Power Aware Routing Power Aware Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Networks - Sumit I Eapen Sumit I Eapen - Joy Ghosh - Joy Ghosh 31 31 st st Oct, 2002 Oct, 2002
Mar 31, 2015
Power Aware Routing Power Aware Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networksin Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
Power Aware Routing Power Aware Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networksin Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
-Sumit I EapenSumit I Eapen- Joy Ghosh- Joy Ghosh
3131stst Oct, 2002 Oct, 2002
ContentsContentsContentsContents
IntroductionIntroduction
Metrics for power awarenessMetrics for power awareness
Routing ProtocolsRouting Protocols
> Power Source Routing (PSR) > > Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR)Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR) > > Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR)Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR) > > Minimum Energy Mobile Wireless NetworksMinimum Energy Mobile Wireless Networks > > Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) > > Sensor Protocols for Information via NegotiationSensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation > > Hierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor NetworksHierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor Networks
ReferencesReferences
Introduction – Power Concerns
The lifetime of a network is defined as the time it takes for a fixed percentage of the nodes in a network to die out.
Portability of wireless nodes being critical its almost mandatory to keep the battery sizes to a bare necessary
Since battery capacity is thus fixed, a wireless mobile node is extremely energy constrained
Hence all network related transactions should be power aware to be able to make efficient use of the overall energy resources of the network
ContentsContentsContentsContents
IntroductionIntroduction
Metrics for power awarenessMetrics for power awareness
Routing ProtocolsRouting Protocols
> Power Source Routing (PSR) > > Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR)Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR) > > Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR)Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR) > > Minimum Energy Mobile Wireless NetworksMinimum Energy Mobile Wireless Networks > > Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) > > Sensor Protocols for Information via NegotiationSensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation > > Hierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor NetworksHierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor Networks
ReferencesReferences
Traditional routing metrics
• Aims to minimize hop counts and propagation delay
• Fails to take into account the power usage of nodes
• Results in poor lifetime of networks
Power Aware Metrics
Intuitionconserve power and share cost of routing packets to ensure increase in life of node and network
Metrics1. Minimize energy consumed / packet2. Maximize time to Network Partition3. Minimize variance in node power levels4. Minimize cost / packet5. Minimize maximum node cost
1. Minimize energy consumed / packet
Definitions:– T(a,b) = energy consumed in transmitting and receiving
one packet over one hop from a to b
- ej = Σk-1i=1 T(ni, ni+1) = total energy spent for packet j
Goal:- Minimize ej for all packets j
Note:- In lightly loaded networks this automatically finds shortest
hop path- In heavily loaded networks due to contention it might not
be shortest
2. Maximize time to network partition
Definition:- Cut Set: set of nodes that divide the network into two partitions
As soon as one node in the set dies the delay experienced increases
Goal:- To balance load of the nodes in the Cut Set to maximize network life
Problems:- The problem is similar to scheduling tasks to multiple servers so that the response time is minimized, which is known to be NP-complete
3. Minimize variance in node power levels
Goal:- To keep all nodes up and running together for as long as possible
Concept:- Build a route that takes into account the amount of data waiting
to be transmitted in all the intermediate nodes
Merit:- Achieve some kind of load balancing to ensure similar rates of
dissipation of energy throughout the network
4. Minimize cost / packetDefinition:Total cost of sending packet j:
cj = Σk-1i=1 fi (xi)
Where,- xi is the energy dissipated in node i till now- fi(xi ) is the cost of node i:
fi(xi) = 1 / (1 – g(xi))
Where g(xi) is the normalized battery capacity
Goal:- Minimize cj for all packets j
4. Minimize cost / packet (contd.)Advantage:- The remaining batter power level is incorporated into the routing
decision- This also balances load by avoiding usage of weak nodes in
presence of stronger ones- Network congestion can be taken care of by increasing node cost
in presence of contention.
5. Minimize maximum node costDefinition:
- Ci(t) = cost of routing a packet through node i at time t
- Ĉ(t) = maximum of the Ci(t)’s
Goal:- Minimize Ĉ(t), for all t > 0
Side effects:- Delays node failure- Reduces variance in node power levels
ContentsContentsContentsContents
IntroductionIntroduction
Metrics for power awarenessMetrics for power awareness
Routing ProtocolsRouting Protocols
> Power Source Routing (PSR) > > Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR)Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR) > > Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR)Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR) > > Minimum Energy Mobile Wireless NetworksMinimum Energy Mobile Wireless Networks > > Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) > > Sensor Protocols for Information via NegotiationSensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation > > Hierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor NetworksHierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor Networks
ReferencesReferences
MANET Routing Protocols
Broad Classifications:
Proactive Protocols- Table Driven - Frequent topology updates- Each node knows about all destinations- Distance Vector, Link State Routing, etc.
