Power Loss ion

POWER SYSTEM POWER SYSTEM LOSS LOSS

MINIMISATIONMINIMISATION

GUIDED BY PROF.B.K.RANAGUIDED BY PROF.B.K.RANAPresented By:-Presented By:-

Arun Kumar SamalArun Kumar Samal77thth Semester Semester

Electrical EngineeringElectrical Engineering Roll-No:0401101174Roll-No:0401101174

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Importance Of ElectricityImportance Of Electricity Facts about ElectricityFacts about Electricity Electricity LossesElectricity Losses Problems In Loss ReductionProblems In Loss Reduction Useful SolutionsUseful Solutions ConclusionConclusion QueriesQueries

SOURCES OF LOSSESSOURCES OF LOSSES IgnoranceIgnorance UncertaintyUncertainty Upgradation of Human ResourcesUpgradation of Human Resources Poor Tarrif StructurePoor Tarrif Structure Indiscipline:ABTIndiscipline:ABT Technical :Joints ,Neutral Conductor Size ,Length Of Technical :Joints ,Neutral Conductor Size ,Length Of

the Linethe Line Energy AuditEnergy Audit Energy ManagementEnergy Management Energy ForecastEnergy Forecast

FACTS ABOUT ELECTRICITYFACTS ABOUT ELECTRICITY

Electrical Power cannot be stored to a large Electrical Power cannot be stored to a large extent.extent.

The demand of power varies throughout the The demand of power varies throughout the day and cannot be predicted accurately.day and cannot be predicted accurately.

Electrical Power is the optimal choice of Electrical Power is the optimal choice of energy as it can be transmitted efficiently and energy as it can be transmitted efficiently and can be converted into other forms as required.can be converted into other forms as required.

Electricity follows the path of least resistance.Electricity follows the path of least resistance.

ELECTRICITY LOSSESELECTRICITY LOSSES

Technical LossesTechnical Losses Transformer and Transmission line losses due to poor Transformer and Transmission line losses due to poor

maintainance.maintainance. Unbalance loadingUnbalance loading Losses due to overloading and low voltage.Losses due to overloading and low voltage. Losses due to poor standard of equipments.Losses due to poor standard of equipments. Low power factor at off-peak hours.Low power factor at off-peak hours. Harmonic distortion.Harmonic distortion. Improper Earthing at consumer end.Improper Earthing at consumer end. Long transmission lines.Long transmission lines.

Major Transmission lossesMajor Transmission losses

Losses due to the phenomena of corona.Losses due to the phenomena of corona. Copper losses in conductors.Copper losses in conductors. Skin effect.Skin effect. Proximity effect.Proximity effect.

CORONACORONA The phenomenon of violet glow,hissing noise and production of ozone gas The phenomenon of violet glow,hissing noise and production of ozone gas

in an overhead transmission line is known as corona. in an overhead transmission line is known as corona. Factors affecting coronaFactors affecting corona

:- atmosphere:- atmosphere

:- conductor size:- conductor size

:- spacing between conductors:- spacing between conductors

:- line voltage:- line voltage

CORONA…CORONA…

Methods of reducing coronaMethods of reducing corona

:-Increasing size of the conductor i.e by increasing the :-Increasing size of the conductor i.e by increasing the size of the conductor the voltage at which corona size of the conductor the voltage at which corona occurs is raised and hence corona effects are occurs is raised and hence corona effects are considerably reduced.This is one of the reasons why considerably reduced.This is one of the reasons why ACSR conductors are used.ACSR conductors are used.

:-By increasing conductor spacing i.e by increasing :-By increasing conductor spacing i.e by increasing the spacing between the conductors the voltage at the spacing between the conductors the voltage at which corona occurs is raised and hence corona which corona occurs is raised and hence corona effects are eliminated.effects are eliminated.

COPPER LOSSESCOPPER LOSSES What is it..What is it..

:-Copper loss is the term reffered to the energy which is dissipated by the :-Copper loss is the term reffered to the energy which is dissipated by the resistance in the wire used to wind a coil in an electrical devices such as resistance in the wire used to wind a coil in an electrical devices such as transformer,motors,generators and in transmission lines.copper losses transformer,motors,generators and in transmission lines.copper losses occur due to the flow of currents in the conductors.Copper loss increases occur due to the flow of currents in the conductors.Copper loss increases both due to the increase in current and the resistance of the conductor.both due to the increase in current and the resistance of the conductor.

Reduction of copper lossReduction of copper loss

:- Copper loss can be minimised by using conductors of large diametres :- Copper loss can be minimised by using conductors of large diametres inorder to reduce the resistance per unit length of the condutors.inorder to reduce the resistance per unit length of the condutors.

