POWEB CAPACITY AND PEODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORHubert Work, Secretary

U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY An** Otto Smith, Director

Water-Supply Paper 579

POWEB CAPACITY AND PEODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES

PAPEBS BT

C. E. DAUGHEETY, A. H. HOETON AND E. W. DAVENPOET

UNITED STATESGOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON1928

CONTENTS

Page Introduction, by N. C. Grover._______________________________ 1The development of horsepower equipment in the United States, by

C. K. Daugherty ________________________________ 5 Developed and potential water power in the United States and production

of electricity by public-utility power plants, 1^19-1926, by A. H.Horton..________________________________ 113

Growth of water-power development in the United States, by K. W.Davenport.._____________________j___________ 203

Index___________*______________L.__________ 209

NOTE. The illustrations are listed in connection with the separate papers. n

POWER CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES

INTRODUCTION

By NATHAN CLIFFOED GEOVER 1

For countless centuries man was the principal source of motive power for practically all purposes. He was ably assisted in certain activities by the lower animals the beasts of burden that have served especially in transportation and agriculture. The changeable and fitful wind was also long utilized, especially for pumping water and propelling ships. Small water-power plants were developed and used for sawing lumber, grinding grain, carding wool, weaving cloth, and other small industrial processes. But the universal supply of energy for productive work was furnished by human beings, fre quently by slaves, and so long as this condition prevailed the human race was able to produce only the bare necessities of life, and famine was forever stalking in the background of existence.

Since the invention of the steam engine the burden of the world's work has gradually been lifted from the backs of men and placed on machines driven by power generated by the burning of fuels. Not, however, until energy had been made mobile by means of electric transmission was the possibility of man's emancipation from the treadmill of drudgery realized. He must, of course, continue to labor, but he is now the operator of machines instead of being the primary source of power.

With the "horsepower" of the water Or steam driven engine to aid him, man's capacity to accomplish has been greatly increased, and as a result the human race can now produce not only the neces sities of life but the remarkably varied luxuries of the present day. Because of the availability of cheap mechanical and electrical energy every person in this country has to-day the equivalent of about 60 servants in constant attendance in supplying food, clothing, and shelter of a kind that would have been the envy of kings a century ago; in furnishing easy transportation by palatial steamships, byrailway trains consisting of sleeping, dining, club, and observation_________________________________i_______

> Chief hydraulic engineer, U. 8. Geological Survey.

Z POWER CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION IN UNITED STATES

cars equipped with every convenience for the comfort of the traveler by automobiles for business and pleasure, and in the immediate future by the airship with its possibilities for both comfort and speed; and in promoting rapid communication by mail, telegraph, telephone, and the radio. Under these new conditions, even with a greatly increased population, the civilized world is practically free from the danger of famine.

The necessities, conveniences, and luxuries of the present genera tion are made available largely as the result of the utilization of cheap energy, generally electric but in part mechanical, which now dominates industry, transportation, and communication. By abridg ing space this mighty force has elongated time, given to everyone the possibilities of leisure and luxury, and changed not only the daily routine but the very aspect of life in both city and country.

Individuals, States, and nations are therefore vitally interested in this giant that rules the modern world. What are the national sources in cheap energy, how are they being utilized, and what are the limits of development? Fortunately the United States has been endowed by nature with great resources in water power, that source of energy which is not depleted by use, as well as with enormous deposits of coal and oil, which are exhaustible. In so far as water power is used the fuels can be conserved, and wherever it is economical to do so, water power should therefore be utilized.

The problems related to the availability of our resources in power and to the development and utilization of those resources are accord ingly of national scope and importance, and the three reports pre sented herein are of vital interest to students of economics as well as to many people in all walks of life who use in some or many forms the products of mechanical and electric power. These reports show by States the Nation's resources in water power and the installed capacity of water-power plants at certain dates since 1849; the utilization and growth in utilization of energy in the various lines of human activity; the monthly output of electric energy by public- utility plants since 1919, the proportions of this output furnished by water power and by fuels, the consumption of fuels in producing this power, and the decreasing consumption of fuel per unit of power developed. They constitute therefore a compilation of information not to be found elsewhere concerning the growth of the power business in connection with many kinds of human endeavor, and they show the remarkable development of the power business since the electric transmission of power was made practicable and the trend toward the utilization of large central power stations of great capacity and high efficiency operated by public-utility companies that have been created under State control to generate, transmit, and sell power as a commodity.

INTRODUCTION 6

The information contained in the report has been collected in part by the Geological Survey in connection with its activities in studying the water resources of the country and their best utilization, in part by the Bureau of the Census in its periodic statistical study of the country's activities, and in part by the Federal Power Commission in connection with the administration of the Federal water-power act. Some of the data have therefore been previously published in scattered statistical form, and some have been made-available in multigraphed or mimeographed preliminary reports; but some have never before been published. All these statistics are now brought together in such form as to be available for further study and any other use that may be found to be desirable. They will serve as base data on which must rest any future study in this country of the problems of power utilization in relation to economics and government.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF HORSEPOWER EQUIPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES

BY

CARROLL ROOP DAUGHERTY

CONTENTS

Pas*Prefatory note....____..._________ 11Introduction___________________________________ 11Sources and accuracy of the data...._________________... 15Development of prime movers___________ _ 23Certain findings of the study _________ 30Some uses for the power index _ _ 36Bibliography___________________________________ 43Tables____........_._.. .__.....__...._.__...._._.... 45

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page PLATE 1. Horsepower of prime movers installed and utilized in different

activities, 1849-1923, by types of prime movers_______ 84 FIGUBB 1. Total horsepower of prime movers in the United States, 1849-

1923__________.____________________ 792. Horsepower of prime movers installed in different activities,

1849-1923_______________________...___ 803. Horsepower utilized in each field of activity, 1849-1923___ 814. Index numbers of horsepower of prime movers, 1849-1923, by

types of prime movers._______ ___.___. 825. Percentages of horsepower of prime movers, 1849-1923, by

different types of prime movers___ _________. 836. Horsepower of prime movers, 1849-1923, by special groups.. 847. Horsepower of prime movers, 1849-1923, by special groups.. 848. Horsepower of prime movers, population, and wage earners in

United States, 1849-1923____________________ 859. Horsepower of prime movers, population, and wage earners in

United States, 1849-1923____________________ 8610. Horsepower of prime movers, population, and wage earners in

United States, 1849-1923____________________ 8711. Horsepower of prime movers installed per inhabitant and per

wage earner and utilized per wage earner in different activi ties and groups, 1849-1923___________________ 88

12. Total horsepower of prime movers, 1923____________ 8913. Total horsepower of prime movers, 1919. ___________ 9014. Total horsepower of prime movers, 1909____________ 9115. Total horsepower of prime movers, 1899____________ 9216. Total horsepower of prime movers, 1889 _ ___________ 9317. Total horsepower of prime movers, 1879.-._________... 0418. Total horsepower of prime movers, 1869. ___________ 9519. Horsepower of prime movers in motor-driven vehicles, 1923.. 9620. Horsepower of prime movers per square mile, 1923, by States

and geographic divisions-_____*_____________ 977

8 POWER CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION IN UNITED STATES

Fag* FIGUEB 21. Horsepower of prime movers utilized in manufactures, 1923_ 98

22. Percentage of total horsepower of prime movers utilized inmanufactures, 1923, by types of prime movers___ __ 99

23. Chief types of prime movers utilized in manufactures, 1923__ 10d24. Horsepower of steam engines and turbines utilized in manu

factures, 1923___________________________ 10125. Horsepower of internal-combustion engines installed in manu

factures, 1923___________________________ 10226. Horsepower of water wheels installed in manufactures, 1923. 10327. Horsepower per square mile of prime movers utilized in manu

factures, 1923___________________________ 10428. Horsepower of prime movers utilized in mines and quarries,

1919..__________________________________________ 10529. Horsepower of prime movers utilized in agriculture, 1923___ 10630. Horsepower per square mile of prime movers utilized in agri

culture, 1923___________________________ 10731. Horsepower of prime movers installed in irrigation and drain

age, 1923________________________._.___.__ 10832. Horsepower of prime movers in central electric stations and

electric railroads plus horsepower of electric motors driven by electricity generated in manufactures; 1923, and in mines and quarries, 1919________________ . 109

33. Horsepower of prime movers in ships, 1923__ _..._ _ 11034. Horsepower of prime movers, number of wage earners, and

volume of production, 1889-1919, by special groups.. __ 11135. Total horsepower of prime movers and acreage of improved

land, 1849-1923.________ ______.__-___......__ 112

TABLES

1. Total horsepower of prime movers in the United States, 1849-1923. _ 452. Horsepower of prime movers installed in different activities, 1849-1923 45

|3. Horsepower utilized in each field of activity, 1849-1923-... ____ _ 474. Horsepower of prime movers, 1849-1923, by types of prime movers. _ 485. Horsepower of prime movers utilized, 1849-1923, by types of prime

movers and fields of activity ___ ____ ____ ___ ... __ 496. Horsepower of prime movers, 1849-1923, by special groups.. ____ 527. Population and wage earners in the United States, 1849-1923. ___ 538. Horsepower of prime movers installed per inhabitant and per wage

earner and utilized per wage earner in different activities and groups, 1849-1923 _____________________________ 54

9. Total horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers, 1869-1923, byStates and geographic divisions_____.___ ___ ._ _ _ ._ 55

10. Horsepower of prime movers per square mile, 1923, by States andgeographic divisions _____ _ _______ ___ _ _ ._-_._ __ 57

11. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers utilized by manufactures,1869-1923, by States and geographic divisions ... _ 58

12. Percentage of total horsepower of prime movers utilized in manufactures, 1923, by types of prime movers.... _.__._. ___ _ _ __ 60

13. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers utilized In mines andquarries, 1899-1923, by States and geographic divisions. _ _ '_ 61

DEVELOPMENT OF HORSEPOWER EQUIPMENT 9

Fac*14. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers .utilized in agriculture,

1869-1923, by States and geographic divisions___ _______ 6215. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers installed in irrigation

and drainage, 1909-1923, by States and geographic divisions._____ 6416. Horsepower; in thousands, of prime movers in electric central stations,

1899-1923, by States and geographic divisions.________________ 6517. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers in electric railroads,

1899-1923, by States and geographic divisions.____________ 6618. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers in central electric stations

and electric railroads plus horsepower of electric motors driven by electricity generated in manufactures and in mines and quarries, 1899-1923, by States and geographic divisions.___.________ 67

19. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers installed in ships, 1889-1923, by States and geographic divisions..________________ 68

20. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers in motor-driven vehicles,1919 and 1923, by States and geographic divisions__________ 69

21. Index numbers of horsepower of prime movers, number of wageearners, and volume of production, 1889-1919, by special groups.- . 70

22. Index numbers of total horsepower of prime movers arid acreage ofimproved land, 1849-1923.._______________________ 70

23. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers utilized in. manufactures,1849-1923.....__.___..._______.__________-____-_.__._._ 71

24. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers utilized in mines andquarries, 1849-1923._____________________________ 71

25. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers utilized in agriculture,1849-1923__________________________________ 71

26. Approximate number, in thousands, of draft animals in the UnitedStates, 1849-1923_____________________________ 72

27. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers in central stations andelectric railroads, 1889-1923______________________ 72

28. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers utilized in irrigation anddrainage, 1879-1923. ____________________________ 72

29. Horsepower of locomotives of steam railroads, 1849-1923.____ __ 7330. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers in ships, 1849-19231 ____ 7331. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers of motor-driven vehicles

(automobiles), 1899-1923____________.___________ 7432. Number of automobiles registered, 1899-1923 ______________ 7433. Average horsepower used in determining total horsepower of auto

mobile engines in 1909, 1919, and 1923________ ________ 7534. Number of wage earners and horsepower of prime movers in certain

industrial establishments not included in census totals for manu factures, 1909 and 1919__._______________________ 75

35. Horsepower of prime movers of municipal water-supply plants ofcertain cities for 1926________________________________ 75

36. Horsepower of prime movers of aircraft of the Army and Navy andof the ships of the Navy_______________________________ 75

37. Prime movers utilized in manufactures in the United States in 1923,by geographic divisions and Stafes____________________ 76

38. Distribution by geographic divisions and States of total area ofimproved land on farms in the United States, 1869-1919______ 78

THE DEVELOPMENT OF HORSEPOWER EQUIPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES

By CABROLL ROOP DAUGHEBTT

PBEFATOBY NOTE

In the academic year of 1924-25 it was the writer's good fortune to be one of a seminar group at the University of Pennsylvania which was studying the mineral and power resources and industries of the United States under the direction of Mr. F. G. Tryon, then chief coal statistician of the United States Geological Survey. The study of horsepower equipment as an index of the instaHation of machinery seemed to be a particularly appealing statistical problem, the mastering: of which promised to be productive of interesting results. The findings in sum mary which were forthcoming after the year's work so fully justified this expecta tion that it seemed wise to enlarge the scope of the study and develop it, if possible, into a doctor's dissertation, in the hope of throwing light on a subject- of broad interest among economists.

At all stages in the development of the thesis Mr. Tryon's suggestions and advice have been of valuable assistance. Acknowledgment is especially made to him for his unfailing interest, inspirational guidance, and kindly criticism. His intimate knowledge of the field made possible the use of many different kinds of source material.

The writer is indebted also to Mr. C. D. Kinsman, agricultural engineer, of the United States Department of Agriculture, for suggestions and material in connection with horsepower in agriculture and work animate. Mr. Kinsman has recently made an exhaustive and scholarly analysis of power used on farms in this country. His findings were used almost in toto.

Acknowledgment is made to the National Automobile Chamber of Commerce and to the Bureau of Statistics of the Interstate Commerce Commission for data furnished in their respective fields. In the preparation of the manuscript valuable suggestions and criticism were offered by Dr. J. H. Willits, Dr. A. H, Williams, Dr. B. T. Bye, Dr. Walter Voskuil, and Miss Anne Bezanaon, all of the University of Pennsylvania faculty.

INTRODUCTION

The United States of America undeniably leads the world in the production of wealth in material prosperity. Especially has this been true since the World War. The other nations of the world, particularly the European industrial countries, have by contrast appeared to be in a sad plight. Unemployment, labor troubles, and financial difficulties have hampered the industries of England, France, and Germany, but on this side of the water there has been a relatively smooth flow, in huge volume, of goods for the satisfaction of myriad wants.

11

12 POWEK CAPACITY AND PKODUCTION IN UNITED STATES

Naturally this unprecedented prosperity has attracted a great deal of attention both at home and abroad, and all thinking people have asked themselves the reason for it. To what cause or causes may it be attributed? From England two engineers were sent to study and analyze the situation. The recent book of one of our greatest indus trialists telling the how and the why of our success is said to be selling very widely in Europe. And the fact that for the last year almost every good periodical and newspaper has devoted large amounts of space to the subject, in the form of articles or reports of industrial congresses and conferences, is evidence of a widespread interest in this country as well. The topic has appeared frequently on the editorial pages of newspapers.

All these discussions are much alike. They point out that the production of wealth has increased more rapidly than the population. There is therefore more wealth per inhabitant than before. As a reason for this increase is advanced the fact that more machinery is being used to-day in production; human labor is being supplanted by mechanical devices.

In the 50 years from 1869 to 1919 the population of the United States increased 2.76 times. In spite of the shift in population from the country to the city, so that only one-quarter of those in gainful occupations were employed in agriculture in 1919, while nearly one-half were so engaged in 1869, the agricultural production increased 4.94 times, or 80 per cent more rapidly than the population. During the same 50 years the products of mines increased 18.81 times, or nearly seven times more rapidly than the population. The manufactured products increased 9.61 times, or about 3.5 times more rapidly than the population. While many factors contributed to these increased outputs, the most important factor is undoubtedly the increased production and utilization of mechanical power by machinery. To-day the drudgery of the struggle for existence has largely been transferred to machinery vitalized by mechanical power, thus making universal education possible by sparing youth from the farm and the factory.1

And again,All this power increases output and decreases sweat. While we have increased

our manufacturing employees 65 per cent in the last quarter of a century, we have swelled productivity on a quantity basis in the neighborhood of 170 per cent. Our farms produce 37 per cent more with about 20 per cent more farmers; our railways carry about 170 per cent more traffic with 61 per cent more men. And with all we have in 25 years decreased the weekly hours of labor by about 9 per cent, while real wages have increased 40 or 50 per cent. The terrors of un employment have been lessened.2

These statements reflect the general belief and attitude on the subject. It is undoubtedly true that more machinery and more power are at the service of the people of the United States than ever before; but there has never, it is believed, been a complete survey or

i De Baufre, W. L., address as retiring president of the Nebraska chapter of Sigma XI, May 15, 1925; Science, new ser., vol. 62, p. 381, Oct. 30,1925.

» Hoover, Herbert, The Nation's Business, June 5,1926, p. 14.


exact measurement of these mechanical devices which are so greatly increasing our per capita output.

It is manifestly impossible, or at least impracticable, to make a census of the machines themselves. They change and become obso lete too rapidly, and they can not be reduced to any satisfactory common unit. But there is one way whereby an index of the instal lation of machinery may be obtained by ascertaining the total horsepower of the engines that drive the different kinds of machinery. The engines may be of many different types, but their ability to oper ate machines may be expressed in terms of a single unit, the horse power. The amount of mechanization of industry as a whole or of any one industry over a period of time may be judged by the horse power capacity of the engines installed to drive the machinery in relation to the number of employees. If the total horsepower of the country's engines is appreciably greater now than it was 10 years ago, it may be said that there has been an increase in machinery installed. It is recognized that improvements in the technique of production or in transmission mechanism may increase the amount of machinery which can be operated by the same amount of horsepower. Never theless, it is believed that this difference is not large enough to impair the use of total horsepower as an index of the relative amounts of machinery in use over a period of years. Moreover, horsepower is the only index that can be used at the present time.

The aggregate horsepower of engines or motors, then, is roughly indicative of the amount of machinery installed and will be indicated by the term "horsepower equipment." It is figured only on engines that are properly designated "prime movers." A prime mover may be defined as an engine that utilizes the potential energy from some natural source (such as coal, wood, petroleum, or water) and converts it into the energy of motion. Thus steam engines and turbines, internal-combustion engines, and water wheels and turbines are prime movers. Electric motors, however, are not classified as prime movers because they do not utilize the original source of energy. They are run by electricity generated in dynamos, after the dynamos are set in motion by some prime mover.3

The purpose of this study is to present statistics of horsepower equipment as nearly as possible complete for all fields of productive activity in the United States. These statistics cover nine separate years spread over a period of seven and one-half decades, from 1849 to 1923. Naturally the censuses of the more recent years have yielded more exact information; there was less need for estimating for 1909, 1919, and 1923 than for the earlier year^.

* In dealing with manufactures alone the United States Census treats the horsepower of motors driven by purchased electricity as "primary power," because for the purposes of the census of manufactures such power is in the same category as that obtained directly from prime movers.


This is not the first attempt to show the amount of horsepower equipment installed in certain fields,4 nor is it the first time that an effort has been made to estimate the total amount existing in the country.6 But it is believed that no information has yet been made available which is the result of a careful, thorough survey and anal ysis of all the primary horsepower equipment existing in all the chief fields of productive activity over a period of years.

In the present survey the equipment was apportioned among 10 fields of activity. For each census year horsepower data were gath ered for manufactures, mines and quarries, agriculture, irrigation and drainage, electric central stations, electric railroads, steam rail* roads, ships, automobiles, and work animals not on farms. This apportionment made it possible to notice the trend in the use of equipment in any one field of endeavor and to determine the relative rank of any field at any one time.

The equipment was further classified, for the country as a whole and for each of the above-mentioned fields of activity, as to type of prime mover steam, internal combustion, and water. Purchased electricity was also recorded for certain fields in which it stands in the same category as primary power, but the duplication thus in volved was eliminated in computing the totals for the whole country. This classification made possible an analysis of the distribution and importance of the several types of prime movers at any one time and of the trend throughout the 75-year period.

Still another classification divjded the equipment into three larger groups "manufactures," including the horsepower in manufactures and that portion of electric central station equipment which is used for light and heat by consumers; "materials" (and food), including the horsepower in mines and quarries, agriculture, and irrigation and drainage; and "transportation," including the horsepower in electric and steam railroads, ships, automobiles, and work animals not on farms. '' Manufactures'' and'' materials'' were then combined for the sake of comparing equipment used to produce "form utilities" with that employed for the production of "place utilities." "Form utilities" are products which are changed in shape or form by the use of power. "Place utilities" are products which have value added to them by transportation. A further division of transporta tion horsepower was made in order to distinguish between "light" and "heavy" types, electric and steam railroads and ships being included under the latter and automobiles and work animals not on farms under the former. Finally, in order to portray the growth of

* See National Industrial Conference Board, A graphic analysis of the census of manufactures of the United States, pp. 139-202, New York, 1923; and Kinsman, C. D., An appraisal of power used on farms in the United States; U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 1438,1925.

> See De Baufre, W. L., op. cit., p. 382; MulhalTs "Dictionary of Statistics," p. 549,1892, for years before 1888; Low, F. R., Power resources past and present: Mechanical Engineering, January, 1925, p. 2.


electric equipment, the horsepower of electric central stations, of electric railroads, and of motors used in manufactures and mines to generate their own power was summed up in one group.

These statistics are presented for the 9 years in the 75-year perio4 not only for the United States as a whole, but, as far as possible, for each of the 48 States and the District of Columbia and for each of the. 9 major geographic districts into which the country is divided. This analysis discloses the growth of the different fields of activj$v- over the several sections of the country.

This survey is primarily statistical. No effort is made to employ- the different indices of horsepower equipment in any particular way^ but a number of uses at once suggest themselves to the student. Some of these are pointed out on pages 36-42, but the actual develop-, ment is left to subsequent studies.

It should be constantly borne in mind that the statistics here, presented show horsepower equipment, not horsepower produced . that is, they show capacity, not use. None of the equipment is, used 24 hours of every day. On the contrary, most of it is in use only a small fraction [of the time. The figures, therefore, are an. indication of what couljd have been, not a record of what was. This, idea of the "use factor^" as it is called, will be more fully developed; in the following text, }>ut it should be remembered throughout the. discussion.

SOURCES A|ND ACCURACY OF THE DATA

Inasmuch as the ana of this study is chiefly statistical that ls,( , to present data of horsepower equipment that may be used by the student of economics the sources of the material and the method of obtaining the results sljiould first be indicated. The data for certain years are more accurate and reliable than those for others, as explained in detail below. Facts) of this nature will aid in the use of the statis tics and in an evaluation of the results.

The totals for the tinted States are made up of statistics procure^ for each of 10 fields o^ activity manufactures, mines and quarries, agriculture, irrigation ^nd drainage, electric central stations, electric railroads, steam railroads, ships, automobiles, and work animals not, on farms. The horsepower equipment in each one of these fields is engaged in some sort oi productive activity. The last two, however^ deserve special mention.

The field of automobiles is made up of passenger cars, motor cycles, and trucks. In 1923 the motor bus had not yet become an important factor in transportation, and the busses in use were generally in cluded with passenger cars in registration figures.8 Obviously the

6 Facts and figures of tbe automotive industry for 1923, New York City, National Automobtfe Chamber of Commerce.

61750 28 2


productive activities of passenger automobiles and motor cycles are as a whole very slight; it is only trucks that are used primarily for producing "place utilities" in goods to be consumed. The other cars are used chiefly for pleasure, as consumer's goods. Therefore, it has seemed wise to present figures bothdncluding pleasure cars and excluding them wherever their inclusion might distort the result and convey a false impression regarding the amount of equipment actually used in production.

Work animals not on farms were classed separately because it was impossible to apportion them among the other fields. Undoubt edly many are used in mines and others for general hauling.

In each field the total amount of horsepower equipment for each year was apportioned, so far as possible, among the different types of prime movers steam engines, internal-combustion engines, water wheels, windmills, and work animals and also purchased electricity, which is equivalent to primary power to the field using it. These details of prime-mover equipment in each field (exclusive of the purchased electricity, which would involve duplication) were then added to form totals for the country as a whole.

The data presented for the field of manufactures were obtained from the census reports, beginning with the year 1870. These volumes contain power figures for the United States as a whole and by States and for certain individual industries. Since 1920 the census of manufactures has been taken biennially. Not only are totals given, but also the amount of power installed by types of prime movers. There are no census figures of power for the years 1849 and 1859, and those here presented are pure estimates arrived at by plotting the increases of later decades and by extrapolation from the curve thus obtained, as well as by a consideration of other items that are reported for those years, such as number of employees and value of product. The data for 1849 and 1859 have thus less claim to accuracy than those for the later years; they are included as being of historical interest and indicating the small amount of power employed before the Civil War.

In the field of mines and quarries the census reports were again the source of material. No power analyses relating to this field are available for years before 1902. For these early years the data are scattered and incomplete. Figures for 1899 were based on the report for 1902, and those for the earlier years were estimated on the basis of the scattered material available and by extrapolation.

The material given for the field of agriculture was taken from an exhaustive study and analysis of power equipment used on farms made recently by C. D. Kinsman, agricultural engineer, of the United States Department of Agriculture.7 Kinsman presents power sta-

' An appraisal of power used on farms in the United States: U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bull. 1348,1926.

DEVELOPMENT OF HOESEPOWEE EQUIPMENT 17

tistics for the country is detailed in that he

as a whole from 1849 to 1924. His analysis gives power equipment by types of prime

movers as well as totals. He does not, however, offer data for separ ate States except for 1924, and the State figures included in the pres ent study are estimated from the total for the country on the basis of improved farm acreige in each State, figures of which are avail able in the decennial relports of the census from 1850 to 1920. This basis seems to be morfe closely related to horsepower than merely all land in farms, inasmuch as power equipment is used almost wholly on land that is in crops or pasture. Improved acreage is of course not entirely indicative of the use of power as among States, for in some sections of the country certain types of farm activity are carried on which undoubtedly [require a larger power installation than those of other sections. Nevertheless, it is believed that such discrepancy is not great enough to invalidate the results.

The census report fyr 1920 on irrigation and drainage contains data which give the equipment of pumping stations in this field for 1909 and 1919, botjh for the country as a whole and by States. These horsepower figuites, however, are not separated according to

* types of prime movers^ Effort was made to obtain such separate figures by correspondence with the Department of Agriculture, but they were not available. As the total amount is relatively small, an arbitrary separation wis made so as to aid in forming the United States total for power lf>y types of prime movers. The data for the years before 1909, are estimates based on the increase between 1909 and 1919 and correlated as far as possible with the census figures showing the acreage of land irrigated or drained.

In the fields of electrjic central stations and electric railroads total horsepower equipment! and equipment by types of prime movers are given in the special census reports of 1902, 1907, 1912, 1917, and 1922. Figures for 189J9, 1909, 1919, and 1923 were obtained by plotting the data given and then by extrapolation and interpolation, for the country as a \^hole and for the several States. No horse power statistics are available for the years before 1902, but the num ber of electric central stations is given as far back as 1881; from these a power factor per central station was obtained and used in esti mating power equipment for 1889 and 1899, to check the results obtained by extrapolation. A similar check was applied in the field of electric railroads by using the data given regarding number of companies, miles of I track, and number of employees.* Figures for the electrified divisions and tunnels of steam railroads are avail able in the later reportjs; these were included with electric railroads for 1909, 1919, and 19J23. All material for the separate States in these two fields were obtained in the same way.


The statistics presented for the horsepower equipment of steam* railroads for 1909, 1919, and 1923 are based on material issued by the Interstate Commerce Commission, giving average number of loco motives in service as far back as 1890 and average pounds of tractive force as far back as 1903. These two sets of figures for 1909,1919, and 1923 were multiplied, the result expressing total tractive force in. pounds for locomotives in those years. Horsepower figures are not given in the statistical reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission^ inasmuch as horsepower varies with the speed of the locomotive. A formula supplied by the Commission's Bureau of Locomotive Inspec- tion, however, was used to convert tractive force into horsepower. This formula, which assumes the average speed of all locomotives to-

Tx 11 be 11 miles an hour, is > where T is the tractive force in poundsOiO

The horsepower equipment on steam railroads for the years 1849,. 1859, 1869, 1879, 1889, and 1899 was estimated as follows: Poor's- "Manual of railroads" gives the number of locomotives back to 1877 and track mileage back to the beginning of construction. An aver age factor was obtained expressing the relationship, between these two- items. This factor was applied to the track mileage for the early decades, as it was fairly constant over a period of years and it was- assumed to be applicable as far back as 1849. The number of loco motives having thus been estimated, the average tractive force for the same years was computed by means of the formula given in the- handbooks issued by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, namelyC2 x S x P ^ t where C equals the diameter of the cylinder in inches,.

S is the stroke of the piston in inches, P the mean effective boiler- pressure in pounds, and D the diameter of the drive wheels in inches. A number of books were read in order to get these dimensions in early locomotives representative of their time. The figures for trac tive force thus obtained were then converted into horsepower by means of the first formula given above. It was found impossible to- estimate steam-railroad horsepower equipment by States. No data are available giving number of locomotives or ton-miles of freight for each State, inasmuch as most lines operate in more than one State. Track mileage per State was considered unsuitable as a basis for estimates, because it fails to indicate heaviness of traffic that is,, the amount of power used in different sections of the country varies widely over similar lengths of track, owing to differences in the density of traffic and in grade of road bed.

Horsepower figures for vessels engaged in river, canal, lake, and coastwise transportation were tabulated from statistics contained in. the annual list of merchant vessels compiled by the Bureau of Navi gation of the Department of Commerce. The figures in the lists for

DEVELOPMENT Otf HORSEPOWER EQUIPMENT 19

1909 and 1919 were added, giving totals for horsepower and gross tonnage. Separate statistics if or vessels using steam and internal- combustion engines wore not obtainable before 1915. A horsepower factor per gross ton for each of these types of vessels, however, was worked out for 1919 jmd 192£. For 1909 a horsepower factor per "gross ton of all vessels was used, and as horsepower data were very incomplete for vessels before 1910 it was assumed that the same factor was applicable bo the earlier years. These factors were then applied to figures of gzoss tonnage, obtained from the annual reports of the Commissioner o ' Navigation, for the United States as a whole tack to 1849 and for States back to 1889, thus yielding data for horse power equipment in tils field.

Perhaps the greatest difficulty was experienced in obtaining trust worthy estimates of lorsepoiwer equipment in the field of auto mobiles. Two items were necessary the number of passenger cars, motorcycles, and trucls for the four years covered (1899, 1909, 1919, and 1923), and the average horsepower of these vehicles. The first item was obtained as follows: Total figures of registration from 1895 to 1923 were given in the 1924 issue of "Facts and figure! of the automotive industry," published by the National Automobile Cham ber of Commerce. Ttiese were checked by similar data furnished by the Bureau of Public Roads of the Department of Agriculture, and by the statistical issues of the magazine Motor. Unfortunately, no one of these sources gave any indication of separate registration by passenger cars, motor cycles, and trucks for the years before 1914. Figures for production^ of passenger cars and trucks, however, were available as far back jas 1899, and an approximation of correctness was effected by applying to the registration for the early years the ratio of such production to total registration for the later years. The second essential item, the horsepower average to be applied to the mumber of vehicles, was found in this fashion: At first it was thought that the figures of hoj'sepower published by Automotive Industries would be adequate, but it was discovered that many of these figures, which represent "rated" horsepower and are used only for purposes of taxation, were mucifi lower than the actual horsepower capable of being developed in automobile engines, known as "brake" horse power. Data for computing "brake" horsepower were then ob tained in two ways bjy writing to the leading car and truck manu facturers of the country in order to ascertain the horsepower of all old and recent models, and by consulting the engine specifications of cars in the statistical issues of Motor for the years 1910, 1020, and 1924. The final problem was to give due weight, as far as pos sible, to the horsepower of the different types of cars. Most weight naturally belonged to bhe cars that were most numerous. Study of volumes of production given;in Motor led to the conclusion that


about half of the automobiles represented in the registration figures were Fords and that the other half was made up in general of three types of cars the high-priced, luxury car, of which there were fewest in use; the middle-class, medium-priced car; and the most used, low-priced car. An average horsepower figure was struck for each group. The first was weighted 1, the second 3, and the third 5. The weighted mean then obtained was applied to the other half of the registration total. The total horsepower obtained by this means, is believed to be fairly reliable. It is at least indicative of the enor mous growth in the use of this kind of transportation. Registration by States has been reported only after 1914, so that horsepower data for different sections of the country could be presented only for 19191 and 1923.

The material for work animals not on farms came from the report by C. D. Kinsman already cited. The figures are available for every year covered by the tables, but apportionment among States was. impossible.

After the data had been collected and classified for each field in. the manner just indicated, they were combined and used in a number of different ways. The amounts of horsepower equipment in th& different types of prime movers in each field were summed up hi order to show their relative importance and rates of increase for the country as a whole. The figures thus obtained indicated what kinds of energy were being most used in any one decade and dis closed any changes in their relative proportions. There is much concern at present as to the past importance and the probable future significance of coal and fuel oils compared with such other sources of energy as water and wind. It is hoped that the analysis discussed above throws some light on this question.

The amounts of equipment in each field were combined for each, decade in larger groups, chiefly for the purpose of comparing power used in the different types of industry manufacturing, mining, and agriculture with that 1 used in transportation.

It is believed that the chief value of the statistics presented in this study will be to show that horsepower equipment has increased more rapidly than population or number of wage earners in other words, that there has been a steady growth in the horsepower equip ment per capita and per wage earner over the entire 75-year period, both for the country as a whole and for those fields of activity in which number of wage -earners can be separately ascertained. An index of this increase may then be used for comparison with indices- for other ratios, such as volume of production per wage earner or amount of wages per wage earner.

The population and total number of wage earners in the country were obtained from the census reports for each year except 1923 and


compared with total horsepower by means of index numbers. The figures for 1923 are estimated on the basis of past growth and on the basis of a similar estimate made by the National Electric Light Association. Number^ of wage earners were ascertained for 7 of the 10 fields of activity joaanufactures, mines and quarries, agriculture, electric central station^, electric railroads, steam railroads, and ships. The data on manufactures for the whole period are obtainable in the census reports on manufactures. Those on mines and quarries come from census reports oji occupations up to and including 1919; the figure for 1923 is estimated from past growth, no other complete sources being available. The material in the column of agriculture is taken from the work of Kinsman. The number of wage earners in electric central stations and electric railroads was determined from material in the special census reports by extrapolation and inter polation. The statistics issued by the Interstate Commerce Com mission give for each year the number of wage earners on steam rail roads. The census reports on occupations furnish the basis for the statistics of wage earners on, ships up to and including 1919, and the figure for 1923 is an estimate based on past growth and compared with tonnage.

In general the accuracy of the statistics presented in this study increases with each successive decade. The data for the early years are almost wholly estimated, but it is believed that the estimates are supported by bases accurate enough to lend a degree of authenticity to them. Census taking in the later years has become m'ore efficient and more inclusive, and consequently the most accurate figures are those for 1909 and 1919. Estimates had to be made in certain fields for 1923, as 1920 wasj the most recent census year, but these esti mates are relatively reliable because their bases come from recent

The latest year for which accurate statisticstrustworthy sources. are available in most o the 10 fields of activity is 1923, and for thatreason the study has [ not been extended into more recent years. Any material presented for years later than 1923 would be almost wholly estimated from incomplete sources. There are no statistics for manufactures after 1923, for mines after 1920, for agriculture after 1924, for irrigation and drainage after 1920, for electric central stations.and electric railroads after 1922, for steam railroads after 1924, for ships after 1926, for automobiles after 1926, and for work animals not on farms after 1920.

Every effort was made to include in this survey all the horsepower equipment in the country. However, there are some items for which no data were available nor even any material that could be made the basis for a fairly accurate estimate. For example, no informa tion could be obtained from any source on the amount of equipment in use in the field of building and construction. De Baufre, in his

22 POWER CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION IN TJNITED STATES

article cited above, makes an estimate of 4,000,000 horsepower in nonindustriai fields, but he does not state what is included in or formed the basis for this figure. Again, no information was available regarding the amount of equipment owned and used by hotels, office buildings, and public buildings, some of which generate their own heat and light and furnish the power for their own elevators.

On the other hand, data were obtained for some other items as set forth in the following paragraphs, but they are not included in the grand total, chiefly because they are of little or no importance in production.

There is about 700,000 horsepower in engines used for pumping in the cities of the United States. This figure was arrived at by obtaining from 10 of the largest cities the rated capacity of their pumping equipment and then applying this total so as to get the equipment of the whole urban population. The details are presented hi Table 35.

The horsepower of engines used in the airplanes of the United States Army amounted in 1925 to about 475,000. It was impossible to obtain data for commercial flying machines, as no registration is required for them.

The United States Navy commands a large horsepower equipment. In 1924 there was 11,000,000 horsepower in the navy battleships, cruisers, destroyers, submarines, patrol vessels, auxiliaries, aircraft, and district craft.

Another place where horsepower equipment might be found is in amusement parks and similar resorts. Inquiry has elicited the fact, however, tiat most of the power used in such places is purchased, in the form of central-station electricity.