Reactive Protocols- On Demand- A node learns of other nodes through actual
communications- DSR, AODV, etc
Low Power Routing - I
Transmission Power- P (i, j) is the Link Cost defined as the power
expended for transmitting and receiving a packet between two consecutive nodes i and j
- Minimize Σi,jЄpath P (i, j)oFixed transmit power
• P(i,j) = b x packet_size + cWhere b = packet size dependent energy consumptionAnd c = fixed cost for MAC layer control negotiation
oVarying transmit power• P(i,j) = k x dα
ij
Where dij = distance between i and jAnd α = parameter depending on physical environment
Low Power Routing - II
Remaining Battery Power
- Ri(t) is the remaining power of node i at time t Simple Approach
- Minimize ΣiЄpath 1/Ri(t)
Min-Max Approach Avoid routes with nodes having minimum battery
capacity among all nodes in all possible routes Conditional Min-Max Approach
- Till all nodes in route have energy above a threshold, choose route with minimum total transmission power
- As energy falls below threshold, use the min-max algorithm suggested above
Power-Aware Source Routing (PSR)
This is a Reactive (On demand) protocol based on DSR Cost Function
- The cost of route π at time t is C (π,t)- C (π,t) = ΣiЄπ Ci(t)
• where Ci(t) is the cost of node i at time t
- Ci(t) = ρi . [Fi/ Ri(t)]α
- ρi : transmit power of node i- Fi : full-charge battery capacity of node i- Ri(t) : remaining battery power of node i at time
time t- α : a positive weighting factor
This Cost function takes into account both transmission power and remaining battery power
PSR – Route Discovery
RREQ broadcast initiated by source Intermediate nodes can reply to RREQ from cache as in
DSR If there is no cache entry, receiving a new RREQ an
intermediate node does the following: Starts a timer Keeps the path cost in the header as Min-cost Adds its own cost to the path cost in the header and
broadcast On receiving duplicate RREQ an intermediate node re-
broadcasts it only if the following is true: The timer for that RREQ has not expired The new path cost in the header is less than Min-cost
Destination also waits for a specific time after the first RREQ arrives
It then replies to the best seen path in that period and ignores others that come later
The path cost is added to the reply and is cached by all nodes that hear the reply
PSR – Route Discovery Illustration
PSR Route Maintenance Node mobility Connections between some nodes on the path are lost
due to their movement. In this case a new RREQ is issued and the corresponding entry in the cache is purged.
Energy Depletion Energy of some intermediate node maybe depleting very
quickly. This can be addressed in two ways: Semi-global approach
Here the source monitors the remaining battery level of the path by periodically polling the intermediate nodes
Local approach Each intermediate node is allowed to send back a route
error at time t if the following condition is met:
PSR Route Cache Invalidation Once the cost of a node has increased beyond
the threshold for a particular route, all cache entries to various destinations are invalidated
However if a path was newly added to the cache, the node makes some allowance by lowering the threshold by some normalized amount for forwarding packets only in that path
Invalidated routes are purged from cache after some time
A node can use an invalidated route for its own message initiations but not for relaying other node’s packets
PSR vs DSR – Simulation on NS(2)
Test bed of 20 nodes confined in 1000 x 1000 m^2 area Range of each node is 250 m 100 reliable and random ftp connections Average duration of connection is 20 sec Total simulation time 10000 sec Speed of movement is 10 m/s Random mobility with pause time of 4 sec
PSR vs DSR – network lifetime
PSR vs DSR – varying threshold
PSR – Points to Ponder
Threshold timers increase latencyDestination has to wait –> blocking natureThe choice of the time-out period is criticalRoute invalidation based on the cost increase threshold is also a sensitive decision Too low can force frequent route discoveries Too high can over use a node in a path
ContentsContentsContentsContents
IntroductionIntroduction
Metrics for power awarenessMetrics for power awareness
Routing ProtocolsRouting Protocols
> Power Source Routing (PSR) > > Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR)Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR) > > Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR)Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR) > > Minimum Energy Mobile Wireless NetworksMinimum Energy Mobile Wireless Networks > > Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) > > Sensor Protocols for Information via NegotiationSensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation > > Hierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor NetworksHierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor Networks
ReferencesReferences
Local Energy-Aware Routing (LEAR)