:- The conductivity of a transmission line can be enhanced by using multiple :- The conductivity of a transmission line can be enhanced by using multiple insulated conductors.Hollow conductors can also help reduce he cost of insulated conductors.Hollow conductors can also help reduce he cost of transmission.transmission.

SKIN EFFECTSKIN EFFECT An alternating current flowing through a conductor doesnot distribute An alternating current flowing through a conductor doesnot distribute

uniformly but tends to concentrate near the surface of the conductor i.e in uniformly but tends to concentrate near the surface of the conductor i.e in ac system no current flows through the core and entire current is ac system no current flows through the core and entire current is concentrated at the surface region causing an increase in its ac concentrated at the surface region causing an increase in its ac resistance.This phenomenon is called skin effect.resistance.This phenomenon is called skin effect.

It depends uponIt depends upon

:- type of material:- type of material

:- frequency:- frequency

:- diameter of the conductor:- diameter of the conductor

:- shape of the conductor:- shape of the conductor Skin effect increases with cross section,permiability and supply frequencySkin effect increases with cross section,permiability and supply frequency In practice stranded conducters are used for T&D lines and hollow In practice stranded conducters are used for T&D lines and hollow

conductors for solid busbars.conductors for solid busbars.

PROXIMITY EFFECTPROXIMITY EFFECT

The inductance and, therefore, the current distribution in a The inductance and, therefore, the current distribution in a conductor is also affected by the presence of other conductor is also affected by the presence of other conductors its vicnity.This effect is known as proximity conductors its vicnity.This effect is known as proximity effect.effect.

It affects the current distribution and results in the It affects the current distribution and results in the resistance of the conductor and decrease of the self resistance of the conductor and decrease of the self reactance.reactance.

It is more pronounced for large conductors,high proximity It is more pronounced for large conductors,high proximity and close proximity.and close proximity.

Stranded conductors are used for reducing Stranded conductors are used for reducing proximityeffect.proximityeffect.

Losses…Losses…

Commercial LossesCommercial Losses Tapping(Hooking) in LT lines.Tapping(Hooking) in LT lines. Faulty energy metres\ unmetredFaulty energy metres\ unmetred

supply.supply. Errors and delay in meter readingErrors and delay in meter reading

and billing.and billing. Uneven revenue collection.Uneven revenue collection.

Problems in Loss ReductionProblems in Loss Reduction

No energy audit.No energy audit. No segregation of losses into technical and No segregation of losses into technical and

commercial losses.commercial losses. Political issues.Political issues. Lack of regular patrolling for checking the Lack of regular patrolling for checking the

theft and tempering of metering.theft and tempering of metering. No transparency in metereading and billing.No transparency in metereading and billing. Lack of adequate investment for system Lack of adequate investment for system

modernisation.modernisation.

Useful SolutionsUseful Solutions

Renewable energy sources.Renewable energy sources. Distributed local generation.Distributed local generation. Availablity Based Tariff.Availablity Based Tariff. Improved Power Quality.Improved Power Quality. Demand side management.Demand side management. IT applications.IT applications. Benchmarking.Benchmarking. Employee & Consumer Training.Employee & Consumer Training.

Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources

The World is blessed with an abundance of The World is blessed with an abundance of renewable energy sources e.g sunlight,water renewable energy sources e.g sunlight,water and biomass.and biomass.

Wind Super power: It can be considered as the Wind Super power: It can be considered as the largest renewable energy sources.largest renewable energy sources.

Eco-Friendly power:solar photovoltaic Eco-Friendly power:solar photovoltaic electricity can contribute significantly to electricity can contribute significantly to reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from the thermal power plants.the thermal power plants.

Distributed GenerationDistributed Generation The cost of laying transmission linesin rural areas cannot be The cost of laying transmission linesin rural areas cannot be

recovered due to less return.recovered due to less return. Low tariff in agriculture and domestic sector leave few Low tariff in agriculture and domestic sector leave few

resources to expand or maintain the quality of supply.resources to expand or maintain the quality of supply. Distributed generation is very useful to supply power in rural Distributed generation is very useful to supply power in rural

and remote places where the long distribution lines result in and remote places where the long distribution lines result in high losses.high losses.

It can help to reduce congestion on the power lines and It can help to reduce congestion on the power lines and strengthen local area transmission and distribution network.strengthen local area transmission and distribution network.

It reduces the liklihood and impact of large-scale power It reduces the liklihood and impact of large-scale power outages while smoothing output fluctuations from individual outages while smoothing output fluctuations from individual power systes.power systes.

