Power Capability Enhancement Using Fact Devicesijarcsse.com/Before_August_2017/docs/papers/Volume_6/10_October...terms of power flow, stability limits with advanced ... and implementation

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Volume 6, Issue 10, October 2016 ISSN: 2277 128X

International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering Research Paper Available online at: www.ijarcsse.com

Power Capability Enhancement Using Fact Devices Parveen Kumar

Department of Electrical (EE) Engineering

RPIIT, Bastara, Karnal, Haryana, India

Er. Ankush Bhardwaj

Department of Electrical (EE) Engineering

RPIIT, Bastara, Karnal, Haryana, India

Abstract: The Transient Stability tool is available as an add-on to the base Simulator package. Transient stability

studies analyze the system response to disturbances such as the loss of generation, line-switching operations, faults,

and sudden load changes in the first several seconds following the disturbance. The objective of a transient stability

study is to determine whether or not machines will return to synchronous frequency following a disturbance.

Currently two objective functions are available in Simulator OPF: Minimum Cost and Minimum Control Change.

Minimum Cost attempts to minimize the sum of the total control (generation, load, phase shifters, transactions, dc

lines, and island slack bus angles) costs in specified areas or super areas. Minimum Control Change attempts to

minimize the sum of the absolute values of the changes in the controls (generation, load, phase shifters, transactions,

dc lines, and island slack bus angles) in the specified areas or super areas. Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow

The SCOPF algorithm makes control adjustments to the base case (pre-contingency condition) to prevent violations

The result of the SCOPF will be different from the OPF solution because the SCOPF meets additional inequality

constraints associated with the contingency violations.

Keywords: Voltage Stability, 2Classification Of Power System Stability In Power System Network, Rotor angle

stability, Voltage stability of power system.

I. INTRODUCTION

Electric utilities are forced to operate the system close to their thermal and stability limits due to major hurdles

such as environmental, right-of-way and cost problems for power transmission network expansion. Controlling the power

flow in an electric power system without generation rescheduling or topological changes can improve the performance

considerably. Hence, there is an interest in better utilization of available capacities by installing Flexible AC

Transmission System (FACTS) devices such as thyristor controlled series compensators, thyristor controlled phase angle

regulators and unified power flow controllers etc. These devices, by controlling the power flows in the network, can help

to reduce the flows in heavily loaded lines, resulting in an increased loadability, low system loss, improved stability of

the network and reduced cost of production. The increased interest in these devices is essentially due to increased loading

of power systems and deregulation of power industry.

In order to overcome these consequences and to provide the desired power flow along with system stability and

reliability, installations of new transmission lines are required. However, installation of new transmission lines with the

large interconnected power system are limited to some of the factor like economic cost, environment related issues.

These complexities in installing new transmission lines in a power system challenges the power engineers to research on

the ways to increase the power flow with the existing transmission line without reduction in system stability and security.

In this research process, in the late 1980’s the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) introduced a concept of

technology to improve the power flow, improve the system stability and reliability with the existing power systems. This

technology of power electronic devices is termed as Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS)

technology. It provides the ability to increase the controllability and to improve the transmission system operation in

terms of power flow, stability limits with advanced control technologies in the existing power systems.

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

S. Muthukrishnan and Dr. A. Nirmal Kumar (2010) This paper deals with digital simulation and implementation

of power system using UPFC to improve the power quality. The UPFC is also capable of improving transient stability in

a power system. It is the most complex power electronic system for controlling the power flow in an electrical power

system. The real and reactive powers can be easily controlled in a power system with a UPFC. The circuit model is

developed for UPFC using rectifier and inverter circuits. The control angle is varied to vary the real and reactive powers

at the receiving end. The Matlab simulation results are presented to validate the model. The experimental results are

compared with the simulation results [1].

Arup Ratan Bhowmik et. al (2011) In this paper the performance of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is

investigated in controlling the flow of power over the transmission line. This research deals with digital simulation of

standard IEEE 14-bus power system using UPFC to improve the real and reactive power flow control through a

transmission line by placing UPFC at the sending end using computer simulation. When no UPFC is installed, real and

reactive power through the transmission line cannot be controlled. The circuit model for UPFC is developed using

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Parveen et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 6(10),

October - 2016, pp. 251-259


rectifier and inverter circuits. The Matlab simulation results are presented to validate the model. The result of network

with and without using UPFC are compared in terms of active and reactive power flows in the line and active and

reactive power flows at the bus to analyze the performance of UPFC [2].