Aims to balance energy consumption with shortest routing delays
Takes into account a node’s willingness to participate in the routing path which is based on its remaining battery power
Destination does not wait to reply –> non-blocking Efficient use of route cache
The basic LEAR Algorithm
• Source uses a sequence number for new request
• If it gets no reply back it increases the sequence number and re-broadcasts
LEAR – Basic Algorithm Problems
Cannot utilize route cache in the basic form since upstream nodes cannot freely decide on behalf of downstream nodes
May incur repeated route request messages due to dropping of requests by intermediate nodes in cascade
Solutions: four additional routing control messages DROP_ROUTE_REQ ROUTE_CACHE DROP_ROUTE_CACHE CANCEL_ROUTE_CACHE
LEAR – DROP_ROUTE_REQ The Cascading effect
Say the path is A -> B -> C1 -> C2 -> D Each of the intermediate nodes say have low energy On 1st request from A to D, B will drop request and adjust
threshold On 2nd request from A to D, C1 will drop and adjust, and so
on D will finally get the request on 4th attempt
DROP_ROUTE_REQ On 1st attempt from A to D, B drops and adjusts itself and
also forwards DROP_ROUTE_REQ along the path to D This causes C1 and C2 to adjust their threshold D will receive the request on the 2nd attempt
LEAR – ROUTE_CACHE
Destination may receive multiple ROUTE_REQ and ROUTE_CACHE
It replies to only the first one
LEAR – DROP_ROUTE_CACHE & CANCEL_ROUTE_CACHE
On receiving CANCEL_ROUTE_CACHE from C1, B invalidates that entry
LEAR – Complete Algorithm
LEAR – Simulation on GloMoSim
Test bed of 40 nodes confined in 1000 x 1000 m^2 area Range of each node is 250 m 5 Constant Bit Rate source and destination pair chosen 1024 byte packets sent every sec for a specified
duration Total simulation time 500 sec Random waypoint mobility Speed of movement is 5 m/s Pause time is varied from 50 to 400 sec Simulation results shown next are average of 100 runs Initial Threshold value set to 90% of node’s initial power The value of adjustment ‘d’ is taken as 0.1 or 0.4
LEAR – Standard Deviation of energy distribution
• Energy Consumption measured at radio layer
•35% improved energy balance with high mobility (50 sec pause time)
•10% improvement with moderate mobility (400 sec pause time)
•The ‘d’ value does not affect much
LEAR – Ratio of accepted ROUTE_REQ
• Ratio = total route_reqs accepted / total route_reqs received
• Even DSR does not have 100% ratio due to TTL
• ‘d’ = 0.1 drops requests more frequently due to lower adjustment
ContentsContentsContentsContents
IntroductionIntroduction
Metrics for power awarenessMetrics for power awareness
Routing ProtocolsRouting Protocols
> Power Source Routing (PSR) > > Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR)Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR) > > Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR)Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR) > > Minimum Energy Mobile Wireless NetworksMinimum Energy Mobile Wireless Networks > > Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) > > Sensor Protocols for Information via NegotiationSensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation > > Hierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor NetworksHierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor Networks
ReferencesReferences
Geographical & Energy Aware Routing (GEAR)
Mostly appropriate for static data-centric sensor networks
The basic concept comprises of two main parts: Route packets towards a Target region
through geographical and energy aware neighbor selection
Disseminate the packet within the region The concept of the 1st part can also be applied
to mobile ad-hoc networks
GEAR – Energy aware neighbor computation
Each node N maintains state h(N,R) which is called learned cost to region R
Each node infrequently updates neighbor of its cost When a node wants to send a packet, it checks the
learned cost to that region of all its neighbors If the learned cost of a neighbor to a region is not
available, the estimated cost is computed as follows:c(Ni, R) = xd(Ni, R) + (1-x)e(Ni)
Where,x = tunable weight,d(Ni, R) = normalized distance of neighbor to regione(Ni) = normalized consumed energy at node i
GEAR – Packet forwarding
When a node wants to forward a packet to a destination, it checks to see if it has any neighbor closer to destination than itself
In case of multiple choices it aims to minimize the learned cost h(Ni, R)
It then sets its own cost to:h(N, R) = h(Ni, R) + C(N, Ni)
Where,C(N, Ni) = combination of remaining energy of N and Ni and the distance between them
GEAR – Forwarding around holes Incase there are no neighbors closer to destination than itself, the
node forwards to the neighbor with the least learned cost It updates its own cost accordingly So next time it wont lie in the route to that region
GEAR – Discussions on hole avoidance