There are some small items of horsepower which are not included in the totals published in the census of manufactures. The statistics of manufactures up to and including those of 1900 took in neighbor hood hand and building industries, as well as factory industries, but all later censuses have embraced only the statistics on factories. In the later reports the data before 1910 have been reduced to the new basis for purposes of comparison.

On page 521 of volume 8 of the Census for 1920 is found a list of classes of establishments that were not canvassed for horsepower. Places having an annual output valued at less than $500 were not reported. No data were obtained for the various building industries architects' work, bridge building, building and construction work, carpenter shops and contracting carpenters, electric wiring and con struction work, excavating and well digging, masonry, brick and stone work or for moving and raising buildings, paving and laying- stone and concrete, plumbing, gas and steam fitting, roofing, or rail road construction. Establishments making building supplies and

DEVELOPMENT OF HORSEPOWER EQUIPMENT

weie

guaimg;

connection with ccknstructjion work rei

included. Other industries omitted in the a small amount of mechanical power, are

blacksmith shops; locksmith "and gunsmith varkmsother repair shops; establishments making cos*

cotton cleaning and rehandliug; cotton corn- dentistry; packing, dressing, and ship-

done on a large scale by meat-packing firms; baling; ice harvesting (ice manufacturing is blending liquors; salting hides; stone crush-,

(stone crushing as a business ported); tobacco stemming and rehandlmg; establishments in which beverages or sirups-

manufacturing carried on in educational, elee- institutions. Most of the establishments

however, are so small that in all probability electricity to run their few machines. This rei>orted under electric central stations, reports the horsepower equipment of the fol-

does not include it in the total for manu- manufacturing establishments, 173,000

laundries, 197,000 horsepower; dyeing and clean- custom sawmills, 131,000 horsepower; cus- horsepower. The total is 744,000 horse-

.portal it amount. These figures are for 1919. (See

but

materials, however, census, which might have had bicycle-repairing shops; shops; garages,; tumes for rent only; pressing and cotton ping poultry except as fisheries; hay and straw reported); rectifying and ing infor selling to public- is bottling, unless done by are made; dairies; and mosynary, and penal enumerated above, they use purchased electricity would be

Finally, the census lowing establishments factures; Governmental horsepower; power ing, 24,000 horsepower; torn gristmills, 219,OOC power, a not Table 34.)

DEVELOPMENT OF PRIME MOVERS

Two obvious but significant considerations must be remembered in the study of the phenomenal growth in the use of prime movers, First, without inventions and improvements ra prime movers, including advances mace in fuel utilization, there coujd have been no .substitution of mechanical for hand labor, with the resulting reduction in the cost of power and product. Second, inventions and improvements were necessary also in the machines that used the power, for even if power was available it could not be employed unless machines were ready. In general, however, i* is true that improve ments in both fields have kept pace with each other.

A few of the chief technical advances that have been made, mainly in this country, in the improvement of prime movers will be briefly set forth. The writer makes no claim to original research on this topic. The material presented is well known to'most students and is introduced to serve as a background for the ensuing discussion, No attempt will be made to cover the field suggested under the second point above.

The technical side of a discussion on horsepower equipment may be divided into two parts generation of power and transmission of


power. The first deals with the making of kinetic energy out of the potential energy of natural resources such as coal, oil, and water. The second deals with devices that connect this energy of motion to machines which do man's work. The story of each of these phases falls roughly into three periods the colonial period, lasting till 1790; the period from 1790 to, 1860; the period from 1860 to the present time.

During the colonial period the industrial situation in this country was similar to that existing in England before the industrial revolu tion. The manufacturer was a man who owned a small mill or operated a forge, and in colonial parlance a mill meant either a grinding contrivance or any machinery operated by hand, animal, wind, or water.8 These were the chief types of power in use at that time, and they came to be employed in the order named. Hand power was first used everywhere in forges and for grinding. The utilization of animal power came next, horses and cattle being used where absence of water power, pecuniary inability, or sparseness of population made it impracticable to use power of any other type.9 Wind was used to turn the wheels of gristmills and sawmills at an early date. Windmills were found chiefly among the Dutch settlers in New York, although there were a considerable number in New England. Indeed, the first mill to be operated in that section of the country was one propelled by wind near Watertown, Mass., in 1632. 10 Most of the small colonial establishments, however, were operated by water power. The ample fall and precipitation of the Atlantic slope provided many watercourses on which power could be developed. At that time the smaller creeks and rivers of New England and the central colonies were used much more for power than now. The larger water powers were not developed till after the Revolutionary War. Small enterprises were the rule. In these mills "most of the wheels were undershot and utilized only a fraction of the waiter power applied to them. Power transmission was so little under stood that a separate wheel was generally necessary for each unit of machinery. The wheels and most of the mechanism were of wood. The invention of improvements by which several kinds of apparatus threshing and winnowing machines, grist and bolting mills, flax beating and cleaning machinery could be operated by a single wheel is attributed to a Connecticut mechanic [Joel Harvey], who not long before the Revolution received a prize from the London Society of Arts for his devices. Any part of the machinery could be discon- continued without impeding the rest." 11

«Clark, V. S., History of manufactures in the United States: Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 215* p. 174,1916.

8 Bishop, G. L., History of American manufactures from 1608 to I860, vol. 1, p. 116,1861. "Idem, p. 117. " Clark, V. S., op. cit., p. 175.

DEVELOPMENT OF (HORSEPOWER EQUIPMENT 25

The steam engine wasi of no importance as a prime mover in colonial manufactures. It had only just been proved practicable and was yet in the experimental stage. Watt's engine was patented in 1769, but it did not become a really established factor in the economic life of Great Britain until the colonies had won their freedom. On this side of the water a number of men were working on production of power by steam. Jonathan Hornblower, Christopher Colles, Barna bas Deane, James Fitch, Henry Voight, and Oliver Evans are the names of pioneers in tiis field. The work of Evans is particularly worthy of note. It was he who first experimented successfully with the high-pressure steam engine about 1775. This type of engine was far superior to the former low-pressure devices, although it required much more cs.reful handling. The mechanical horsepower equipment used in the| colonial period was thus scarcely advanced beyond the experimental stage.

In the second period, however, up to the Civil War, the factory system of manufacture began to develop, and a number of improve ments were effected. At first the very fact that water power was so plentiful and inexpensive led to wastefulness in its use. Managers of enterprises chose to employ cheap water wheels rather than invest in more expensive ones which by their more economical utilization of water would have amply justified the extra cost. Until 1840, for example, wooden pitchbaick wheels were used which turned inward toward the fall, the water striking them just short of their highest point, the impact or kinetic energy of the falling water being thus lost. Eight such wheels 30 feet in diameter, with buckets 12 feet long to catch the water, constituted the power equipment of the Merrimac Co. at Lowell, Mass. 12 These wheels utilized about three-fourths of the power applied to them. This Lowell develop ment was typical of the way in which cotton manufacturers had been using water power ever since the initial successful use of wheels of this type for cotton manufacture in 1790 at Pawtucket Falls. 13 The larger streams were developed. A system of canals was built on the inner side of a bend in a river, enabling the running of many wheels at different levels by the same stream. The wheels were all of the overshot type.

It is believed that the introduction of the first steam-engine millat Providence, R. I., in 1830 stimulated the search for a more efficient

France, ment was a failure.Philadelphia published

way to utilize water power. Interest turned to the hydraulic tur bine. This prime mover had reached its greatest perfection in

It had been tried in this country in 1790, but the experi- Soon after 1840 the Franklin Institute ofaccounts of the French wheels which led to

» Clark, V. 8., op. dt., p. 406. " Lucke, C. E., Power, p. 230, Columbia Univ. Press, 19H.

26 POWEE CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION IN UNETE& STATES

experimentation and resulting proof of their greater efficiency and cheapness. 14

There is some difference of opinion as to when the hydraulic turbine was first used in this country, 16 but it is safe to say that by 1845 there were two or three hi successful operation. Ten years- later hydraulic turbines had displaced most of the pitchback wheels at- Lowell and had been introduced from the first in the new factories at Lawrence. Their use add£d about one-fourth to the power utilized at these cities. 18 The introduction of the turbine was the- first step toward the modern hydraulic plant. Although invented in France, the modern turbine owes its development chiefly to- improvements made by American engineers. Turbine development, however, was forced to wait upon advances in the technique of metal working, 17

Steam engines, to the introduction of which was partly due the marked improvement in the economical utilization of water power,, were installed slowly at first. During the first third of the nineteenth century the location of factories was determined chiefly with reference to water power. But improvements in the steam engine led to their increasing use during the later half of this period.

Two general designs of engine came into early use the low-pres sure Boulton & Watt type, imported from England and also built in America, and the high-pressure type, made by Oliver Evans in Phila delphia, which was able to compete actively with the low-pressure engine and which was in some respects superior. The high-pressure engine was more satisfactory for use in factories, and, although it x required more fuel, was simpler to build. 18

The invention of the crank shaft by Watt in 1784 changed the reciprocating motion of the engine piston to the rotary motion of a shaft, and the use of all the expanding power of steam in triple- expansion engines is another outstanding improvement in this period. But perhaps.the greatest advance, so far as factory use is concerned, was that made in the new Corliss engine of 1849. This engine possessed a much more sensitive governor, called variously a "valve gear" or "rotary valve" or "drop cut-off," which enabled engineers not only to keep the speed of the engine much more uniform than before but to regulate the speed in accordance with the require-

» Clark, V. 8., op. cit., p. 407.' Clark (op. cit., p. 407) says that the first to be used practicably in New England was built in 1843 by

George Kilburn for the Fall River plant of Robeson & Sons. He also mentions the turbine installed at the Appleton Mills, in Lowell, Mass., designed by Uriah Boyden. This 75-horsepower turbine could reach an efficiency of 8$ per cent. In 1845 another Fall River mill was equipped with a turbine. C. E. Lucke gives Boyden's 1844 engine as the first installation.

i« Clark, V. S., op. cit., p. 408.i' Freeman, J. R., Water-power production in the United States: World Power Conference Kept., vol*

I, p. 374,1824.11 Clark, V. S., op. cit., p. 409. Kaempffert, Waldemar, A popular history of invention, vol. 2, p. 484,

1924.


merits of the particular factory. Spindles and looms, for example, could be driven continuously at the speed required for the best type of product. In addition to affording evenness of operation, the Corliss engine permitted appreciable economies hi fuel utilization.

The third chief type of prime mover, the internal-combustion engine, was not developed to practical use during the period before the Civil War, but a great deal of experimentation was being done with the idea of moving a piston by means of expanding gases. In fact, ever since 1678, when the Abb6 de Hautefeuille used an explosion of gunpowder to drive a piston in a cylinder, men had been working on the problem.

In considering the progress made during this period, it must be remembered that the difficulty of working metal to exact dimensions retarded the development of prime movers. In the early steam engines, for example, the lever beams, the arms and shafts of the fly wheels, the bearings, and even the boilers and other parts were made of wood. Advances in engine design depended in part on improve ments in iron working.

It is since 1860 that the most rapid strides have been made in power development. Technical advances in subsidiary industries and new demands for power made by the growing industrialism of the country have furnished ample impetus.

One outstanding invention has appeared in the field of water power. This was the Pelton wheel, first used successfully in 1884 at the Chollar mine, in the Sierra Nevada.19

The steam turbine was the major development in steam utilization during the later half of the nineteenth century. Engineers had experimented with the idea ever since Hero, of Egypt, had made his crude toy about 100 B. C., but it had never been of practical use because of its high speed. Not until the high-speed electric generator was invented did it find extensive employment.

An .extremely interesting development of recent date is the use of mercury vapor instead of steam to operate turbines. Mercury is vaporized in a specially constructed boiler, passes thrtiugh a turbine, where it does useful work, and exhausts into a surface condenser, where its latent heat is used to make steam that drives an ordinary turbine. The condensed mercury is returned to the boiler and used again. The advantage of this system is due to the facts that mercury can be heated to a high temperature without developing excessive pressure and that the heat of condensation can be utilized for making steam at pressure desirable for use. The utmost care, however, must be exercised to prevent the escape of the highly poisonous mer cury vapor. A system of this type was installed in 1923 by the Hart ford (Conn.) Electric Light & Power Co. It is reported that the

" Kaempftert, Waldemar, op. cit., p. 636.

28 POWER CAPACITY AND PEODUCTION IN UNITED STATES

experiment has proved highly successful and that the fuel bill has been about halved.20

The internal-combustion engine was developed about the time of the Civil War. The Lenoir motor, which marked a distinct epoch in gas-engine construction, appeared in 1860 and was the first engine of this type that performed with relative smoothness and efficiency;, but it used fuel rather wastefully. The Lenoir engine was followed in 1862 by an engine invented by Beau de Rochas, who introduced the modern system of four-cycle operation. 'This engine was placed on the market in 1878 by Otto, after whom the four-cycle idea i& sometimes named. In 1879 Clerk brought out his two-cycle engine. Both these types are used to-day, but the four-cycle engine is the prevailing type.

Many small improvements have been effected in these engines, but- there has been only one notable and significant development in the internal-combustion field since 1880 the Diesel engine, which utilizes the four-cycle principle. The chief difference of the Diesel from other internal-combustion engines- is that instead of an electric spark being used to ignite'a charge of fuel vapor, injected air is so greatly compressed in the cylinder that its heat fires the fuel, which is injected into the cylinder at the completion of compression.21 Great economies are claimed for the Diesel motor, one of which i& that heavy oils may be used to advantage.

The chief use of the internal-combustion engine has been in the province of transportation, where its advantages are obvious. It has failed to advance as a source of electric generation, mainly because to build it in the large units required in central stations has- been impossible. Diesel engines, however, are gradually being increased in size and are successfully competing with steam-driven prime movers.

Remarkable as has been the growth in the total capacity of this kind of prime mover and supreme as it is in its own field, another equally outstanding power achievement since 1860 has been the development of electricity. In many ways electricity is unsur passed as a form of power. The electric generator and the electric motor are, of course, not prime movers, but the current produced by one and used by the other has enabled this country to use sources- of power which otherwise would be largely untouched and to put this energy at the disposal of almost every inhabitant.

Although the relation between electricity and magnetism was dis covered and known in the first half of the nineteenth century, it was- not until 1870 that these principles were used in a practical way. At this time Gramme, a Belgian, produced a workable generator yield-

Mi Kaempffert, Waldemar, op. cit., p. 502. « Hogle, W. H., Internal-combustion engines, p. 17,1909.


ing a direct, continuous current. Three years later, at a Gramme exposition in Vienna, it was accidentally discovered that a dynamo is also a motor if electric current is applied to it. This was the curious beginning of the electric power industry.

The first electric central station in the United States was the one built by Edison at New York City in 1882. The current in this and all the other early plants was used for lighting. Industrial uses were to come later. The first hydroelectric station began operation in the same year at Appleton, Wis. In 1885, at Great Banington, Mass.,, a notable advance was made in the first successful commercial use of alternating current for lighting. The year 1887 saw the first, electric street railway in this country in operation at Richmond, Va,

Most of the developments in the field of electricity, however, have been made in connection with transmission. These improvements have paved the way for what some choose to call "the second indus trial revolution" and have made possible the location of factories, at comparatively long distances from the sources of power. The transformer idea was contributed by Faraday about 1845, but it was of no practical use until 1888, when Tesla invented both the multiple transformer and the polyphase electric motor for alternating current of high frequency. Alternating current being far superior to direct current for transmission, the way lay open for subsequent, advances. There have been no unusual or radical changes since then merely the gradual improvements which so often follow in the wake of a great invention. The chief of these improvementa have been protection against lightning and better insulation to guard against loss of current.22

Long-distance electrical transmission of energy in the United States dates from 1893, when the polyphase system was first used for carrying a current of high voltage from the plant of the San Antonio Light & Power Co., at Pomona, Calif., to San Bernardino, a distance of about 19 miles. The original current of 1,000 volta was stepped up to 10,000 volts. This pioneer effort was followed by other plants. To California, with its ample water power in the Sierra Nevada many miles from centers of population, belongs the credit for the biggest development in electrical transmission. By 1900 a pressure of 40,000 volts had been attained. In 1909 this was increased to 110,000 volts, and in 1923 a high-tension line trans porting 220,000 volts was put in operation in this State.23

But there were achievements in the transmission of electric current in other sections also.24 Niagara River, although furnishing a much smaller "head" than was often found on the Pacific coast, provided a larger volume of water. Electricity generated by turbines at

a World Power Conference Trans., vol. 3, p. 1110,1924.a Idem, p. 1111.J< Census of Manufactures, 1900, vol. 7, p. cccxxii.


Niagara Falls was transmitted 23 miles to Buffalo in 1895. Another noteworthy contemporary performance was that at Sault Ste. Marie, where a canal about 2 miles long developing a head of about 20 feet was constructed along St. Marys Falls, at the outlet of Lake Superior into Lake Huron.

Although electricity furnishes the most striking attainments in the field of transmission, the other methods of hooking up machinery to the power afforded by prime movers must not be overlooked. There are three main means of transmission.2* First, the motion of a prime mover may be carried over directly by such devices as gears, belts, sprockets, or ropes and pulleys. Second, it may be trans mitted over longer distances by pressure. Water, hi hydraulic mains, and air, used like steam to run engines or drills, come under this classification, The third system is not dependent on push or pull but involves a transformation of energy from a form not easily transmitted to another that is for example, electricity stepped up in voltage by means of transformers and sent over long distances and gas sent through pipes to engines.

As regards the first method, there is only the need to note that during colonial times wooden cogs and shafts were used. These were followed by metal gears, but by 1830 it was proved that belting was superior. Although gearing is most suitable under some circum stances, belting still remains the best means of transmitting power over short spaces. Much study on the subject has resulted in numerous improvements, perhaps inspired chiefly by the high speeds necessary for metal cutting.

The transmission of power over distances by water, air, or gas is not important industrially and is of only local significance.

CERTAIN FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

A number of interesting trends appear from a survey of the accom panying tables and charts. Although the chief aim of this study is the presentation of the data as a reference compilation of material ifrom a number of scattered sources, an outline of certain chief find ings to which the statistics point is not entirely beyond its scope.

In Table 1 and Figure 1 is shown the total horsepower of prime movers installed in the different industrial activities in this country for each census year from 1849 to 1923. From 10 millions it has grown to the astonishing total of 684 millions of horsepower, more than sixty-eight times as much. Each decade has witnessed a steady increase, but since 1899 the development has been marvelous. Before that time the increase in any 20-year period had never been much jnore tfian twofold, but in the 20 years from 1899 to 1919 the growth

» Lucke, C. E., op. csit., p. 366.


was more than sixfold. Only four years later, in 1923, the total was over ten times that for 1899.

The chief reason for this recent enormous growth is the increasingly extensive use of the internal-combustion engine in the pleasure automobile. Over 450 million horsepower, or almost two-thirds of the 1923 total, belongs to this class. This equipment is, for the most part, not really productive. . Therefore the table also presents figures for the later years which show the amount of equipment exclusive of that assignable to pleasure vehicles. Here the growth, though pronounced and rather more rapid than before 1899, is more even. The total in 1923 was about twenty-three times that in 1849 and more than three and one-half times that in 1899.

Table 1 furnishes a picture of the continual growth of the capacity of prime movers over a long period of time, gathering speed and momentum with each decade. A more detailed inquiry, however, is necessary to determine the exact nature and trend of this increase.

Table 2 shows the installed capacity of prime movers in the different industrial activities, the distribution of the total horsepower of prime movers in each census year in percentages of the yearly total among the different activities, and the relative growth of the capacity of prime movers installed in each activity. The capacity as given in this table represents the horsepower of prime movers owned by the establishments reporting them. The capacity of any prime mover is included but once and only in the activity reporting it. There is therefore no duplication of horsepower capacity in this table.

Table 3 shows the horsepower utilized in the activities given in Table 2. The figures in this table include the horsepower of owned or installed prime movers in each activity and the horsepower of electric motors or other equipment in each activity driven by pur chased electrical and mechanical power. This table therefore con tains some duplication, the amount of which may be ascertained by comparing the figures with those in Table 2 for the same activities.

It is at once apparent from an examination of these tables that there has been a remarkable increase in motor-driven vehicles. Although the automobile was in its infancy as recently as 1899, its growth has been tremendous, there being nearly sixteen thousand times as much horsepower in automobile engines in 1923 as in 1899. This remarkable increase in automobiles is due mainly to the use of the automobile for pleasure. Passenger cars and motorcycles, which may be considered as being used mainly for recreation, represent about 90 per cent of the total horsepower as well as of the total number of automobiles in 1923> (See Table 31.) This rapid increase in automobiles since 1899 so distorts comparisons of the relative amount and growth of power in other activities that figures of capacity are given with the horsepower of pleasure automobiles omitted.

61750 28 3


The next largest increase in capacity of prime movers is in electric central stations, which show a gain from 120,000 horsepower in 1899 to 22,000,000 in 1923. Second in rank in total capacity to automo biles come steam locomotives, indicating the importance of railroad transportation.

Agriculture ranks third hi capacity of prune movers. Up to 1869 and later more than half of the total capacity of prime movers hi all activities was installed and utilized hi agriculture. The vast indus trial development hi the United States that was well under way at the beginning of the century called for so much power that prune movers in agriculture gradually became of relatively less importance hi each decade, but nevertheless the capacity of prime movers hi agriculture still holds third place.

In general, transportation activities have increased more rapidly than the activities that produce "form utilities" manufactures, mines and quarries, and agriculture.

The use of purchased power has increased rapidly, and to this development in the power field is due the rapid growth of electric central stations. A comparison of Tables 2 and 3 shows how extensive the use of purchased power has become. For example, manufactures in 1923 purchased power to operate more than 13,000,000 horsepower of electric motors, and electric railways purchased power to operate about 2,500,000 horsepower of motors. The utilization of purchased power M will probably continue to increase, as power can be produced more economically in a large central station with its high load factor resulting from large diversified load than hi small plants with the low load factors that are the rule hi such plants.

It may be interesting to compare the figures in Table 1 with a previous estimate of horsepower over a period of years, given in MulhalTs "Dictionary of statistics," page 549, 1892:

« The following figures are given in the Electrical World, Jan. 2,1926, pp. 28, 44:

Jan. 1, 1924

11, 623, 6442, 258, 347

502, 736

14, 384, 727

Jan. 1, 1925

13,406,7772,588,983

570,844

16, 566, 604

Jan. 1, 1926

14, 532, 9302,781,280

622,950

17,937,160

The lowering in the rate of increase of lighting consumers is laid to the decrease in building operations and the approach toward saturation point; but industry is said to be far from saturated (p. 44), as it is only 65 per cent electrified, and of this 32.4 per cent comes from privately owned generating plants. In the whole manufacturing power field, therefore, the maximum potential load of the country's central stations has been only 44 per cent developed.

Some industries, of course, present an almost impossible barrier to electrification. Such are those which use coal for heat as well as for steam power for example, blast furnaces, factories making clay and glass products, oil refineries, and textile finishing mills.


Estimated horsepower of prime movers, 1840-1888

33

Year

1840.-.... 1850 1860 ______ . _ .. ____ . ___ . _____ __ 1870 1880 1888 _.

Fixed

360,000600,000800,000

1,216,0002,186,0003,300,000

Locomo tives

200,000600,000

1,800,0003,300,0005,700,0009,300,000

Steamboats

200,000500,000900,000

1,100,0001,200,0001,800,000

Total

760,0001,700,0003,500,0005,616,0009,086,000

14,400,000

In this table locomotives are arbitrarily considered as being of 300 horsepower each, and the horsepower of steamboats is considered equivalent to their tonnage. "Fixed horsepower" evidently means manufactures, as it is estimated before 1870 on the basis of "number of hands."

W. L. De Baufre (Science, Oct. 30, 1925, p. 328) estimates the grand total to be about 500,000,000 horsepower for 1925. F. R. Low (Mechanical Engineering, January, 1925, p. 2) makes an estimate of about 700,000,000 horsepower for the same year. (See p. 35.)

A second manner of analysis concerns itself with the growth of horsepower equipment among the different types of prime movers. In Table 4 (A and C) and Figure 5 it is evident that the most rapid development has taken place in internal-combustion engines. This was to be expected from what is known about the large number of automobiles in existence, but even if the capacity of pleasure cars is deducted from the total, the item of trucks is still great enough to give this type of prime mover first place in rate of increase. Steam power, which is still the country's greatest single prime mover, has developed steadily but not so rapidly as water power. Undoubtedly hydroelectric developments have caused the rapid rate of growth since 1899. Windmills have never been of much importance, although their use has gradually increased. An interesting story is told in the column showing the decreasing number of work animals since 1909. This decrease is coincident with the use of mechanical devices on farms and in transportation.

Table 4 (B) and Figure 5 picture the transition of the country from the early stage, in which animals were chiefly used to perform the work of man, to the present time, when work animals have been supplanted by machines. Nevertheless work animals still represent more horsepower than water wheels. If the item of pleasure auto mobiles is subtracted from the internal-combustion quota, steam power has made up over half of the total since 1889. In 1923, how ever, its rank was reduced by internal-combustion power, which amounted to almost one-third of the total.

Several main points of interest come to light in the presentation in Table 5 and Plate 1 of the percentage distribution of prime movers in each of the fields of activity. The increasing use of purchased


electricity in manufactures and in mines and quarries is worthy of note. In agriculture work animals are still almost of first importance, being topped in 1923 only by internal-combustion equipment. Steam and purchased electricity are little used in agriculture, because they involve stationary power units, and most of the work on farms requires tractive force. Steam-driven prime movers form the chief type in electric central stations and electric-railroad power plants, although in the central stations water wheels amount to almost one- third of the total. The sailing vessel has been supplanted by the steam-driven ship ever since the Civil War. The use of internal- combustion engines for driving ships is increasing, and the horse power of Diesel engines used to operate ships may reach a consider able figure, especially if there is no pronounced increase in the cost of fuel oil.

Certain major groupings of horsepower equipment are shown in Table 6 and Figures 6 and 7. Power in the division "manufactures" has increased at a more rapid pace than in the division "materials," although the latter exceeds the former in absolute amount in every census year. But, as would be expected from the inclusion of pleasure automobiles, the division "transportation" has grown most rapidly of all. After 1899 it also exceeds the others in absolute amount. The rate of development in "manufactures and materials" shows an average of the rates of the two groups of which it is composed and is more satisfactory for comparison with the "transportation" divi sion, for it represents all the equipment used in producing "form utilities," whereas the equipment credited to "transportation" is used in producing "place utilities." In absolute amount the "manufac tures and materials" group exceeds the "transportation" group up to and including 1899, but after that "transportation" forges ahead. The increase in "manufactures and materials" from 1849 to 1923 is over eleven and one-half tunes, and from 1899 to 1923 almost, two and one-half times.

It is a striking fact that for more than 15 years so much more equipment has been installed for moving persons and goods from place to place than for making things. In so far as this difference is caused by equipment used for carrying the products of manu factures, mines and quarries, and agriculture, the conclusion that geographic specialization of production has gone far in this country is verified. And in so far as it is the result of equipment used for transporting persons, it may be cited as evidence supporting the con clusion that the citizens of this nation are enjoying unprecedented wealth and leisure, as shown especially by the figures for pleasure automobiles. (See Table 31.) Both conclusions are justified. It is interesting to speculate as to whether or not this immense amount of transportation equipment will not work toward a relocation of manufacturing industries with respect to markets and raw materials.

DEVELOPMENT OP HORSEPOWER EQUIPMENT 35

A better comparison of "form utility" equipment with "place utility" equipment, however, may be obtained if the horsepower of pleasure automobiles is subtracted from the "transportation" group, which will then include only equipment that is mostly "productive" that is, equipment that transports raw materials and finished prod ucts or carries people engaged in production. If the figures thus obtained are compared with those for "manufactures and materials," they will still show a much more rapid rate of increase. Moreover, after 1919, "transportation" minus pleasure automobiles appreci ably exceeds "manufactures and materials" even in absolute amount of equipment.

Table 7 presents statistics of population and wage earners for the country as a whole and for those fields of activity for which it was possible to obtain data. Figures 8, 9, and 10 compare the index numbers of population and wage earners with index numbers of horsepower equipment. It is evident that both before and after 1899 the amount of power equipment has increased more rapidly than the number of wage earners. This means that for each inhabit ant and worker every successive decade has witnessed a larger installation of power.

There is another, more direct way of arriving at this conclusion. By dividing the capacity of prime movers by the number of wage earners, the amount of horsepower per wage earner may be obtained directly for each census year and index numbers constructed there from. This is done in Table 8 and portrayed graphically in Figure II.27 '

The amount of equipment at the command of each inhabitant and wage earner in the country and in the several fields of activity has increased steadily. The absolute amount in any field of course depends on the expenditure of effort required to produce a given result; a larger installation per wage earner would be expected in the field of steam railroads than in the field of manufactures.

» Estimates of horsepower equipment by fields and horsepower equipment per wage earner are available from other sources. F. R. Low (Mechanical Engineering, January, 1925, p. 2) gives the following figures for installed capacity in horsepower, in 1024:

Central stations and industrial.___.____ ___-.___._..._.-..---.-._ 45,000,000 Electric railways____..________._____.____.__......___ 4,119,000Mining......................................................................__ 5,147,000Stationary (nonindustrial)..._.__.._____........__....___....... 4,000,000Steam railroads.-..__...........___._______._.__._......._... 130,000,000Navigation............._._____._.__....___._._____...._... 16,000,000Agriculture and traction.-_____________________.________ 200,000,000 Automotive______________________________________ 300,000,000

704,266,000

" If these figures are correct, there is installed for each unit of our population prune-mover capacity §apa- ble of generating about 7 horsepower."

W. L. De Baufre (Science, Oct. 30,1925, p. 182) says: " The total of these figures [for 1919] is over 500,000,000 horsepower available for a population of 105,000,000 people, or about 5 horsepower for each man, woman, and child."

In the present study the 1919 total is 396,000,000 horsepower, and the horsepower per inhabitant 3.75.


The important generalization that proceeds from a study of Table 8 is that human effort is continually being supplanted by machinery and mechanical devices operated by prime movers. The work that man has to do is being performed more and more by the machine which he makes.

Tables 9 to 20 present figures of horsepower equipment for States and geographic districts. The study of power in this manner is profitable in a number of respects. It may not tell anything par ticularly new about a section of the country, but it should serve to reinforce what is already known. For any one decade it will indicate the part of the country to which a certain field of activity, such as agriculture, is chiefly confined. It will also show any changes that have occurred from decade to decade. As far as possible, it will do the same thing for types of equipment. Not only are actual amounts of power shown for each State, but for 1923., in order to offset any advantages or disadvantages resulting from differences in size of States, the amount of horsepower per square mile for the total amount of primary power, for horsepower in manufactures, and for horsepower in agriculture is given by States in Table 10. Power in such States as Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Texas is thus shown in its true light as to "density" of use.

SOME USES FOB THE POWER INDEX

Certain conspicuous trends appear from the foregoing analysis. Power as a whole has increased tremendously from 1849 to 1923. Among the activities using power, manufactures and transportation have increased in relative importance while agriculture has decreased. The capacity of prime movers used to generate electric power has advanced with enormous strides since the beginning of the present century. In general, during the period of 75 years the country has changed from one that was predominantly agricultural to one whose chief interests are industrial. More detailed surveys of the types of prime movers and of the amounts of power installed in States and geographic districts serve to substantiate these chief conclusions. Furthermore, the amount of horsepower equipment has grown at a more rapid pace than the number of wage earners. In other words, the number of horsepower units installed per worker in the country has steadily increased.

Thus, as the capacity of prime movers may be considered an index of the use of machinery in production, it must^be concluded that human labor is continually being supplemented by mechanical devices. It is important, however, in any consideration of this notable trend, to bear in mind one especially significant qualification. The statistics in this study portray the rated capacity of prime movers that is, they indicate the amount of equipment which is


available for use for 24 hours of every day, but they throw no light on the question concerning how much of the time this equipment is actually used in production. They are a record of what can be done, not of what really is done. This is a very important distinc tion. It is obvious that if all the primary power of manufacturing plants and mines and farms and railroads were operated to capacity every hour of every day, the resulting volume of production would dwarf any past achievements. But the fact that it is not and in the nature of things never could be so operated must be considered in any study of power equipment.

The relation that exists between capacity and actual use of prime movers is expressed by the figure called "capacity factor" or "use factor," which is the ratio of the actual output of power to that which would be produced if the prime mover were operated at full capacity during the entire period under consideration. For example, if a 20-horsepower steam engine is operated at full capacity 2,000 hours during a year, its output would be 40,000 horsepower-hours. If it were operated at full capacity the entire year, or 8,760 hours, the output would be 175,200 horsepower-hours. The ratio between the actual output and the output that could have been produced is the use or capacity factor in this case 22.8 per cent. This ratio must not be confused with "load factor," which is a somewhat different ratio. The "load factor" is the ratio between the average load and the peak load of a given capacity of prime movers that is, between the average of all demands and the greatest or highest demand made on the equipment. It is evident that the load factor may be and usually is larger than the use factor, for the peak load may not tax the prime movers to their full capacity.

It is desirable to obtain some idea regarding the use factors of equipment in the different fields of activity that have been the sub jects of consideration in this study. In manufactures one authority gives the use factor as about 13.7 per cent.28 Data from another source M provide the basis for the calculation of the average use factor for manufactures, mines and quarries, and Government institutions as about 20 per cent. In mines and quarries it has variously been estimated from about 14.3 .per cent for all mines to 24 per cent for anthracite mines and 12 per cent for all other mines and quarries.30

The lowest use factor among all activities but automobiles is found in agriculture. "The necessity of keeping a large primary power plant available to take care of the occasional peak loads that occur

» Kinsman, C. D., An appraisal of power used on farms: TJ. 8. Dept. Agr. Bull. 1438, p. 4, 1925. Based on 1919 census.

* Murray, W. 8., and others, A superpower system for the region between Boston and Washington: TJ. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 123, Table 48, following p. 141,1921. Based on 1919 census. The region considered is large enough to be representative of the entire country.

80 The first is Kinsman's estimate. The other two are based on the superpower report, in which it was *mpossible to combine the two groups.


in most types of farming results in an average load factor of only about 4 per cent." 31 Power equipment on farms is idle most of the time. This disadvantage is of course inherent in the nature of the work to be performed on farms.

In the field of electric central stations the use factor is much higher. In 1922 it was 30.9 per cent, while that of electric railroads was 24.0 per cent.32 Central-station power is called upon by its consumers, industrial or general public, more frequently and more steadily. This more even demand and the diversity of the activities supplied by central stations explain why prime movers of this activity have relatively high use factors.

Only one estimate is available regarding the use factor of railroad equipment.33 The figure, 6.8 per cent, is much lower than that given for electric railroads. -This low use factor is due to the intermittent use of steam locomotives and to the necessity for frequent inspections and repairs.

Another item of "heavy" transportation, however, was found to be much more frequently used. In general, it may be said that ships are engaged in productive work about 50 per cent of the time.34 This is a general average: many types of vessels have a use factor as high as 70 per cent, and others may be employed only 30 per cent of the tune. Much depends on the type of vessel, the rates of charter ing, the ports of destination, and a number of other elements.

The use factor of automobiles is said to be about 3 per cent.35 This low use factor should be kept in mind in comparing the total horsepower of automobiles with the total horsepower of pmne movers in other activities. The accuracy of the estimate is questionable, but it is certain that pleasure automobiles are used but a very small fraction of the time throughout a year, and 3 per cent is probably very close to the true figure, especially as the actual or brake horsepower is used as the capacity of automobile engines. (See p. 75.) Trucks engaged in productive carriage doubtless have a much higher use factor.

This general concept of the use factor should be taken into account in any presentation of the results and benefits of increased power installation. Low,36 after pointing out that every inhabitant in this country has at present at his command the equivalent in power of

" Kinsman, O. D., op. cit., p. 43. Other data given in this study show the use factor also to be about 4 per cent.

»» Census of electrical industries, 1922, pp. 8, 66.» Kinsman, O. D., op. cit., p. 4.M This ratio was obtained by writing to all the important passenger lines and to the research bureau of

the United States Shipping Board.M The National Automobile Chamber of Commerce has made an effort to get annual mileage figures for

automobiles. As a whole the replies have averaged about 6,000 miles. Truck mileage may be double this- But the returns are not large enough to serve as the basis for a nation-wide estimate. The use factor could of course be obtained by dividing 6,000 by a possible yearly mileage, but it is out of the question to think of obtaining the factor by the same method which is applied in other fields.

» Low, F. R., Mechanical Engineering, January, 1925, p. 2.


nearly 150 slaves, says: "That is what we could have if we had to, with the power-producing machinery already at our service; but it is not running all the time or at full load when it does run. Mills run only 40-odd hours a week; the load factor of most central stations is less than 40 per cent. * * * It is impossible, therefore, to tell how hard our mechanical slaves are working or how many horse power-hours of actual service are actually produced by them per year."

It is important to note also that over a period of years the capacity factor for a certain field or for a certain industry may change that is, the installed equipment may be used to a greater or less extent. It is entirely possible for capacity to increase and for actual use to decrease at the same time. This is an element worthy of considera tion when an index of power equipment is compared with an index of volume of production. If the former outstrips the latter the reason may be partly that the use factor has decreased over the period. In almost all manufacturing industries some of the equipment in cluded in the census is used only during times of exceptional business activity. For example, there are many blast furnaces of antiquated type in the country, which were used only during the recent war. Similarly there are many cotton spindles and flour-milling machines which have been idle for some time; but the engines which drive them have been included in the census. Mere horsepower capacity in itself, then, falls short of presenting a complete picture of the actual conditions in any field and at any one time.