Bindeshwar Singh et. al (2012) This paper presents a review on applications of Flexible AC Transmission

Systems (FACTS) controllers such as Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR), Thyristor Controlled Switched Reactor

(TCSR), Static VAR Compensator (SVC) or Fixed Capacitor‐ Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC‐ TCR), Thyristor

Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor Controlled Switched Series Reactor (TSSR), Thyristor Controlled

Brakening Reactor (TCBR), Thyristor Controlled Voltage Reactor (TCVR), Thyristor Controlled Voltage Limiter

(TCVL Thyristor Controlled Switched Series (TSSC), Thyristor Controlled Phase Angle Regulator (TC‐ PAR) or

Thyristor Controlled Phase Shift Transformer (TC‐ PST), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), Static

Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Distributed Static Synchronous Compensator (D‐ STATCOM), Generalized

Unified Power Flow Controller (GUPFC), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Inter‐ link Power Flow Controller

(IPFC), Generalized Inter‐ link Power Flow Controller (GIPFC),and Hybrid Power Flow Controller (HPFC),

Semiconductor Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES), Battery Energy Storage (BESS), in power system environments for

enhancement of performance parameters of power systems such as reactive power support, minimize the real power

losses, improvement in voltage profile, improvement in damping ratio of power systems, provide the flexible operation

and control etc. Authors strongly believe that this survey article will be very much useful for the researchers,

practitioners, and scientific engineers to find out the relevant references in the field of enhancement of performance

parameters of power systems by different FACTS controllers such as series, shunt, series‐ shunt, and series‐ series

connected FACTS controllers are incorporated in power systems. This article is very much useful for researchers for

further research work carryout in regarding with the application of FACTS controllers in power system environments for

enhancement of performance parameters of systems [3].

Shraddha S. Khonde et. al (2014) The demand for electricity generation is quickly blooming as the use of

electricity and other distributed power generation systems have drastically increased. With the demand of electricity, at

times, it is not possible to set new lines to face the situation. Growth of electrical energy consumptions and increasing

non-linear loads in power systems force the electrical power utilities to provide a high electrical power, and this is the

reason that this issue is getting more and more significance in power systems. In Electrical Power System for governing,

UPFC is the most complex but promising power electronics system. In this paper, Unified Power Flow Controller is

studied to improve the power flow over a transmission line in a standard IEEE 14 bus system by using MATLAB /

SIMULINK in a power system block set. For the selected standard system, real and reactive power flows are compared

with and without UPFC to prove the performance. Active and reactive power through the transmission line cannot be

controlled without UPFC but with the circuit model for UPFC using rectifier and inverter circuits, this performance gets

improved. In this paper implementation and digital simulation using UPFC to improve the power quality is presented.

The MATLAB/SIMULINK model results are presented to verify the results [4].

Prince Hooda et. al (2014) FACTS controllers are increasingly used to improve transmission capability of

transmission lines with galloping energy consumption; the demand of transmission line is increasing. It is imperative to

use existing transmission system to its full capacity. FACTS controllers play an important role in enhancement in power

flow capacity and improvement of voltage stability. This paper investigates the application of STATCOM and TCSC for

Voltage stability & power flow enhancement. The case has been tested on IEEE-14 bus system [5].

Atiya naaz L.Sayyed et. al (2014) Stressed power system, either due to increased loading or due to severe

contingencies, it will lead to situation where system no longer remains in the secure operating region. Under these

situations, it is primary objective of the operator to apply control action to bring the power system again into the secure

region. Any delay or unavailability of suitable control leads to the unstable system. In fact, contingencies results into

voltage limit violations and leads to overloading of lines. The system overloading can be recover by two alternatives

firstly by restructuring the power system and secondly by controlling the line parameters. The Power system

restructuring requires expanding unused potentials of transmission systems but environmental, right-of-way, and cost

problems are major hurdles for power transmission network expansion. Nowadays, FACTS devices are used as an

alternative to reduce the flows in heavily loaded lines, it will results in an increased loading, low system loss, improved

stability of the network, reduced cost of production. In this paper, first contingency conditions are analyzed after that

according to severity of contingency a real power flow performance index (PI) sensitivity based approach and the line

outage distribution factor has been used to decide optimal location of series FACTS devices ,Thyristor controlled series

compensator(TCSC) and Thyristor controlled phase angle regulator(TCPAR) to restabilize the system. The effectiveness

of the proposed controller has been tested on modified IEEE 14 bus system using Power world simulator 12.0 software [6].

Anwar S. Siddiqui et. al (2014) Voltage stability of a system is affected by reactive power limit of the system.

