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Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring Dmitry Kosterev, Steve Yang, Pavel Etingov NASPI Workshop October 2103
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Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

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Page 1: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Power Plant Model Validation  and Performance Monitoring

Dmitry Kosterev, Steve Yang, Pavel

Etingov

NASPI Workshop

October 2103

Page 2: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Power System Models

Accurate power system models are required for  reliable

and economic

power grid operations

Failure of models to predict 

system behavior

7.4M customers lost power  

due to the outage

Major interties were de‐

rated temporarily by 33%

WSCC BOT required all 

generators >20 MVA be 

tested for model validation

4000

4200

4400

4600

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

4000

4200

4400

4600

Time in Seconds

Simulated COI Power (initial WSCC base case)

Observed COI Power (Dittmer Control Center)

August 10, 1996

Page 3: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Power Plant Model Verification  Requirements

1996 –

generator baseline testing for model verification is 

required in WSCC

Benefits of WECC generator testing program are 

indisputable:•

Vast majority of models needed revisions

Structural model errors were detected

Errors in control settings were identified and corrected

Need to sustain the model validation was apparent

2006 – WECC formalized its Generating Unit Model 

Validation Policy

Baseline Model Development

Periodic Model Validation

Page 4: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Reliability Standards

2007 – NERC started the development of model  verification standards

2013 – NERC approved–

NERC MOD‐025 ‐

reactive power capabilities verification

NERC MOD‐026 – generator and excitation control model 

verification–

NERC MOD‐027 – generator turbine control model 

verification–

NERC PRC‐019 –

coordination of generator protection and 

controls

2013 – NERC MOD‐B effort to address FERC  directives

Requires plant operator to provide accurate model data

Page 5: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Perspectives

Generator Owner / Operator•

Owns and operates generating unit

Has knowledge of their generating equipment•

Responsible to provide accurate models to a transmission 

planner

Transmission Planner•

Uses models in system studies

Needs to verify that the models are usable•

May want to have an independent way to verify model 

accuracy

Page 6: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Generator Owner

Page 7: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Generator Owner: Baseline Testing vs. Model Validation

Baseline model development•

Needed to establish the correct model structure

Needed to create initial model data set

Periodic model validation •

Done to ensure that the models stay accurate and up‐

to‐date AFTER a good model baseline is developed

Should not be a substitute for baseline model 

development

Page 8: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Baseline Model Development

8

Equipment Model

Rp

REF

s Tr

1 + s TrRt

Speed Reference

1

s

Gmax

Gmin

uop

ucl

PILOTSERVOMOTOR

1

1 + s Tf

1 Tp

Damping

Needed to establish the correct model structure•

Inspection of equipment and control settings

Some tests are required•

Disturbance monitoring can complement model development

Page 9: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

EASY

Page 10: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

NOT

Page 11: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Generator Owner

We recommend generator owners to require test  and recording capabilities in new digital excitation  systems and governors

Need to ensure recording has adequate bandwidth

We strongly encourage generator owners to install  disturbance monitors in a power plant

Stator three‐phase voltages and currents•

Field voltage and current

Governor valve position

Contact: Shawn Patterson, USBR

Page 12: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Transmission Planner

Page 13: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60150

155

160

165

170Active Power

Pow

er (M

W)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60-140

-120

-100

-80

-60Reactive Power

Pow

er (M

W)

Time (sec)

Consultant A

Consultant B

The same power plant tested by two consultants

Which data is correct ?

You do not know unless you have an independent way of verifying

Page 14: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Using PMU Data for Model Validation

BPA has installed PMUs at power plant POIs

BPA developed Power Plant Model Validation  (PPMV) application using PMU data

~

Record: ‐POI bus voltage‐POI bus frequency‐Power plant MWs and MVARsPoint of 

Interconnectio

nV I

Page 15: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Consultant A

Consultant B

Reality

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60150

155

160

165

170Active Power

Pow

er (M

W)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60-140

-120

-100

-80

-60Reactive Power

Pow

er (M

W)

Time (sec)

Turned out neither consultant was right

Page 16: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Power Plant Model Validation•

What a good models looks like:

Blue line = actual recordingRed line = model

Voltage and frequency are inputsActive and reactive power are “measures of success”

Page 17: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Power Plant Model Validation•

What a bad model looks like:

Blue line = actual recordingRed line = model

Voltage and frequency are inputsActive and reactive power are “measures of success”

Page 18: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

BPA Experience with Disturbance‐Based  Model Validation

Most common model issues:–

Power System Stabilizer models

Turbine control mode of operation / governor models–

Generator inertia

Deficiencies in model structure •

Other reasons for model mismatch–

Automatic Generation Controls

UEL •

“Clinical”

experience:

Plants with modern digital systems have good models  that stay accurate over time

Plants with legacy analog controls have most errors  and tend to change in time  18

Page 19: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Frequency Responsive PlantFrequency Responsive Plant

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10059.7

59.8

59.9

60

60.1Frequency

Freq

uenc

y (H

z)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100310

320

330

340Power

Pow

er (M

W)

Time (sec)

Provides sustained frequency response

Page 20: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

““BaseloadedBaseloaded””

Generating UnitGenerating Unit

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10059.8

59.9

60

60.1Frequency

Freq

uenc

y (H

z)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100650

700

750

800Power

Pow

er (M

W)

Time (sec)

Does not respond to system frequency

Page 21: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Plant under Load ControlPlant under Load Control