The purpose of this study is primarily to set forth the trends manifested in horsepower equipment, but in conclusion it may not be out of place to suggest a number of ways in which the power index may be employed. They may be enumerated as follows:

1. As a measure of general industrial growth.2. As a measure of capital accumulation.3. As a measure of mechanical development, by comparing the index of power

equipment with indices or measures of (a) the supply of labor (or number of wage earners); (6) the volume of production; (c) the volume of production per wage earner; (d) the area of agricultural land in use; (e) the amount of wages per wage earner; (/) the capital invested per wage earner.

4. As a means of comparing these items for the United .States as a whole with those for other countries and with those for individual States or districts of this country.

Three of these uses have been developed in the preceding pages. Frequent reference has been made to the one which heads the list. The same is true for the second one, if "capital" is taken to mean instruments of production, particularly machinery. It is recognized, of course, that the power index tells nothing about the degree of intricacy or the value of the machines and their products. For example, a dentist's machine uses much less power in relation to the


value of the machine than a textile-weaving machine. The growth in power equipment has also been compared with the growth in population and in number of wage earners and found to have ad vanced much more rapidly in other words, the amount of horse power per wage earner has shown a steady and decided rise since 1849.

The increase in equipment may also be compared with the increase in volume of production. This is perhaps the chief use of the power index and certainly its chief claim to interest hi the minds of con temporary business men and economists. The articles already cited and quoted are indicative of the present concern over this subject. In addition, the National Industrial Conference Board, which has made an extensive survey of power in manufactures, has released several press notices in which it stresses the increased productivity of labor and offers as the cause thereof the rapid growth of horsepower equipment. If the volume of output has grown faster than the numjber of wage earners, the inference safely follows that production per wage earner has increased throughout the period. And if, at the same time, the amount of power equipment has increased, it may be assumed that this item, so closely associated with human labor in production, has been at least partly responsible for the increase in output. A still better way of getting at this correlation is to compare directly the growth hi power per wage earner with growth in volume of production per wage earner, as suggested on page 39. If both have increased together, it is safe to assume that a correlation exists that the growth in power is to be largely credited with the growth in production.

It is realized that other elements may also enter into the matter of increased output. The wider employment of approved management methods, the campaign against waste, improved organization, and better industrial relations have all undoubtedly helped to effect the general result. But these elements were used in conjunction with more and better mechanical equipment.

The use of the power index in this connection is so significant that space may well be taken in illustrating it. Table 21 presents a summary of special items for comparison. These items have been selected because index numbers of volume of production are available for them. W. W. Stewart 37 has presented indices of production for "manufactures," "materials," "transportation," "mines and quar ries," "agriculture," and the sum of these five from 1889 to 1919. The index numbers of "manufactures" are based upon 50 commodities. Those for "materials" are based upon 39 of the products of mines and agriculture. The indices of "transportation" are derived from a con sideration of two factors on steam railroads ton-miles of freight and passenger-miles. The "materials" group is subdivided into "mines

* Am. Econ. Review, March, 1920, p. 57.


and quarries " and " agriculture." Finally the sum of "manufactures," "materials," and "transportation" is expressed in the item "all com modities," made up of the total of 91 products. The index numbers do not merely represent production for the years indicated. They are five-year averages, thus giving consideration to the two years before and the two years after 1889, 1899, and 1909. It was impossible to take more than a three-year average for 1919, as Stewart's figures ended with that year.

The index numbers follow this classification in Table 21, which shows amount of equipment, number of wage earners, and volume of production and also makes the more direct comparison between horsepower per wage earner and production per wage earner. Figure 34 pictures the relative rates of growth graphically.

The table shows that in almost every group, from 1889 to 1919, horsepower equipment registered the fastest growth. Volume of production is next, and number of wage earners third. This record points clearly to only one conclusion volume of production per wage earner has grown steadily, accompanied by an even greater increase in power. The fact that in all items except "mines and quarries" power has grown much faster than volume of production, however, might seem to indicate a condition of diminishing returns that is, volume of production has increased with the growth of power, but not in as great a proportion. Plausible as this inference seems the fact'must not be forgotten that the power index merely shows capacity, not actual use. It might be that a decrease in rapidity of growth of actual use of power would be shown if it were possible to ascertain the figures. It is possible even that in certain items use of power might be outstripped by volume of production.

The indices showing volume of production per wage earner are obtained by dividing the indices of volume of production by the indices of number of wage earners. They show even more plainly the continuous increase in the productivity of labor. But when compared with installed horsepower per wage earner the volume of production per wage earner is seen to have risen less rapidly, especially since 1899. Before that year productivity led in none of the items except "manufactures" and "mines and quarries." Once more the fact that only capacity of prime movers is being considered precludes any conclusions concerning diminishing returns, but it seems fairly evident that increasing returns may have existed before 1899 in all but the two items noted. After that year only two of the indices, both for "mines and quarries," show a similar state of affairs; in 1909 the index of productivity exceeds the index of power by 14 per cent and in 1919 by 11 per cent. This increase may show the influence of the new cutting machinery in mines.

p.^j *("' pÔ?rBTtto rtmtved frwi tte official fifes, WUYATE

tt WtUWFUL (K. S. Su», Vc!. 2, (*- 3 9, « ?4W


There seems, then, to be a marked correlation between productivity and power. This relation may be determined with a much greater degree of exactitude when more accurate and fuller information concerning power equipment and volume of production becomes available. One obvious weakness of index numbers of production extending backward a score or more of years is their failure to take into consideration the tremendous improvement in utility of the unit considered. It is plain that an automobile of 1909 or even of 1919 is not the equal in utility of an automobile of 1923, and similar compari sons may be made with reference to the units of other commodities. This means that the increase in productivity portrayed in Table 21 falls short of measuring the actual increase in total utility of the im mense volume of goods that is poured forth year after year. The curve of total utility would rise even more sharply.

The power index also admits of comparison with an index showing the increase in amount of improved farm land. This comparison would emphasize the growth of the United States as a manufacturing country and bring out the relative retrogression of agriculture. It is made in Table 22. From 1849 to 1919 the acreage of improved land increased only four and one-half times, while the power capacity increased more than seventeen times.

A basis is thus furnished for a little excursion into the field of eco nomic theory. Those who embrace the classical theory of marginal productivity will see in the development of horsepower equipment the growth of instrumental capital at, a pace much more rapid than that shown by labor and by land. They will find, then, that the marginal productivity of labor and land has increased relatively to that of capital, with resultant high wages per man and high rents to the landowner. Furthermore, the absolute amount of instrumental capital is so great that it takes a large absolute share of the product of industry.

Two other interesting uses of the power index for comparison are thus suggested. It may be compared with the growth in amount of wages per wage earner and with the amount of capital invested per wage earner.

The most inviting use to which the index of horsepower equipment in the United States could be put seems to be a comparison with indices based on similar studies made in other countries, such as Germany, France, and England. Europe is immensely interested in and perhaps apprehensive of the unprecedented prosperity of this country. It would be extremely interesting to see if the greater volume of production and higher wages in the United States coincide with a correspondingly greater amount and growth of horsepower equipment than can be found in the Old World.

DEVELOPMENT OF HORSEPOWEE EQUIPMENT 43

BIBUEOGBAPHY

TECHNICAL

GENERAL PAPERS

Bishop, G. L., History of American manufactures from 1608 to 1860. Phila delphia, Young, 1861, 1864.

Clark, V. S., History of manufactures in the United States, 1607 to I860. Car negie Inst. WashingtonJPub. 215 b, 1916.

Kaempffert, Waldemar, A popular history-of invention. New York, Scribner's, 1924.

Kennedy, Rankin, Modern engines and power generators. New York, Van Nostrand, 1904.

Lauer, C. N., Engineering in American industry. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1924.Lucke, C. E., Power. New York, Columbia Univ. Press, 1911.Morse, F. L., Power, its application from the seventeenth to the twentieth cen

tury. Ithaca, Morse Chain Co., 1923.Tryon, R. M., Household manufactures in the United States. Univ. Chicago

Press, 1917.First World Power Conference Trans., 4 vols. London, Lund Humphries, 1924.

STEAM POWER

Benjamin, C. H., The steam engine. Brattleboro, Vt., 1909.Croft, Terrel, Steam boilers. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1921.Neilson, R. M., The steam turbine. London, Longmans, 1902.Peabody, C. H., Thermodynamics of the s'eam turbine. New York, John Wiley

& Sons, 1911- Powles, H. H. P., Steam boilers, their history and development. Philadelphia,

J. B. Lippincott, 1905.Shealy, E. M., Steam engines. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1921. Stretton, C. E., The locomotive engine and its development. New York, Van

Nostrand, 1910. Thurston, Robert, The history of the growth of the steam engine. New York,

Aptleton, 1$Z8.

INTERNAL-COMBUSTION POWER

Hirshfield, C. F., and iflbrecht, T. C., Gas power. New York, John Wiley &Sons, 1913.

Hogte, W. H., Internal-combustion engines. New York, McGraw, 1909. Gunge, F. E., Gas power. New York, Hill, 190*.,

Greene, A, M., Pumping machinery. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 19. II. Mead, D. W., Water-power engineering. New York, McGraw, 1908.

ELECTRICITY

Bell, Louis, Electric power transmission. New York Elec. World and Engineer, 1899.

Crocker, F. B., and Arendt, Morton, Electric motors. New York, Van Nos trand, 1914.

Sheldon, Samuel, Dynamo electric machinery. New York, Van Nostrand, 1910.


STATISTICAL

MANUFACTURES

Bishop, G. L., History of American manufactures from 1608 to 1860. Philadelphia, Young, 1861-1864.

Censuses, 1850-1923.Clark, V. S., History of manufactures in the United States. Carnegie Inst.

Washington Pub. 215 b, 1916.National Industrial Conference Board, A graphic analysis of the census of manu

factures, 1923.MINES AND QT7AKRIES

Censuses, 1850-1923.

AGRICULTURE AND WORK ANIMALS NOT ON FARMS

Censuses, 1850-1923.Kinsman, C. D., An appraisal of power used on farms in the United States. U. S.

Dept. Agr. Bull. 1438, 1925.

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE Censuses, 1910 and 1920.

ELECTRIC CENTRAL STATIONS AND ELECTRIC RAILROADS

Censuses, 1902-1922.Baum, F. G., Atlas of U. S. A. power industry. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1923.Electrical World, Annual progress and statistical issue, Jan. 2, 1926.

STEAM RAILROADS

Interstate Commerce Commission, statistical reports, 1888-1924. Poor's Manual of Railroads.

SHIPS

Commissioner of Navigation, Annual statistical reports, 1880-1924, and Merchantmarine statistics, 1924.

AUTOMOBILES Facts and figures of the automobile industry, National Automobile Chamber of

Commerce, 1923-1926. Motor, issues of January 1, 1905-1924.

GENERALEngel, Ernst, Zeitalter des Dampfes. Berlin, 1880.Fairgreve, James, Geography and world power. Univ. London, 1921.Gilbert, C. G., and Pogue, J. E., America's power resources. New York, Century

Co., 1921. 'Polakov, W. N., Mastering power production. New York, Engineering Magazine

Co., 1921.Mulhall, M. G., Dictionary of statistics. London, G. Routledge & Sons, 1892.Murray, W. S., Superpower, its genesis and future. New York, McGraw-Hill,

1925.Associated Industries of Massachusetts, report of its power investigating com

mittee, Boston, April, 1924.

ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS

De Baufre, W. L., Mechanical power. Science, vol. 62, Oct. 30, 1925.Ely, S. B., and Rittman, W. V., Prosperity and power. Sci. Monthly, June, 1925.Gompers, Samuel, Power and labor. Survey, Mar. l t 1924.Hart, J. K., Power and culture. Survey, Mar. 1, 1924.Hoover, Herbert, The Nation's Business, June 5, 1926.'Low, Fred, Mechanical Engineering, January, 1925.Smith, G. O., How will man's work be done? Collier's, Mar. 14, 1925.You have thirty slaves. Independent, June 21, 1919.

DEVELOPMENT OF HOESEPOWEE EQUIPEMNT 45

TABLES

TABLE 1. Total horsepower of prime movers a in the United States, 1849-1988

Total

Year

1849 1859 1869 1879 1889 1899 1909 1919 1923

Horsepower

'10,066,000 M5, 793, 000

19,147,000 28,820,000 47,697,000 64,193,000

120,331,000 396,118,000 684,044,000

Index'No.(1899=

100)

16 25 30 45 74

100 187 617

1066

Exclusive of pleasure automobiles

1899190919191923

64,161,000112,873,000176,650,000230,514,000

100176275359

* Work animals are considered to be prime movers and therefore are included in the totals in this table :and in columns "Agriculture" and "Work animals not on farms" of Table 2.

* Data for first two decades very incomplete and almost wholly estimated.

TABLE 2. Horsepower of prime movers installed in different activities, 1849-1988*Horsepower (thousands)

Year

1849-..-...1859........1869...- .1879.... ....1889..- ..1899.... ....1909.-.-....1919.-- ..1923. .......

Manufac

tures b

1,1001,6002,3463,4115,8509,778

16,80320,06319,728

Mines

quar-'ries «

50150350650

1,3002,7544,4035,1125,000

Agri-

ture d

6,5979,6559,588

13,76419,83523,51930,80739, 22238,100

Irriga tion

drain age

533

120361816

1,300

Elec tricsta

tions /

1201,2005,225

15, 25022,000

Elec tricrail

roads »

140935

3,0914,3604,100

Steam

roads*

4351,9404,1007,720

16,30020,10045,40072,30074,600

Ships*

7341,1421,0761,1101,4441,9003,1226, £84

10,262

Auto-

biles'

327,714

230,432507,254

Workanimalsnot on farms *

1,1501,3061,6872,1602,6753,0553,4051,9791,700

Total

10,06615,79319,14728,82047,69764,193

120,331396,118684,044

Horsepower, exclusive of pleasure automobiles (thousands)

1899........1909........1919.... ....1923. .......

9,77)816,80320,0631Q 798

2,7544,4035,1125,000

23,51930,807QQ oo'o

38,100

120

8161,300

1,2005,225

15, 2#)

9353,0914,3604,100

20,90045,40072,30074, 00

1,9003,1226,584

10,262

0256

1A CiRA

53,724

3,0563,4051 0701,700

64,161112,873176,650230,514

° No duplication in this table.b Data for all years except 1849 and 1859 from census reports; estimated for these years on basis of number

of wage earners and by extrapolation. Data from census reports, except for 1849, 1859, 1869, 1879, and 1889; estimated for these years from

scattered census sources. Data from study of C. D. Kinsman, agricultural engineer (An appraisal of power on farms in the United

.States: U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 1348,1925). Includes work animals. Data from census reports, except for 1879,1889, and 1899; estimated for these years on basis of acreage./ Special census reports give data for 1902,1907,1912,1917, and 1922. Data for 1889 and 1899 estimated on

basis of historical facts in these reports and carried back by extrapolation. Data for 1909 and 1919 estimated from neighboring years by interpolation, for 1923 by extrapolation.

Same sources and methods as for electric central stations.» Estimated from 1899 to 1923 on basis of pounds of tractive force reported by Interstate Commerce Com-

mission. For previous years, estimated on basis of track mileage. See Table 29. ' Estimated from tonnage of vessels. See Table 30.' Estimated from registration figures to which horsepower figures were applied. See Table 33. From Kinsman's figures.


TABLE 2. Horsepower of prime movers installed in different activities, 1849-1923 Continued

Percentage of each year's total

JL ottr

1849........1859- ......1869........1879 .1889.. ......1RQQ1909 1919 1923--

Manu-

tures

10.9010.1212.2411.8212.2415.2313.985.052.89

Mines stifl

Quar ries

0.50.94

1.832.262.734.283.661.29.73

Agri-

ture

65.5261.1850.0347.7741.6036.6325.629.905.57

Irriga tion

drain age

0.02.07

19.30.21.19

Elec tricsta

tions

0.251.874.333.853.22

Elec tricrail

roads

0.291 4fi

2.571.10.60

Steamrail

roads

4.3012.2621.3726.8134.1332.5737.7318.2510.91

Ships

7.307.245.723.863.032 Oft

2.591.661.50

Auto-

biles

0.056.41

58.2074.14

Work animalsnot on farms

11.488.268.817.465.604.762.83.49.25

Total

100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

Percentage, exclusive of pleasure automobiles

1899 1909 1919 1923

15.2414.8911.328.57

4.293.902.882.17

36.6627.2922.2316.51

0 1Q

.324fi

.57

1.874.638.639.55

1.462.732 4.7

1.78

32.5740.2240.9232.34

2.962.773.764.46

0.23

6.2123.31

4.763.021.12.74

100.00100.00100.00100.00

Index numbers (1899=100)

1849 - 1859..... 1869. 1879 1889 1899 1909-- 1919.. .1923-... _

1116243660100172205202

25

132447100ieo186182

2841415984100131167162

428100301680

1,083

10100435

1,2711,832

15100330466438

29203778inn217346357

3960575876100164347540

10024,106

720,1001,585,169

38435571881001116556

1625304574100187617

1,065

Index numbers, exclusive of pleasure automobiles

1899 1909 _ 1919 1923-

1004,283

20,986

100176275359

DEVELOPMENT OF HOBSEPOWEB EQUIPMENT

TABLE 3. Horsepower utilized in each field of activity, 1849-19&S {

Horsepower (thousands)

47

Year

1849...1859...1869...1879...1889...1899...1909...1919 1923

Manu fac

tures

1,1001,6002,3463,4115,939

10,09818,67529,50533,094

Mines and

quar ries

50150350650

1,3002,8684,6086,7247,500

Agri cul ture

6,5979,6559,588

13,76419,83523,51931, 10743,72247,420

Irriga tion and

drain-

533

120361816

1,300

Elec tric

centralsta-

1201,2005,225

15,25022,000

Elec tric rail roads

1401,0793,7186,3276,784

Steam rail

roads

4351,9404,1007,720

16,30020,90045,40072,30074,600

Ships

7341,1421,0761,1101,4441,9003,1226,584

10,262

Automo biles

327,714

230,432507,254

Work ani mals not on

farms

1,1501,3061,6872,1602,6753,0553,4051,9791,700

Total

10,06615,79319, 14728,82047,78664,771

123,335-413,639711,914

Totalexclu sive of pleas ure

automobiles

10,06515,79519, 14728,82047,78664,739

116,877194, 171258,384


1849...1859 _1869...1879...1889...1899...1909 1919 1923

1116233459100185292328

25122345100161234262

2841415984100132186202

427100301680

1,083

10100435

1,2711,832

13100345586629

29

203778100217346357

3960575876

100164347540

10024,100720,100

1,585,168

38435571881001116556

1624304474

100190639

1,099

1624304474100181300399

« Horsepower purchased or rented is counted in the field of activity using it and also where it is installed. Autotrucks are included under both "Agriculture" and "Automobiles." There is therefore some dupli cation in th9lflgures in this table. The amount of duplication is indijS*fc&l by the difference between the fljures for the corresponding activities in Tables 2 and 3. For sourcas of data see Table 2.

61750 28 4

TABL

E 4

. H

orse

pow

er o

j pr

ime

mov

ers,

184

9-19

8$,

by t

ypes

«

prim

e m

over

s

Tot

al

Yea

r

1849

...

....

....

....

. .....

18

89

...... ..

..... .

..... .

....... .........

1869.. .

....

....

....

....

..... .

........

1879

....

....

....

....

....

................

18

89

....... ..........................

1899 ....... .

1909

....

....

....

....

....

................

19

19.... ..

............

T ..

....

1923 ..... .

A.

Hor

sepo

wer

(th

ousa

nds)

'

Stea

m

engi

nes

and

turb

ines

« 1, 2

28«3

,263

« 6,

215

« 11

, 636

"24,

281

« 38

, 445

77

,055

11

6, 3

80

125,

773

Inte

r-

nal-

co

m-

bust

ion

en

gine

s o 17

956

13, 1

70

247,

031

526,

322

Wat

er

whe

els

«662

"9

30

« 1,2

05

« 1,

353

« 1,

522

« 1,

860

4,02

2 7,

650

9,59

8

Win

d

mill

s

429

639

452

507

566

658

822

836

851

Wor

k an

i

mal

s *

7,74

7 10

,961

11

, 275

15

,324

21

,311

22

, 274

25

,262

24

,221

21

,500

Tot

al

10,0

66

15,7

93

19,1

47

28,8

20

47,6

97

64,1

93

120,

331

396,

118

68

4,04

4

B.

Perc

enta

ge o

f eac

h ye

ar's

tot

al

Stea

m

engi

nes

and

tur

bi

nes

12.1

9 20

.66

32.5

1 40

.38

50.8

9 59

.84

63.9

9 29

.43

18.3

3

Inte

r-

nal-

co

m-

bust

ion

engi

nes

0.03

1.

49

10.9

4 62

.32

77.0

0

Wat

er

whe

els

6.58

5.

88

6.21

4.

69

3.20

2.

90

3.34

1.

92

1.41

Win

d

mill

s

4.26

4.

05

2.36

1.

76

1.19

1.

02

.68

.21

.12

Wor

k an

i

mal

s

76.9

7 69

.41

58.9

2 53

.17

44.6

9 34

.75

21.0

5 6.

13

3.14

C.

Inde

x nu

mbe

rs (

1899

=100

)

Stea

m

engi

nes

and

tur

bi

nes 3 8 16

30

63

10

0 20

0 30

3 32

7

Inte

r-

nal-

co

m-

bust

ion

engi

nes 2

100

1,37

8 25

,840

55

, 055

Wat

er

whe

els

36

50

65

73

82

100

216

411

516

Win

d

mill

s 65

97

69

77

86

100

125

127

129

Wor

k an

imal

s 35

49

50

69

96

100

' 11

3 10

9 67

00

Exc

lusi

ve o

f ple

asur

e au

tom

obile

s

1899... ...

....

....

....

....

....

....

.1909 . ... -.-.... ...

....

..1919. _ ...

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

.1923.. ...

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

"38,445

77,055

116,380

125,

773

924

5,71

227,563

72,7

92

"1,8

604,022

7,65

09,

598

658

822

836

851

22, 27

425,262

24,2

2121

,500

64,161

112, 873

176, 650

230,

514

59.8

768.26

66.0

054

.57

1.44

5.07

15.56

31.5

7

2.90

3.57

4.33

4.16

1.02 .73

.47

.37

34.7

722

.37

13.64

9.33

100

200

303

327

100

618

2,983

7,87

8

100

216

411

516

100

125

127

129

100

113

109 97

o E

stim

ated

or

calc

ulat

ed i

n pa

rt.

* Dat

a fu

rnis

hed

by C

. D.

Kin

sman

, U

. S.

Dep

artm

ent o

f Agr

icul

ture

.

Est

imat

ed.

DEVELOPMENT OF HOESEPOWEE EQUIPMENT 49

!!§§0<a

3

I

111s!§

38SSSG> i-i & & CO

8OOOcOOOi>OI tÔOrtCirH^lt»T((

gg^S

gggggssgg

& OOO OOicO


.3

1 o

OS g

H

It

Electric motors

S^

o?, §M 8 "

£a 2-0

111

-§| 82

*"" »23

Ifi&

^Hs

OOOOC4OO CJO'CJCJ J^j

"O1O

CitOOrHtO

3 §gf

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o

§

«

i

G

c^

C

g

i

i55

g09

Cs

CO CO CO

^^soe»e»

«I

OOQ

S

i-r^Tco1

"II

«!

igg-JO

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i-HrHCOCO

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ss SSfeSSS

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|o"a®

63

181


TABLE 6. Horsepower of prime movers, 1849-1928, by special groups

Horsepower (thousands)

Year

1849..... .............1859. ..........1869 ..................1879......... .........1889 ..................1899 ..................1909....... ...........1919 . ..1923 .

"Manu fac

tures"*

1,1001,6002,3463,4115,970

10,72020.89430,24334,344

"Mate rials" »

6,6479,805Q QQR

14 419

2M6826,50736,07651,26256,220

"Trans porta tion"

O Q1O

4,388

10,99020,55926,96663,359

' 317,622600,600

"Manufactures"

and "materials"

7,74711,40519 984.

17,83027,13837,22756,97081,60590 564

"Transporta

tion" ex clusive

of pleasure automobiles

2,3194,3886,863

10,99020,55926,93455,936

100,202148, 612

"Heavy transpor tation" *

1,1693,0825,1768,830

17,88423,87952,24085,21191,646

!

"Light transpor-, tation" ;

1,1501,3061,6872,160:2,6753,087:

11, 119232,411508,954

"Electric motors"'

2,57511,87827,83934,922


1849 1859 _ . ..... .1869 ..................1879 ...............1889 ...........1899 __ . ............1909..................1919 __ . .........1923

1015223256100195282320

oe

3707

5480100136

212

Q16OK

4176100235

1 17fto 007

213100

4873100153219*MQ

916254178100208372552

513223775100219357384

37.42557087100360

7,52916,487.

100461

1,0811,356

» Includes prime movers installed in manufactures and electric central stations minus the estimated prime movers of central stations utilized in mines and quarries, agriculture, and electric railroads. (See Tables 2. 3, and 5.)

6 Includes prime movers utilized in mines and quarries, agriculture, and irrigation and drainage. (See Table 3.)

< Includes prime movers utilized in electric railroads, steam railroads, ships, automobiles,, and work animals not on farms. (See Table 3.) .

* Includes prime movers utilized in electric railroads, steam railroads, and ships. (See Table 3.) Includes horsepower of automobiles and work animals not on farms. (See Table 3.) ;' Includes prime movers installed in central stations, electric railroads, and electric motors; driven by

the prime movers in manufactures and mines and quarries. (See Tables 2, 23, and 24.) No information available for mines and quarries in 1923.

DEVELOPMENT OF HOESEPOWER EQUIPMENT

§ u ^

câ CN ' "

§«3 r* "^ *^~

-3 -SJ

I

11

ifD1

op co o> co t-« CO-3l CO OO i-l DO

J CO b- i-l O CO 00

OI-IIQ J»OOSOO T T T

-co »oo5 Qi-HCMNCO

BO> ACnO» C

tf3 i-H-«l qt O> O iO C CO CO i-l rH O> O >O S

i l»-Hi ltHtH»Hv-4^HT

3 S§ 1° I"

1.

gi 5®'

TAB

LE 8

. H

orse

pow

er o

f pr

ime

mov

ers

inst

alle

d pe

r in

habi

tant

and

per

wag

e ea

rner

and

uti

lise

d pe

r,w

age

earn

er i

n d

iffe

rent

act

iviti

es a

ndgr

oups

, 18

49-1

923

«

Hor

sepo

wer

Yea

r

18

49..

....

....

....

....

18

59..................

18

69..................

18

79..................

1889

___

....

....

....

1899

_ . _

....

....

...

1909.... _

....

....

...

19

19..

....

....

....

....

1923

Inst

alle

d 6 p

er r

Inha

bi

tant 0.

43

.50

.50

.68

.76

.85

1.31

3.

75

6.21

Wag

e ea

rner 1.44

1.

50

1.53

1.

66

2.05

2.

21

3.16

9.

52

15.7

0

Inha

bi

tant

, ex

cl

usiv

e of

pl

easu

re

auto

mo

bi

les

0.43

.5

0 .5

0 .5

8 .7

6 .8

5 1.

23

1.67

2.

10

Wag

e ea

rner

, ex

clus

ive

of

plea

sure

au

tom

o

bile

s

1.44

1.

50

1.53

1.

66

2.05

2.

21

2.96

4.

25

5.31

Uti

lize

d

per

wag

e ea

rner

in

Man

u

fact

ures

0.92

1.

07

1.14

1.

25

1.40

1.

90

2.82

3.

26

3.76

Min

es

and

qu

arri

es

0.61

.9

5 2.

11

2.61

3.

36

4.63

4.

77

6.17

6.

52

Agr

icul

tu

re 1.32

1.

72

1.63

1.

80

2.32

2.

29

2.52

4.

10

4.74

Ele

ctri

c ce

ntra

l st

atio

ns

24.0

48

.0

95.0

12

7.5

157.

0

Ele

ctri

c ra

ilroa

ds

1.97

8.

18

14.8

7 21

.40

22.2

5

Stea

m

railr

oads 2.4

7.8

10.2

14

.0

21.8

22

.5

30.2

37

.8

40.3

Shi

ps 7.0

11.2

12

.1

12.5

18

.8

24.3

25

.8

38.1

51

.3

" M

anu

fa

ctur

es"

0.92

1.

07

1.14

1.

25

1.40

2.

02

3.13

3.

32

3.85

"Mat

e

rial

s" 1.31

1.

70

1.65

1.

82

2.39

2.

44

2.70

4.

37

5.05

"Hea

vy

tr

ansp

or

tati

on"

4.1

8.8

10.6

13

.8

19.9

21

.0

27.9

35

.8

37.4

"Man

u

fact

ures

an

d "m

ate

ri

als" 1.

23

1.58

1.

52

1.68

2.

08

2.30

2.

85

3.90

4.

51

O

Inde

x nu

mbe

rs (

1899

=100

)

1849..................

1859..

................

1869..................

1879

___ ..

. _ . _ ..

.1889..................

1899

............... _

1909.... ..

....

_ ..

...

1919..................

1923..; ______ ..

..

51 59 59 68 89 100

154

441

' 73

1

65 68 69 75 93 100

143

431

710

51 59 59 68 89 100

145

196

247

65 68 69 75 93 100

134

192

240

48 56 60 66 74 100

148

172

19S

13 21 46 56 73 100

103

133

141

58 75 71 79 101

100

110

179

207

50 100

198

266

327

24'

100

182

262

272

11 35 45 62 97 100

134

168

179

29 46 50 51 77 100

106

157

211

46 53 56 62 69 100

155

164

190

54 70 68 75 98 100

111

179

207

20 42 50 66 95 100

133

170

178

53 69 66 73 90 100

124

170

IQfi

Se

e T

able

7 fo

r sou

rces

of i

nfor

mat

ion.

» Se

e T

able

1 f

or to

tal h

orse

pow

er o

f pri

me

mov

ers.

* See

Tab

les

3 an

d 6

for h

orse

pow

er o

f pri

me

mov

ers

utili

zed

in th

e di

ffer

ent a

ctiv

ities

and

gro

ups.

TABL

E 9

. To

tal

hors

epow

er,

in t

hous

ands

, of

pri

me

mov

ers,

" 18

69-1

928,

by

Stat

es a

nd g

eogr

aphi

c di

visi

ons

Div

isio

n an

d St

ate

Uni

ted

Stat

es ..

.....

Mid

dle

Atl

anti

c....

Wes

t N

orth

Cen

tral

......

.

Eas

t So

uth

Cen

tral

.. .....

Pacif

ic..

....

..

.. _

.

New

Eng

land

:

Mid

dle

Atla

ntic

:

Eas

t N

orth

Cen

tral

: O

hio

..... ..

. .......

Indi

ana

.. _

. ......

Illin

ois.

__ _

_

Wes

t N

orth

Cen

tral

:

Neb

rask

a .............

Kan

sas _

..

.

1869

Ban

k 6 2 1 5 3 4 8 9 7 18

21.

20

17

33

26 1 24 3 4 5 2 12

13 28 6 7 36

30

Hor

se

pow

er

11,9

34

1,12

8 2,

232

3,32

5 1,

316

1,74

2 1,

335

390 47

419

234

202

204

270 61

157

1,11

8 16

5 94

9

903

618

1,07

6 36

6 36

2

135

519

516 32

11

4

1879

Ran

k 6 3 1 2 4 5 7 9 8 23

29

24

17

34

28 1 30 3 4

. 7 2 10

11 18 5 6 46

38

21

12

Hor

se

pow

er

17, 1

75

1,37

5 2,

665

4,46

8 3,

179

2,03

1 1,

641

981

137

698

265

198

228

404 79

20

1

1,30

8 19

8 1,

159

1,14

2 75

7 1,

459

564

646

398

1,03

2 89

3 1 42

270

543

1889

Ran

k

....

... 6 3 2 1 4 5 7 9 8 24

35

33

16

38

31 1 29 2' 4 9 3 10

13 15 5 7 32

23

11 6

Hor

se

pow

er

27,1

29

1,94

1 4,

204

6,01

5 6,

328

2,89

0 2,

317

1,81

6 34

6 1,

272

371

217

259

684

137

273

2,08

0 31

3 1,

811

1,53

5 1,

026

1,76

9 93

5 75

0

730

1,47

3 1,

271

262

403

877

1,31

2

1899

Ran

k 6 3 1 2 4 5 7 9 8 31

36

38

17

41

34 2 27 1 3 10 4 7 14 9 5 6 26

23

12 8

Hor

se

pow

er

40,0

86

2,46

1 7,

083

8,83

5 8,

756

4,23

0 3,

111

2,96

2 86

7 1,

781

453

299

268

909

160

372

2,85

8 54

6 3,

679

2,45

7 1,

401

2,38

5 1,

544

1,04

8

1,41

0 1,

847

1,67

2 55

2 65

3 1,

110

1,51

2

1909

Ran

k

....

... 7 3 1 2 4 6 5 9 8 31

39

38

13

41

35 2 26 1 3 12 4 9 15 11

10 6 16

22

14 5

Hor

se

pow

er

63,8

12

4,08

7 11

,933

13

,306

12

,820

6,

207

4,31

6 5,

138

2,12

6 3,

879

779

331

346

1,74

7 29

6 58

8

4,94

5 94

9 6,

039

4,00

6 1,

961

3,64

7 2,

163

1,52

9

2,04

9 2,

150

2,26

3 1,

351

1,05

9 1,

669

2,27

9

1919

Ran

k 7 3 1 2 4 8 6 9 5 36

42

45 9 39

26 1 16 2 3 13 4 8 14 12 6 10

21

22

15

11

Hor

se

pow

er

321,

839

21,8

38

55,5

23

72,4

31

61,5

60

29,9

24

14, 3

52

24,2

41

13,8

37

28,1

33

2,56

0 1,

315

1,12

1 10

,681

1,

921

4,19

0

25, 1

02

7,33

5 23

,086

21, 6

51

9,57

8 19

, 352

12

, 456

9,

394

9,66

4 13

,821

10

,265

4,

491

4,46

5 8,

686

10,1

68

1923

Ran

k

....

... 7 2 1 3 5 8 6 9 4 36

42

44

10

39

28 1 14 2 4 9 5 6 13 12 8 11

33

30

17

15

Hor

se

pow

er

607,

745

38, 1

95

111,

988

14

6, 9

40

98,2

74

55,2

56

25,0

26

50,6

87

21,4

86

59,8

93

4,55

8 2,

475

2,18

1 19

, 370

3,

131

6,48

0

51,0

15

16,1

23

44,8

50

42,3

15

21,5

80

37,8

84

27, 5

10

17, 6

51

17,9

95

22, 1

35

19,0

94

5,64

4 5,

860

11,8

68

15, 6

78

Excl

usiv

e of

ple

asur

e au

to

mob

iles

1919

Ran

k

_ _

_. 7 2 1 3 4 8 5 9 6 37

42

43

10

40

32 1 21 2 3 13 4 7 15 8 11 9 18

26

14

12

Hor

se

pow

er

102,

371

6,42

2 20

,381

21

, 017

18

, 312

9,

677

5,98

6 8,

440

4,43

1 7,

705

910

402

381

3,06

1 63

0 1,

138

9,62

01,

775

8,98

6

6,55

9 3,

012

5,53

2 3,

514

2,40

0

3,21

4 3,

033

3,12

5 1,

999

1,42

5 2,

494

3,02

2

1923

Ran

k 7 2 1 3 4 8 5 9 6 36

42

44 8 39

23 1 10 2 3 9 4 7 15 12

13

11

22

28

16

14

Hor

se

pow

er

154,

215

11,0

65

33,4

10

34,6

00

23,8

09

14,2

40

6,76

5 12

, 815

6,

195

11,4

16

1,39

8 63

0 51

1 5,

530

1,01

1 1,

985

16, 9

35

4,52

5 11

, 950

10,8

85

5,30

0 9,

174

5,78

0 3,

361

4,47

5 4,

030

4,51

4 2,

057

1,75

7 3,

073

3,90

s

Man

ufac

ture

s an

d ag

ricu

lture

, 186

9-19

23; p

lus

min

es a

nd q

uarr

ies,

cen

tral

sta

tions

, ele

ctric

railr

oads

, 18

99-1

923;

plu

s ir

riga

tion

and

drai

nage

, 19

09-1

923;

plu

s au

tom

obile

s, 1

919*

- 19

23.

Stea

m ra

ilroa

ds a

nd w

ork

anim

als

not o

n fa

rms

not i

nclu

ded.

N

o du

plic

atio

n in

fig

ures

,

TABL

E 9

. To

tal

hors

epow

er,

in t

hous

ands

, of

pri

me

mov

ers,

1869

-192

8, b

y St

ates

and

geo

grap

hic

div

isio

ns

Con

tinue

d

Div

isio

n an

d St

ate

Sout

h A

tlant

ic:

Dis

tric

t of C

olum

bia-

V

irg

inia

.