FACTs devices improve the reactive power flow in system thereby improving voltage stability. This paper explores the

effect of SVC and STATCOM on static voltage stability. IEEE- 14 bus system has been used to demonstrate the ability

of SVC and STATCOM in improving the voltage stability margin. These FACTs controllers help to increase the load

ability margin of the power network

III. PROPOSED WORK

III.1 Problem Formulation

The objective of the OPF algorithm is to minimize the OPF objective function, subject to various equality and

inequality constraints. Currently two objective functions are available in Simulator OPF: Minimum Cost and Minimum


October - 2016, pp. 251-259


Control Change. Minimum Cost attempts to minimize the sum of the total control (generation, load, phase shifters,

transactions, dc lines, and island slack bus angles) costs in specified areas or super areas. Minimum Control Change

attempts to minimize the sum of the absolute values of the changes in the controls (generation, load, phase shifters,

transactions, dc lines, and island slack bus angles) in the specified areas or super areas.

III.2 Proposed Work

The SCOPF objective function uses the function defined in the OPF settings. There are two objective functions

in Simulator: Minimum Cost and Minimum Control Change. Minimum Cost attempts to minimize the sum of the total

generation costs in specified areas or super areas. Minimum Control Change attempts to minimize the sum of the

absolute value of the change in the generation in the specified areas or super areas. The objective function is set up in the

OPF Options and Results dialog.

The SCOPF algorithm makes control adjustments to the base case (pre-contingency condition) to prevent

violations in the post-contingency conditions. If enough controls are available in the system, the solution minimizes the

objective function and the system enforces contingency violations. If the system does not have enough controls, then

some violations may be persistent under certain contingencies. Those represent unenforceable constraints, which result in

high bus marginal costs. The result of the SCOPF will be different from the OPF solution because the SCOPF meets

additional inequality constraints associated with the contingency violations.

IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Figure 4.1 Loading a Power Word Binary

Figure 4.2 Case Model

Figure 4.3 Case Summary


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Figure 4.4 Bus 1 Description





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Figure 4.11 Gui for Fault location & Fault type


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Figure 4.12 Gui to select Pre Fault Profile

Figure 4.13 Generator Stabilizer

Optimal Power Flow (OPF)

Figure 4.14 Model Description



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Security Constrained Optical Power Flow (SCPF)

Figure 4.16 Model Description


V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

The SCOPF involves three major steps that can be solved automatically. Initialization to setup the SCOPF

.Contingency analysis calculation and storage of control sensitivities associated with each contingency violation SCOPF

iterations, which include an LP solution and a power flow solution

During each LP step in the LP routine, the algorithm enforces the newest most severe contingency violation.

After each violation is processed, all of the unprocessed violations are updated. This step is crucial since often resolving

the most severe violation resolves numerous other violations. For instance, a single line might be overloaded in a number

of contingencies: fixing the worst contingency fixes the others as well. On the other hand, processing some violations

may result in new violations. In order to verify that no new violations have been created by the control changes made, the

SCOPF will go back to step two and reprocess all the contingencies and the new base solution. The SCOPF terminates

when all the contingency violations have been processed.

The optimal power flow (OPF) algorithm by itself is able to simulate energy-only electricity markets by

determining the minimum cost or minimum control change dispatch subject to normal operation constraints. The OPF

Reserves considers special OPF Reserve Constraints at the area and zone level, and OPF Reserve Controls provided by

generators or loads. OPF Reserves will thus simultaneously co-optimize energy and reserve and maximize total social

surplus producing both energy (LMP) and Reserve Marginal Clearing Prices (RMCP).

REFERENCES

[1] S. Muthukrishnan and Dr. A. Nirmal Kumar,"Comparison of Simulation and Experimental Results of

UPFC used for Power Quality Improvement", International Journal of Computer and Electrical

Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 3, June, 2010 1793-8163

[2] Arup Ratan Bhowmik,"Implementation of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) for Power Quality

Improvement in IEEE 14-Bus System", IJCTA | NOV-DEC 2011 Available [email protected]

[3] Bindeshwar Singh,"Introduction to FACTS Controllers: A Technological Literature Survey",

International Journal of Automation and Power Engineering Volume 1 Issue 9, December 2012

[4] Shraddha S. Khonde, "Power Quality Enhancement of Standard IEEE 14 Bus System using Unified

Power Flow Controller", International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology

(IJESIT) Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2014


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[5] Prince Hooda, "Voltage stability and Power flow improvement using STATCOM and TCSC & quot;,

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS,

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2014

[6] Atiya naaz L.Sayyed," Contingency Analysis and Improvement of Power System Security by locating

Series FACTS Devices “TCSC and TCPAR” at Optimal Location", IOSR Journal of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE) e-ISSN: 2278-1676, p-ISSN: 2320-3331 PP 19-27 www.iosrjournals.org

[7] Anwar S. Siddiqui, "Voltage Stability Improvement using STATCOM and SVC & quot;, International

Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 88 – No.14, February 2014.

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