The benefits of DG over T&D and its customers include risk The benefits of DG over T&D and its customers include risk management,line loss reduction and voltage stability support.management,line loss reduction and voltage stability support.

Availability Based Tariff(ABT)Availability Based Tariff(ABT) It controls the frequency variations by penalty/reward It controls the frequency variations by penalty/reward

mechanism for any deviations from the schedule.mechanism for any deviations from the schedule. It helps to reduce gap between supply and demand by It helps to reduce gap between supply and demand by

scheduling of every 15 minutes block.scheduling of every 15 minutes block. It takes care of merit order of dispatch It takes care of merit order of dispatch :- Maximisation of generation during peak load hours and:- Maximisation of generation during peak load hours and load curtailment equal to the deficit of generation.load curtailment equal to the deficit of generation. :- Backing down of generation to match the :- Backing down of generation to match the system load reduction during off-peak hours,system load reduction during off-peak hours, keeping the merit order of dispatch in view.keeping the merit order of dispatch in view. It improves grid discipline and thereby reduce transmission

losses.

Power Quality Problems

The quality of power at distribution level is very

bad in India (voltage deviations are more than

25% and frequency deviations >5%). Voltage stabilizers at consumer’s premises result

in incremental losses and require additional

capital cost. Harmonics has not been focused though it also

increases the loss and distorts the power factor.

Harmonics In non-linear loads, the current is of complex waveform due to dynamic characteristics of the load. The component of the complex waveform can be described as superposition of waveforms, called harmonics, having frequencies from 0 to infinity. For distribution systems which must handle a large percentage of non-linear loads, the percentage of harmonic currents can be very high. switch-mode power supplies, PWM converters, voltage source converters, fluorescent lighting with electronic ballasting, computers are the major sources of harmonics current. About 58% of all power used can have harmonic currents overloading transformers, capacitors and other components on the

distribution system.

Harmonics… The additional current will increase losses in wire, bus bars, transformers and power factor correction capacitors used in the distribution system. The additional heating caused by each of the harmonic currents of high frequencies. Harmonic current will cause voltage distortion and low power factor. Due to harmonic current the use of line filters before a drive will add more losses to the electrical system and could create line ringing and large voltage transients.

Reduction of Harmonics Preventive solutions :- Phase cancellation or harmonic control in power converters by line reactors or isolation transformers. :- Developing procedures and methods to control, reduce of eliminate harmonics in power system equipment Remedial solutions :- Use of filters(passive & active filters) :- Circuit detuning which involves reconfiguration of feeders or relocation of capacitor banks to overcome resonance

Demand Side Management

Systematic utilization of energy Maximizing efficiency Balancing supply and demand at consumer level Improve economic development Involve environment friendly power and reduce

energy bills Energy conservation Energy audit

DSM by consumer training

Consumer can be trained for :- Shifting of energy use to off-peak hours :- Energy conservation :- Efficient choice and utilization of electric appliances :- Standards, quality and performance evaluation of domestic electric equipments :- Energy audit

IT Applications

Integrated inventory and billing system Customers profiling Data mining Load survey data and network analysis of

HT systems Geographical Information System (GIS) and

Customer Relationship Management

Benchmarking Benchmarking is a collaborative learning process among a

group of companies to :- focus on specific operating practices, :- compare measures and results :- identify improved processes within their organizations Benefits of Benchmarking :- Promoting competition :- Performance evaluation :- Coordinated tariff :- Improving power quality and productivity :- Maximizing efficiency

Employee Training

Employees training should be conducted on a regular basis to upgrade their knowledge Survey of UP Discoms shows that there is a pressing need for training of employees at all level and in all fields of the electric distribution company. Employees also have much interest in IT applications in power sector

Employee training….Employee training….

Employees can be taught for :- Overview of the electric system operations including engineering criticality and quality. :- Awareness of Reforms program- APDRP :- Simulation tools :- Energy audit :- Energy management system :- Management information system :- Finance and Accounts

Government Initiatives

Accelerated Power Development and Reform

Programme (APDRP)

:- Full metering, energy audit and MIS, control

of theft.

:- Increase in transformation capacity.

:- Increase in HT/LT ratio. Systems analysis and

reconfiguration.

:- Reduction of technical losses

Initiatives by Delhi (BSES and NDPL)

Installation of electronic meters at sub-transmission and distribution level. Replacement of faulty meters Computing Aggregated technical and commercial (ATC) losses Consumer indexing Improving billing and payment mechanism Introducing an LT less distribution system Improving quality of power Customer care centres Training employees

THANK THANK YOUYOU

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