Flo

rid

a

E

ast

Sout

h C

entr

al:

Wes

t Sou

th C

entr

al:

Texa

s ___ .

........

Mou

ntai

n:

Idah

o.......... ..

.....

Uta

h......... .

....

....

Paci

fic:

1869

Ran

k 34

22

43 8 25

15

23

11

35 9 10

16

19 31

29 27 42

44 37

39 41

40 38

32

14

Hor

se

pow

er 47

176 2

464

161

302

168

380 42 448

385

279

223

104

131

155 2 1 21

11 3 9 13

66

340

1879

Ran

k 37

26

45

14

27

19

25

16

36 9 15

20

22 31

32 8 43

41

47

35

44

48

40

42 39

33

13

Hor

se

pow

er 42

215 3

468

215

360

218

462 48 580

465

330

266

195

135

651 15

16

1 59

11 1 19

15 32

124

542

1889

Ran

k 41

28

48

19

27

21

25

17

39 14

18

20

22 26

30

43 3 40

42

45

37

46

49

44

47 36

34

12

Hor

se

pow

er 50

315 17

60

7 31

9 51

4 34

9 63

5 84 749

608

544

416

336

278 40

1,

162 63

42

22

151 22

1 25

20 162

257

853

1899

Ran

k 45

32

49

19

22

21

30

16

40 15

18

20

24 28

25

29

11 39

42

44

37

47

46

43

48 33

35

13

Hor

se

pow

er 54

440 23

78

0 67

2 68

5 48

8 91

6 17

2

994

795

760

562

523

561

505

1,37

3

218

100 72

28

5 38

45

77

32 389

319

1,07

3

1909

Ran

k 48

33

49

21

25

27 40 18

23

20

29 32

28

17 7 37

42

46

36

45

44

43

47 24

34 8

Hor

se

pow

er 81

645 41

1,13

1 1,

016

937

782

1,25

5 31

9

1,28

8 1,

058

1,14

0 83

0

749

842

1,33

6 2,

211

525

277

137

562

141

171

221 92

1,05

0 63

5 2,

194

1919

Ran

k 48

28

43

23

33

20

30

18

38 25

27

31

34 37

35

19 7 32

40

46

24

47

44

41

49 17

29 5

Hor

se

pow

er 628

3,76

6 1,

230

4,42

8 3,

024

4,75

3 3,

508

6,39

0 2,

197

4,25

2 3,

841

3,46

5 2,

794

2,54

5 2,

698

5,46

0 13

,538

3,04

4 1,

841

900

4,26

8 76

5 1,

212

1,43

5 37

2

6,71

3 3,

595

17,8

25

1923

Ran

k 49

24

41

20

25

19

34

22

31 21

23

32

37 35

29 16 7 38

40

46

26

47

45

43

48 18

27 3

Hor

se

pow

er

1,23

0 7,

059

2,72

8 9,

274

6,76

4 9,

624

5,49

7 7,

369

5,71

1

7,89

7 7,

104

5,70

6 4,

319

4,89

5 6,

199

12, 5

15

27,0

78

3,83

1 2,

805

1,62

7 6,

720

1,35

5 2,

128

2,36

2 65

8

10,5

88

6,67

7 42

,628

Exc

lusi

ve o

f ple

asur

e au

to-

M

mob

iles

Q <4

1919

Ran

k 49

36

47

22

24

27

33

19

38 23

25

20

35 34

29 17 6 28

39

45

31

46

44

41

48 16

30 5

Hor

se

pow

er 161

1,00

4 20

3 1,

740

1,62

4 1,

373

1,12

1 1,

840

611

1,64

1 1,

496

1,80

1 1,

048

1,09

2 1,

222

2,15

9 3,

967

1,25

2 60

7 27

5 1,

146

232

381

440 98

2,33

3 1,

185

4,18

7

1923

g

Ran

k 47

29

45

18

30

24

32

21

37 27

26

25

38 35

20

19 6 31

40

46

34

48

41

43

49 17

33 5

Q

Hor

se-

j>

pow

er

hd

i>

384

J|

1, 7

12

^

444

b>

2,89

0 a

1,67

5 3

1,97

5 °

1,66

9 M

2,

240

w

1,36

1 Q

1,87

0 2

1,87

9 §

1,88

2 H

1,

134

M

1,42

8 Z

. 2,

267

2,77

5 H

6,

345

*

1,61

2 3

871

£

433

H

1,45

3 3

337

y68

3 61

2 02

19

4 H£

3,06

8 H3

1,

500

M

6,84

8 02


TABLB 10. Horsepower of prime' movers per square mile, 1928, by States andgeographic divisions °

Division and State

United States .

Middle Atlantic . ....

East South Central. . . . West South Central ....

Paciflc....... ..........

Massachusetts . . _

Middle Atlantic-

New Jersey. . ...

Ohio

Illinois...... .......

Minnesota. ....

South Dakota...... Nebraska...... __Kansas

Total

204.4

616.31, 120. 0

598.0192.4206.4139.5 118.0 25.0

188.3

152.5274.1239.0

2,409.5 2,934.41,344.4

1, 070. 52, 145. 71, 001. 4

1,038.7598.7676.0478.6319.4

222.6398.2277.880.476.2

154.6191.7

Manu fac

tures

11.1

67.096.337.03.4

11.78.1 3.0 .9

5.9

19.139.119.4

240.4 367.4150.8

68.5167.2113.9

81.2

35.325.616.8

5.75.18.0.2.2

1.73.1

Agri culture

12.8

8.920.197 1

26.311.814.1 11.8 2.96.4

6.3

13.913.3

26.1

1Q 7

19.720.5

34.6OK 0

37.017.918.6

19.8RQ 790 ft9ft O

17.4 25.329.5

Division and State

South Atlantic:

District of Colum-

West Virginia ......North Carolina- .... South Carolina- ....

Florida..... ........East South Central:

West South Central:

Louisiana ..........

Mountain:

Wyoming ..........

Arizona ............Utah _ . .

Pacific:

Total

710.1

45, 466. 7230.3281.6197.5 180.2 125.5104.1

196.5170.4111.393.4

93.2136.6180.3103.2

26.233.616.764.811.118.728.76.0

158.469.8

273.9

Manu fac

tures

60.1

533.310.715.514.5 13.47.72.6

6.39.4

12.53.8

3.18.92.22.1

1.3.9.2

1.7.1

1.11.7.3

8.93.46.1

Agri culture

21.7

17.614911.9 13.7 13.32.4

19.017.69.7

11.7

13.610.120.89.4

6.96.11.76.01.01.01.6.6

9.83.86.6

« Based on land area of the United States, horsepower as given in Table 9 for total, Table 11 for manu factures, and Table 14 for agriculture.

TABL

E 1

1.

Hor

sepo

wer

, in

tho

usan

ds,

of p

rim

e m

over

s ut

ilize

d by

man

ufac

ture

s, 1

869-

1928

, by

Sta

tes

and

geog

raph

ic d

ivis

ions

'1

Div

isio

n an

d St

ate

Uni

ted

Sta

tes.

. ..

.

Mid

dle

Atl

anti

c

Paci

fic

New

Eng

land

:

Mid

dle

Atla

ntic

:

Eas

t N

orth

Cen

tral

: O

hio

.. . _

.

_.

. .

....

.__

....

.

Illinois

Wes

t Nor

th C

entr

al:

Sout

h A

tlant

ic:

Dfil

SrW

&T

B

-

Dis

tric

t of C

olum

bia , ,.

. .

Ran

k 3 1 2 5 4 6 7 9 8 9 10 14 3 16 8 2 12 1 4 6 7 5 11 26 17 13 31 33 32 22 41

1869 H

orse

po

wer

2,34

6

514

757

530

132

210

109 46 12 36 80 77 51 184 42 80 334 59 364

174

100 86 106 64 20 40 55 9 8 9 32 2

Ban

k 3 1 2 5 4 6 7 9 10 19

15 3 14 2 11 1 4 7 6 5 Q 18 19 13 42 43 35 29 32 21 40

L879 H

orse

po

wer

3,41

174

.R

1,06

780

822

029

315

3 58 18 51 inn

QQ 63 310

fU 1 1S

4>i4

100

K1Q 261

132

144

165

106 54 54 81 1 1 8 21 15 51 3

Ran

k i 4 6 9 7 11 1*» 17 3 14 10 2 1 4 7 5 6 g 15 99 12 42 4ft

37 29 36 23 39

L889 H

orse

po

wer

5,93

9i

\f\fi

1,93

51,

329

416

466

303

136 48 148

150

117

08

516

113

164

773

178

QQ

A

417

191

286

ncf

j

17ft

113

7ft

149 4 6 23 43 26 73 11

Ban

k 3 1 2 7 4 5 6 9 8 12 17 26 4O

K 13 2 7 1 3 8 5 6 g 18 15 45 41 36 33 37 24 42

L899 H

orse

po

wer

10,0

98

1,53

12,

834

2 30

4

1,03

067

766

412

527

8

OO

Q

199

603

132

231

1,00

4

1,49

5

805

907

514

398

OQ

A

189

121

210 8 12 44 71 41 138 10

Ran

k 3 1 5 4 6 7 9 10 19 33 4 26 11 2 7 3 6 5 8 9 18 34 15 47 44 39 29 40 27 45

1909 H

orse

po

wer

18, 6

75

5C

Q4

4,38

11,

101

1,83

21,

036

873

401

QA

O

460

9OJ.

1 C

Q

1,17

522

74ft

ft

2,02

061

29

Q

ft9

1,58

363

31,

013

598

554

298

1 5

5

340 13 18 64 213 53 218 17

Ban

k 3 1 6 4 7 9 5 15 t)A 35 4

97

19 2 7 1 3 8 5 6 9' 17 30 16 47 45 39 31 42 21 44

1919 H

orse

po

wer

29,5

05

3 79

78^

538

7,73

51

5QJ.

2,79

61,

416

1,18

668

61

75

7

547

349

185

1,73

032

166

5

2,93

71,

147

A

AK

A

2,89

71,

096

1,66

11,

202

879

474

243

477 18 22 126

234 85 407 33

o Ban

k 3 1 6 4 7 8 9 5 15 97 34 5 24 11 3 8 1 2 7 4 6 10 19 29 16 47 49 40 30 42 18 44

L923 H

orse

po

wer

33,0

94

4,15

19,

627

9 nan

1,71

43

1-14

.

1,46

21,

269

778

1O

C7

57A

Qf»

9

177

1 Q

89

QQ

O

*7O*

7

3,26

31,

257

5,10

7

3,30

81,

372

1 98

01,

472

930

460

283

553 17 16 129

256

112

498 32

Vir

gini

a _______________________

Wes

tVlr

gta

ia..;.

....... ..

............ . ....

Nor

th C

arol

ina.

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

Flo

rid

B..

....

....

....

.

....

....

....

....

...

Eas

t So

uth

Cen

tral

:

Wes

t So

uth

Cen

tral

: A

rkan

sas.

; _______

______________

Tex

as..... .

..,.....__..... .

............ ..

....

.........

Mou

ntai

n:

New

Mex

ico.

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

Uta

h..

...!

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

...

Paci

fic:

W

ashi

ngto

n _____ _

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

Ore

gon _

__

_ ..

.. _

__ _

__

_ _

_ ..

.. _

_ ..

15 23 21 28 19 35 18 20 27 30 34 24 29 39 42 40 43 36 37 38 33 25

50 27 33 15 38 4 40 38 19 12 8 25 13 2 2 1 3 3 3 8 25

16 24 23 28 22 36 17 20 27 30 31 34 26 44 41 45 37 46 47 38 48 39 33 25

57 38 45 26 51 7 55 52 28 18 16 11 31 1 2 1 6 1 1 5 1 4 14 33

20 27 24 28 18 38 21 19 16 32 31 35 26 43 44 45 33 46 47 41 30 34 25

82 55 73 46 84 16 82 84 102 35 38 30 68 3 2 2 33 2 1 5 43 32 73

From

cen

sus

of m

anuf

actu

res;

inc

lude

s ho

rsep

ower

of m

otor

s op

erat

ed b

y pu

rcha

sed

pow

er.

21 31 16 23 19 39 22 20 14 28 30 11

44 10 38 46 47 35 48 43 40 49 32 34 27

165

106

201

140

189 40 163

168

222

124

120

256 9

279 41 7 4 44 4 9 14 2 88 63 127

21 1

284

28

217

12 23 20 37 25 24 13 30 32 14

38 22 36 41 48 35 46 43 42 49 17 31 16

379

276

298 90 230

242

358

206

173

347 71 282 90 43 8

155 15 39 43 8

298

175

329

20 26 14 22 19 38 29 25 13 34 32 23

37 18 36 43 48 33 49 40 41 46 11 28 10

420

329

550

396

437

139

248

339

628

201

214

389

140

443

153 74 18 206 17 104 94 20 687

304

766

21 26 12 22 20 39 31 25 13 33 36 23

37 17 32 43 46 35 48 41 38 45 14 28r 9

431

372

703

468

138

252

391

641

O17

8 H

165

3403

f

153

O548

H

191

H72

224

Hi

176 17

O129

=!141 28

ffl O59

3 M

322

03972

3 * 3J SJ jO 9 S3

60 POWER CAPACITY AND PKODUCTION IN UNITED STATES

TABLE 12. Percentage of total horsepower of prime movers utilized in manufac tures, J023, by types of prime movers 0

Division and State

United States 50.47

New England......__......... 42.80 jMiddle Atlantic..... 54.85 jEast North Central...__..................._....... 50.40West North Central................................ . 44.88South Atlantic_.______.....__._._. __ 46.90East South Central..._____..__._. . 60.65West South Central..............-.......... .... 66.12Mountain.._________.__.._________ - 45.93Pacific...... 39.77

New England:Maine.-. 28.55New Hampshire......'._ ..__ 41.03Vermont...____________._______ . 27.02Massachusetts._____________.... 47.96Rhode Island,... 47.84Connecticut_.________________.. 42.55

Middle Atlantic:New York... 38.10New Jersey..____________________ 62.35Pennsylvania._____________________- 63.63

East North Central:Ohio._______________.._________ 55.72Indiana.______________._____.___ 49.98Illinois....... ...... 47. 64Michigan.._...______.______ 45.70Wisconsin...__.____........___........ 45.37

West North Central:Minnesota.________________.... .. 45.05Iowa....__ ......__. .----.-...-. ..--- 44.22Missouri_____________________.__. 41.81North Dakota ._... 62.12South Dakota______________________ 35.50Nebraska.._._____________________ 41.45Kansas________________________ 52.86

South Atlantic:Delaware .____..__ 60.45Maryland________________________ 34.22District of Columbia. ___. _. _______.__ 35.65Virginia........... ............................. 53.35West Virginia ___._.....___........_.. 58.58North Carolina...._____....._..__...__ 34.90South Carolina._.______...____...__ 48.05Georgia.__....______...__._.....__ 51.03Florida.......... ... ... ..... 77.15

East South Central:Kentucky.______________________ 46.20Tennessee.__ __________________ 56.41Alabama_______________________ 61.80Mississippi....___....._........___.....__ 86.30

West South Central:Arkansas..._______________________ 81.42Louisiana.._._____________________ 82.91Oklahoma_________________________ 55.23Texas._______.___...__..___.___. 52.07

Mountain:Montana_______________________ 15.80Idaho..._______.__..__....._....._ 64.82Wyoming__ ......__...._...._.......... 58.64Colorado_________________________ 62.15New Mexico...._.....____....___._.... 38.37Arizona..___*____________________ 66.40Utah-.. . 27.07Nevada._________________________ 72.62

Pacific:Washington____ _. _____________ __.. 60. 54Oregon.......... ... ....__......._... 52.67California______________ .. .. 22.60

Steam en gines and turbines

Internal- combus tion en-

1.134234.935.132.661.386.782.971.48

1.13.97

.77 3.11

3.64 2.79 ..,57

4.2712.273.903.091.73

4.17I.69 3.75

10.62 6.70

II.90 9.82

1.172.192.812.569.51.84

1.84.80

4.88

2.801.12.51

3.04

3.664.19

12.208.09

.772.387.921.225.71

10.56.36

3.36

1.77.51

1.62

Water wheels

5.45

18.334.042.634.278.231.13.56

1.182.65

46.1543.7036.459.806.958.58

10.66.86

4.84

.62

.512.91

17.74

13.65.67.34.54

1.782.401.22

1.631:133.05

10.951.27

20.906.955.10.11

1.071.48.23

.14 1.14

2.37.58.41.38

1.84.05

1.772.25

1.0510.281.12

Motors op erated by purchased electricity

1 Based on Table 37.


TABLE 13. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers utilized in mines and quar ries, 1899-1923, by States and geographic divisions °

Division and State

United States.. __ ........

New England ________ ...Middle Attantic..................East North Central. .............

East South Central. .............West South Central... ____ ...

Pacific.. _ . __ . ...............

New England: Maine ________ ......New Hampshire.. ...........

Rhode Island. . ..............Connecticut ..................

Middle Atlantic:

New Jersey.. ................

East North Central: Ohio...... _ ................Indiana. .....................Illinois.. .....................

West North Central: Minnesota. _________ .Iowa. ____________

North Dakota... ............South Dakota ................Nebraska.. ..................

South Atlantic: Delaware- ___ .. .........

Virginia.....................

North Carolina. _______

Florida......................East South Central:

West South Central:

Mountain:

Idaho ____________ .Wyoming __ ...............

Utah.........................

Pacific: - Washington

U

Bank

812

37946

354223304534

815

1

3564

26

1324114425

14" 43

22

182

41383132

172112

3640

27

1019167

33292037

28399

$99

Horse power

2,868

451,302

' 6571353096724

23792

73

1511

18

8522

1,195

21113296

20513

301552

14

23

215

19244

4

1010

201532

74

13

67192189

911165

124

76

1

Bank

912537846

394325334442

1030

1

31254

26

827

945314615

4729

202

41403519

162114

34381322

624361132171823

28377

309

Horse power

4,608

611,760

914371536180149446191

84

261526

10218

1,640

29505

225274

25

15223

1102-

161

67

118

35416

67

1142

533592

148

9532

1742610991647.4727

218

162

1

Rank

912638547

394331374438

1828

1

51464

32

12291745364613

4734

232

41423526

92410

3320

315

1130211622

81925

2740

7

919

Horse power

6,724

622,1251,151

426850352684717357

64

2812

39

9234

1,999

33813031833827

14432

1002

122

134

119

58704

55

1345

14957

146

2186

448129

1443163

11660

1668651

386

313

1

Rank

912748536

414231354439

1829

1

515

76

30

12322046374514

4734

232

40433627

1025

9

3321

313

828221716111924

2638

4

323

Horse power

7,500

762,2111,236

462920416775921483

87

351529

11040

2,061

358141346355

36

16032

1051

122

150

117

74750

96

1449

17467

175

2690

503156

1804380

12514017410970

5111

421

From census reports. The figures for 1899 are those reported for 1902. The figures for 1923 are estimated on the basis of past growth. Motors operated by purchased power are included.

TAB

LE 14.

tior

sepo

wer

, in

tho

usan

ds,

of p

rim

e m

over

s ut

iliz

ed i

n ag

ricu

lture

, 18

69-1

923,

by

Stat

es a

nd g

eogr

aphi

c di

visi

ons*

Div

isio

n an

d St

ate

Uni

ted

Stat

es _

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

Mid

dle

Atl

anti

c.. .

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

..

Wes

t N

orth

Cen

tral

. _ _

______________

Sout

h A

tlan

tic.

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

Eas

t So

uth

Cen

tral

__ , ..

....

....

....

....

....

....

...

Wes

t So

uth

Cen

tral

.. ................................

Mou

ntai

n _________________________

Paci

fic .

..............................................

New

Eng

land

: M

aine

_______________________

New

Ham

pshi

re.. __ _

__

__

__

_ _

_ ..

....

.

Mas

sach

uset

ts.. _________________

Rho

de I

slan

d... .

................................

Mid

dle

Atla

ntic

:

New

Jer

sey ____________________

Eas

t N

orth

Cen

tral

: O

hio _

__

__

__

___

_ . .

......................

Illin

ois _

________ .

...

....

....

.M

ichi

gan.

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_ ..

........

Wes

t N

orth

Cen

tral

:

Mis

sour

i ...

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

..N

orth

Dak

ota .

..................................

Sout

h D

ako

ta..

.. _

__

__

__

__

__

_ ....

Kan

sas.

Sout

h A

tlant

ic:

Del

awar

e ______________________

Mar

ylan

d ________

__

__

....

....

....

....

Dis

tric

t of

Col

umbi

a.. .

.........................

Ban

k 6 3 1 5 2 4 8 9 7 18 24 19 30 36 31 2 26 4 3 5 16 13 25 6 7 35 27 34 21

1869 H

orse

po

wer

9,58

8

614

1,47

62,

794

1,19

01,

532

1,22

634

4 29 383

154

125

153 86 19 77 784

107

585

729

518

990

259

298

115

479

461 29 106 38 144

Ban

k 8 4 1 2 3 5 6 9 7 26 30 27 32 39 33 4 31 6 3 7 1 16 12 17 2 5 36 20 10 37 25

1879 H

orse

po

wer

13,7

64 632

1,59

83,

660

2,95

91,

748

1,48

892

310

964

7

165

110

165 94 15 83 853 98 647

881

625

1,31

539

944

0

344

978

812 41 262

522 28 165

Ban

k 8 5 2 1 3 4 6 9 7 30 35 31 36 47 37 7 33 10 6 9 14 15 13 2 5 26 21 8 3 42 29

1889 H

orse

po

wer

19,8

35 595

1,76

44,

381

5,87

12,

321

1,98

41,

647

299

973

159 99 159 89 10 79 913

117

734

993

833

1,46

555

5

615

1,38

91,

090

258

397

853

1,26

9 20 198

Ban

k 8 6 2 1 3 4 5 9 7 32 39 35 38 41 10 34 12 6 9 2 13 15 5 1 4 20 17 3 31

L899 H

orse

po

wer

23, 5

19 470

1,75

54,

937

7,69

72,

615

2,28

82,

208

470

1,07

9

140 71 117 71 71 916

117

79

9

1,07

9Q

AJ)

1,57

968

165

8

1,07

91,

673

1,31

4ta

t62

41,

056

1,41

0

188

Ban

k 9 6 2 1 4 5 3 8 7

. 33 35 41 42 J

O 38 17 9 11 3 15 18 2 5 7 12 6 1 32

1909 H

orse

po

wer

30, 8

07 462

1,88

75,

773

10,5

903,

108

2,83

83,

717

1,01

51,

417

194

132 74 62 955

123

809

1,23

01,

078

1,83

286

377

0

1,26

11,

887

1,60

11,

323

1,01

6I

Kfl

l

1 Q

jil 216

Ban

k 9 7 2 1 4 5 3 6 8 36 38 42 43 13 39 19 9 12 4 15 17 8 3 5 7 11 6 2 34

1919 H

orse

po

wer

39,2

22 471

2,07

96,

870

13,3

703,

763

3,45

34,

976

2,35

81,

882

157

126 99 89

1,05

911

8Q

AO

1,45

01,

285

2,09

61,

058

981

1,67

52,

149

2,00

01

OO

l

1,31

11

091

o QQ

Q

QQ

A

Ran

k 9 8 2 1 4 5 3 6 7 35 in 44 41 16 37 17 10 19 4 13 14 3 5 7 6 34

1923 H

orse

po

wer

38, 1

00 549

2,00

9a

Q

AQ

13, 4

111

ISA

.

2,53

35,

089

2,47

22,

050

1QQ

19

7

107

941

148

920

1 40

41

9fi

ft

2,07

11,

031

1,02

9

1,60

02

206

9 nf

tfji

aaa

1 O

QA

i Q4

i)9

4AQ

216

Cfc

Virg

inia

..

....

..

, ..

....

....

..

.,,...,......

.W

est V

irgin

ia .

.N

orth

Car

olin

a __________________

H*

Flor

ida

£j

Eas

t So

uth

Cen

tral

:

J A

laba

ma.

_ .

.

.gg

M

issis

sip

pi.

...

. .

._

....

._.

.. .

._..

.|

Wes

t Sou

th C

entr

al:

I A

rkan

sas _

_ _

. ....

v\

Okl

ahom

a ____________________

Tex

as. ..

.... . .. . .. .. ..........

Mou

ntai

n:

Idah

o __________

_ . _

__

__

__

__

__

Col

orad

o __

__

__

_______________

Uta

h.............................................

Nev

ada.

. __

__

__

_ . _

__

__

__

__

__

_Pa

cific

: W

ashi

ngto

n _ _

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

8 23 14 20 11 33 9 10 15 17 29 28 22 37 38 39 32 12

414

134

269

153

342 38 408

347

260

211 96 106

142 19 10 10 58 315

13 23 18 22 14 35 9 15 19 21

24 28 8 40 41 34 42 43 38 29 11

413

179

316

193

413 41 525

413

302

248

179

124

020 14 14 53 14 14 28 110

509

17 25 20 23 16 38 12 18 19 22 24 27 41 4 39 40 43 32 44 45 46 34 28 11

515

258

437

298

535 60 655

515

437

377

298

218 40

1,09

1 60 40 20 119 20 20 20 99 198

676

19 27 23 26 14 36 11 18 21 24 25 28 22 7 37 40 42 33 44 45 43 46 29 30 16

564

306

469

329

665 94 785

587

493

423

398

259

493

1,05

8 94 71 47 139 24 24 47 24 211

211

657

21 28 24 26 16 37 14.

20 22 23 25 29 10 4 31 35 39 33 41 45 40 44 27 30 19

647

339

554

401

828

123

928

708

616

586

523

339

1,13

91,

716

246

185 92 215 92 31 92 62 401

277

739

24 30 27 29 16 35 14 20 22 23 25 31 10 1 21 33 37 26 40 44 41 45 28 32 18

746

432

628

471

1,08

419

6

1,05

986

378

574

6

706

432

1,41

02,

428

863

353

157

671

118 39 118 39 549

353

980

23 33 26 30 19 38 20 21 28 27 22 29 9 1 18 31 36 25 42 43 39 45 24 32 15

703

358

679

419

779

130

763

728

499

543

713

460

1,44

12,

475

858

388

167

626

122

114

129 68 654

368

1,02

8

« E

stim

ated

on

the

basi

s of

acr

eage

of i

mpr

oved

far

m la

nd.

Purc

hase

d po

wer

and

tru

cks

not i

nclu

ded.


TABLE 15. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers'installed in irrigation and drainage, 1909-1928, by States and geographic division"

Division and State

United States......................................

West North Central. _____ . ______ .. ........South Atlantic ...........................................West South Central ___________________

Pacific. .. . ..

East North Central: Indiana.Illinois ______ . ____________ . ...........Michigan... __ .

West North Central:Tnwa.Missouri. _____ . __ . _ .North Dakota ... __________ . ____ . ....

( TTivnjSaf!South Atlantic:

West South Central: Arkansas _ __ . .. ...

Texas. ... _ . ...Mountain:

Idaho.. . . _ . . ....Wyoming ... __ . _____________ . _

Arizona ....... ......................................Utah . .--. ... _ ...._... - _._ .

Pacific:

California.. ... __ _ .... _ .. ______ ..

1

Bank

4

231

13

14

732

109

15864

1216

611

1

909

Horse power

361

4

13973

146

2

2

125869

4718

1436

21

143

128

1

Bank

4&6231

188

20

151617

2114

22

423

115

1912137

10

691

919

Horse power

816

2016

123690

454

118

1

332

17

1

619381

1029

198

2211

2316

415

1

Bank

456231

219

17

1516

222314

18

423

117

1912138

1020

561

923

Horse power

1,300

23182

370108784

120*2

4aii»2

9»156>130

123ft

210102513..1

6040

684

> Figures for 1909 and 1919 from census reports; for 1923 estimated on basis of past growth.

DEVELOPMENT OF HOESEPOWEB EQUIPMENT 65

TABLE 16. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers in electric central stations, 1899-1983, by States and geographic divisions 0

Division and State

United States..... . ...

Middle Atlantic. .....................

T*«/*ffip

New England:

Middle Atlantic: Now York

East North Central: Ohio .......... . . ...

Illinois... ............................

West North Central:

Kansas.. ..... ..................South Atlantic:

Virginia.............................West Virginia... _ ...... ___ ......

East South Central:

West South Central:

Louisiana. -------------- _ . .........

Mountain: Montana

Colorado .............................New Mexico- _ . ___ - ............

Utah.................................

Pacific:

Oregon _ . ..........................California. _ ... ___ . __ . .......

18

Bank

312578964

191226

52418

17

2

6948

14

10131146392930

3521

403136272837

23203438

32334317

1541441647454248

2522

3

99

Horse power

1,200

15638425210057383658

119

15259

801215

22640

118

683190

> 4023

282426

2488

514

475985

12Ifi

5

763

20

2343

201241

101495

19

Rank

412669873

202128

62918

184

7935

14

11251044423622

4826

353731122340

24273239

41383315

1634471346433045

19172

09

Horse power

5,225

4751,4201,145

410345147164274855

585537

2203570

870130420

220130480230

85

12053

12512153055

552

302835

1205520

55403220

18243280

7530

795

7153510

6570

720

19

Rank

412658973

333836

52420

192

710468

16151345432821

493032291922142739

34231842

41443512

1731462647402548

1137

3

19

Horse power

15,250

1,4904,2003,3651,2741,337

604500775

1,705

1108090

800160250

2,100400

1,700

700370

1,100- 745

450

2602803003440

130230

512011012025023030013072

110202250

42

4238

110310

26011532

134I860 1

ISO16

32085-'

1,300

IS

Bank

A

412658973

374035

62415

1102

512479

18161345433421

492231291923113238

362620-41

42443314

1726463047392748

828

3

123

Horse power

22,000-

2,2099,0195,000-l,TW2,000'

740*669

1,1002,600

14084!

152;1,192

243.38$

2,930*520*

2,660

l,310i496-

1,640)1,125-

630*

338.342450475$

155-310.

1«30016518033025050016010&

145-210)320>

6&

6060

160380

34*230-44.

167! 22

90»' ISOi 17r! 564

ISO)1..856.

Based on census reports for 1902,1907,1912,1917, and 1922.


TABLE 17. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers in electric raifowxel»,. . 1988, by States and geographic divisions °

Division and State

United States... __ ... ___ ......

"ZNew England ____________ .. .Middle Atlantic.. ............. ..........Tlast North Central ____________West North Central. __________

; South Atlantic- ~ _____________East South Central- ___________

"West South Central ___________TMountain _________________Pacific. . _ . __ ...... _ ...... _ .

"New England: Maine. _____________ _New Hampshire. __________Vermont _________ . ..Massachusetts- _______ ___ .Rhode Island. ____________Connecticut. _____________

Middle Atlantic: New York. ______________New Jersey- _____________Pennsylvania. _______ . .....

East North Central: Ohio .. .

Illinois _________________Michigan.. __ .....................

West North Central: Minnesota.. _____________Iowa _________________Missouri _______________

South Dakota ____________Nebraska. ______________

South Atlantic:

Maryland _______________District of Columbia .................Virginia _ ... . _ . ...................West Virginia.. _________ ....

Georgia ______________ ..Florida. . .... . . .

East South Central: Kentucky ... . ____ . _ ..

Alabama . _ .. ____ _ , _

West South Central:

Oklahoma... . _ . __ _ . .....Texas . __ ......................

Mountain:

Utah.... .. .........

Pacific:

1

Bank

31245789

2432384

2611

1145

313279

16156

3334

281220172529301035

18272139

3619

31

40

22

23378

899

Horse power

935

13028027084812516

40

731

936

20

1751590

1ft

993326

141550

3

4198

11744

222

10681

210

4

1

8

82

30

1

Bank

31254789

2540394

2319

1172

3

5138

11187

3135

331230102632361434

27202238

37214128

42

2443

29

61516

909

Horse power

3,091

386843710289tin1148554

270

2746

270334ft

50050

293

290Oft

1806090

8550

120

1915

177721882718156017

2744349

1242

427

1

301

22

1605852

1

Bank

412538796

2140393

2016

1334

269

1722

10127

3037

28253411183529

527

24232638

32143615

19

81331

919

Horse power

4,360

4891,167

98248357412918859

289

4935

32052fin

85024

293

5601671486047

142138165

2711

3240

, 22140601528

20433

4244349

25801568

59

15011425

E

Bank

4125$8607

1740393

20-18

1274

2&9

1&22

1110)7

2935

2334,316

143733

526

21242838

25133215

16

301236

983:

Horse power

4v 100'

463^11,287

452.RfiA

111

21860

146

52a

300.4755

1 600132-

255

38614*147554fr

12*134162

277

351525

170824

1520832

4435284

35951870

60

25116

5

« Based on census reports for 1902,1907,1912,1917, and 1922,


18, Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers in central electric stations <QMd electric railroads plus horsepower of electric motors driven by electricity generated in manufactures and in mines and quarries, 1899-1983, by States and geographic divisions a

Division and State

United States .

New England _____________ T ...Middle Atlantic - ... _ -East North Central.. _______ .......West North Central- ___ . .............South Atlantic ... .................East South Central. .....................West South Central ......................

Pacific... ..... __ ............ __ .......

New England:

New Hampshire- __________

Massachusetts- ____________Rhode Island.. ________ . ......

Middle Atlantic:New York. ..........................

PiyrmsylvRTifo . .East North Central:

Ohio.................................Indiana..

West North Central: Minnesota ___ . ....................

Kansas. . ______ . ..............South Atlantic:

Delaware- ___ _ ... __ . ....

District of Columbia .................

West Virginia... .....................

East South Central:

Tennessee ___ .. __ .... ..........

Mississippi- __ __ - ............West South Central:

Oklahoma.. ... ....._._.......Texas . . ... .. ___ ......

Mountain:

Colorado ____ .. _ ......

Utah......... ........... .............

Pacific: Washington __ . ________ . ....

If

Bank

312468975

2320325

2713

192

41137

10

12148

49443334

371639251735281840

21242942

36304522

1941431546473848

26316

99

Horse power

2,575

3228276372031767256

100182

242913

1922044

43567

325

20356

2318760

45438524

1311

10368

2231111931

8

2623176

11173

25

3064

433392

2117

144

1£

Bank

312658074

263136

62914

192

4738

11

13231047463528

411844191533162037

24252742

39303822

3240491748433445

1221

5

K>9

Horse power

11,878

1,3103,6212,860

871957370291415

1,183

1128356

78396

180

1,684332

1,605

874398987366265

232126319

141657

107

3515823

15816779

16113541

11411410834

378441

129

81359

16014247418

244135804

19

Bank

.......

312648975

303541

52616

291

3847

10

1315114845

. 3224

442239211423201837

28251943

42343617

2740472946383349

12316

19

Horse power

27,839

2,7768,4676,8612,1382,560

979835

1,0692,154

231150108

1,544278465

3,471851

4,145

2,120859

1,9291,191

762

5034775883553

184298

62323134346497309365375149

244292371

72

84162150439

27112838

23543

14617632

543225

1,386

IS

Rank

.......

312649875

283238

52413

291

3847

10

14171146453425

441937201826152239

33292143

42363516

2331473049414048

12276

(23»

Horse power

34,922

3,76610,3758,7292,5193,1821,0031,0641,2852,999

294228184

2,038394628

4,6231,0584,694

2,6761,2342,3261,629

864

5675457074958

209384

79468193445540333565407152

222276418

87

110202205547

39724149

25626

13515031

692296

2,011

Figures in table represent total horsepower of all electric generators.» No information available for horsepower of electric motors In mines and quarries in 1923.


TABLE 19. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers installed in ships, 1889- 1928, by States and geographic divisions °

^Division and State

Middle Atlantic....

West South Central ......

Pacific . ......

New England:

Rhode Island ...

Middle Altantic: New York ___ . ....

East North Central: Ohio .

Illinois _______ -

West North Central:

North Dakota.

Kansas ...............South Atlantic:

District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia.

East South Central: Kentucky ___ . ....

Alabama _ . ___ .Mississippi .

West South Central: Arkansas __

Mountain:

Idaho . ...

Utah.................XfairfkHa

Pacific:

Oregon _ .. ..........California ______

1

Rank

......

3126587

4

734356

1711

1165

232143

10

3123

9

36

30

24 202529261821

19212827

12

33

15134

389

Horse power

1 444

21154132150

1043033

154

6422

941633

4231999

1314

2512536

47

38

1

4456

11545

168

12945

30

3

2027

107

1

Rank

.....

4126587 93

103435

62112

1195

282133

11

73314

36

298

25 202630271718

22232824

15

31

37

9164

399

Horse power

1 000

1936685001121622831

1205

5322

S31538

53821

109

2164

3520342

773

31

1

5706

19645

2522

8857

27

4

1

6327

115

11

Rank

" "

4126587

3

123332

72215

1136

231144

17

53423

35

259

28 10

26291918

27302124

16

20

8113

909

horse power

3,122

2501,150

7901852364457

410

6112

1281642

92858

164

4923

4521634

1671

16

1

10836

62

86

3031

85

2011

37

20

12362

225

1

Rank

6135487

2

16

32112417

1136

331158

20

5342333

211029

9

26271918

28302225

14

12

472

519

Horse power

6,584

2792,5271,003

47954947

182

1.518

59

21491752

2^125111391

6484

6325533

4571

192

31186

6 223

129

3547

75

2312

67

115

540274704

If

Bank

_______

6147385

2

2028339

2318

1224

332191424

7342735

36

155

30 6

21261612

29311725

8

10

13112

K»

Horse power

10,262____657

4,298966437

1,499102731

1,672

5615

13853367

3,57535

688

7503

5913123

4161

181

1

93699

5 509

871986

151

74

7021

393

338

143224

1,305

Computed on the basis of tonnage figures contained in Merchant Marine Statistics (reports of the Com missioner of Navigation). See Table 30 for method of ascertaining totals.