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10059.8

59.9

60

60.1Frequency

Freq

uenc

y (H

z)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100340

360

380

400

420Power

Pow

er (M

W)

Time (sec)

Provides initial response, but returns to the MW set-point

Page 22: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Generator Performance Monitoring

Page 23: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Performance Monitoring and Detecting  Generator Control Failures

Blue line = actual responseRed line = expected response

Controller status at the 

generator was indicating 

normal state•

PMU disturbance data 

indicated actual response very 

different from what was 

expected •

Power plant was contacted, 

controls inspected, found 

internal failure

Once a good baseline is developed, PMU is used for 

“clinical”

assessment of power plant performance

Page 24: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Performance Monitoring Event 1

PSS OFF

�PSS ON

Actual PMU recording, Simulation with PSS ON, Simulation with PSS OFF

Page 25: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Performance Monitoring Event 3

PSS OFF

�PSS ON

Page 26: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Performance Monitoring Event 4

PSS OFF

PSS ON

PSS failed sometime between event 3 and event 4

Page 27: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Performance Monitoring Event 7

PSS OFF

PSS ON

Page 28: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Benefits of  PMU‐based Model Validation

Disturbance recordings can complement the baseline model 

development (e.g. TransAlta – BPA work at Centralia)•

PMU‐based  model validation is an acceptable method for 

GOs to comply with NERC MOD‐026,‐027 •

assuming a correct baseline model is developed

PMU‐based model validation can be used by TPs to 

independently verify that the models provided by GOs are 

accurate •

BPA experience suggests that 60 to 70% of models did not match 

disturbance recordings even after the baseline test was performed

TPs need independent method of model verification – it is difficult 

to police traffic if you do not have a speed radar

PMU‐based model validation allows more frequent model 

verification and detection of control failures (e.g. Grand 

Coulee and Colstrip) than once every 10 years (per NERC) or 5 

years (per WECC)28

Page 29: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Wind Power Plants

Page 30: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Wind Power Plant Model Validation

BPA, Idaho Power installed several PMUs at wind  power plants

BPA is collaborating with EPRI, NREL, Enernex, UVIG,  Sandia on wind power plant model validation

Initial results suggest more model development  work is needed before models can be used in 

dynamic simulations 

Page 31: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Wind Power Plant Model Validation

Page 32: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

DemonstrationDemonstration

Page 33: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

PSLF– Mini 

State  Estimate

Powerflow File:PLANT_EVENT.sav

Event Data File:PMU_PLANT_EVENT.csv

SCADA Data File:SCADA_PLANT_EVENT.dat

PPMVa_SetBaseCase_v1a.p

Powerflow Template:PLANT.sav

Set up a power flow with initial conditions

Page 34: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

PMU Data File

5Time  Vact  Fact  Pact Qact   //Head1     500

60

1     1        // Scale0     0     0     0    0      // Offset0     0     0     0    0      // Tf0     0.8   0.99  0    ‐200   // min160     1.2   1.01  1000 200    // max1    1     1     1    1      // Plot0,542.696899,59.987999,561.183899,‐38.6939130.033333,542.686523,59.988998,561.175293,‐38.754639…..

Page 35: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

SCADA Data File

102  "GT‐01       "            18.00               "1"             1     

165.0               4.2               B103  "GT‐02       "            18.00               "1"             1     

155.7               4.9               B104  "ST‐12       "             16.00               "1"             1    

236.2                8.5              B

Bus NumberBus Name

Base KVUnit ID

Unit StatusUnit MW

Unit MVAR

Baseloadedor

Responsive

Page 36: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

PSLF

Powerflow File:PLANT_EVENT.sav

Event Data File:PMU_PLANT_EVENT.csv

Plant Dynamic Data:PLANT.dyd

Channel File:PLANT_EVENT.chf

PPMVa_RunValidation_v1a.p

Run power plant model validation 

Page 37: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating
Page 38: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating
Page 39: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Model Calibration

Page 40: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Model Calibration

Initially, BPA use of the PMU data has been limited  to validating dynamic models of power plants:

used for pass / fail checking 

no model adjustments are made should the model be 

wrong 

Page 41: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Model (in)Validation

Blue = actualRed = simulated

Simulations done using a model from 

WECC dynamic data base 

Page 42: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Model Calibration•

DOE is funding several researchers to do work on 

power plant model calibration using PMU data–

PNNL (Kalman filter)

Sakis Meliopolis, Georgia Tech (super‐calibrator)

Bernard Lesieutre, University of Wisconsin (pattern 

matching)

Wei‐Jen Lee, University of Texas (particle swarm 

optimization and non‐linear optimization)

EPRI is also working on PMU‐based model calibration

BPA has worked with Bernie Lesieutre to perform  model calibration for CGS and Colstrip

Page 43: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Model Calibration

Blue = actualRed = simulated

Simulations done using a calibrated 

model

Page 44: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Model Calibration

Blue = actualRed = simulated

Simulations done using a calibrated 

model

Page 45: Power Plant Model Validation and Calibration ·  · 2018-04-25Power Plant Model Validation and Performance Monitoring ... Sandia on wind power plant model validation ... to validating

Contact Information

Dmitry Kosterev, BPA, [email protected]

Steve Yang, BPA, [email protected]

Pavel

Etingov, PNNL, [email protected]

Bernie Lesieutre, University of Wisonsin

Shawn Patterson, USBR