If the length of the path from S to T is n, the learned cost will converge after S delivers n packets to same target T
Convergence of learned cost only affects efficiency of hole avoidance not its correctness
Propagating learned cost further upstream through the update procedure will enable earlier chances to avoid holes
GEAR – Dissemination
Once the target region is reached the packets are disseminated within the region by recursive geographic forwarding
Forwarding stops when a node is the only one in a sub-region
GEAR – Drawback I• Inefficient Transmission
– Recursive geographic forwarding vs. Restricted flooding
GEAR – Drawback II• Non-Termination
– When network density is low compared to (sub) target region size
GEAR – proposed solution
• Node degree is used as a criteria to differentiate low density networks from high density ones
• Choice of restricted flooding over recursive geographic forwarding is made accordingly
ContentsContentsContentsContents
IntroductionIntroduction
Metrics for power awarenessMetrics for power awareness
Routing ProtocolsRouting Protocols
> Power Source Routing (PSR) > > Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR)Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR) > > Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR)Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR) > > Minimum Energy Mobile Wireless NetworksMinimum Energy Mobile Wireless Networks > > Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) > > Sensor Protocols for Information via NegotiationSensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation > > Hierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor NetworksHierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor Networks
ReferencesReferences
Minimum Energy Wireless Network• What is “Minimum Energy Network”? -- It is a network where there is a path from node i to j that consumes the least transmission power. Minimum Energy Network Design --given a set of wireless nodes, for each node find a
selected set of nodes called neighbors, set a directed link from the node to its neighbor (enclosure graph)
--design an algorithm that will do the above function --protocol is distributed• Design first for a stationary wireless network and then
extend it to a mobile scenario
1. Transmission loss which is proportional to dn where d is the distance between transmitter and receiver. n >= 2
2. Receiver power loss constant C.3. CPU computation loss negligible.
Due to 1 above, it can be seen that relaying packets through intermediate nodes might save energy instead of directly transmitting packets.
Minimum Energy Network – Power Losses
• Relay through b if: tdnab+ tdn
bc + C < tdnac
Relaying Concept
TD^n(ab) TD^n(bc)
TD^n(ac)
• Relay Region: R i->r of the transmit-relay node pair (i,r) is R i->r = {(x,y) | P i->r->(x,y) < P i->(x,y)}
e.g, Ra->b = {c} in the above example
Relay Region
Neighbors
Neighbors N(i) of a node i are those nodes that do not fall in the relay region of any other node with respect to i
Ei = ∩kεN(i) Rc i->k ∩ DN
N(i) = {n ε N|(xn,yn) ε Ei, n ≠ i} Enclosed Node:
A node i is said to be enclosed if it has communication links to each of its neighbors and to no other node.
The distributed protocol to find the enclosure graph consists of two steps• for each node i, find its neighbors• set up directional links from each node to all its neighbors• This graph is strongly connected
Search for Neighbors (Phase 1) A search algorithm is used to determine the above Each node sends a signal to its search region. This signal
contains the position of the node. The node also listens to signals. When it receives the signals it
can find the relay region of the corresponding node.
Algorithm to find the Enclosure Graph
Nodes found in the search fall into two categories. • Alive nodes• Dead nodes
When the search algorithm terminates for node i then the set of alive nodes is the set of neighbors for node i.
The only outgoing communication links from i will be to these set of alive nodes.
Algorithm (contd.)
Apply an algorithm similar to bell ford to enclosure graph Lets assume that all nodes wish to find the minimum power
path to a particular node called the Master node
Path Determination
Each node broadcasts its cost to its neighbors The cost of a node i is defined as the minimum power
necessary for it to reach the master node Each node finds minimum cost it can attain given costs of its
neighbors. If n ε N(i), when i receives the information cost(n), it
computes:Ci,n = Cost(n) + Ptrans(i,n) + Preceiver(n)
Cost(i) = min nεN(i) Ci,n Picks the link corresponding to this minimum cost neighbor
Determining Paths (Phase II)
Distributed Mobile Network
Protocol developed so far was for a stationery network Localized nature of the search algorithm makes it
applicable to mobile scenarios too Here each node periodically executes phase 1 and
phase 2. This time interval should not be too large or too small Thus the protocol can be made self reconfigurable.