DEVELOPMENT OF HORSEPOWER EQUIPMENT §9

TABLE 20. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers in motor-driven vehicles, 1919 and 19SS, by States ana geographic divisions

Division and State

United States..... ___ .......

New England ........................MtddleAtlantic . ..................East North Central ________ .

South Atlantic .......................East South Central ____ .... .....West South Central ..................Mountain _______________Pacific. ________ . ___ . ....

New England:

Middle Atlantic: New York........................New Jersey ......................

East North Central: Ohio.............................Indiana ..........................Illinois ...........................

West North Central:

Iowa .............................

North Dakota ...................South Dakota. ...................Nebraska ........................Kansas ...........................

South Atlantic: Delaware ____________Maryland _____ . ............District of Columbia.............Virginia..........................West Virginia....................

Georgia .................... ......Florida.... _ . _________ .

East South Central:

Tennessee ........................

West South Central:Arkansas

Texas ............................Mountain:

Montana ........................

Arizona ..........................Utah.............................Nevada ..

Pacific: Washington.

California ........................

Total

1919

Bank

7~

3 1 2 4 9 6 8 5

34 43 45 9

39 21

1 16 3

2 13 4 8

12

14 6

10 . 28

23 15 11

48 24 41 25 37 19 30 17 35

26 29 33 32

38 36 20

7

31 40 46 22 47 44 42 49

18 27

5

Horse power

230,432

16,430 37,770 64,230 44,590 21,209 8,783

16,564 9,736

21.130

1,728 965 816

8,140 1,469 3,312

17,250 5,820

14,700

16,080 6,930

14,600 9,410 7,210

6,710 11,100 7,400 2,518 3,092 6,400 7,370

493 2,918 1,079 2,870 1,630 3,510 2,439 4,680 1,690

2,742 2,449 1,794 1,798

1,605 1,564 3,405

10,090

1,808 1,286

651 3,200

551 883

1,073 284

4,640 2,540

13,950

1923

Rank

7 2 1 3 5 8 6 9 4

36 42 44 10 38 27

1 14 7

3 9 5 6

12

13 8

11 36 31 17 15

48 24 39 20 28 19 32 22 29

21 23 33 87

34 30 16 7

40 41 46 25 47 45 43 49

18 26

2

Horse* power

607,254

31,820 90,678

127,210 80,986 46,670 20,367 42,003 16,966 51,666

3,675 2,075 1,780

16,250 2,580 5,460

40,800 14,628 36,360

36,210 18,700 32,750 24,130 15,420

16,120 19,300 16,100 3,695 4,450 9,670

12,650

1,020 5,730 2,620 7,400

5,335 8,350 4,310 5,870 5,135

6,703 5,857 4,280 3,527

3,804 4,610

10,860 23,239

2,495 2,106 1,343 5,705 1,117 1,661 2,010

630

8,740 5,605

37,210

Exclusive of pleasure automobiles

1919

Rank

4 2 1 3 5 8 6 9 7

30 36 43

5 31 11

1 12 3

28 4 7

17

. 13 9

14 44 36 18 16

46 20 37 19 21 22 38 23 27

24 28 25 39

40 32 29

6

48 41 46 33 47 42 34 49

15 26 10

Horse power

10,964

1,014 2,628 2,816 1,342

962 416 764 330 702

78 62 26

620 78

260

1,768 260 600

988 364 780 468 216

260 312 260 26 52

208 224

26 166 62

182 130 130 62

130 104

130 104 130 62

62 78

104 620

16 62 26 78 18 52 78 10

260 ISO 312

1923

Rank

4 2 1 3 5 8 6 9 7

27 41 46

8 28 17

1 4 6

2 7 3 9

15

10 14 11 47 36 19 18

43 32 40 16 39 22 33 21 20

24 26 29 36

34 2326

6

37 44 46 30 48 42 38 49

13 31 12

Horse power

53,724

4,679 12,100 14,770 6,620 4,664 2,107 4,131 1,686 3,078

515 230 110

2,400 460 964

6,720 2,930 2,460

4,780 2,420 4,040 2,400 1,130

1,600 1,196 1,520

108 347 876 876

174 383 236

1,016 246 701 382 741 775

676 632 466 343

373678 610

2,470

276 171 149 448

99 216 260

66

1,220 428

1,430

Based on registration figures by States from reports of National Automobile Chamber of Commerce Automobiles, motor cycles, and tracks are included.. See Table 33 for average horsepower of automobiles.


TABLE 21. Index numbers of horsepower of prime movers, number of wage earners, and volume of production, 1889-1919, by special groups

[1899=100]

"Materials". _______

Agriculture ................

Horsepower of prime movers

1889

75 156 "80 78 84 45

1899

100 100 100 100 100 100

1909

176 195 136 217 132 161

1919

265 282 193 346 186 234

Number of wage earners «

1889

81 80 81 8182 62

1899

100 100 100 100 100 100

1909

126 125 123 162 120 156

1919

133 170 108 206 104 176

Volume of production »

1889

7375 72 67 75 60

1899

100 100 100 100 100 100

1909

140 150 125 190 122 183

1919

190 220 145 306 137 260

All commodities _ .. .....

"Materials". ................

Mines and quarries . ......

Horsepower per wage earner /

1889

f92 69 98 97

101 73

1899

100 100 100 100 100 100

1909

140 155 111 134 110 103

1919

199 164 179 168 179 133

Production per wage earner »

1889

90 94 89 83 92 97

1899

100 100 100 100 100 100

1909

111 120 102 117 102 117

1919

143 129 134 149132 148

.verages.J for definitions

« Table 7.* Stewart, W. W., Am. Econ. Review, March. 1920, p. 57. Figures represent five-year avers o Comprise "manufactures," "materials," and ''transportation." See footnotes to Table 6 for

of these groups.* Table 6.* Table 3. / Table 8. » Ratio of index numbers of volume of production to index numbers of number of wage earners.

TABLE 22. Index numbers of total horsepower of prime movers and acreage of improved land, 1849-1928

[1899=100]

Year

1849..................................................................1859 ________________________ . ______ .. __ . .....1869 .._... ...... ...._.. .__ ________.__._. ..._..._.... 1879 __ ..............................................................1889..................................................................1899..................................................................M09 ...-.-..--.-_................. ...._._..._......................1919-.................................................................1923-..................................................................

Horsepower of prime movers

Total

16 25 30 45 74

100 188 617

1,065

Exclusive of pleasure

automobiles

100 176 275 359

Acreage of improved

land «

27 39 46 69 86

100 115 122

a Census reports.


TABLE 23.: Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers utilized in manufactures,1849-1923

"" Year

1849 &......_1869 »-- .1869 .....1879 ___ ...1889-.......1899 ____ .1909. .......1919 ........1923 __ . ...

Total horse power

1,100 1,600 2,346 3,411 5,939

10,098 18,675 29,505 33,094

Owned

Total

1,100 1,600 2,346 3,411 5,850 9,778

16,803 20,063 19,729

Steam engines

and tur bines

450 700

1,216 2,185 4,586 8,190

14,229 17,038 16,701

Inter nal* com

bustion engines

9 134 751

1,2591,224

Water wheels

650 900

1,130 1,226 1,265 1,454 1,823 1,765 1,803

Driven by purchased power

Total

*.320

1,872 9,442

13, 365

Elec tric

motors

182 1,749 9,348

13,365

Other

89 137 123 94

(-0

Electric motors

Total

16 493

4,817 16,317 22,187

Driven by

Pur chased power

(«) 182

L749 9,348

13,365

Owned power

311 3,068 6,9698,822

0 Census reports. »Estimated.

Figures not available. <* Not reported.

TABLE 24. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers utilizedîn mines and quarries, 1849-1928 a

Year

1849 *. . .1859 ».. __ .1869 ........1879 ». ....1889 ........1899 ........1909 ____1919........1923 ........

Total horse power

50 150 350 650

1,300 2,868 4,608 6,724 7,500

Owned

Total

50 150 350 650

1,300 2,764 4,403 6,112 5,000

Steam engines

and tur

bines

38 120 275 525

1,050 2,433 3,787 3,713 3,275

Inter nal*

com bustion engines

260 519

1,361 1,700

Water wheels

12 30 75

125 250

61 97 38 25

* Driven by purchased power

Total

114 206

1,612 2,500

Elec tric

motors

114 206

1,603 2,500

Other

9

Electric motors

Total

114 700

2,862 2,500

Driven by

Pur chased power

114 206

1,603 2,500

Owned power

494 1,259

0 Census reports.& Estimated from data in census reports.* Estimated.

TABLE 25. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers utilized in agriculture,1849-1928

Year

1849 _ .....1859........1869........1879........1889. ....1899........1909........1919 _ .....1923 _ .....

Oxen

1,7012,2551,317

9941,117

960640370100

Mules

5591,1511,1251,8122,2522,7533,7874,6523,700

Horses

4,3376,2497,146

10,35815,26715,50617,43017,22016,000

Total animals

6,5979,655a fiRS

13,16418,63619, 21921,85722,24219,800

Wind mills

1002003004504Rn500

Steam engines

5001,0003,5004,5003,5003,000

Station ary gas

5003,5007,0006,800

Electric motors

3001,5002,200

Gas tractors

5006,0008,000

Trucks

3,0007,120

Grand total

6,5979,6559,588

13,76419,83623,51931,10743,72247,420

« O. D. Kinsman, TJ. S. Dept. Agriculture.


TABLE 26. Approximate number, in thousands, of draft animals in the UnitedStates, 1849-1923

Year

1849 _ .... ..1859 ____ . ____ ..1869. .1879..................1889. ... _ ... _ ..1899..................1909..................1919..................1923 »...... ......

Grand total

7,747 10,961 11,275 15,324 21,311 22,274 25,262 24,221 21,500

On farms

Total

6,597 9,655 9,588

13,164 18,636 19,219 21,857 22,242 19,800

Oxen

1,701 2,255 1,317

994 1,117

960 640 370 100

Mules

559 1,151 1,125 1,812 2,252 2,753 3,787 4,652 3,700

Horses

4,337 6,249 7,146

10,358 15,267 15,506 17,430 17,220 16,000

Not on farms

Total

1,150 1,306 1,687 2,160 2,675 3,055 3,405 1,979 1,700

Mules

100 120 140 160 175 182 269 344 400

Horses

1,050 1,186 1,547 2,000 2,500 2,873 3,136 1,635 1,300

C. D. Kinsman, TJ. S. Dept. Agriculture. * Estimated.

TABLE 27. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers in central stations and electric railroads, 1889-192S °

Year

1889 ...... ........1899......... ....__ 1909..................1919 ..................1923 ..............

Electric central stations

Total

120 1,200 5,225

15,250 22,000

Steam engines and tur

bines

120 950

3,450 10,100 15,000

Internal- combus tion en

gines

75 250 350

Water wheels

250 1,700 4,900 6,650

Electric railroads

Total

140 935

3,091 4,360 4,100

Steam engines and tur

bines

140 900

2,850 3,800 3,650

Internal- combus tion en

gines

21 30 30

Water wheels

35 220 530 420

Based on census of .electrical industries for 1902,1907,1912,1917, and 1922.

TABLE 28. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers utilized in irrigation anddrainage, 1879-1923 °

Year

1879.........1889 .........1899. ........

Total

533

120

Steamengines and tur

bines

2.58

30

Internal-combus tion en

gines

8in

Water wheels

2.51760

Year

1909-. .......1919.- .......1923-........

Total

361816

1,300

Steamengines and tur

bines

90200300

Internal-combus tion en

gines

90200<tnn

Water wheels

181416700

Data for 1879,1889, and 1923 estimated; for other years from census reports. Division among different types of prime movers was estimated.


TABLE 29. Horsepower of locomotives of steam railroads, 1849-1928

Year

1849........ _ ......__._.._._._._._..._...1859...... _ _.._..........__.._.._...._...1869.. ..._..________.. __ ..... .. . 1879---_.__..___..._.__._..__......._...__.1889._.___.___........._.___._.___..___...__1899- ..- _ ... _ ... __ .............1909.............................. _ ......WW.....................^................1923... ....................................

Horsepower

435,000 1,940,000 4,100,000 7,720,000

16,300,000 20,900,000 45,400,000 72,300,000 74,600,000

Tractive force (pounds)

Total*

14,850,000 66,400,000

139,600,000 263,000,000 556,000,000 712,000,000

1,548,000,000 2,462,000,000 2,544,000,000

Average per loco motive «

8,250 10,850 13,200 15,600 17,900 19,443 26,601 35,789 39,177

Number of loco

motives'

1,800 6,120

10,580 17,084 31,062 36,703 68,219 68,977 64,939

Miles of track

9,021 30,635 52,914 86,497

161,397 190,818 235,402 256,572

Derived from " Tractive force " by the following formula furnished by the bureau of locomotive inspe c- tion, Interstate Commerce Commission: -j=g-=horsepower, where T tractive force and V=«averagespeed in miles per hour,

fr Result of multiplying "average per locomotive" by number of locomotives for each year. Data for 1909,1919, and 1923 from statistical reports of Interstate Commerce Commission. Other figures

are estimated from dimensions of representative locomotives (found in histories of locomotives), as-C'SP applied to the Baltimore locomotive formula for tractive force: T= p , where C= diameter of cylinder

in inches, S=stroke of pistion in inches, P=mean effective boiler pressure in pounds, and D= diameter of driving wheel in inches.

<* Data for 1879 and 1889 in Poor's "Manual of railroads"; for 1899,1909, 1919, and 1923 in statistical reports of Interstate Commerce Commission. Figures for 1849,1859, and 1869 obtained by applying factor 0.20 to miles of railroad. This factor was selected as representative for those years, after factors for available- data had been worked out.

Poor's "Manual of railroads."

TABLE 30. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers in ships, 1849-1983 °

Year

1849..............................1869..............................1869..............................1879 _________________1889..............................1899..............................1909..............................19191923..............................

Total horse power

734 1,142 1,076 1,110 1,444 1,900 3,122 6,584

10,262

Steam engines and turbines

Tonnage

526 868

1,075 1,212 1,859 2,658 4,741

10,059 15,358

Horse power

J305 J503 »624 »703

' 1,078 * 1,542 <«2,750 5,734 9,247

Internal-combus tion engines ">

Tonnage

356 464

Horse power

/494 /664

« Wind (sail) «

Tonnage

3,010 4,486 3,171 2,856 2,566 2,507 2,608 2,492 2,463

Horse power

429* 639 452 407 366 358 372 350 351

o Data obtained from annual "List of merchant vessels of the United States" and from "Merchant marine statistics of 1924" issued by the Bureau of Navigation.

» Internal-combustion engines in ships not separable from total before 1915.* Estimated, by assuming 4 tons in a sailing vessel equivalent to 1 ton in a steam vessel and applying the

appropriate factor.* Estimated, by assuming 0.58 horsepower per gross ton, the ratio found for steam vessels in 1910.* Estimated, by assuming 0.57 horsepower per gross ton, the ratio found for steam, vessels in 192ft / Estimated, by assuming 1.39 horsepower per gross ton, the ratio found for "gas" vessels im 1929..


TABLE 31. Horsepower, in thousands, of prime movers of motor-driven vehicles (automobiles), 1899-1923 °

Horsepower

!«» ...... . . .. .1919 ________________1923 _____ . ____ . ___ ...

2,969 69,027

132,932

4,454 148,393 319,056

7,423 217,420 451,988

256 10,964 53,724

35 2,0481,542

7,714 230,432 507,254


1899 _________ . __ . ....1909-........ ...............1919 _____ . _______ . _ .1923____....____..._._____.___.

100 23,200

679,000 1,412,000

100 24,100

721,000 1,585,000


1899...........................1909...........................1919. __________ . .......1823...........................

100 2,3254,477

100 3,332 7,163

4 100

2,929 60,892

1004,283

20,986

100 5,851 4,206

4100

2,987 65,758

Horsepower of a Ford considered 20. Half of passenger cars registered considered to be Fords. Average horsepower of all other passenger cars and trucks given in Table 33.

TABLE 32. Number of automobiles registered, 1899-1923 a

Total

Year

1899...........................1909...........................1919 ...........................1923....._.__.._...__._...____.

Passenger cars

Fords«

148,450 3,451,358 6, 646, 618

All others

148,450 3,451,358 6, 646, 618

Total

3,200296,900

6,902,716 13,293,236

Trucks

* 13, 500 421,692

1,627,569

Motor cycles

'7,000 241,038 171,372

Total

3,200 '817,460 7,565,446

15,092,177


1899 _______ .... ___ .....1909...........................1919...........................1923 ____ . _______ . ...

100 9,278

215,709 415,412

100 9,919

236,419 471,631


1899 _________ . ____ ..1909...........................1919 _______ . __ ... ..1923 ___ .......... ........

100 2,3254,477

100 2,3254,477

1 100

2,3254,477

100 3,124

12,056

100 3,443 2,448

1 100

2,384 4,765

« Registration figures as given in annual reports of National Automobile Chamber of Commerce. * Proportion of tracks and motor cycles estimated from registration in 1914 and subsequent years.


TABLE 33. Average horsepower used in determining total horsepower of automobile engines in 1909, 1919, and 1923 «

*

Passenger cars, other than Fords * _________________ . _____ ..

Motorcycles ____________________________________

1909

30195

-1919

4326&5

1923

48339.0

Based on actual or brake horsepower of automobile engines as furnished by the different automobile manufacturers compared with similar figures published in the January numbers of "Motor." The average horsepower of the engines of passenger cars tor the different years was obtained by arranging the different makes of automobiles in groups according to volume of production. The average horsepower of each group was obtained, and the average of the groups for each year was then found by weighting tbe average of each group according to volume of production of all the makes included in the group. The average horsepower of trucks is the average of the horsepower of the engines of the different makes of trucks.

* See Table 31.

TABLE 34. Number of wage earners and horsepower of prime movers in certain industrial establishments not included in census totals for manufactures, 1909 and 1919 «

Governmental manufacturing establlsh-

Power laundries ______________Dyeing and cleaning.....,, ....... ......

Custom gristmills

Number of estab

lishments

405,186

4,13311,961

1909

Number of wage earners

32, 519109,484

7,0907,014

i

Horse power

47, 787123,477

93,280272,763

Number of estab

lishments

S35,6782,1365,396

10,427

1919

Number of wage earners

106,763131,87918,8073,1752,134

Horse power

172,998196,79323,946

130,916218, S94

Census of manufactures, 1920.

TABLE 35. Horsepower of prime movers of municipal water-supply plants of certaincities for 1926 «

City

Baltimore. ________________Boston __________________Chicago.. _______________Kansas City.. ______________Minneapolis _______________New Orleans _______________New York..............................Pittsburgh..............................St. Louis... __ . _____________Seattle . _ _ ...,._.-- ______ .

Population (estimated)

734,000 748,000

2,702,000 324,000 381,000 387,000

5,620,000 588,000 773,000 315,000

12,572,000

Horsepower

Total '

9,070 5,847

18,160 6,200

11,600 19,880 37,945 10, 462 12,540

1,980

133,684

Steam engines

2,725 5,847

18,160 6,200 1,400

19,880 21,300 10,462 12,540

98,514

Internal- combus tion en gines

525

525

Water wheels

200

180

380

Electric motors

driven by purchased

power

6,145.

10,20ft

J6,12ft

1,80ft

34,265,

On the basis of this table, with an estimated urban population for the United States of 65,700,000 in 1926, tbe horsepower of prime movers hi all municipal water-supply plants in the United States was about 700,000.'

TABLE 36. Horsepower of prime movers of aircraft of the Army and Navy and of the-,ships of the Navy

Craft

Battleships.. _____________Cruisers _______________Minelayers _____________Destroyers _____________

Aircraft carriers ___ . ...........Patrol vessels. ......................

Horsepower

555,1311,362,517

423,7317,199,868

KQ£ OAR

367, 152182,935

Craft Horsepower/

184,920236,960475, 18545,866

11,560,570

« Compiled from "Ships' data, U. S. naval vessels, July 1,1924," U. S. Navy Department. 'Annual report of the Chief of Air Service, 1925.

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ent.

3 f^ -4 -4


TABLE 38. Distribution by geographic divisions and States of total area of improved land on farms in the United States, 1869-1919 <

[Figures represent percentages]

United States .. ..

New England _Middle Atlantic __ . ________ . .....East North Central ____________

South Atlantic _ . ____________ .East South Central ...................

Pacific. _ _ __ . -

New England: Maine... .............................New Hampshire ..................Vermont _______________Massachusetts.. ......................Rhode Island.. ____ .1 ........Connecticut _ . ......................

Middle Atlantic: New York... ...... ____ ... .......

East North Central: Ohio ... ... ....... ..... ... ....... .

Illinois.. _ ....... ____ .... _ .....Michigan __________ . .........

West North Central:

Missouri.. _______________

South Dakota ___________ ...Nebraska.. ...........................

South Atlantic:

District of Columbia ..................Virginia.. ............................

North Carolina. _ . ____ .. ....

Georgia .................. .............Florida.. __________ .. __ . ...

East South Central:

Tennessee ___ ___________Alabama __________ ... ....

West South Central:

Oklahoma ... . - .... _ . _Texas _ . .. ___________

Mountain:

Idaho . .........

Utah....... ....... ..... .... .

Pacific:

1869

100.0

6.415.429.112.416.012.83.6.3

4.0

1.61.31.6.9.2.8

8.31.16.0

7.75.4

10.22.73.1

1.25.04.8

(»)(b) o

.31.1

.41.5

(»)4.31.42.81.63.6.4

4.33.62.72.2

1.01.1

1.5

.1(»)W 1

.1(»).(»)(»)

.1

.63.3

1879

100.0

4.611.626.621.512.710.86.7.8

4.7

1.2.8

1.2.7.1.6

6.2.7

4.7

6.44.99.22.93.2

. 2.67.05.9

<*> 0

.31.93.8

.31.2

<*> «3.01.32.31.42.9.3

3.83.02.21.8

1.3.9

4.5

.1

.1(») 0

.2

.1(») 0

.2

.1

.2

.83.7

1889

100.0

3.08.9

22.029.511.710.08.51.54.9

.8

.5

.7

.5

.1

.4

4.6.6

3.7

5.142

.. 7.22.82.7

3.17.05.51.32.04.36.3

.11.0

( '>nfl2.61.32.21.52.7.3

3.32.62.21.9

1.51.0.2

5.8

.3

.2

.1

.5

.1(»)

.2

.1

.51.03.4

1899

100.0

2.07.5

20.932.711.19.79.62.04.5

.6

.3

.5

.3(>>

.3

3.8.5

3.2

4.64.06.72.82.8

4.47.25.62.32.74.56.0

(»).8

<»> r2.51.42.01.42.6.4

3.32.52.11.8

1.71.12.14.7

.4

.3

.2

.6

.1

.1

.2

.1

.8

.82.9

1909

100.0

1.56.1

18.634.410.19.2

12.23.34.6

.5

.2

.4

.2(6) o

.2

3.1.4

2.6

4.03.55.82.82.5

4.16.15.24.33.35.16.3

(6) ,.7.1

2.11.11.81.32.6.4

3.02.32.01.9

1.71.13.75.7

.8

.5

.3

.8

.3

.1

.3

.2

1.3.9

2.4

1919

100.0

1.25.3

17.534.19.68.8.

12.76.04.8

.4

.2

.a

.2(Vi2.6.3

2.4

3.63.3-5.42.72.5

4.55.25.14.9<3.64.96.1

.1

.6" (b> , ft1.9>

1.11.01.22.6.5.

2.82,22.01.8

1.&1.13.66.2

2.2.9°.4

1.6.S.1.4.1

1.41.02.4

* Based on census reports. * Less than 0.1 per cent.


600

500

300

200

IOO

HORSEPOWER HORSEPOWER EXCLUSIVE OF PLEASURE AUTOMOBILES

FIGUBB 1. Total horsepower of prime movers in tha United States, 1849-1923. (Table 1)

61750-28 6



(001=6681) X3QNI

SB Sid

6061

6681

6.881

6^.81

6961

6S9I

6*81

(001 = 6681)


FIGURE 4. Index numbers of horsepower of prime movers, 1849-W23, by types of priiafe movers.(Table 4-C)


