126,493,936.01253barrels

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CanadaLargestExportertoUSMay,20082.346millionbarrelsperdaySaudiArabia,1.604millionbarrelsperday

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Conventional and heavy crude oil

distribution


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Annual world oil demand growth


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World Energy Demand


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Oil Extraction


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Drilling


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THE REFINERY


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1 barrel is

approximately 160

liters.

About 50% of each

barrel is converted to

gasoline in oilrefineries.

Crude oil

Cl ifi ti


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CrudeOilLight Crude Oil Medium Crude Oil

API > 31.1 API 22.331.1Heavy Crude Oil

API < 22.3Heavy oil API21

API


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Really Heavy Crude

Light Crude

Heavy Crude


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World Energy Demand 1990 2030

Quadrillion BTU

Fig (1)Fig (2)

Fig (3)


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Figure 1.1: World In Place Bitumen

Importance of Unconventional Oil reserves


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Canadian Oil Reserves

Canada has huge heavy oil and bitumen resources

Estimated original oil in place (OOIP) is more than 400billion m3 (2.5 trillion barrels)

approximately twice that of the total conventional oil

reserves in the Middle East

Initial Volume

In Place

(Billion m3)

Remaining

Established

Reserves

(Billion m3)

Currently Not

Recoverable with

Commercial

Technologies

(Billion m3)

Percent Not

Recoverable

(Billion m3)

Reserve

Index

(Years)

Bitumen 269.95 27.66 241.55 89.5% 436

Conventional

Light Medium Oil

7.86 0.18 5.57 70.9% 436

Conventional

Heavy Oil

2.14 0.07 1.76 82.3% 6

Table 1.3:Alberta Oil Resources Volume in Place and Reserves


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A heavy crude oil, flowing as

freely as it can. Just imagine

this mixed with sand then try

and separate the two.

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HeavyCrude

Recovery Techniques


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RecoveryTechniques1.Surface Mining Oil Sands (or open pit)

2.In Situ or In Place Production Techniques

Thermal processes

1.Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS)

2. Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage Process (SAGD)

Non-thermal processes

1.Cold Heavy Oil Production (CHOP)

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Surface Mining Oil Sands

SAGD

Themainchallengeis:Viscosity

Production rate

CSS

Generally heavy oil and bitumen recovery techniques are

characterized as :

2.Vapex ( Vapor Extraction Process)


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Mining of Heavy Oil

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Mining of heavy oil produces a wide variety of yields.Surface mining, steam drives, fire flooding, water

flooding.

C li St Sti l ti f Bit d H Oil R


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Cyclic Steam Stimulation for Bitumen and Heavy Oil Recovery

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Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage Process (SAGD)

Mechanisms of Mass Transfer in Vapex


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Involves injection of light hydrocarbon Solvents.

Reduced viscosity

Oil drains due to gravity

and is pumped out

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MechanismsofMassTransferinVapex

Horizontal

production well

Applications of Vapex


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Vapex process promises to extract the oil from the reservoirs when

the other recovery process failed:

Deep buried reserves, with thin pay zones , with

aquifers and low thermal conductivity of rock

formation.

Quality of heavy oil

Low Energy Consumption (as SAGD)

Green House Gases. (80%..SAGD)

Low production rates

Solvent recovery

Improving energy efficiency

ApplicationsofVapex

Power Point #1 Fall 2012 Copy

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