Demerit of Minimum Energy Networks The remaining battery power is not taken into
consideration.
ContentsContentsContentsContents
IntroductionIntroduction
Metrics for power awarenessMetrics for power awareness
Routing ProtocolsRouting Protocols
> Power Source Routing (PSR) > > Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR)Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR) > > Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR)Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR) > > Minimum Energy Mobile Wireless NetworksMinimum Energy Mobile Wireless Networks > > Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) > > Sensor Protocols for Information via NegotiationSensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation > > Hierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor NetworksHierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor Networks
ReferencesReferences
Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)
In this we consider a micro-sensor network where: 1. The base station is fixed and located far from
sensors 2. All nodes are homogeneous and energy constrained
Key features of LEACH1. Localized coordination and control for cluster setup
and operation2. Randomized rotation of the cluster heads and the
corresponding clusters.3. Local compression to reduce global compression
LEACH - Algorithm Details
Operation of Leach broken into rounds Round
Set-up phase• Advertisement phase• Cluster Set-up Phase• Schedule Creation• Data transmission
Steady-state phase
Advertisement Phase
Each node decides whether or not to become a cluster head for a round based on a threshold.
Each node say node n generates a random number between 0 and 1. If the random number is less than a threshold T(n) then the node elects itself to be a cluster head.
T(n) = P / ( 1 – P*(r mod 1/p)) if n ε G = 0 otherwise P – desired percentage of cluster heads (P = 0.05) r – current round G – is the set of nodes that have not been cluster head in
last 1/P rounds
Advertisement Phase (contd.)
Each node that elects itself cluster-head for current round broadcasts a message to the rest of the nodes
All cluster-heads transmit their advertisement with the same transmit energy
Non cluster heads keep their receivers on Based by the received signal strength, each
non-cluster node decides to which cluster head to join( assuming symmetric propagation channels)
Cluster Set up Phase
Each non-cluster-head node informs the cluster-head to whom it wants to join.
During this phase all heads should keep their receivers on
Schedule Creation: Each cluster head based on the number of
nodes in its cluster creates a TDMA schedule which is broadcasted to its cluster
Data Transmission
Radios of non-heads are off when its not transmitting, to preserve energy.
When all data has been received from all the nodes the head performs signal processing to compress the data into a single signal
This is then send directly to the base station by a high energy transmission.
Direct Transmission –vs- LEACH
ContentsContentsContentsContents
IntroductionIntroduction
Metrics for power awarenessMetrics for power awareness
Routing ProtocolsRouting Protocols
> Power Source Routing (PSR) > > Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR)Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR) > > Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR)Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR) > > Minimum Energy Mobile Wireless NetworksMinimum Energy Mobile Wireless Networks > > Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) > > Sensor Protocols for Information via NegotiationSensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation > > Hierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor NetworksHierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor Networks
ReferencesReferences
Sensor Protocols For Information via Negotiation
A family of adaptive protocols that efficiently disseminate information among sensors in a energy constrained wireless sensor network.
Uses Meta-data : high level data descriptor Meta-data negotiations to eliminate redundant
information Why data dissemination? – classic flooding can be used
but has 3 demerits• Implosion• Overlap• Resource Blindness
Implosion Example
Overlap Example
SPIN – Negotiation & Resource Management
To overcome the problem of implosion and overlap, SPIN nodes negotiate before they transmit data.
To negotiate in an energy efficient manner meta-data is used
Nodes use a resource manager to find out their battery reserves
If low then they cut back on certain activities like forwarding third party information.
SPIN MESSAGES
ADV : new data advertisement. When a node has new data to send it sends an ADV that contains the meta-data
REQ : this is in response to a ADV. This contains the meta-data that it wants
DATA : data message. This contains the actual sensor data that the REQ asked for. It has a meta data header.