II II

II

1I1

CO-t co

O) V)co co co

1

CO CO <0

i

\CO 0)CO

i1sS

p

O OJen CD o>

_o


_ "-

MANUFACTURES AND

MATERIALS

~~~ « **"

"MATERIALS"

--- *-^*"

^

"MANUFACTURES"

' - - 's*/

/

/

/

/

iiiililiic c

-"TRANSPORTATION" -"TRANSPORTATION" EX

OF PLEASURE AUTO

n <r i 0 <

-- -

x-^" ^*~"

I

CLUSIVE I MOBILES/f

1C \,'.

f

-

T) CO CO CT> O) 6> O) <0 t> S S ft CD O (N 5 <0 <O to CO 0) u) CD

1,300

I.ZOO

1,100. s

1,000 0

II 9'00 <T>

CO

800 O

700 gUJ

600 1D

500 zX

.4-00 ^

Z 300 -

ZOO '

100

0

FIGURE 6. Horsepower of prime movers, 1849-1923, by special groups. (Table 6.) (See also flg. 7>

1*UKI 1*

1 "

|33

I

"HEAVY TRANSPORTATION" -"LIGHT TRANSPORTATION'

n I , ft "

~^**^*~

I

11 .

!/

/

/

x

1,300

i,aoo

1,100

1,000

900

800

700

600

500

4-OO

300

EOO

100

n

FIGURE 7. Horsepower of prime movers, 1849-1923, by special groups. (Table 0.) (See also flg. 6>

TT. 8. GEOLOGICAL 8UBVEY WATBR-flUPPLY PAPER B79 PLATE 1

MANUFACTURES INSTALLED PRIME MOVERS

MANUFACTURES(INCLUDING HORSEPOWER OF EQUIPMENT

DRIVEN BY PURCHASED POWER)

1923 V/////////////////////////////////777AMINES AND QUARRIES

(INCLUDING HORSEPOWER OF EQUIPMENTDRIVEN BY PURCHASED POWER)

1849 1859 1869 1879 1889 1899 1909 1919

SHIPS

Y///////////////////////////////////AY//////////////////////A

MINES AND QUARRIES INSTALLED PRIME MOVERS

1849

186918791889189919091919

^??#?#??#^^Y'//YS////'////'///Y^//////////^^^

V///////////////////////////////A

V///////////////////////////////////////A-AGRICULTURE

(INCLUDING HORSEPOWER OF EQUIPMENT DRIVEN BY PURCHASED POWER)

i 1

m.ELECTRIC CENTRAL STATIONS ELECTRIC RAILROADS

1889 1899 IS09

Y////////////////////////////////////////////Y////////////////////////////,

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE1879 J889 1899 1909 1919

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 PER CENT

Steam engines Internal-corn- Water Electric motors and turbines bustion engines wheels driven by purchased

electric power

i' ' I~~ T~ n I I I I Windmills Work Equipment other 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 60 90 100 PER CENT or sails animals than electric motors

driven by purchased

HORSEPOWER OF PRIME MOVERS INSTALLED AND UTILIZED IN DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES, 184S-1923, BY TYPES OFPRIME MOVERS

Based on data in Table 5


1,000

goo

5*800 o

<n 700 o> 2V 6o°KId

!|J 500

D

2 AGO X Ui

§ 300

200

100

O

1 HORSEPOWER _...... HORSEPOWER EXCLU

OF PLEASURE AUTOMOBSIVE ILES

POPULATION

. --C.r/-

-\

iV_^.- -

F

f

HORSEPOWER...... HORSEPOWER EXCLUSIVE

OF PLEASURE AUTOMOBILES WAGE EARNERS

FIQXTEE 8. Horsepower of prime movers, population, and wage earners in United States, 1849-192&, (Tables 1,3, and 7.) (See also figs. 9,10)


I.9OO

HORSEPOWER

POPULATION

ELECTRIC RAILROADS

X

y/

/ x'

y/

r,.

j> <n o> 0) to» 0) O - N D 00 0) 0) 8)

700 Q"

O

600 ^

OD500 O

cc

S

300 2XIU

200 Qz

100

0

FIGURE 9. Horsepower of prime movers, population, and wage earners In United States, 1849-1923. (Tables 1, 3, and 7.) (See also flgs. 8,10)


-..

"~~~

. -

HORSEPOWER

- POPULATION

SHIPS

. ̂

/

MINES AND QUARRIES

~~* .-J-~Z\^

s

//f

/s~'~

\

70O

60O

500

400|

300 A

i 200 ̂

10ee.

lOOozDozXUlo z

300

200

too

o

400

300

-S200 oi 100

"MANUFACTURES" AND"MATERIALS"

MANUFACTURES"

HEAVY TRANSPORTATION"

"MATERIALS*

_ o o 9

W o o

FIGURE 10. Horsepower of prime movers, population, and wage earners in United States, 1849-1923. (Tables 1,3, and 7.) (See also figs. 8,9)


30O

200

IOO

0

7QO

6OO

500

4OO

300

200

too^ xO2 o

n 0)

1

ct 200UJ

g 1003 '

2 0 Xu.az

300

200

IOO

O

200

IOO

O

2OO

IOO

0a x0

,.

MANUFACTURES

» ! ' ~w~~* - ^

^

-"

PER INHABITANT PER INHABITANT, EXCLUSIVE

OF PLEASURE AUTOMOBILES

^ -

7

.

""""" S

.STEAM RAILROADS

i^ ^

^-^-^^

AGR CULTURE

"HEAVY TRANSPORTATION

-* -^-^"

^--

"MANUFACTURES"

x

S

-11-r

*^

/

n

^

,/

s

1 0> 0) 0) 0> 9> 0>C)<0 1O,1O N » 0> O -N

icocotococotnaio)

c^0

K§NES AND QUARRIES

^ - - - **~~~

+-~~

PER WAGE EARNER PER WAGE EARNER.EXCLUS1VE

OF PLEASURE AUTOMOBILES

^*

/ELECTRIC RAILROADS SHIPS

^- '7/

ELECTRIC CENTRAL STATIONS

^/

"MANUFACTURES"

"MATERIALS"

=~ «esZ.

"MATERIALS"

v

f1

/

,*''

/

^_

/

f

-

'

/

/

) 0>0> 0) 9) 01 0) 0>(0tn 10 ts a> ci O -M

) CO CO COCO 000) ClG)

zoo

IOO

0

70O

600

500

4OO

300

200

100

"o0°

<n01 CO

200 ÔJCQ

100 5

!OJQz

300

200

IOO

o

20O

!OO

0

200

IOO

0

FIGURE 11. Horsepower of prime movers Installed per inhabitant and per wage earner and atflized per wage earner in different activities and groups, 1849-1923. (Table 8)

EX

PL

AN

AT

ION

2,00

0,00

0 h

orse

pow

er

1,60

0,00

0

O

1,00

0,00

0

O

600,

000

O

100,

000

FIQU

BX 1

2. T

otal

hor

sepo

wer

of p

rime

mov

ers,

1923

. (T

able

9)

92

C

O

90 POWBE CAPACITY AND PBODUCTION IN UNITED STATES

© O


(e 6l<&L)

'6681 'siaAom

amud jo aaôdasioq tu

ioi -gt ik

Jlooo2

ooo'ooi o

000*009 O

ooo'ooo'i OO

OO

'009'I

OOO'OOO'o


I

sin" 9 e o o

94 POWER CAPACITY AND PEODUCTION IN UNITED STATES


61750 28-


DEVELOPMENT OP HOKSEPOWER EQUIPMENT

HORSEPOWER PER SQUARE MILE

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 I£OO 1,400

Rhode Island Massachusetts New Jersey Connecticut New York Ohio Pennsylvania Maryjand Illinois Delaware Indiana Michigan Iowa Wisconsin W^st Virginia Missouri New Hampshire California Vejrmont Virginia Minnesota Nqrth Carolina Kentucky Rains as Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee WAshinjgton Nebraska Maine Louisiana Georgia Alabama Florida Texas Mississippi Arkansas North Dakota South Dakota Oregon Colorado Idaho- Utah Montana Arizona Wyoming New Mexico Nevada United States Middle Atlantic N«tw England Eajst North Central South Atlantic Wast North Central Pacific EastSouth Central West South Centra! Mountain

Y//A/////'////.

~y77$////*////s////S///S'////////,S///s

%^////s*////.Y///Ss/S/SY///Js/Yf/sS/s.Y//Ssfy/s/rs///*ffff///f//f///'///////^/////

s/f./.f//<//'///Af/fs\

\fSS7sY/SS////*fyffsY//S.S//fj'/Y/yrs//s* TT*

f///SY///'///s

777^.y//sf///f/Y/j//_///ff/.ty/fsYf/Sf/s/.fff/sV//A//f/sY////f//s////Y///,'/f/jfy/ss/'fs/sff//sY//\'/fAYSr/S

Y//

//

A

\ffssf/YfjsfS////A,f/f//Yfs/s

?

'AA

Y///J*////'////*

'////Yf//./jff/s////////;

s/_///Y///./f//ss////Y/f/s*Y//A///j?/SJ>

///./A**AA

s/SfjSYYS/r//s/>

Y///.Sf//s

////Yff/sSf/f/

'////.////sf///S.Y//Y,/////\A

ff/^SSf/^fjff/SJ

/////f/S/S/^/J

"s/sh////J*//s/fff/sf//fj/////;

Mt

Sf/fsrf//sY/SS,

////Ss/ff/*////

P%>////,///f/////.Sf///

'////.f///j

Y///ff/Sj'/fs^

'////,S///J'////.

/$y;Y///,/ff/ssSf///ffi/£

^Sf^/1

f/s/sY///A

'///J////s*////Y/S/1\

'///s

s///////sY///*

Y///.f///jf///j

if///*

Y///.S///S

Y///.S///J

f////.

'////Y///t'////

//A'4

SSSYs

////s'////////s

3

^{g;4'//''/$* q Y/J

6 '//

FIGUBB 20. Horsepower of prime movers per square mile, 1923, by States and geographic | divisions. (Table 10.) Includes all prime movers except steam railroads and work animals i not on forms


O O


illa

*» o5« sJi^jl! j|| l

Ifhoiffi ||^:|i||if|gtx8i|s]|||||i ;^^l*- «J w« v*

100 POWEE CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION IN UNITED STATES

DEVELOPMENT OF HORSEPOWEJl EQUIPMENT,.

a i" i i s * 9 e © o


5 H

O O O

DEVELOPMENT OF HOBSEPOWEE EQUIPMENT 103

104 POWEfi CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION IN UNITED STATES

cDistri ct of Cdumbi a Rhode Island Massachusetts tNew Jersey '(Connecticut '

Ohio New York Delaware Maryland New Hampshire Indiana Illinois Michigan Vermont Maine Wisconsin West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Alabama Virginia .Tennessee touisiana Washington Missouri Georgia Kentucky California Minnesota Iowa Mississippi Oregon Arkansas Kansas Florida Oklahoma Texas Colorado Nebraska Utah Montana Arizona Idaho Nevada North Dakota South Dakota Wyoming New Mexico

United StatesMiddle Atlantic / New England East North Central South Atlantic East South Central Pacific West North Central West South Central Mountains

HORSEPOWER PER SQUARE MILE 3 20 40 60 80 IOO 120 140 J6O 160 200 220 24O 26O 2£

//////y^yy/yy///.////////////'/////<//////////,/////;/////< //////w&y////,./////<///A

77%//////y////y////

1

yyyy/s' ;/////.y////y/y//y////Y////,w///y////y//// /////.Y//A

y/y//<r/y//y/////A

y////,W//Sy////y////yy/y/sy////,Y////Syy/y//y//AyA

'/////</////>

y////y////,y/////Y/////

yyyy/'/////y////;YA

6y/y/

yyy//y////y////fY////Sy////yy/y/

///A

Y/////Y////y////fy////f'//A

'/////y////y////'/////,

y/////y/y///y/y/y.'/////

Y////SW/Ay////

y///4"<y/$''/////

'////',y////,y////i

yy/yy/*/////<{//////

.531 :: 36?;

yyy//.y/yy/j

FIGUBE 27. Horsepower per square mile of prime movers utilized in manufactures, 1923. (Table 10)


EX

PL

AN

AT

ION

400,

000 T

icrr

aepow

r

O

300,

000

9

200,

000

9 1

00,0

00

O 2

5,00

0

Q 1

FIQT

JBK

29. H

orse

pow

er o

f prim

e m

over

s util

ized

in a

gric

ultu

re, 1

923.

(Tab

le 1

4)


HORSEPOWER PER SQUARE MILE O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 4O

IowaIllinoisIndiana

MissouriNorth DakotaConnecticutKansasNebraskaMarylandOklanomaPennsylvaniaMinnesotaNew YorkNew JerseyKentuckyWisconsinMichiganTennesseeSouth DakotaVirginiaWett VirginiaVermontSouth CarolinaArkansasGeorgiaMassachusettsNorth CarolinaMississippiLouisianaWashingtonAlabamaTexas .CaliforniaMaineColoradoMontanaIdahoOregonFloridaUtah .WyomingArizonaNew MexicoNevadaDelawareDist. of ColumbiaRhode IslandNew Hampshire

East North Central Middle Atlantic East South Central Wsst South Central South Atlantic New England Pacific Mountain

FIQTJEK ao.-rHorsepower per square mile of prime movers utilized in agriculture, 1923. (Table 10)


9-0 e o


I 1a s

II

o <30 »-

sfl

New

Yo

rkC

alif

orn

ia.

Ohi

oP

ennsy

lvania

Ma

ryla

nd

Vir

gin

iaM

inn

eso

taL

ou

isia

na

Ma

ssa

chu

sett

s.T

exas

Ore

gon

Flo

rid

aW

ashi

ngto

nM

ich

iga

nD

ela

wa

reG

sorg

taA

lab

am

aC

onnect

icut

Illin

ois

Main

e

»N

ort

h C

aro

lina

New

Je

rse

yR

hode

Is

lan

dW

isco

nsi

nM

issis

sip

pi

So

uth

Ca

rolin

aM

iss

ou

riN

ew H

am

psh

ire

Ken

tuck

yD

ist.of C

olum

bia

Tenness

ee

Ind

ian

aV

erm

on

tIo

wa

No

rth

Dakota

Nebra

ska

2O

4©

60

80

100

120

140

^ ^^^^^^^^^

7̂,^z

^yZ

YA

^y^j

Y^/

y/ffl

<y7/

/<W

//,Y

77//7

/y7/J

Yty

/

7/Y^.

W///^

y77/.W

Z/,W

^7Z

W//

////

//^^yZ

Y,

^T^.

VZ

Y.W

////

///,

?^^^^^^^^?

^%

^^^^^^^%

HO

RS

EP

OW

ER

" IN

T

HO

US

AN

DS

16

0 18

0 20

O

220

240

260

280

300

330

340

36O

38

O

400

420

440

460

480

Y//

/,Y

//////////////Y

//y//7///////,Y

/Zo

YZ

&Y

&Z

y///;

//YsY

,?Y

//'/

Y//A

Y//

//<

YY

7//

///,

m

Y///

Y//

;688

;599

^ZZZ

A

3575

I3O

5750

;509

FIGU

RE 3

3. H

orse

pow

er o

f prim

e m

over

s in

ship

s, 1

923.

(Tab

le 1

9)

Y//

AY

//Y

//

32 O

200

100

0

200

O O

H '00

0>

GOO 0

200

WlOO

cr

0 °

2200

D

Z IOO

O

X 200 LU

O

f 100

0

200

100

c a

ALLGOMI>

» "^

IODITIES

x^

^X^

'

/

*''

;O.L COMMODITIES

f̂ ^>

/---^

"M;

* *'

CTEF

^

1ALS

^= er"

/*

"""^

.- -

"M; >TEF IAL£

x^

yf

AG

f*~~

RICULTU

«*=*^^

RE

^L-

/

^

AGRiai LTUI ?E

x^

/,---

3 a> o ) oo at <n

*»5j

'MA*

yj*

iUFACTURES'

^

/\

£-

/̂s'

'^'

j

s'

^

4

,--*

MANUFACTURES"

^**^^/̂-"

i

&*

H"EA

&V

M R>

/'

OLR<

J

fi,-''

3ADS

//^/

,^'

/

V''J

<

-

>TEA VI R/

«tf£

JLRCJADS>t^» ,--"

^̂

MINES

^**

ANU

^

QUX

XX

KRIE

/

^

ss

.-

20O

icib

0

200

100^

o0 "

0) 4OOO)

co

30O

200 ̂a:Ul

100 m

2

Z 20O

100 X Ul

z 300-

200

100

a

HORSEPOWER OF PRIME MOVERS

WAGE EARNERS VOLUME OF PRODUCTION HORSEPOWER PER WA6E

EARNER PRODUCTION PER WAGE

EARNER

Ml

^~"

ÊS AND QLW F?RIE

*«-"

s*~~

) O> g C ) CO 0* C

100

4. Horsepower of prime movers, number of wage earners, and Tolnme of production, 1889-1010, by spedal groups. (Table 21)

61760^-28 8 111


1,000

^s900

8 ^ 8000> o>CO 7.00

g 600

LJ ffi5 ,500

3 Z

4OO X hJ | 300

300

100

n

ACREAGE

HORSEPOWER '

HORSEPOWER EXCLUSIVE OF PLEASURE AUTOMOBILES

r^:_ ~ rtrr "^55--^f

i ii .i i i

i ii

i t1 S

s

_

\

\\

1

11 1

1 f

8

FIGURE 35. Total horsepower ot prime movers and acreage ot improved land, 1849-1923. (Table 22)

DEVELOPED AND POTENTIAL WATER POWER IN THE UNITED STATES AND PRODUCTION OF ELEC

TRICITY BY PUBLIC-UTILITY POWER PLANTS, 1919-1926

BY

A. H. HORTON

113

CONTENTSEag*

Developed water power-_-_____.__._____________________________ 115Potential water power_____________________________________________ . 115Production of electricity by public-utility power plants._______________ 118Tables...__________________________________________ 123

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATB 2. Average daily production of electricity by public-utility powerplants in the United States, 1920-1926, by months...___. 118

FIGTJBB 30. Annual production of electricity by public-utility powerplants, 1902-1926..______._____,___________.. 119

37. Electric public-utility power companies, 1920-1926 ___.__ 120

TABLES

39. Developed water power in the United States, 1921,1924,1925,1926, and 1927, as shown by capacity of water wheels in plants of 100 horsepower or more._____________-__-______--_--___._-_ 123

40. Potential water-power resources of the United States, 1924___ . 12841. Monthly production of electric power by public-utility power plants

in the United States, 1919-1926, in thousands of kilowatt-hours... __ 12942. Annual production of electricity by the use of wood for fuel, 1920-

1926, in kilowatt-hours.-_-__----________________________ 16743. Monthly consumption of fuels in generating electric power by public-

utility power plants in the United States, 1919-1926. ... .... 16744. Annual production of electricity by public-utility power plants in the

United States, 1919-1926-_---__------_-----........_....... 19845. Annual consumption of fuel in the production of electricity by public-

utility power plants in the United States, 1919-1926._. ., ___ 19846. Average consumption of coal per kilowatt-hour by public-utility

power plants in the United States, 1919-1926_-----______ 19847. Public-utility power companies in the United States and capacity of

generators January 1, 1920-1927 ----___---__--__.__.-____ 199 114

DEVELOPED AND POTENTIAL WATER POWER IN THE UNITED STATES AND MONTHLY PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY BY PUBLIC-UTILITY POWER PLANTS, 1919-1926

By A. H. HORTON

DEVELOPED WATER POWER*

During the period 1921-1927 the Geological Survey published, as memoranda to the press, mimeographed reports of the capacity of water wheels in plants of 100 horsepower or more in November, 1921, March, 1924, March, 1925, January 1, 1926, and January 1, 1927, and a report of the potential water power of the United States as determined in 1924. It is planned to continue the publication of the reports of capacity of water wheels on January 1 each year. In order to have a permanent record of the information in these reports, they are here republished in Table 39. The figures for Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina as previously published have been revised, owing to the erroneous allocation of Georgia plants to Alabama and to the transfer of plants in North Carolina from the manufacturing group to the public-utility group.

Most of the information in Table 39 has been obtained by the district engineers of the Geological Survey through correspondence or by personal visits to the power plants. The Census Bureau furnished information as to the amount of water power in manu factures for the South Atlantic States for some of the reports. The statistics of capacity of water wheels as previously published and as here republished are considered reliable and accurate, as practically all of them represent information taken from actual records of individual plants.

POTENTIAL WATER POWER

The first estimate of the amount of potential water power in the streams of the United States was prepared in 1908 by the Geological Survey and published in the report of the National Conservation Commission (60th Cong., 2d sess., S. Doc. 676) and in Water-Supply Paper 234. The figures of potential water power as published in these reports were revised and republished in 1912 by the Commis sioner of Corporations in a report on water-power development in

116


the United States and by the Department of Agriculture in 1916 in "Electric-power development in the United States" (64th Gong., 1st sess., S. Doc. 316). The revisions were due primarily to the use of different efficiencies of water wheels from those used by the Geological Survey. The estimates of potential water power in 1908 were made by dividing the streams of the United States into sections of different lengths, depending upon the slope of the channel. The flow of the streams was based on records of stream flow collected by the Geological Survey from 1888 to 1908, and the amount of fall was determined to a large extent from the Geological Survey's topo graphic maps. These base data were far from complete but were evidently used with excellent judgment and skill, as they have been used for all estimates of potential water power that have been published from 1908 to 1924. Without the records of stream flow that had been collected by the Geological Survey prior to 1908 it would have been impossible to prepare any reliable estimate of the country's water-power resources. The information then available as to the flow of streams, though relatively meager, was of ines timable value in contributing to the economical design of the water- power plants that were being constructed in this period of rapid development of water power. From the records of flow available and the fall determined from topographic maps or other sources, the potential water power of each stream was estimated, on the assump tions that water wheels would have a certain efficiency and that a certain percentage of the total fall could be utilized. The practica bility of development was not considered except that the potential power of those sections of streams which had very low slope and the development of which would for that reason be impracticable was not included.

The estimates of potential water power given in Table 40 were prepared by the Geological Survey in 1924. They were based largely on feasible water-power sites and therefore show the amounts of potential water power that can be developed when a market becomes available. The figures represent 24-hour power available 90 per cent and 50 per cent of the time at an over-all efficiency at the sites of 70 per cent. The estimates are somewhat larger than those for 1908. The difference is due in part to the inclusion in the 1924 figures of the United States share of the potential power of Niagara and St. Lawrence Rivers, neither of which was included in the 1908 report, and also to the availability of more extensive and accurate base data. In the period from 1908 to 1924 records of the flow of many streams were collected, many topographic maps completed, special river surveys made, and special investigations and studies made of the power possibilities of sections of the United States that were known

DEVELOPED AND POTENTIAL WATER POWER 117

to have extensive water-power resources. The most important of all these data are the records of stream flow. The fall of a stream can be determined at any time; on the other hand, years are required to obtain records of stream flow that will include years of low yield and years of high yield, and without such records water-power developments of any considerable magnitude can not be properly designed or financed.

The figures of potential water power in Table 40 can not be con sidered final, as future surveys and investigations will probably indicate additional feasible water-power sites and may also indicate changes in the potential power of present known sites. The develop ment of storage reservoirs will also affect the estimates of power available. It is believed, however, that there will be no radical change in these estimates of potential water power by further surveys or investigations.

The proportion of the total potential water power of the United States that has already been developed can not be stated with accuracy. The amount of potential water power is based on the flow available 90 per cent and 50 per cent of the time. The^ amount of developed water power, however, is expressed in terms of capacity of installed water wheels. The capacity of water wheels installed in a water- power plant depends on whether the plant is to be operated as a base-load or a peak-load plant, the use made of the power, the dis tribution of stream flow, the storage control available, and other factors. It is the general practice in the construction of water-power plants to install hydraulic machinery capable of utilizing stream flow far in excess of the minimum flow and much in excess of the flow available 90 per cent of the time. Water-power plants with storage control sometimes utilize a flow for peak loads which is several times greater than the average annual flow of the stream on which the power plant is situated. These conditions cause a wide variation in the relations between the total capacity of water-power plants and the potential water power of the United States available 90 per cent or 50 per cent of the time and preclude an accurate estimate of the pro portion of the country's water-power resources developed at present. From an investigation of the capacity of water wheels at fully devel oped water-power sites in different sections of the country and of the potential power available at the same sites it is estimated that on January 1, 1927, about one-seventh of the total potential power of the United States was developed. As the capacity of water wheels in plants of 100 horsepower or more was 11,721,000 horsepower on January 1, 1927, the total capacity of water wheels necessary to develop all the potential water power of the United States would be about 80,000,000 horsepower.


PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY BY PUBLIC-UTILITYPOWER PLANTS

The Geological Survey hi 1919 began the publication of .reports of the monthly production of electric power and consumption of fuels by public-utility power plants. Reports have been published for the months of February, March, April, July, September, and October, 1919, and for January, 1920, and each subsequent month to date.

The monthly figures of output and fuel consumption are published in mimeographed reports about 30 days after the end of the latest month included in the report. Information for three months is included in each report; therefore the data for each month appear three times and are revised at each publication on the basis of reports received since the previous publication. Each company or plant has been requested to report the total amount of electricity gener ated, without deduction for station or other use. However, as many large companies, perhaps most of them, report only the amount of power that leaves their plants that is, the net output that practice has recently (August, 1927) been adopted by the Geological Survey for future reports.

The monthly figures of output and fuel consumption are based on reports of the operation of power plants submitted by companies in the United States that furnish electric power for public use. On January 1,1927, about 2,100 companies operating about 3,800 power plants were on the Geological Survey's list. Reports are received from plants representing about 95 per cent of the capacity of all the plants listed. The output of those plants which do not submit reports is estimated. The monthly figures as published therefore indicate the output of all plants.

Every concern producing electricity for public use, whether desig nated as a public utility or not, is included in the list of companies requested to submit reports. The inclusion of any company or plant in the list has of course no effect on the status of the company or plant as a public utility. The figures represent the output of central stations, municipal plants, electric-railway plants, plants operated by steam railroads generating electricity for traction, Bureau of Recla mation plants, and that part of the output of manufacturing plants which is sold for public use. The annual output of the central stations, municipal plants, and electric-railway plants includes over 98 per cent of the total. In 1926 the output of all the other types of plants was only 1% per cent of the total, and in the previous years of record this percentage was probably still less.

The figures of monthly output in Table 41 are revisions of the figures of monthly output previously published in the current monthly reports. The revisions are due for the most part to the receipt of additional reports since the monthly figures were last published.

IT. 8. GEOLOGICAL

220

SURVEY WATBE-SUPPPy PAPER 579 PLATE '2

TOTAL POWER

\

7

WATER POWER

* I1920 1921

§ >> 3

Tj 1-3

1922

B .0 I I1923 1924 1925

AVERAGE DAILY PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY BY PUBLIC-UTILITY POWER PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1920-1926, BY MONTHS1926


The figures in the annual summaries that are published in mimeo graphed form a few months after the end of each year are based on the monthly figures given hi Table 41. The curves in Plate 2 show the average daily production of electricity by months from 1920 to 1926.

75

70

65

<£.O 45

r* 35

« 30 O

=s 25

Sir

FIQUBK 36. Annual production of electricity by public-utility power plants, 1902-1926. Open square, data from Census Bureau; black dot, from Geological Survey

The figures for the amount of electricity produced each year by the use of wood as fuel, shown in Table 42, are included in the figures of monthly output in Table 41.

Table 44 shows that the increase in the total output from 1919 to 1926 was nearly 100 per cent, indicating an average annual rate of growth during the seven-year period of 9.6 per cent compounded annually. The curves hi Figure 36 showing the total output and the


output by the use of water power and by the use of fuel for each year from 1919 to 1926 are based on reports of the Geological Survey, and the total output for each fifth year from 1902 to 1922 is based on the reports of the Census Bureau. The figures of output by the Geological Survey are comparable with those of the Census Bureau except that they include the output of the Bureau of Keclamation plants and the portion of the output of manufacturing companies that is sold for public use. The difference is negligible, as hi 1926 the output of these plants was less than 0.5 per cent of the totaL

VATTS

j i>

i0J,

5U. 20- 0

tf)z

MILLKP i

400O

ccUl CO 2 3.00CHD Z

9

~~~-~^.

^~~~ _

.OPERA!

^^

ING

&/

COMPAN

$

/¥

\FC

//i

~ _

/s

- -Î9ZO 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 I9Z6 192

FIGURE 37. Electric public-utility power companies, 1920-1928

The curves in Figure 37 apparently indicate rather marked changes in the number of companies and plants from 1920 to 1921. These changes are explained as follows: When the publication of these reports was started, early in 1919, the output of plants of all sizes was included. It was soon discovered that a large number of very small plants whose combined output was so small as to be negligible were so slow in making reports many of these small plants not being equipped with meters that the early publication of the monthly


figures was prevented. An analysis of the output of plants having a capacity of 100 kilowatts or less showed that the output of such plants was less than 0.25 per cent of the total output. As a plant whose monthly output is 10,000 kilowatt-hours is considered equivar lent to a plant of 100 kilowatts, all plants whose monthly output was less than 10,000 kilowatt-hours were removed from the list of plants asked to report. The year 1920 was a period of adjustment in the preparation of these reports, as many plants were removed from the list after reports for a few months indicated that their output was below the limit. Many of these small plants were municipal plants, and as small municipalities generally have but one plant a municipal plant was necessarily counted as an operating company, and the removal of one of these plants also removed an operating company from the list. This adjustment in plants and companies during 1920 explains the reduction in the number of plants and companies in 1921 shown in Figure 37. Since 1921 there has not been much change in the number of plants, but there was a gradual reduction in the num ber of companies from 1921 to 1924 and a marked reduction since 1924. Part of the change in number of companies is due to the tak ing over of municipal plants by public-utility companies, thereby reducing the number of companies as well as of plants. There has also been during the last few years a rapid absorption of small operating companies by large public-utility companies.

The growth in the capacity of generators is comparable to that in total output, amounting from 1920 to 1927 to 9.9 per cent com pounded annually, while the increase in output for the same period was 9.6 per cent compounded annually. These figures apparently indicate that the increase in capacity is keeping but little ahead of the demand for electricity.

The total output in 1919 was about 39,000,000,000 kilowatt-hours; in 1926 the output was about 74,000,000,000 kilowatt-hours that is, the output was nearly doubled in the comparatively short period of seven years. It is a fact of special interest that the production of electricity by the use of water power has maintained its relative position throughout this period of tremendous development in the use of electricity. The water-power output from 1919 to 1926 has been one-thmj, or more of the total output each year, and it is believed that a season of heavy precipitation throughout the United States would increase the water-power output to 40 per cent or more of the total.

Probably one of the most significant facts brought out by the tables is the increase in the efficiency in the use of fuel in generating electricity as shown in Table 46. In 1919 it took 3.2 pounds of coal to generate a kilowatt-hour of electricity; this rate has declined steadily year by year, and in 1926-only 1.95 pounds was required.


In 1919 the consumption of a ton of coal generated 625 kilowatt- hours; in 1926 the corresponding figure was 1,025 kilowatt-hours an increase in output of 64 per cent. The total conservation of fuel by this improvement in utilization was enormous and is an excellent example of what can be accomplished by so-called small economies. If there had been no improvement from 1919 to 1926 the consump tion of coal would have been 100,000,000 tons more, which would have increased the fuel bill at least a third of a billion dollars.

The figures given above are of special significance btecause they are based on the operation of all plants and are therefore average results. At present a kilowatt-hour of electricity is generated in some plants with about 0.9 pound of coal, or less than half the average in 1926, and a mercury-vapor generating unit is now being built which is guaranteed to generate 1 kilowatt-hour of electricity with about 0.75 pound of coal. Nevertheless, the process of converting the potential energy of coal into power is still far from perfection, as even the mercury-vapor generating unit recovers only about 30 per cent of the heat units in the coal, 70 per cent being dissipated in making use of the 30 per cent. Hydroelectric units, on the other hand, recover over 90 per cent of the energy in the falling water that drives the water wheels of a power plant.

DEVELOPED AND POTENTIAL WATER POWER

TABLES

123

TABLE 39. Developed water power in the United States, 1921, 1924, Id25t 1926t 1927, as shown by capacity of water wheels in plants of 100 horsepower or more

November. 1921

Division and State

United States.. .

Middle Atlantic

West South Central ______ ~

New England:

Middle Atlantic: New York. ________

Pennsylvania . ._,, .,......East North Central:

Ohio. ... ..... .. ... .... Indiana _ - _ . .Illinois ______ _____ -

Wisconsin ... West North Central:

North Dakota ...._.

Kansas . __ . _South Atlantic:

Delaware

Virginia .. ...West Virginia

Sooth Carolina

Florida.... ...............East South Central:

Kentucky.. __ .. _____

Alabama ........................Mississippi

West South Central: Arkansas.T-ni.iipiariftOklahoma i . T .,,

Mountain: Montana. . __ ...

Wyoming... . ....

New Mexico ....................

Utah .. .. .

Pacific:

Total

Number of plants

3,120

1,234 551 323 179 266 41 26

223 277

256 242 206 346

60 124

473 30 48

25 26 41 97

134

56 48

7 1 8

39 20

9 19 4

71 11 74 21 54

3

5 22 14 0

2 0 4

20

28 45

9 57 3 8

64 9

69 74

134

Capacity in horse

power

7,926,958

1, 310, 507 1,478,904

738,663 444,396

1,081,509 240,934

16,274 827, 101

1,788,670

449, 614 229,305 129,566 338,057 30,136

133,829

1,291,857 17,051

169,996

28,663 27,122 85,002

267,139 330,737

205,180 173,437 17,970

245 18,227 14,726 14,611

3,133 7,230

666 103,693 14,675

329,853 330,012 285,711

6,536

855 126,891 113,188

0

1,18$ 0

1,718 13,367

944,428 224,36$

7,560 91,648

799 38,760

106,096 13,450

454,356 185, 215

1, 149, 099

Public utility and municipal

Number of plants

1,323

246 215 192 112 128 25 12

173 220

71 59 59 32

5 20

164 10 41

17 13 15 81 66

35 32

5 0 5

25 10

0 6 0

35 6

31 16 32 2

115 9 0

0 4

26 41 9

28 g 8

51 7

62 52

106

Capacity in horse

power

6,200,380

583,130 1, 167, 539

542,889 360,625 799,767 228,380 12,615

806,472 1,699,063

156,549 112,865 72,651

157,605 3,510

79,950

993,601 8,883

165,055

24,236 21,236 73,591

228,353 195,473

145,247 169,614 17,670

0 6,050

12,036 10,008

0 2,120

0 76,551 8)410

126,205 321,230 262,495

2,736

115 125,865 102,400

0

720 / 0

1,718 10,077

342,480 222, 471

7,560 79,708

799 38,760

101,844 12,850

443,139 125,970

1, 129, 954

Manufacturing and miscellaneous

Number of plants

1,797

988 336 131 67

138 16 14 50 57

185 183 147 314

55 104

309 20

7

8 13 26 16 68

21 16

i 2 1 3

14 10

* 9 13 4

36 5

43 5

22 1

4 7 5 0

1 0 0

13

2 4 0

29 0 0

13 2

7 22 28

Capacity in horse

power

1,726,578

727,377 311,365 195,774 83,771

281,742 12,554 .3,759

20,629 89,607

293.065 116^440 56,915

180,452 26,626 53,879

298,256 8,168 4,941

4,427 5,886

11,411 38,786

135,264

59,933 3,823

300 245

12,177 2,690 4,603

3,133 5,110

666 27,142 6,265

203,648 8,762

23,216 3,800

740 1,026

10,788 0

469 0 0

3,290

1,940 1,897

0 11,940

0 0

4,252 600

11,217 59,245 19, 145

124 POWEE CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION IN UNITED STATES

TABLE 39. Developed water power in the United States, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, as shown by capacity of water wheels in plants of 100 horsepower or more Continued

March, 1924

Division and State

United States.- .

Middle Atlantic.....................

New England:

Middle Atlantic: New York....... .

East North Central: Ohio............... ..........

West North Central:

Sooth Atlantic:

Virginia.....^.... .... ..West VirginiaTI.................

South Carolina __ .. ...........

East South Central:

Alabama... ____ ... __ . ...

West South Central:

Mountain:

Colorado ____________

Utah............. .......

Pacific:

Total

Number of plants

3,211

1,228 607 342 183 261

48 27

226 289

251 242 206 347

59 123

625 34 48

24 20 41

106 151

58 49

7 1 8

40 20

9 19 4

09 It

70 22 64

3

5 2518 0

2 0 4

21

29 49 10 52

5 8

3d

14!

Capacity in horse power

9,086,958

1,387,364 1,731,881

829,854 459,736

1, 300, 578 340,984

16,727 880,783

2,139,051

473, 188 235,810 167,816 343,939 30,188

136,423

1,542,983 18,902

169,996

29,753 29,199 85,002

281, 618 404,282

211,850 177,280 17,970

245 18, 171 19,716 14,604

3,133 7,230

666 109,798

14,711 431,500 357, 510 368,994

7,036

1,256 128,465 211, 263

0

1,189 0

1,718 13,820

345,040 270, 918

7,886 87, 978

1,322 38,760

115,329 13,550

480,356 206,865

1,451,830

40,000 25,009 15,000


lumber of plants

1,390

249 228 212 117 129 32 12

178 233

73 59 60 32

5 20

177 10 41

16 13 15 88 80

37 36

5 0 4

25 10

0 6 0

33 6

30 17 34

3

2 18 12 0

1 04 7

27 42

9 28

5 8

51 8

6352

11$

Capacity in horse

power

7, 348, 197

644,831 1,408,173

625,826 376,864

1, 045, 728 323, 816

12, 515 860, 937

2,049,507

171,223 112,240 114, 701 161, 977

3,285 81,405

1,234,4608,658

165, 055

24,486 25,489 73,591

242,052 260,208

151, 917 175,010

17, 670 0

6,050 16,316 9,901

0 2,120

0 82,656 8,446

246,400 348,750 350,320

7,036

352 127,439 196,025

0

720 0

1,718 10,077

343,100 269,021

7,560 77,880

1,322 38,760

110,344 12,950

469, 139 147,620

1,432,748


Number of plants

1,821

979 379 130 66

132 16 15 48 56

178 183 146 315

54 103

348 24

7

87

26 , 18

71

21 13 2 1 4

15 10

9 13 4

36 5

40 5

20 0

3 7 6 0

1 0 0

14

24 1

24 0 0

15 2

7 22 27

Capacity in horse

power

1,738,761^

742,533 323,708 204,028 82,872

254,850 17,168 4,212

19,846 89,544

301,965 123,570 53, 115

181,962 26,903 56,018

308,523 10,244 4,941

5,267 3,710

11,411 39,566

144,074

59,933 2,270

300 245

12,121 3,400 4,603

3,133 5,110

666 27,143 6,265

186,100 8>76&

18,674 0

004 1,026

15,238 0

460 0 0

8,743

1,940 1,897

326 10,098

0 0

4,985 600

11,217 69,245 19,082

1 Approximate.


TABLE 39. Developed water power in the United States, 1921, 1924, 1985, 19&8, 1987, as shown by capacity of water wheels in plants of 100 horsepower or more Continued

March, 1925

Division and State

United States.. ............

Middle Atlantic _ .................

East South Central.. ___ ...

Pacific .. ....... ............

New England:

Middle Atlantic: New York..... ....... ....

East North Central: Ohio............... .............Indiana _ . __________ ..Illinois _____ - ..............

West North Central:

'VTaKitAolra

Kansas ____ . ___ _ . ....South Atlantic:

District of Columbia ............Virginia.. _ . __ ...............West Virginia.

Florida....... ...... ...... ...East South Central:

West South Central

Louisiana.... ___ ... ___ ..Oklahoma..., ................Texas . ....

Mountain:

Utah.... ........... ..........

Pacific:

Oregon., < .............. California .................. a.

Alaska........ .. ..... ...Tin waif

Total

Number of plants

3,313:.. i .

1,230 611 346 194 319.

51 29

234 299

252 243 206 347

59 123

528 34 49

25 24 30in

156

62 49

7 1 9

45 21

9 19 4

70 11

104

95

5 27 19 0

4 0 4

21

30 48 10 56

6 8

66 10

72 79

148

..... ... |.

Capacity in horse

power

10,037,665

1,398,863 1,948,449

884,760 514, 753

1,594,254 391, 841 31,317

937,078 2,336,400

476,627 243,310 167,816 344,439 30,188

136,423

1,713,651 18,902

225,996

29,670 51,276 8ft, 679

304,520 412,715

262,786 177,280 19,970

245 19,171 20,837 14,464

3,133 7,230

666 117,869 14,711

534,600 507,215 399,744

9,086

1,256 166,347 224,238

0

15,549 0

1,948 13,820

360,040 298,837

7,886 90,536

1,455 49,360

115,329 13,635

660,693 244,227

1,531,480

40,000 , 25,000

16,000


Number of plants

1,626

251 402

5 127 142 36 14

185 244

74 60 60 32

5 20

350 10 42

17 17 >5 92 84

40 36

5 0 5

30 11

0 6 0

34 6

34 22 37

3

2 21 13 0

3 04 7

28 44 9

30 6 8

51 9

66 57

121

Capacity in horse

power

8,287,332

656,270 1,624,316.

661,445 414,692

1,357,428 374,913 27,105

915,737 2,255,606

174,662 119,740 114, 701 162,477

3,285 81,405

1,404,603 8,658

221,055

24,486 47,711 69,759

255,348 264,141

185,664 175,010 19,670

0 7,050

17,437 9,861

0 2,120

0 90,727 8,446

379,600 482,215 385,670

8,650

352 165,381 209,000

0

15,080 0

1,948 10,077

358,100 297,887

7,560 77,696

1,455 49,360

110,344 13,335

549,746 193,462

1,512,398


Number of plants

1,687

979 209 121 67

177 15 15 49 95

178 183 146 315 54

103

178 24 7

8 7

16 19 72

22 '13 2 1 4

15 10

9 13 4

36 5

»70 *20

18 2

3 6 6 0

1 0 0

14

2 4 1

26 0 0

15 1

6 22 27

_

Capacity in horse

power

1,750,323

742,533 324,133 223,315 100,061 236,826

17,108 4,212

21,341 80,794

801,965 123,570 63,115

181,962 26,903 55,018

308,948 10,244 4,941

6,084 3,565

16,920 49,172

148,574

77,122 2,270

300 24S

12,121 8,400 4,603

3,133 6,110

666 57,143 6,265

155,000 26,000 14,074

f*

904 966

16,238 0

409 0 0

8,743

1,940 960 826

12,840

0 4,985

300

10,947 60.765 19,082

* Estimated.


TABLE 39. Developed water power in the United States, 1921, 191&4, 1986, 1986, 1987, as shown by capacity of water wheels in plants of 100 horsepower or more Continued

January 1, 1926

Division and State

United States ... .......

Middle Atlantic.. . _ .........

New England:

Massachusetts..... .............Rhode Island.. ............

Middle Atlantic: New York.... ..................

East North Central: Ohio..... _ . . .........

Dunols __ . ..........

West North Central:

Kansas _, , ,South Atlantic:

Delaware __ .. ______

District of Columbia.. ..........

West Virginia __ .. ............

Florida.;. ...... ......... ....East South Central:

West South Central:

Louisiana - ......OklahomaTexas __________ . .......

Mountain:

Wyoming ____ ' _ .

Arizona ............ .............U*ah... __ ....................Nevada ...... ..... ...........

Pacific: Washington. . Oregon _ . ___________California ___ . ___ ........

Alaska..

Porto Rico...... ....................

Total

Number of plants

3,355

1,217618 342 194 343

59 29

244 309

249 243 195 347

59 124

535 34 49

24 25 31

107 155

63 48

7 1 9

43 23

3 15 3

63 11

121 68 65 4

6 31 22 0

4 0 4

21

31 50 10 61

7 8

67 10

74 83

152

Capacity in horse power

11, 176, 596

1, 485, 218 1, 995, 289

978,561 524,562

1,702,024. 745, 303

31, 721 980,822

2,733,096

497,009 272,002 193, 157 344,439 30,188

148,423

1,750,391 18,902

225,996

29,490 56,476 94,202

352,204446,189

267,452 179, 175 20,560

245 19, 671 20,545 16, 914

1,16137, 875

970 138,640 21,119

538,289 514,428 440, 772 '

8,770

34,255 174, 175 536,873

0

15,550 0

1,948 14,223

376,040 319, 437 10,388 95,094 1,594

49,360 115,274 13,635

656,407 241,709

1,834,980

40,00032,224

« 15, 000


Number of plants

1,680

259 398 225 140 164 44 19

189 242

76 61 65 32

5 20

346 10 42

17 17 1687 88

39 38

5 0 5

38 15

0 4 0

33 6

48 31 39

3

3 24 17 0

4 0 4

11

29 43

9 32

7 8

52 9

68 49

125

Capacity in horse

power

i 9, 397, 972

728,999 1,672,496

756, 370 425,063

1, 462, 926 728,481 29,016

959,531 2,636,090

193,870 138, 461 149, 501 162,477

3,285 81,405

1,442,783 8,658

221,055

27,406 52,666 77,277

301, 391 296,630

186,285 177,369 20,260

0 7,050

19, 742 14, 357

0 33,825

0 97,026 11,014

407,607 486,321 418,483

8,650

33,351 172,920 522, 210

0

15,550 0

1,948 11, 518

374, 100 316,335 10,062 84,456

1,594 49, 360

110,288 13,335

630,590 189,602

1,815,898


Number of plants

1,675

958 220 117 54

179 15 10 55 67

173 182 130 315

54 104

189 247

7 8

15 20 67

24 10 2 1 4 5 8

3 11 3

30 5

73 27 26

1

37 5 0

0 0 0

10

27 1

29 0 0

15 1

6 34 27

Capacity in horse

power

1,778,624

756, 219 322,793 223,191 99,499

239,098 16,822 2,705

21,291 97,006

303,139 133,541 43,656

181, 962 26,903 67,018

307,608 10,244 4,941

2,084 3,810

16,925 50,813

149,559

81, 167 1,806

300 245

12,621 803

2,557

1,161 4,050

970 41, 614 10, 105

130,682 28,107 22,289

120

904 1,255

14,663 0

0 0 0

2,705

1,940 3,102

326 10,638

0 0

4,985 300

25,817 52,107 19,082

Capacity in 1926; figures for 1926 not available.


TABLE 39. Developed water power in the United States, 1921, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, as shown by capacity of water wheels in plants of 100 horsepower or more Continued u^jatu

January 1,1927

Division and State

United States.. -

Middle Atlantic........ . -

South Atlantic- ...................

Pacific _ ...... ____ . __ .......New England:

New Hampshire.:...............

Massachusetts. ________

Middle Atlantic:

New Jersey ___________Pennsylvania................ ......

East North Central: Ohio............................

IllinoisMichigan.. .....................

West North Central:

Missouri ........................North Dakota ..... ..........South Dakota.. ________Nebraska ____________Kansas..... _ ___ . . . .

South Atlantic: Delaware .......................

District of Columbia ............Virginia.... ....................West Virginia- __ . ___ ......North Carolina _________South Carolina..-...-. _ - __ -Georgia _____________Florida _____________

East South Central: Kentucky.... .................Tennessee. ___________Alabama. ...................Mississippi __ .... ....

West South Central: Arkansas.... . .

Oklahoma

Mountain: Montana ......................Idaho ______________Wyoming _ . ..................

New Mexico ...................

Utah..... .....................

Pacific: Washington ...................

California _____ ...... .....Alaska __Hawaii ...... __________Porto Kieo _____________

Total

Number of plants

3,3901,221

613 369 201 341 60 29

245 311

250 244 196 348

59 124

529

24 24 31

128 162

69 49

7 1 9

43 23

315 2

62 12

122 59 62 4

6 31 23 0

4 04

21

31 52 10 60

7 9

67 9

75 82

154

Capacity in horse

power

11, 720, 9831, 535, 468 2,055,853 1,009,915

532,894 1, 841, 197

867,638 32,333

1,030,224 2, 815, 461

525,509 277,252 200,157 353,939 30,188

148,423

1, 757, 355 18,902

279,596

30,320 56,156 94,202

355,261 473, 076

274,589 179,580 20,580

245 19, 671 21,335 16,914

1,161 37,875

1,350 138,046 91,279

542,618 571,428 448,670

8,770

34,255 174, 175 659,208

0

15,550 0

1,94814,835

376,040 320,097

10,480 95,554 3,808

59,360 153,435 13,450

656,722 241, 759

1,916,980 40,000

32,224 15,000

Public utility and " municipal

dumber of plants

1,565264 239 250 150 161 45 18

196 242

78 62 66 33 5

20

186 10 43

16 16 16

108 94

47. 40

5 0 5

38 15

0 4 0

32 7

47 32 36

3

3 24 18 0

4 0 4

10

2945 9

327 9

57 8

68 47

127

Capacity in horse

power

9, 961, 202779, 449

1, 757, 413 770,424 436,450

1, 600, 339 863,681 28,828

1, 010, 743 2, 713, 875

222,570 143,711 166,501 171,077

3,285 81,405

1, 474, 100 8,658

274,655

25,236 52,341 77,277

307,080 308,490

196,271 177,980 20,260

0 7,050

20,532 14,357

033,825

0 96,432 81, 174

410,556 543,321 426,381

8,650

33,351 172,920 657,410

0

15,550 0

1,948 11,330

374,100 317, 095

10,154 84,401

1,808 59,360

150,675 13,150

630,590 185,387

1,807,898


dumber of plants

1,825957 374 119

51 180

15 11 49 69

172 182 130 315 54

104

343 24 7

8 8

15 20 68

22 9 2 1 4 5 8

3 11 2

30 5

75 27 26

1

37 5 0

0 00

112 7 1

28 0 0

1017

3527

Capacity in horse

power

1,759,789756,010 298,441 239,491 06,444

240,858 3,967 3,505

19,481 101,586

302,030 133,541 43,656

181,962 26,903 67,018

283,255 10,244 4,941

5,084 3,815

16,92548,181

165,486

78,318 1,600

300 245

12,621 803

2,567

1,161 4,050 1,350

41, 614 10,105

132,062 26,107 22,289

120

904 1,255 1,798

0

0 00

3,505

1,940 3,002

326 11,153

0 0

2,760 300

26,132 56,372 10,082

* Two plants with total of about 140,000 horsepower considered manufacturing plants in previous reports allocated to public utilities in this report.

Capacity in 1925,* figures for 1927 not available.61750 28 r-9


TABLE 40. Potential water-power resources of the United States, 1924

Division and State

United States... _ ....... __ .... ..............

Middle Atlantic-.... _ ...............................East North Central........ .............. ..............

South Atlantic ___ . __________ .............East South Central.. __________________West South Central ___________________

Pacific.. _ ... .. . ___ . _ .... ___ . _ .....

New England:

New Hampshire... _________________

Rhode Island _ .................................

Middle Atlantic:

East North Central: Ohio.. ... - _..._. ......................

West North Central:

South Atlantic:

Maryland and District of Columbia .......... ......Virginia.. --.. -_.. ... ... -.West Virginia- ____ - ________ .... .....

Florida... ..... ......... ................East South Central:

West South Central: Arkansas ___ _ . _ . ... ... ... _

Mountain:

Utah - .- ..-........... ...... ...........

Pacific:

Available 90 per cent of the time

Horsepower

34,818,000

998, 0004,317,000

737,000 871,000

2, 476, 000 1,011,000

434,000 10, 736, 000 13,238,000

536,000 186,000 80,000

106,000 25,000 65,000

4, 010, 000. 50,000

257,000

55,000 40,000

189,000 168,000 285,000

203,000 169,000 67,000 82,000 63,000

183,000 104,000

5,000 106,000 459,000 355,000 540,000 429,000 572,000 10,000

77,000 432,000 472,000 30,000

125,000 1,000

70,000 238,000

2, 580, 000 2, 122, 000

704,000 765,000 116, 000

2,759,000 1, 420, 000

300,000

4, 970, 000 3, 665, 000 4,603,000

1,000,000 100,000 19,000

Per cent

100.00

2.87 12.40 2.12 2.50 7.11 2.90 1.25

30.83 38.02

1.54 .53 .23 .31

.07 .19

11.52.14 .74

.16 .12

.54

.48

.82

.58

.49

.19

.23

.18

.53

.30

.01

.30 1.32 1.02 1.55 1.23 1.65 .03

.22 1.24 1.35 .09

.36

.00

.20

.69

7.32 6.10 2.02 2.20 .33

7.92 4.08 .86

14.27 10.53 13.22

Available 50 per cent of th& time

Horsepower

55, 030, 000

1,978,000 5,688,000 1,391,000 1,844,000 4, 464, 000 2,004,000

888,000 15, 513, 000 21, 260, 000

1,074,000 350,000 169,000 235,000 40,000

110,000

4,960,000 90,000

638,000

166,000 110,000 361,000 274,000 480,000

401,000 396,000 152,000 193,000 110,000 342,000 251,000

10,000 238,000 812,000 980,000 816,000 632,000 958,000 18,000

184,000 710,000

1,050,000 60,000

178,000 2,000

194,000 514,000

3, 700, 000 4, 032, 000 1, 182, 000 1,570,000

186,000 2,887,000 1,586,000

370,000

7, 871, 000 6,715,000 6, 674, 000

2,500,000 200,000 28,000

Percent

100.00

3.60 10.35 2.53 3.35an3.64 1.61

28. 10 38.63

1.95 .64 .31 .43 .07 .20

9.03 .16

1.16

.30

.20

.66

.50

.87

.73

.72

.27

.35

.20

.62

.46

.02

.43 1.48 1.78 1.48 .15

1.74 .03

.33 1.29 1.91 .11

.32

.00

.35

.94

6.72 7.33 2.15 2.85 .34

5.25 2.88 .67

14.30 12.20 12.13

41.

Mon

thly

pro

duct

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of e

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the

Uni

ted

Stat

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1919

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of

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Tot

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1919

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2, 97

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3,26

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Sept

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249,

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876,

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71

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311,

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7, 2

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, 177

61. 4

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45,8

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38,2

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Oct

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3, 4

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268,

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955,

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801

390

348,

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139,

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8,95

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0,72

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13,2

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3,56

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1,47

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78,7

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6,09

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78,6

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, 174

3,38

729

,384

1,53

516

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17,4

343,

197

78, 7

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July

K

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16, 7

0719

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37,0

0267

, 922

52, 5

6046

, 129

41, 7

718,

673

19, 2

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31, 1

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206

7,78

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13, 9

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84,0

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3,56

527

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1,74

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12,4

053,

279

85, 3

1533

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317,

332

Sep

tem

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31, 9

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, 593

34, 7

6972

, 932

54,5

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, 252

41, 7

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958

16,3

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31, 6

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7,36

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13,4

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62,0

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3,71

628

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1,36

318

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11,8

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87, 0

3242

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290,

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Oct

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29, 2

9020

, 543

44,6

6183

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60,2

9846

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47,4

9410

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18,2

0542

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935,

573

8,13

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, 570

68,8

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, 397

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tral

:

Wes

t So

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tral

:

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hom

a..... _

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h................

Paci

fic:

18,4

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17,2

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7,14

93,

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00

TAB

LE 41.

Mon

thly

pro

duct

ion

of e

lect

ric

pow

er b

y pu

blic

-uti

lity

pow

er p

lant

s in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es,

1919

-192

6, i

n

thou

sand

s of

kil

owat

t-

hour

s C

on

tin

ued

[No

prod

ucti

on i

n S

tate

s om

itted

] T

otal

, 19

20

Div

isio

n an

d S

tate

Uni

ted

Sta

tes.

........

.

New

Eng

land

-- ..

Mid

dle

Atl

an

tic .

Wes

t N

orth

Cen

tral

-......-

S

outh

Atl

anti

c-.-

--. _

__ .

_E

ast

Sout

h C

entr

al _

----

- _

Pac

ific

.... .

.............

....

New

Eng

land

:

Ver

mo

nt-

.... ...

....

....

.M

assa

chus

etts

.. .

.K

hode

Isl

and ______

Con

nect

icut

.. __ .

....

.M

iddl

e A

tlant

ic:

New

Yor

k ........

New

Jer

sey .

....

....

....

..Pe

nnsy

lvan

ia ...

Eas

t N

orth

Cen

tral

: O

hio.

..

Illi

nois

--... .

.....

Mic

higa

nW

isco

nsin

.... .

...

Wes

t N

orth

Cen

tral

: M

inn

eso

ta

Iow

a. .

_M

isso

uri

.---

.. ...........

Nor

th D

akot

a.. .

.... _

_ .

Sou

th D

akota

... .

......

..

Sout

h A

tlan

tic:

D

elaw

are .

....

....

....

....

Dis

tric

t of

Col

umbi

a- .

. : .

Janu

ary

3, 8

22, 7

02

332,

401

1, 0

99, 4

6387

9, 0

8527

7, 0

3136

6, 7

6812

6,81

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0,84

121

0, 9

1342

9, 3

90

30,8

879,

488

14, 7

6117

3, 0

8237

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66, 7

14

617,

507

101,

801

380,

155

259,

927

80,9

4727

5, 4

9518

8,30

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, 416

64, 1

1487

, 215

60, 0

572,

746

3,88

821

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37,6

49

6,80

731

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23.3

17

Feb

ruar

y

3,45

1,41

1

282,

105

980,

599

812,

624

250,

878

324,

003

113,

292

91, 3

4520

0,02

439

6,54

1

26, 6

518,

290

11, 4

7314

5,96

633

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56,6

90

549,

658

89, 2

3834

1, 7

03

237,

664

74, 7

5025

4,80

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4, 6

4270

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56,4

8679

, 757

56,8

532.

293

3,77

117

,999

33, 7

19

6,13

827

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20,7

63

Mar

ch

3, 7

03, 4

72

303,

166

1,06

0,29

687

0, 2

4725

8,90

234

1,80

612

3, 2

4597

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222,

950

426,

028

30, 3

627,

546

17, 8

6915

6, 4

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63,3

27

583,

300

95, 1

9138

1, 8

05

256,

029

77,5

7326

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6319

2, 5

0482

, 878

56,0

1884

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112,

193

3,97

518

, 716

34, 5

39

6,26

321

, 670

21,3

56

Apri

l

3, 5

38, 6

5,2

286,

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58, 9

901,

988

3,64

419

,630

31,

133

5,99

417

,473

20,0

17

May

3, 5

61, 3

19

278,

551

982,

976

826,

314

246,

543

314,

609

127,

842

92, 4

5922

1, 3

5547

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70

29, 8

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762

20,9

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3, 4

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14

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90

249,

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46,8

9685

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55, 0

261,

855

3,78

920

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33, 1

62

5,73

315

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20,2

54

June

3, 5

26, 8

90

275,

514

996,

066

806,

490

242,

160

316,

055

121,

648

97,7

0522

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2479

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52, 5

511,

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3,89

019

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32, 7

18

5,90

820

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87

July

3,58

4,53

1

269,

107

997,

776

806,

265

250,

701

326,

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122,

788

100,

431

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298

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06

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297

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8

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817

7,83

683

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49, 7

7084

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52, 0

512,

131

3,87

120

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38, 1

37

6,09

926

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20,6

17

August

3,67

6,20

1

272,

367

1, 0

18, 8

1382

5,76

826

8, 4

8432

5, 6

2111

8, 7

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29,2

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Sep

tem

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21

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3,25

11,

222,

200

333,

863

1,31

4,37

0

8,70

735

,658

3,75

41,

381

, 645

327,

712

515,

326

3,90

9,41

91,

093,

860

3, 6

80, 6

30

2,90

1,97

489

7,89

72,

858,

036

1, 4

21, 1

0349

7,05

1

293,

198

354,

335

652,

181

28,2

5933

,452

234,

658

417,

144

o CO

TAB

LE 4

1.

Mon

thly

pro

duct

ion

of e

lect

ric

pow

er b

y pu

blic

-uti

lity

pow

er p

lant

s in

the

U

nite

d St

ates

, 19

19-1

926,

in

thou

sand

s of

kil

owat

t-

hours

Con

tinu

ed

[No

prod

ucti

on i

n S

tate

s om

itted

]

By

the

use

of fu

els,

192

0 C

onti

nued

Div

isio

n an

d S

tate

Sout

h A

tlant

ic:

Vir

gin

ia..

....

. ...

....

....

Sout

h C

arol

ina _

__

__

Flo

rida..

.. .

....

.. _

..E

ast

Sout

h C

entr

al:

Ken

tuck

y _______

_

Wes

t So

uth

Cen

tral

:

Lou

isia

na

- ...

Tex

as.. ________

_M

ount

ain:

Uta

h..

....

....

....

....

...

Paci

fic:

W

ashi

ngto

n

Janu

ary

6,80

731

, 261

23,3

1730

, 451

96,7

508,

440

5,98

010

,696

10, 8

98

23,4

559,

824

14,4

355,

848

9,20

718

, 171

17, 4

1855

,622 59

633

34,

471

22,8

511,

030

4,00

8 0 95

4,95

37,

845

113,

446

Feb

ruar

y

6,13

826

,889

20,7

6324

,260

83,9

024,

228

4,72

08,

260

10,4

61

21, 7

7511

,491

7,91

64,

798

8,35

916

,793

15,8

4649

, 814 54

012

34,

026

19, 3

17 976

3,60

8 8 88

3,38

88,

624

112,

116

Mar

ch

6,26

321

,530

21,3

5622

,234

94,9

474,

760

5,15

98,

770

10,8

68

22,7

119,

533

9,72

45,

652

9,09

017

,889

16,5

6853

,590 51

530

54,

007

20,4

181,

032

4,35

9 12 91

3,28

27,

793

80,3

09

Apr

il

5,99

417

,200

20,0

1721

,544

88, 5

384,

107

4,45

78,

586

10,0

24

21, 8

1211

, 313

. 10

, 616

5,04

1

8,28

816

,672

15,8

5851

,280 51

112

73,

945

17,8

591,

113

3,83

2 30 74

2,70

25,

470

66,0

26

May 5,

733

15,2

9420

,254

23,7

1591

,646

3,47

84,

202

8,74

49,

464

21, 8

0110

,758

8,54

15,

770

8,42

618

,103

17,2

7648

,094 50

612

53,

746

16, 1

111,

162

4,92

2 6 73

2,34

87,

026

75,9

09

Jun

e

5,90

820

,138

20,0

8723

,058

92,4

263,

617

4,24

07,

818

8,91

2

21,0

1310

,394

8,38

55,

329

10, 1

0617

,883

16,7

2252

,549 50

012

53,

927

15,1

651,

182

4,97

5 0 71

1,88

16,

697

95, 4

15

July 6,09

926

, 786

20, 6

1726

, 760

93,2

753,

557

4,45

67,

770

9,04

7

21,0

4610

,646

8,71

85,

458

11,5

3615

,035

17,3

4655

,911 59

912

52,

810

16,4

381,

240

4,54

3 0 73

3,35

210

,002

123,

037

Aug

ust

6,33

424

,833

20,8

1824

,281

89,9

813,

474

4,54

98,

125

8,98

4

22,6

2712

, 179

13,4

615,

182

11,0

9319

,248

18, 2

1957

,409 60

612

53,

037

15,5

801,

252

4,53

0 1 72

6,29

714

,501

132,

655

Sept

embe

r

6,06

423

, 715

20,3

2125

, 979

90,0

573,

627

4,75

38,

589

9,11

6

23, 7

09.

10,6

6615

, 576

5,73

8

10,2

0319

,088

18,6

1060

,901 62

112

53,

150

15, 1

211,

227

4,10

4 1 75

4,36

59,

839

134,

812

Oct

ober

6,55

630

, 395

21,5

5235

,914

97, 1

974,

184

4,91

4Q

4sn

9,68

9

24,3

9411

,953

5,58

9

10,0

5919

,556

19, 6

7564

,072 68

612

53,

343

16, 1

871,

265

5,00

9 0 4S

2,87

98,

243

111,

699

Nov

embe

r

6,63

423

,026

22,0

6633

,356

93,3

583,

896

5,00

98,

918

10, 5

47

25,2

4111

,447

5,60

2

10,4

3019

,252

18,8

3061

,986 70

513

03,

386

18,3

481,

283

4,53

9 20 52

3,33

710

,897

64,9

54

Dec

embe

r

7,04

518

, 780

23, 7

81' 2

6, 5

2092

,898

4,08

64,

731-

8,09

911

, 631

26, 1

7611

,377

7,85

35,

607

10, 5

4020

,839

19, 4

5463

,284 72

611

84,

635

19, 2

171,

371

4,27

4 47

3,80

67,

739

56,7

26

Tot

al 75,5

7527

9,84

725

4,94

9

1, 1

04, 9

7551

,454

57, 1

7010

3,80

511

9, 6

41

275,

760

131,

581

icn O

Qfl

65,6

14

117,

337

211,

822

674,

512

7,11

11,

886

44,4

8321

2, 6

1214

,133

52, 7

01 78 859

42,5

9010

4,67

61,

167

, 104

CO

Tot

al,

1921

Mid

dle

Atl

anti

c- ..

......

....

New

Eng

land

:

Mid

dle

Atl

anti

c:

New

Yo

rk..

.. ..

........

..

Eas

t N

orth

Cen

tral

:

Wes

t N

orth

Cen

tral

:

Sout

h A

tlan

tic:

Wes

t V

irgi

nia .. . ...

Flor

ida _

_ . _

__ ..

......

3, 5

37, 8

40

277,

104

1, 0

02, 6

7178

5, 5

7427

5, 5

3733

1, 9

0611

4, 0

7311

4,27

418

6, 5

5445

0, 1

47

33,1

60If

i Q

31

10,1

8514

1, 2

0220

,624

570,

397

87,2

4334

5, 0

31

222,

393

78, 3

9225

9, 1

9715

1, 4

737

4

11Q

65,4

0482

, 814

62, 1

982

QQ

fi

4

43.1

22,0

01o

c

7Qq

6,47

218

, 478

23,3

8547

,473

86,6

2230

,685

58, 6

5247

,239

12.8

99

3, 1

71, 7

36

253,

481

901,

436

708,

214

94

9

nfi4

306,

213

103,

973

100,

999

157,

209

398,

157

29,3

5913

, 051

a C

AO

129,

490

50,0

91

491,

302

76, 4

3533

3, 6

99

195,

596

72,5

2823

6,42

613

7, 2

1466

450

56,1

83"T

K

f\A

A

2,51

43,

876

19,3

49O

Q

OQ

C

5,68

619

Q4

4

21,1

1142

, 361

81, 7

7228

,303

56,3

0345

,562

12. 1

72

3, 3

98, 5

72

266,

007

QK

Q

1*

>0

774,

127

oeq

QA

O

11

9

flft

R

109,

994

168,

385

442,

322

31, 1

32If

i 1Q

4

11,2

1513

6, 9

0220

,286

50,2

78

518,

902

354,

957

213,

132

73,9

8925

0, 1

7115

6, 7

05Q

A

1O

A

84,7

04ce

QA

O

9

J&9

3 Q

OO

21,0

5830

,060

5,88

0H

OA

Q

91

QA

*\

44, 1

7889

,061

26,9

9957

, 719

48,4

5112

. 598

3, 2

39, 9

18

245,

563

884,

638

742,

559

246

424

308!

820

105,

568

136,

865

467,

841

24,1

0020

,885

1ft

ft4Q

mfi

44

18, 4

5748

,428

476,

345

73,3

4233

4, 9

51

204,

927

71,3

3322

8, 1

4315

6, 2

6981

,887

52, 7

6281

,554

56, 7

822,

056

3(W

»

20,3

60O

Q

AA

7

K

J.J.

A

1ft

Q

A3

21,5

3241

,655

87, 8

7025

,830

59, 6

714

4

91 S

11.6

44

3 26

4 44

41

*

248,

630

867,

631

oeo

ann

332,

700

106,

853

1ft

4

fi7Q

471,

333

26, 9

92

Q

QQ

Q

126,

855

19 9

7748

^ 37

1

468,

936

72, 1

0732

6, 5

88

198,

685

70 4

Q322

6, 7

6715

5, 0

2283

,225

54, 5

3082

, 040

58,6

052

AO

O

3Q

AH

20,7

5830

,736

SO

QJ.

1Q

3ftQ

91

Q&

H4

4 3

^7

99,8

459

7

°.4

4

62, 7

694

fi

43ft

11. 2

25

3, 2

46, 6

28

247,

607

845,

355

94Q

1A

*i

337,

536

OQ

31ft

1A

Q

QK

7

147

506

483,

795

26,6

111

ft

7Kfi

ft 4ft

p;12

0, 3

7431

, 621

49,7

28

461,

119

72,7

1131

1, 5

25

198,

334

70, 9

53

154,

842

75, 1

44

53,5

277c

7A

i

60, 7

79'

9

1 71

4 06

421

, 611

qt

A(\

r\

5 40

4oo

Q7n

21, 3

4243

, 621

94,1

23.2

8,07

563

,655

47, 2

7211

.074

Sty

jE

too

850,

026

720,

169

255,

843

qoi

oeo

inn

OÎQ

112

440

157,

070

25,9

0212

, 075

&Q

ft9

119,

816

no

anr\

AQ

O

1A

471

403

TO

1 10

305,

511

194,

165

fiQ

7

47

OO

A

QA

Q

1 H

R 7f

t4

69,7

45

57,8

8177

, 956

56,3

362,

501

491 1

22, 3

9334

,565

5R

O7

21, 3

1844

,842

00

QfJ

-t

67,1

0046

,605

11.2

28

3, 4

20, 2

16

260,

201

QQ

O

*>A

t

7fi9

W

1U

271,

515

339,

668

lAC

Q

/m

1 1

fi

3Qft

157,

043

514,

621

27, 6

7611

, 301

8Q

A1

126,

884

qi

OQ

Q

51, O

il

40

1

11

7

76,8

93O

OJ.

O

Q1

206,

014

75, 0

7024

4 54

416

1, 9

85*i±

aoR

79,5

8659

,899

2 Q

QO

4,37

6o

o

CQ

J.

37, 3

16

5 C

OO

25, 1

1021

444

45 1

1485

,939

31,6

8064

,104

AQ

K

KK

11.1

40

3, 3

77, 6

77O

fid

K

QiT

88J.

584

7 C

O

KA

Q

977

1 Q

S

342

404

115,

267

1 4

fi

^1 Q

476,

725

28,1

04Q

Q

QQ

Q

QC

O

19Q

Q

3fi

52,5

31

4Q1

117

77,7

2432

0, 7

43

one

QO

C

75,7

0324

2,83

81

fin

ft44

74

7Q

7

63,3

7085

,460

CO

OQ

Q

2 71

»

4,50

8O

O

CA

O

OQ

O

CO

5,69

029

,759

91

Q9

9

44, 0

8287

,429

00

QO

C

61, 8

6847

,583

11. 2

45

3, 5

78, 0

80

293,

386

968,

613

816,

722

OQ

A

79fi

363,

142

109,

022

116,

772

147,

359

472,

338

32,4

479,

429

8,57

61

49

Q

9^jq

qoo

56, 6

27

84, 8

2634ft

11

Q

80, 4

0226

2, 5

37m

KQ

Q

7Q

41 ^

69,2

238.

7 19

Q

63,4

092

Q1f

i

4K

QA

oo

"r

oe

39,7

30

6,34

831

, 614

21,8

3846

,109

98, 8

9131

,855

64,1

93

11.9

68

3, 6

45, 5

41

301,

567

1, 0

15, 3

8282

9,84

129

2, 1

3536

3, 1

4511

5,07

611

2,79

914

6, 9

2146

8, 6

75

32,9

0216

,061

9 O

QA

148,

756

35,8

68C

O

"TE

A

567,

991

89, 6

2035

7, 7

71

226,

999

81, 6

3827

6,22

916

8, 6

6376

,312

69, 5

13O

Q

oej.

65,2

283

044

4,58

322

,659

OQ

Q

ci

6,55

219

080

48,7

5299

,400

32,3

7076

,256

45,1

5912

. 860

315,

021

1, 1

01, 7

7386

8,05

030

0, 0

75

117,

718

154,

205

475,

223

32,6

6918

660

157,

775

60,9

23

618,

409

96, 9

4938

6, 4

15

231,

982

85, 4

5929

8,42

817

1, 4

9280

,699

71, 1

97

69,2

003

171

4,88

923

,719

7,14

61Q

<M

7

24,8

8450

,062

101,

809

29,6

3177

,409

47, 6

4114

,638

40, 9

75, 6

17

3, 2

14, 1

89

9, 2

28, 7

043,

207

, 360

4, 0

47, 5

79

1, 3

29, 3

211,

851

, 550

5, 6

28, 1

34

351,

054

171,

811

1, 6

03, 9

5934

4, 8

6363

0, 0

50

6, 1

70, 7

0696

0,22

54,

041

, 601

2, 5

20, 3

8290

5,61

72,

984

, 134

1, 9

01, 7

5291

6, 8

J9

733,

124

989,

209

722,

320

O1

A

QA

264,

729

415,

230

71, 1

2123

7,24

926

5, 4

1754

2,60

61,

102

, 183

348,

569

769,

699

566,

045

144.

691

d

o i-3 h-1 O 3 o CO

TAB

LE 4

1.

Mon

thly

pro

duct

ion

of e

lect

ric

pow

er b

y pu

blic

-uti

lity

pow

er p

lant

s in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es,

1919

-198

6, i

n t

hous

ands

of

kilo

wat

t-

ho

urs

Con

tinu

ed

[No

prod

uctio

n in

Sta

tes

omitt

ed]

Tota

l, 19

21 C

ontin

ued

CO

0

0

Div

isio

n an

d S

tate

Eas

t So

uth

Cen

tral

:

Wes

t So

uth

Cen

tral

:

Lou

isia

na

Mou

ntai

n:

Uta

h

Paci

fic:

Janu

ary

25, 1

5444

,771

38, 9

205,

228

10,6

3219

, 776

19, 4

3464

,432

71, 1

5246

, 652

3,60

832

,622

1,37

110

, 372

18,1

292,

648

104,

192

41, 5

3130

4, 4

24

Feb

ruar

y

21, 8

2040

, 435

36, 6

755,

043

9,61

317

, 675

17,2

9456

, 417

54, 9

4540

,488

3,05

828

, 10

71,

261

9,94

116

,972

2,43

7

90,0

7136

,941

271,

145

Mar

ch

23,8

6344

,735

38, 9

255,

065

9,96

119

,469

18, 9

4761

, 617

56,4

5541

,992

3,08

530

,402

1,25

112

, 833

19, 8

192,

548

96, 2

6938

,965

307,

088

Apr

il

21,7

6042

, 351

36,5

434,

914

9,33

718

, 771

16,2

0957

, 324

42, 4

3836

, 050

2,92

629

,020

1,26

210

,030

12,5

322,

607

96,6

0437

, 655

333,

582

May

22, 2

5743

,643

36,0

434,

910

9,07

419

, 244

16,0

9360

,268

42,8

3648

,257

2,87

229

,328

1,28

310

, 478

7,75

43,

106

90,9

0036

, 763

343,

670

June

22,4

2835

,822

36, 0

774,

983

10, 4

1819

, 732

17,2

6361

,444

44, 4

6548

,022

2,83

026

,107

1,22

813

, 653

7,83

43,

367

92,4

4435

, 396

355,

955

July

22,8

4535

,725

36, 6

764,

987

10,9

4319

, 578

17,4

4064

,479

45, 2

7453

,623

2,83

329

,030

1,26

713

, 197

8,28

83,

558

95,2

3336

, 050

375,

674

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242,

493

189

56,8

12

2,74

05,

266

16,3

9457

,496

53.5

68

1, 5

51, 7

26

112,

097

292,

065

125,

444

100,

997

166,

302

56,2

22 558

188,

726

509,

315

31, 3

3018

,909

10,5

4035

,815 58

414

Q

1Q

243,

487

181

48,3

97

2,83

63,

505

16,9

9256

,945

45.1

66

1,48

8,55

8

101,

883

290,

543

109,

831

86,6

8016

6,48

247

,480 48

119

0,90

349

4,27

5

34,3

0811

,494

29J3

69 394

12,9

94

257,

663

135

32,7

45

1,42

62,

445

17,5

5052

,723

35.6

87

1,35

0,52

4

93,9

2428

2,44

011

3, 6

6971

,264

147,

386

39,0

54 417

181,

273

421,

097

33,4

449,

809

13,5

4425

,050 58

211

,495

251,

191 17

031

,079

1,61

92,

201

17,4

5454

,381

38.0

14

1,34

7,23

3

91,8

5427

8, 1

0611

1, 5

7969

,360

158,

343

35,8

06 385

177,

242

424,

558

36, 1

3510

,292

13,3

8422

,526 33

59,

182

266,

971

120

21,0

15

1,35

62,

578

17,0

2157

,942

32.6

82

1, 3

61, 3

52

88,0

9728

0,67

612

1,89

481

,293

153,

624

28,6

52 452

179,

017

437,

647

35,3

6710

,358

11, 5

2723

,134 34

67,

365

263,

056 93

17, 5

27 930

2,80

316

,856

60,6

7440

.631

1, 4

16, 8

59

72,3

7428

9, 6

9411

3,52

166

,671

165,

255

59,9

08 438

194,

454

454,

544

34,9

197,

632

10,0

5113

,608 31

85,

946

267,

299

116

22,2

79

2,01

03,

077

16, 1

3257

, 876

34,4

26

17,2

06,5

79

1,21

0,47

53,

451,

292

1, 4

63, 1

701,

048,

047

1,94

0,19

867

9, 3

766,

681

2,05

5,74

35,

351,

597

385,

908

162,

446

135,

601

361,

147

6,66

815

8,70

5

2,95

1,81

82,

003

497,

471

30,9

3749

,263

191,

827

692,

122

499,

021

TABL

E 41.

Mon

thly

pro

duct

ion

of e

lect

ric

pow

er b

y pu

blic

-uti

lity

pow

er p

lant

s in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es,

1919

-192

6, i

n th

ousa

nds

of k

ilow

att-

hours

Con

tinu

ed[N

o pr

oduc

tion

in S

tate

s om

itted

]

By

the

use

of w

ater

pow

er, 1

922

Con

tinue

d

Div

isio

n an

d St

ate

Wes

t Nor

th C

entr

al:

Sout

h A

tlant

ic:

Wes

t Vir

gin

ia..

.. . .

Sout

h C

arol

ina _

__

__

Flo

rida

..- - .

Eas

t Sou

th C

entr

al:

Wes

t Sou

th C

entr

al:

Texas.

. .-

-. _

- .

_ ..

Mou

ntai

n:

Utah...

Nev

ada.

. __

__

..

. _Pa

cific

:

Janu

ary

20,4

2151

,240

2,35

8 051

41,

220

1,01

8

243

17, 7

022,

404

OK A

m72

,145

40,4

58 722 10

31,1

9236

,614 14

415

543

2

55,3

5947

,503 15

414

,762 62

4,59

33,

931

3,22

1

107,

821

35,4

1425

4,62

9

Febr

uary

15, 1

6945

,470

2,31

6 046

81,

238

1,36

6

298

19,8

482,

582

91

Q7S

67,3

0341

, 752 65

9 1027

, 747

36,7

73 127 97 389

63.6

5041

,976 13

4 -

12,7

65 525,

208

3,46

52,

927

90,0

4731

,925

240,

360

Mar

ch

28,0

1056

,041

6,84

7 01,

300

1,39

72,

349

383

27,2

302,

904

25,5

9571

,380

46,4

86 617 8

29,5

7141

, 277 13

622

036

9

80,7

9044

,199 11

813

,846 65

8,63

03,

426

3,37

0

92,4

6334

,889

291,

579

Apr

il

42,7

9454

,346

6,64

3 01,

817

1,41

32,

325

317

22,7

812,

843

23,6

0065

,788

43,4

25 603 8

26,7

5240

,405 12

019

735

5

81, 7

0349

,390 14

914

,82<

i53

8,53

84,

262

3,27

0

95,2

6732

,590

306,

997

May 47,6

6863

,076

2,91

3 01,

691

1,47

62,

350

289

26,2

063,

287

33,7

4462

, 157

48,5

35 531 8

30,8

6943

,058 13

416

637

9

85,7

1059

,925 11

715

,647 73

10,8

526,

776

3,32

2

102,

712

32,5

9635

8,80

7

Jun

e

36,8

5262

, 116

1,35

8 095

01,

643

1,60

9

241

23, 0

142,

712

31, 5

7765

,106

47,2

47 707 8

29,9

8637

,958 12

925

314

8

82,9

6961

, 615 11

215

,224 83

11,5

3010

,808

2,96

6

100,

882

31,6

5036

9,53

3

July

32,5

3861

,905

1,77

6 083

11,

755

2,19

2

280

22,4

132,

252

28,5

4465

,619

46,3

43 851 8

29,1

1027

,104 15

622

018

2

82,4

3957

, 525 12

115

,704 72

12,3

6717

,558

2,94

0

104,

842

29,1

6037

5, 3

13

Aug

ust

27,4

8054

,257

1,08

6 097

21,

737

1,14

8

171

13,8

021,

357

32,9

3768

,201

49, 1

26)

888 8

30,8

1716

,655 16

3 99 219

83,9

2156

,176 13

816

, 971 50

12,1

8018

,348

3,11

9

109,

062

26,8

4735

8,36

6

Sept

embe

r

23,5

7444

,816 96 0

794

1,29

169

3

110

9,20

3SQ

"i

33, 8

7657

,403

44,9

35 964 8

27,7

0611

, 340 141 68 208

80,8

6353

,335 14

914

, 517 45

11,1

8617

,963

3,21

5

98,1

8123

,690

299,

226

Oct

ober

21,1

8845

, 372 97 0

794

1,29

661

3

118

11,4

07 694

69,0

0746

,584 93

3 824

,004

11,7

94 138 38 209

88,2

6044

,123 13

513

,248 45

9,02

918

,964

3,43

8

96,2

9825

,501

302,

759

Nov

embe

r

27, 6

1349

, 385 64

6 083

31,

448

1,36

8 9811

,418 38

829

,977

64,1

5036

, 693 90

0 818

,370

10, 2

74 123

121

-208

90,8

3045

,540 15

512

,319 40

6,11

220

,668

3,35

3

108,

010

29,5

5130

0,08

6

Dec

embe

r

19, 1

7341

, 919

3,11

4 061

493

291

9

151

17,9

991,

704

86, 1

7237

,458 73

8 836

,198

23,7

02 138

113

187

100,

239

53,0

32 152

13, 3

13 584,

983

19,3

333,

344

103,

741

31,4

6031

9,34

3

Tot

al

342,

480

629,

943

29,2

50 011

, 578

16,8

4617

,950

2,69

922

3, 0

2324

,022

337,

868

814,

431

529,

042

9,11

3

100

342,

322

336,

954

1,64

91,

747

3,28

5

976,

733

614,

339

1,63

417

3,14

469

810

5,20

814

5,50

238

,485

1,20

9,32

636

5,27

33,

776

, 998

PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY 145

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3-3- ^g-os ||1

S I

TAB

LE 41.

Mon

thly

pro

duct

ion

of e

lect

ric

pow

erpu

blic

-uti

lity

pow

er p

lant

s in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es,

1919

-192

6, i

n t

hous

ands

of

kilo

wat

t-

hour

s C

onti

nued

[No

prod

uctio

n in

Sta

tes

omitt

ed]

By

the

use

of f

uels

, 19

22 C

ontin

ued

P

Div

isio

n an

d St

ate

Eas

t So

uth

Cen

tral

:

Wes

t So

uth

Cen

tral

:

Mou

ntai

n:

Uta

h...... ..

... ..

. .

Paci

fic:

Janu

ary

26,7

82

11,5

02

9,29

8 5,

208

10,6

64

21,3

82

21,7

16

64,6

04 782

156

3,42

7 19

,337

1,

358

2,81

6 22

124

3,86

5 8,

770

57,9

28

Febr

uary

24,6

90

10,0

45

3,89

9 4,

677

9,44

9 18

,490

19

,322

56

,708 67

1 13

5 3,

054

17,2

83

1,21

9 2,

796 25

93

6,35

0 7,

807

48,6

74

Mar

ch

27,1

13

11,2

40

4,43

0 4,

845

9,46

4 20

,383

20

,287

61

,523 68

4 6 3,

066

17,6

20

1,33

6 2,

730 4 90

12,2

21

7,68

2 29

,716

Apr

il

25,5

26

11,1

74

4,44

1 4,

679

8,99

6 18

,954

19

,277

58

,645 58

3 13

2 2,

^51

15,4

09

1,30

8 2,

716 36

45

2,39

8 5,

168

21,3

18

May

26,2

42

11,7

01

6,90

2 4,

603

9,31

0 20

,174

20

,500

63

,100 56

9 14

3 2,

734

15,9

40

1,37

3 2,

811 0 32

1,96

4 5,

230

28,7

62

June

26,2

43

11,4

49

12,2

92

4,71

7

11,0

62

20,1

03

20,8

27

64,3

85 589 52

2,

668

17,0

65

1,30

8 3,

119 0 35

1,98

2 5,

971

32,3

61

July

24,8

09

11,6

84

22,4

03

4,74

6

11,8

99

20,3

93

21,3

21

67,9

35 602

219

2,51

7 16

,729

1,

494

3,55

2 0 58

1,68

4 7,

929

41,8

75

Aug

ust

23,1

61

11,6

37

38,2

66

4,92

5

12,1

34

21,1

03

22,2

11

72,0

67 680 32

2,

810

17,4

59

1,44

3 3,

397 0 73

4,27

5 16

,274

66

,688

Sept

embe

r

25,5

81

13,8

56

51,1

83

5,38

3

11,8

94

21,1

36

23,0

82

73,7

77 707 30

3,06

7 19

,269

1,

400

3,45

0 0 61

7,56

5 21

,611

87

,237

Oct

ober

26,8

85

21,9

72

63,7

15

5,55

7

11,1

51

22,2

29

24,6

01

76,8

83 764

168

3,50

1 22

,609

1,

359

3,93

8 0 60

11,5

92

23,7

59

79,8

80

Nov

embe

r

27,7

62

29,3

86

62,5

82

5,39

1

11,2

72

22,0

11

25,1

38

75,9

12 798

160

3,63

1 24

,179

1,

361

4,00

2 0 63

5,83

2 19

, 010

59

, 664

Dec

embe

r

29,7

81

14,6

26

41,0

935,

428

11,6

20

23,4

71

25,8

12

77,9

68 810

211

4,02

5 27

,432

1,

483

4,08

0 10

0 63

16, 5

81

18,3

20

48,6

02

H

Tot

al

W

O >

314,

575

5

170,

172

S

310,

504

M

60, 1

59

$ >"S

128,

915

.