SPIN1 : 3 way handshake
Energy Dissipation Comparison
ContentsContentsContentsContents
IntroductionIntroduction
Metrics for power awarenessMetrics for power awareness
Routing ProtocolsRouting Protocols
> Power Source Routing (PSR) > > Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR)Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR) > > Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR)Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR) > > Minimum Energy Mobile Wireless NetworksMinimum Energy Mobile Wireless Networks > > Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) > > Sensor Protocols for Information via NegotiationSensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation > > Hierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor NetworksHierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor Networks
ReferencesReferences
Hierarchical Power Aware Routing
Discusses about an online power aware routing algorithm in large sensor networks
Path selection takes into consideration both the transmission power and the minimum battery power of the node in the path. It tries to compromise
Makes use of zones to take care of the large number of sensor nodes
HPAR - Definitions
Pmin : power of the path with minimal power consumption
P(Vi) : initial power of node Vi
Pt(Vi) : power of node Vi at time t eij : energy to transmit message between node i and j.
Utij : residual power fraction Utij = (Pt(Vi) - eij) / P(Vi)
HPAR: max-min zPmin Algorithm
1. Find the path with the least power consumption, Pmin by using the Dijkstra algorithm
2. Find the path with least power consumption in the graph.
If the power consumption is greater than zPmin or no path is found, then the previous shortest path is the solution.
3. Find the minimal utij on that path, let it be umin.4. Find all the edges whose residual power fraction utij is
no greater than umin, remove them from the graph.5. Goto 1.
HPAR – Empirical Experimental Analysis
HPAR - Zone Based Routing
Max-min zPmin algorithm requires accurate power level information for all nodes in the network
This is not feasible for a large network with lots of nodes
So the whole network is divided into a small number of zones
Each message is routed across zones using the information of the power estimate for the zones
HPAR - Zone Power Estimation Each zone has a controller node that polls
each node in the zone for their power level Power estimation measures the number of
messages that can flow through the zone Estimation is done relative to direction of
message transmission Once the controller node determines the
power estimate in each direction it broadcasts these to the other zones
This is feasible because the number of zones is small
Zone Power Estimation
HPAR – Power Graph
HPAR – Zone Power Estimation Algorithm
HPAR - Global Path Selection
Local Path Selection The max-min zPmin algorithm is used directly to route
a message within a zone. There could be multiple entry points into the zone and
multiple exit points. So how are 2 paths in adjacent zones which are supposed to be part of a common global path connected.
For this we associate a count with each node which tells how many times did a path start from the node when the power estimation in each direction was done.
Then whenever we find paths we take the start and end node in each zone to be the ones the highest count.
HPAR – Path Connection amongst Zones
ContentsContentsContentsContents
IntroductionIntroduction
Metrics for power awarenessMetrics for power awareness
Routing ProtocolsRouting Protocols
> Power Source Routing (PSR) > > Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR)Local Energy Aware Routing (LEAR) > > Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR)Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR) > > Minimum Energy Mobile Wireless NetworksMinimum Energy Mobile Wireless Networks > > Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) > > Sensor Protocols for Information via NegotiationSensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation > > Hierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor NetworksHierarchical Power Aware Routing in Sensor Networks
ReferencesReferences
References - I
[1] Power-Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks – Suresh Singh, Mike Woo, C.S. Raghavendra
[1] Power-aware Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks – Morteza Maleki, Karthik Dantu, and Massoud Pedram
[2] Non-Blocking Localized Routing Algorithm for Balanced Energy Consumption in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks – Kyungtae Woo, Chansu Yu, Hee Yong Youn, Ben Lee
[3] Hierarchical Power-aware Routing in Sensor Networks – Qun Li, Javed Aslam, Daniela Rus
[4] Minimum Energy Mobile Wireless Networks – Volkan Rodoplu, Teresa H. Meng
[5] A Location-aided Power-aware Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks – Yuan Xue, Baochun Li
References - II
[6] Geographical and Energy Aware Routing: a recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks – Yan Yu, Ramesh Govindan, Deborah Estrin
[7] Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks - Wendi Rabiner Heinzelman, Anantha Chandrakasan, Hari Balakrishnan
[8] Adaptive Protocols for Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks - Wendi Rabiner Heinzelman, Joanna Kulik, Hari Balakrishnan
[9] GPSR: Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless Networks – Brad Karp, H.T. Kung
[10] Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks – David B. Johnson, David A. Maltz
Thank You!!!Thank You!!!Thank You!!!Thank You!!!
3131stst Oct, 2002 Oct, 2002