249,

829

£

264,

094

2

813,

507

w

8,23

9 3

1,44

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37,3

51

S

230,

331

2

16,4

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%

76,2

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531

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Tot

al,

1923

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ted

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tes.

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Paci

fic _

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.

4,73

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146,

697

129,

551

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4,63

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4,49

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145,

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372,

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781

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978

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land

:

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mon

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33,6

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60

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00

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TABL

E 4

1.

Mon

thly

pro

duct

ion

of e

lect

ric

pow

er b

y pu

blic

-util

ity p

ower

pla

nts

in t

he U

nite

d St

ates

, 19

19-1

926,

in

thou

sand

s of

kilo

wat

t-

hours

Con

tinu

ed[N

o pr

oduc

tion

in S

tate

s om

itted

]

By

the

use

of f

uels

, 19

23

Div

isio

n an

d S

tate

Uni

ted

Stat

es _

.

Mid

dle A

tlan

tic

-

Wes

t N

orth

Cen

tral.

New

Eng

land

:

Mid

dle

Atla

ntic

:

Eas

t N

orth

Cen

tral

: O

hio

...-

Wes

t N

orth

Cen

tral

:

Kan

sas.

-.--

--. .

Janu

ary

3,13

5,26

0

275,

797

1,00

8,17

098

2,41

527

0,42

228

2,73

373

, 189

139,

434

35,0

0268

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3,41

73,

352 47

164,

601

46,8

1357

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458,

485

115,

315

434,

370

309,

180

107,

861

333,

308

163,

333

fiS

7

00

57,8

7241

,617

92,1

413,

461

4,98

724

,679

45.6

65

Feb

ruar

y

2,85

6,29

0

264,

562

914,

698

904,

579

245,

355

244,

739

59,7

4712

6,50

733

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62,4

34

4,81

93,

508

646

153,

392

45,4

0456

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418,

683

104,

575

391,

440

284,

824

99,6

7930

5,01

015

0,59

564

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54,8

6336

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84,4

172,

938

4,16

821

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40.4

08

Mar

ch

3,00

8,28

0

261,

510

977,

561

952,

098

238,

269

274,

497

64,7

3913

5,69

734

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69,2

95

4,69

12,

527

299

156,

266

43,4

3154

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438,

919

113,

447

425,

195

300,

249

98,8

8533

4, 7

8115

4,58

263

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51,6

7037

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78,4

952,

944

4,34

923

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40.0

45

Apr

il

2,68

9,14

3

210,

420

870,

187

871,

671

203,

364

264,

513

55, 1

7912

8,85

030

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54,5

30 758

1,78

831

712

6,74

331

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48,9

25

384,

236

100,

770

385,

181

288,

705

93,3

6230

1,31

113

4,38

215

9 O

il

26,8

8534

,796

72,1

732,

322

3,48

722

,357

41.3

44

May

2,73

2,31

1

206,

775

884,

127

878,

714

199,

503

275,

817

55,0

1313

3,40

429

,545

69,4

13

1,40

31,

765

243

122,

416

32,0

0548

,943

385,

453

100,

861

397,

813

294,

262

96,8

8729

9,82

213

8,85

548

,888

22,1

8135

,451

74,7

812,

118

3,61

723

,258

38.0

97

June

2,76

4,41

9

229,

047

883,

840

870,

159

201,

663

293,

081

53,5

2513

3,96

229

,005

70,1

37 892

2,45

528

112

8,50

739

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57,0

05

394,

769

99,2

0038

9,87

1

285,

350

97,5

2529

7,97

914

2,09

147

,214

24,5

0135

,551

74,1

332,

662

3,49

723

,591

37.7

28

July

2,88

3,95

3

251,

512

901,

346

874,

911

212,

611

319,

199

56,1

8113

8,89

929

,198

100,

096

2,29

83,

697

993

137,

240

43,6

2863

,656

410,

119

100,

505

390,

722

276,

507

95,7

8930

3,90

814

7,64

851

,059

25,7

9936

,614

78,6

332,

949

3,76

324

,801

40.0

52

Aug

ust

3,09

5,96

3

274,

103

927,

151

938,

432

251,

680

327,

604

64,8

8914

6,97

929

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135,

474

4,92

04,

140

1,65

314

5,03

951

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66,4

26

433,

087

85,4

0540

8,65

9

294,

926

100,

258

319,

406

159,

082

fli

7fin

43,3

8539

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88,5

743,

067

4,23

726

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46.4

37

Sept

embe

r

3,06

8,51

1

268,

218

905,

955

910,

247

249,

691

323,

422

94,3

0314

4,41

731

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140,

930

6,51

24,

218

1,42

614

4,89

147

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63,8

99

428,

071

89,4

4438

8,44

0

285,

574

98,3

8431

1, 5

4615

2,24

4

46,7

9239

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84,9

773,

156

4,44

425

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45.0

30

Oct

ober

3,47

4,95

2

293,

733

1,03

3,58

31,

016,

250

276,

189

391,

374

140,

375

153,

617

35,8

7413

3,95

7

7,39

14,

496

1,42

916

3,28

751

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65,4

32

487,

006

112,

711

433,

866

315,

672

107,

232

351,

894

172,

069

69,3

83

56,8

0142

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94,1

583,

388

4,99

126

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47.6

48

Nov

embe

r

3,33

6,21

8

251,

886

997,

952

1,00

1,62

926

8,05

336

0, 7

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5,99

214

8,90

237

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153,

705

3,96

43,

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224

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119

42,4

75'

54,0

08

463,

916

112,

606

421,

430

310,

205

107,

285

345,

432

172,

110

66,5

97

58, 1

3841

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91,5

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561

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Dec

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4

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489

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4,70

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4,18

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9, 1

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97 861

2,27

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280

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118

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366

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Tot

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LE 4

1.

Mon

thly

pro

duct

ion

of e

lect

ric

pow

er b

y pu

blic

-uti

lity

pow

er p

lant

s in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es,

1919

-198

6, i

n t

hous

ands

of

kil

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t-

hours

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onti

nued

[No

prod

ucti

on in

Sta

tes

omitt

ed]

Tot

al,

1924

-Con

tinu

ed

Div

isio

n an

d St

ate

New

Eng

land

:

Mid

dle

Atla

ntic

:

Eas

t N

orth

Cen

tral

: O

hio

.. .

.. -

Wes

t N

orth

Cen

tral

:

Sout

h A

tlant

ic:

"Wes

t Vir

gini

aN

orth

Car

olin

a.. _

_....

_--

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t S

outh

Cen

tral

:

Mis

siss

ippi

- i

Janu

ary

39,4

8421

060

16,2

2019

9,17

441

, 875

79,6

52

817,

996

116,

512

525,

435

337,

961

116,

983

41 0

A

Kfi

254,

041

106,

354

81, 7

7775

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110,

730

3,60

76,

114

28,6

8048

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7,93

339

, 015

27, 6

7366

,081

161,

726

66,0

8184

,604

68,4

8819

, 412

35,0

9358

,649

77,1

455,

840

Feb

ruar

y

39,2

4615

,625

13, 7

3718

1, 0

4250

,470

74,6

08

756,

045

106,

554

482,

534

314,

423

108,

332

383,

800

236,

223

100,

576

71, 2

5986

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86,1

003,

199

5,41

026

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43,8

58

7,38

240

,128

25, 7

5262

, 418

156,

257

55,9

2777

,004

64,5

8718

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33,1

4460

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70,5

475,

536

Mar

ch

41, 3

7518

,731

14, 0

5818

2, 5

2535

, 702

77,7

03

785,

196

108,

370

itfU

1

47

323,

150

110,

775

399,

906

243,

568

111,

023

68,6

2910

4,72

273

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3,09

75,

388

26,5

8043

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7,44

931

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26,2

4963

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160,

471

46,0

5790

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66,0

3018

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33,3

2057

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71,4

905,

372

Apri

l

39,0

3421

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13,4

4816

9, 4

7830

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71 4

64

758,

302

100,

679

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981

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315

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471

223,

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132,

628

63,7

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4,94

025

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42,8

15

6,97

427

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24,8

3860

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143,

493

40,8

4989

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64,1

7916

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30,2

8655

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68,2

165,

276

May

37,5

6421

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17,0

7215

8,91

426

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69,7

56

747,

338

97,8

38474

RA

K

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843

99,3

2936

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013

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966

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2360

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139,

575

40,8

4780

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62,5

3216

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57,8

3170

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5.37

1

June

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4915

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18, 8

7314

4,28

728

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65,1

65

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076

83,9

424

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96

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133,

548

38,0

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56,6

3116

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29,8

6655

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115,

792

July

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4814

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22,4

6714

8, 3

1927

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93

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914

98,3

1843

3,32

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101,

128

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081

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521

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908

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2213

3,25

438

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5857

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62

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041

Aug

ust

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0, 6

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979

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003

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763

55,2

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6554

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569

Sep

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Mon

thly

pro

duct

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of e

lect

ric

pow

er b

y pu

blic

-util

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pla

nts

in t

he U

nite

d St

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in

thou

sand

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t-

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Con

tinu

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Sta

tes

omitt

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By

the

use

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pow

er,

1924

Con

tinu

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Div

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n an

d S

tate

Wes

t N

orth

Cen

tral

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Sout

h A

tlant

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Vir

gin

ia................

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est V

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nia.

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rgia

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__

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t So

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Mou

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Mon

tana

_______

_

Uta

h.....................

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fic:

Cal

ifor

nia-

____ . _

..

Janu

ary

11,0

0931

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4,70

056

71,

640

2,02

6

293

25,6

122,

693

38,7

4578

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99,6

4964

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516

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6,74

318

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3,72

6

124,

190

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3

Feb

ruar

y

9,50

047

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952

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826

2,73

4

310

22,7

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707

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ch

13,8

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2,44

3

295

28,4

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643

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74

486

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314

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Apr

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28,7

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320

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6159

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516

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111,

880

40,0

4532

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94

May

48,2

0867

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720

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8426

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126,

642

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June

41,8

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391

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337

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312,

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42,3

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301

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620

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12,9

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the

U

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24 C

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fic:

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ary

35, 0

7616

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35,

840

13,1

2827

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2815

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536

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217

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ch

33,3

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4425

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l

30,2

6815

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4,87

25,

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151

3,70

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1,48

54,

381 25 47

4,23

511

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127,

702-

May

30,7

5415

, 436

7,20

95,

371

10,0

5723

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26,0

5490

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916

13,

673

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571,

634

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212

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107

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29,8

4815

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7,97

45,

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12,4

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26,0

9490

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713

63,

632

19,0

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624

3,75

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3,76

416

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924

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31, 5

7914

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2824

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03,

513

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125

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33,1

5022

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41, 6

176,

569

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28,3

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33, 4

6827

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38, 3

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TAB

LE 4

1.

Mon

thly

pro

duct

ion

of e

lect

ric

pow

er b

y pu

blic

-uti

lity

pow

er p

lant

s in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es,

1919

-192

6, i

n

thou

sand

s of

kil

owat

t-

ho

urs

Con

tinu

ed[N

o pr

oduc

tion

in S

tate

s om

itted

] ._

. *0B

y th

e us

e of

wat

er p

ower

, 1926 C

onti

nued

P <i

Div

isio

n an

d S

tate

Wes

t N

orth

Cen

tral

:

Sout

h D

akota

............

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rask

a _________

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h A

tlan

tic:

M

aryla

nd... .

.. _

__

...

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t Vir

gini

a...

........

Nor

th C

arol

ina _

__

_

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rgia

_ ..

. _

. ..

. ..

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rida.

.,-.

..-.

_ ..

.....

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t So

uth

Cen

tral

: K

entu

cky.

__

__

__

_ .

Ala

bam

a. _

_ . _

__

. _

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t So

uth

Cen

tral

:

Okl

ahom

a __

_ . .

.......

Tex

as __

__

..

.. _

...

Mou

ntai

n:

Idah

o ___ .-

--..--

--.-

--

Ari

zona

______ . _

~U

tah

....

_ .

Paci

fic:

Janu

ary

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97

50, 9

15

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6

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63

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19, 4

13

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63

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36

4,44

7

Feb

ruar

y

27,9

61

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81

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7

2,26

4 25

, 471

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3

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319

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26

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12, 7

41

60

4,95

7 16

, 807

3,

441

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176

51

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37

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4

Mar

ch

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55

72,5

54

7,48

4 90

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540

2,62

3

298

25,5

54

3,12

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50

57, 1

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5,36

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2

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49

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84

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447

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57

468,

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Apr

il

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05

68,9

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350

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567

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56

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44

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2

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216

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86

4 18

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63

5,

255

25,8

25

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9

142,

670

49

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47

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6

May

55, 8

81

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39

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1 75

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042

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0

518

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65

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45

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150,

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53

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June

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30

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05

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1,66

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93

19

, 315

20

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100

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July

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24

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616

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93

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144,

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39,8

62

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184

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ust

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13

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12

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3 20

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17

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14

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2,

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Sep

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524

Oct

ober

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377

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1

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314

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Nov

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Dec

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land

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1030

,825

7,19

640

,386

4,14

2,87

6

339,

655

1,18

2,22

61,

334,

060

247,

767

451,

617

105,

149

238,

346

51,2

9419

2,76

2

10,3

466,

011

982

169,

917

59,4

7192

,928

499,

780

146,

810

535,

636

402,

733

139,

205

486,

981

234,

504

70,6

37

21,0

3049

, 212

71,8

684,

286

6,12

431

, 311

63,9

36

11,3

5650

,082

31, 5

7971

,406

136,

817

66,5

2037

,055

7,86

138

,941

4,41

2,78

3

337,

836

1,27

5,57

01,

406,

277

251,

404

476,

429

163,

545

247,

334

56,2

8719

8, 1

01

7,43

25,

338

412

182,

884

52,2

6589

,505

540,

391

159,

240

575,

939

423,

214

146,

152

526,

499

237,

218

73,1

94

17,8

7850

,859

73,4

824,

728

6,29

431

,798

66,3

66

11,4

5442

,281

33,2

1373

, 115

143,

503

78,4

6743

,984

8,82

341

,589

4,26

7,03

1

286,

424

1,26

3,81

31,

344

, 166

257,

181

486,

821

96,9

6923

7, 1

0760

,692

193,

858

461

3,77

430

417

4,78

936

,406

70,6

90

531,

796

157,

553

574,

464

403,

447

149,

622

509,

336

209,

239

72,6

02

26,7

7350

,787

71, 7

495,

224

6,53

032

,023

64,0

95

6,87

040

,302

33,6

2261

,483

162,

791

88,3

1937

,239

9,67

146

.524

4,41

2,07

1

341,

987

1, 3

91, 7

581,

452,

233

283,

895

470,

268

73,4

6224

6,98

760

,920

90,5

61 382

4,33

8

188

203,

081

45,4

7688

,522

608,

577

172,

945

610,

236

426,

041

155,

439

558,

554

227,

965

84,2

34

43,5

7753

, 519

77,4

005,

269

7,04

933

,663

63,4

18

8,78

451

,320

36,9

4954

,870

161,

629

75,3

2226

,275

7,75

947

.360

47,6

02,2

63

3, 4

81, 1

6514

,477

,268

15, 5

94, 6

003,

071,

381

5, 1

10, 4

221,

123

, 520

2, 5

90, 6

4459

1, 1

881,

562,

075

29,3

2148

,669

5,43

12,

004,

118

470,

715

922,

921

6,15

3,73

11,

734,

166

6, 5

89, 3

71

4,71

4,34

61,

617,

508

5,70

7,26

72,

605,

485

949,

994

452,

993

566,

610

838,

138

47,5

5572

,023

360,

757

733,

305

118,

866

551,

850

381,

373

719,

599

1,68

9,29

970

4,70

835

6,24

697

,030

491.

451

en

TABL

E 4

1.

Mon

thly

pro

duct

ion

of e

lect

ric

pow

er b

y pu

blic

-uti

lity

pow

er p

lant

s in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es,

1919

-192

6, i

n th

ousa

nds

of k

ilow

att-

hours

Con

tinu

ed[N

o pr

oduc

tion

in S

tate

s om

itted

]

By

the

use

of fu

els,

192

6 C

onti

nued

s w Q O

Div

isio

n an

d St

ate

Eas

t So

uth

Cen

tral

: K

entu

cky _

______

_T

enne

ssee

__

__

__

__

Ala

bam

a _______

_M

issi

ssip

pi _

_____

__

Wes

t Sou

th C

entr

al:

Ark

ansa

s ...............

..L

ouis

iana

.. ............

..O

klah

oma .

....

....

....

...

Tex

as. _

________

_M

ount

ain:

* M

onta

na ..

............

...

Idah

o.. .

....

....

....

.....

Wyo

min

g ..

Col

orad

o". ...

....

....

.....

New

Mex

ico .

....

....

.....

Ari

zona

.. ..

....

....

......

Uta

h __ ..

. ...........

..N

evad

a ________

_Pa

cific

: W

ashi

ngto

n __

__

__

_O

rego

n .................

..C

alif

orni

a. ..

....

....

....

.

Janu

ary

39,9

9425

,627

10, 5

136,

594

9,98

742

,837

36,3

8311

5,28

9

824

185

4,59

632

,420

1,79

44,

146

10,8

43 80

3,84

310

,163

152,

466

Feb

ruar

y

34,0

0318

,501

12, 1

366,

399

9,27

136

,062

32,4

5610

2,25

5

787

162

4,02

927

,742

1,58

83,

412

10,0

30 77

2,87

711

,576

78,0

51

Mar

ch

35,5

9217

,363

7,08

15,

761

9,28

536

,960

34,5

9811

2,93

7

791

240

3,92

129

,647

1,86

03,

027

11,2

78 40

3,37

712

, 167

77,3

78

Apr

il

38,0

4916

,244

5,13

14,

121

8,44

934

,469

32,8

6910

9, 3

16 789

171

3,56

526

,524

1,69

02,

631

1,09

6 18

3,30

314

,322

40,2

30

May

37,1

0424

,840

12,3

514,

523

9,97

937

,217

34,1

1011

3,35

5

857

143

3,53

823

,996

1,78

92,

956

2,75

4 30

3,56

112

,682

39,3

78

Jun

e

36,1

9629

,347

30,5

304,

332

14,0

8542

,172

35,7

8111

8,69

0

797

184

3,55

624

,921

1,91

53,

097

8,74

5 43

3,65

619

,285

50,2

54

July

35, 1

2843

,237

63,1

204,

351

14,1

5843

,840

38,3

5712

5,71

4

865

182

3,71

524

,166

2,21

53,

211

8,99

9 99

3,80

327

,655

129,

000

Aug

ust

40,8

2018

,926

10,9

185,

563

12,6

6946

,606

39,3

8913

1,32

5

903

197

3,75

127

, 162

2,57

63,

480

10,9

82 168

8,10

131

, 239

148,

426

Sept

embe

r

37,3

8631

,377

31,9

634,

423

12,1

6148

,980

39,9

8313

7,22

2

956

205

3,90

127

,960

2,37

24,

572

11,1

06 222

14,5

4228

,766

149,

454

Oct

ober

38,1

5559

, 615

61, 1

974,

578

11,0

6951

, 594

44,1

3314

0,53

8

1,00

420

74,

292

32, 1

302,

440

4,00

711

,995 21

2

5,36

827

, 629

165,

104

Nov

embe

r

37,6

4231

, 181

24,1

523,

994

9,96

749

,070

44,4

6613

3,60

4

1,02

920

74,

550

34,2

402,

222

3,82

514

,421 19

8

5,15

231

, 673

157,

033

Dec

embe

r

39,3

7420

,528

9,53

24,

028

9,58

249

,986

44,9

6514

2,45

4

1,06

918

44,

744

35,9

622,

511

3,99

512

,243 21

2

5,85

319

,423

65,2

85

Tot

al

449,

443

336,

786

278,

624

5,66

7

130,

662

519,

793

457,

490

1,48

2,69

9

10,6

712,

267

48,1

5834

6,87

024

,972

42,3

5911

4,49

21,

399

63,4

3624

6,58

01,

252,

059

CONSUMPTION OF FUELS 167

TABLE 42. Annual production of electricity by the use of wood for fuel, 1926, in kilowatt-hours (included in Table 41}

[NOTE. The estimated production in 1919 was 140,000,000 kilowatt-hours]

State

Florida _____Georgia .........Idaho.............

Mississippi. __

Oregon 1 ..........South Carolina ... Washington ......

AH other States *.

United States.....

1920

1,226,000 6, 671, 000 2,424,000 3, 864, 000 1,284,000 2,789,000 8, 721, 000 8,476,000

526,000 99, 972, 000

152,000 9,888,000 6,105,000 5,268,000

157,366,000

1921

2,236,000 7,269,000 3, 319, 000 6, 176, 000 3,253,000 1, 168, 000 4,258,000 7, 382, 000 2, 116, 000

84,156,000 467,000

12,357,000 4,128,000 3,691,000

141,976,000

1922

3,899,000 7, 824, 000 4, 721, 000 7,484,000 1,443,000 1,792,000 7,201,000 7,703,000 2, 714, 000

136,456,000 870,000

20, 849, 000 5, 471, 000 4, 169, 000

212,596,000

1923

2,699,000 7,174,000 4,363,000 5,865,000 1,652,000 1, 841, 000 5,942,000

10,427,000 4, 373, 000

159, 269, 000 860.000

23,230,000 2, 964, 000 3, 828, 000

1924

3, 150, 000 7,780,000 4,536,000 5, 102, 000 1, 491, 000 1, 261, 000 8,830,000 7,179,000 6, 287, 000

167,808,000 568,000

16, 024, 000 3,336,000 2, 948, 000

234,487,000 236,300,000i

1925

4, 124, 000 8,917,000 4,732,000

115 49? 600 2, 285, 000 1,504,000

12,671,000 4, 219, 000 8,215,000

164,605,000 1, 059, 000

19,729,000 1, 217, 000 4, 190, 000

249,962,000

1026

4,394,000 9,809,000 2,26J,000 3,394,000 2,253,000 1,334,000

11,596,000 703,000

8,526,000 242,.560,000

552,000 34,128,000

980,000 5,916,000

328,409,000

* 1920, Alabama, Arizona, Maine, Michigan, Oklahoma, Texas, Virginia; 1921, Alabama, Arizona, Maine, Michigan, Oklahoma, Texas; 1922, Alabama, Arizona, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Texas; 1923, Alabama, Arizona, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, Montana; 1924, Alabama, Arizona, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Montana, Texas, Virginia; 1925, Alabama, Arizona, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Texas; 1926, Alabama, Arizona, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Texas, Virginia.

TABLE 43. Monthly consumption of fuels in generating electric power by pvMic- utility power plants in the United States, 1919-1926

[No consumption in States omitted]

1919

COAL (SHORT TONS)

Division and State

United States...........

New England __ , ______Middle Atlantic ______ ...East North Central ........West North Central _ .......South Atlantic ................East South Central ...........West South Central _ .......Mountain ___________Pacific . ...___..._....__

New England: Maine ___________New Hampshire ___ . ...Vermont ..................Massachusetts ............Rhode Island .............Connecticut ...............

Middle Atlantic: New York ................New Jersey ...............Pennsylvania .............

East North Central: Ohio.... ___ ....... _ .Indiana ...................Illinois ___ . ___ . __ ..Michigan. ................Wisconsin _________

West North Central: Minnesota. ...............Iowa ......................Missouri ..................North Dakota ............South Dakota .............Nebraska .................Kansas __________

February

2, 865, 567

229,125882,809989,884330,399195, 511105,38564,15764,4633,834

3835,395

542129, 17129,69263,942

368,569112,366401, 874

314,873141, 060335,309129, 41769,225

57,28285,74587,47616,6385,725

29,94647.588

March

2, 912, 885

232,454891, 610

1,030,326315, 171198,273101, 11971,60368,4233,906

3483,911

412143, 52522,02462,234

363,338115,711412, 561

321, 643157, 931350,824124,94174,987

39, 81079,69489,531-17, 1537,005

30,95651.022

April

2,643,384

212,634835,707918, 477276,259186,105

- 92,93460,47358,1612,634

3573.241

246129, 87720,81958,094

325, 474114, 137396,096

289, 610143,829318,378113,62353,037

25,03872, 21182,14314,4733,945

29,81348.636

July

2, 656, 634

. 230,840842,603901, 949280,670194,59693,51697, 67452,5042,282

5345,8083,909

130,42822,64867, 513

336,702116,944388,957

279,834142,122304,160129, 61246,221

26,52369,70382,04514,8085,017

31,90650.668

September

2.768,515

22L086856,419968,845286, 917226,165100, 42149,99054,450.4,222

1,4854,275

531119,99328,49466,308

344,880112, 138399,401

286,869149,881319,534150,92361,638

47,34672,55777,87413,7385,972

32,60236.828

October

3,050,864

236,386933,502

1,062,471323,537260,592:110,086;67,05868,9288,304

1,1674,215

367128,17827,37175,088

377, 137..127,226429,139

310, 676169,368353,493162,23166*703

65,97481,4518% 850JL6.1987,138

35,06045.866


TABLE 43. Monthly consumption of fuels in generating electric power by public- utility power plants tn the United States, 1919-1986 Continued


1919 Continued

COAL (SHORT TONS)

Division and State

Bouth Atlantic: Delaware-...-...Maryland...... __District of ColumbiaVirginia...... _ .West Virginia-North Carolina....South Carolina..... .Georgia.......Florida.. .......

Bast South Central: Kentucky........Tennessee........Alabama..... _Mississippi..... .

West South Central: Arkansas.......Louisiana.. ..._...Oklahoma .Texas...

Mountain: Montana. .....Idaho.....

Colorado.. .New Mexico..Arizona.... _ .Utah.......Nevada. _ . _ ..

Pacific: Washington........Oregon...... _ .. .

February

8,61028,45221, 41829 12762,45815,6489,844

3,424

38,252OQ 7Oft

27,02616,381

13,38614,30511,136OK QOA

5,537120

12, 45041,5074,045

54165

198

3,611223

March

7,71323,65721,44031,44470,71716,2349,540

11,9345,594

39,38628,72416,46716,542

11, 17713,88512,57833,963

5,591111

13,38444,0794,438

57961

180

3,473433

April

7,00020,75520,98328,45369,42615,6128,811

12,0093,056

37,38024,71014,83616,008

9,90213,87810,07526,618

5,455121

12, 24236,1353,627

410-31

140

2,411223

July

6,60425,95121, 41230,67469,52614,9158,761

13,5603,193

39,39022,15615,45816, 512

8,36411,3248,717

29,269

t ft<U

- ^12,75229,2044,1331,238

0195

2,060222

September

6,88938,88320,01835,99372,90917, 1728,570

23,7022,029

33,02428,89022,57915,928

7,93011,3776,172

24, 511

4,334-187

10,99133,3704,0281,378

5157

3,268954

October

8,15735,14422,050

40,04195,61419,31210,88427,0632,327

36,02630,10525,97317,982

8, 13512,7149,513

26,696

4,930156

13, 13134,984

4,1411,383

5198

7,2701,034

FUEL OIL (BARRELS)

United States..

New England- .....Middle Atlantic. .....East North Central- ..West North Central. . ....South Atlantic. .....East South Central......West South Central-Mountain........Pacific... .......

New England:

Vermont.. _ _Massachusetts.. _ .Connecticut.... __ ....

Middle Atlantic: New York...New Jersey......... . ..Pennsylvania- ....

East North Central: Ohio.. .........

Illinois... .........Michigan..... ............Wisconsin......

West North Central: Minnesota. _ . ___ . ...Iowa _ . ______ .Missouri _ . ___ .North Dakota... _ . ...South Dakota. ...........

Kansas........ ...........

656,368

386658

5,94090,45833,125

822210,272

73,125941 *tft9

7202

24333

5449222

739448

3,913191644

1,138787

33,571539

3,1643,512

47. 747

633,515

366663

3,97391,00432,493

763218,28062,583

223,390

7202

14323

546103

14

842167

2,198104662

1,016730

21,053514

3,3793,509

60.803

583,062

318597

4,03086,60229,199

753216,602

49,975194,086

1732

17279

5018016

764420

2,142139565

854743

19, 519530

3,0913,433

58,432

994,667

2391,6002,853

88,28933,480

874239,71649,082

578,534

032

21213

1,22479

297

689402984204574

832720

18,847553

3,2313,364

60,742

1, 111, 577

1,3841,1652,073

134,85441,7645,227

279,05340,535

605,522

2035

00

1,329

87976

210

585314460

63651

347589

56,919226

2,3363,027

71, 410

1,210,220

1,621948

2,169145,14853,3145,824

327,00855,191

618,997

26310

141,550

276379293

622275484

70718

387600

66,736151

2,6623,233

71,379


TABLE 43. Monthly consumption of fuels in generating electric power by public- utility power plants in the United States, 1919-1926 Continued


1919 Continued

FUEL OIL (BARRELS) Continued

Division and State

South Atlantic:

Virginia...................West Virginia.............North Carolina ___ . ....South Carolina ............

East South Central:

Tennessee... ..............

West South Central:

Oklahoma ______ : ....

Mountain: Montana _________

Pacific: Washington ______ ...

February

019

122522078

12032,714

35886

8370

44730,8118,109

170,905

53010

8,470100

1,06062,055

900

17,81024,384

199,388

March

1718

153582082

12032,025

351848

320

48930,0946,300

181, 397

49210

9,06295

1,36050,520

1,044

18,80419,459

185,127

April

03052522093

16728,785

35381

8311

45628,1929,921

178,033

48810

8,8*098

1,37338,169

997

17,87915,456

161,651

July

030

1224520

1022,386

30,775

34182

8443

45030,50820,067

188,691

5029

4,008174

1,61040,999

. 1,780

22,0715,664

550,799

September

00

12645

00

4,105-37,488

16520

4,925117

28932,85131,628

214,285

29410

4,30090

74333,910

1,188

38,5505,153

561, 819

October

00

1285000

5,54647,590

19025

5,475134

32133,48753,065

240,135

33410

4,388iOO

1,43147,6041,324

34,69512,278

572,024

NATURAL GAS (M CUBIC FEET)

United States.. ...... ...

New England.. ...............Middle Atlantic... . .-East North Central. . ...... _West North Central..... ......South Atlantic _ .. ...........West South Central.... .... ...

Pacific.. ......................

New England:

Middle Atlantic: New York.. ..............

East North Central: Ohio..... ...... ........

West North Central: Kansas ...

South Atlantic:

West Virginia.............

West South Central:

Oklahoma...... ..........Texas

Mountain:

Pacific: California............ _ ..

1,412,504

20,766192, 132253,6*7-83,405

119,627716,030

6,28621, 611

20,766

149, 83142,301

250,4882,i59

83,405

1,500118,029

98

63,43055,092

423, 813173,695

1,0085,278

21,611

1, 766, 760

12,615218,858325,42886,901

144,339789,666

7,168181,785

12,615

164,40854,450

323,3202,108

86,901

1,500142,688

151

85,39847,458

477,050179,760

9606,208

181,785

1,859,867

11,309200,965335,59365,374

185,349783,599

4,096273,642

11,309

147, 43258,533

333,6841,909

65,374

1,500180,069

3,780

97,72649,599

458,496177,778

9073,129

273,642

2,057,147

097,480

513, 73984,323

279,434835,550

4,393242,228

0

56,94940,531

5M,8611,878

84,323

1,350278,084

0

182,84863,624

474,930114, 148

9123,481

242,228

1,900,646

098,413

532,004102,580206,478721, 416

3,883235,872

0

58,08940,324

530,1861,818

102,580

1,350205,128

0

201,38773,924

387,38858,717

1,0332,850

235,872

1,995,987

101, KM511,52*212, 376202,33!773,587

4,50;190,499

C

58,74742,417

509,50fl2.02C

212, 37J

1.50C200,833

C

220,73$83.03C

414, 02C55,791

1,2073,301

190,49,

TAB

LE 4

3.

Mon

thly

con

sum

ptio

n of

fuel

s in

gen

erat

ing

elec

tric

pow

er b

y pu

blic

-util

ity p

ower

pla

nts

in t

he U

nite

d St

ates

, 1919-1

926 C

on.

[No

cons

umpt

ion

in S

tate

s om

itted

]

1920

CO

AL

(SH

OR

T T

ON

S)

Div

isio

n an

d St

ate

-

Uni

ted

Sta

tes.

. ..

..

Mid

dle A

tlan

tic

E

ast

Nor

th C

entr

al

Wes

t N

orth

Cen

tral

New

Eng

land

:

Mid

dle

Atla

ntic

:

Eas

t Nor

th C

entr

al:

Ohio

..

In

dia

na.

... _

__ ..

__

.

Wes

t N

orth

Cen

tral

:

Kan

sas.

.. _

__

_ ..

....

.

Janu

ary

3,58

5,06

7

298,

367

1, 1

67, 2

101,

266,

520

354,

076

273,

792

110,

171

45,9

7865

, 415

3,53

8

3,41

06,

768

1,74

817

5,71

635

, 196

75,5

29

479,

SCO

156,

797

530,

613

401,

486

198,

528

411,

734

178,

983

75, 7

89

64,0

8793

,829

91, 1

7819

, 462

7,83

137

,979

39. 7

10

Feb

ruar

y

3,23

2,48

0

261,

397

1,02

1,70

01,

172

, 089

338,

548

234,

176

92, 1

77A

Q 9(U

60, 1

802,

919

3,52

35,

780

2,25

015

0, 7

2332

, 624

66,4

97

411,

209

130,

201

480,

290

362,

455

184,

622

384,

176

164,

252

76,5

84

56,2

0690

,096

92,4

2216

,087

7,64

539

, 209

36.8

83

Mar

ch

3. 2

56, 0

27

240,

408

1, 0

41, 0

571,

191

, 568

329,

888

239,

446

95, 1

2153

, 021

61, 6

533,

865

813

3,64

544

114

1, 2

3328

,675

65,6

01

402,

924

136,

861

501,

272

373,

674

183,

459

385,

856

168,

411

80,1

68

45,4

0391

,321

99, 6

8714

, 346

6,52

236

,317

36.2

92

Apr

il

2,91

5,69

1

2C7,

218

927,

495

1, 0

76, 5

1429

0, 5

5221

7, 6

5688

,951

47,2

6056

,001

4,04

4

389

3,25

926

112

5, 4

4825

, 540

52,3

21

348,

551

128,

285

450,

659

343,

756

173,

596

358,

068

133,

789

67,3

05

27.2

2079

,524

96,7

7512

,887

5,55

834

,203

34,3

85

May

2, 8

23, 9

95

193,

588

907,

334

1, 0

37, 5

5728

4, 3

4521

5, 5

7087

,055

45,0

7049

, 652

3,82

4

389

2,88

315

311

4,13

222

,859

53, 1

72

343,

046

124,

444

439,

844

325,

773

160,

585

337,

318

148,

957

64,9

24

24,4

5274

,936

93,4

3611

,733

5,70

135

,223

38,8

64

June

2,84

9,44

7

200,

896

926,

674

1, 0

37, 2

6527

3. 8

5421

8, 7

6187

, 162

51,8

7449

, 198

3,76

3

329

3,03

623

511

8, 7

4225

,320

53,2

34

367,

696

125,

120

433,

858

320,

997

160,

700

328,

619

164,

686

62,2

63

26,7

4272

,029

88,4

8711

,750

5,95

933

,220

35,6

67

July

2,93

7,42

3

215,

223

944,

705

1,05

6,23

229

3,23

023

3,85

589

,801

50,8

7149

, 544

3,96

2

169

3,64

335

712

5, 0

7924

,799

61, 1

76

379,

979

123,

919

440,

807

325,

985

162,

699

331,

418

171,

282

64,8

48

26,8

9678

, 165

96,5

1212

,995

6,29

034

,677

37,6

95

Aug

ust

3,00

9,98

2

220,

687

961,

624

1, C

82, 7

5831

4, 0

6722

6, 0

9498

,056

51, 6

8249

, 795

5,21

9

383

4.14

860

413

3,22

520

,296

62,0

31

388,

437

126,

985

446,

202

325,

424

167,

114

346,

220

168,

661

75,3

39

40,0

6080

,172

93, 6

3313

,802

6,44

8'37

,276

42,6

76

Sept

embe

r

3,00

4,00

9

217,

940

964,

111

1,06

3,87

532

0, 8

4122

8,64

599

,150

54, 1

7250

,840

4,43

5

318

4,08

431

512

9, 0

8121

,499

62,6

43

384,

236

125,

222

454,

653

320,

150

163,

998

345,

696

156,

461

77,5

70.

44,8

8280

,415

98,9

5914

, 106

6,41

138

,274

37,7

94

Oct

ober

3, 1

56, 7

81

208,

555

1, 0

22, 3

921,

109

, 235

345,

563

249,

869

112,

104

53,1

8952

,883

2,99

1

373

3,78

127

812

2,89

520

, 535

60,6

93

408,

565

132,

180

481,

647

330,

844

181,

981

369,

952

144,

516

81,9

42

50,7

6384

,439

107,

868

15,5

397,

835

39,5

6639

,553

Nov

embe

r

3, 1

55, 2

20

200,

989

1,01

2,28

01,

118,

325,

359,

932

238,

694

114,

627

61, 9

5754

,700

3,71

6

491

3,63

143

911

9, 1

4016

,727

60, 5

61

412,

673

123,

462

476,

145

346,

022

183,

769

386,

365

130,

018

72,1

51

52,5

4687

.337

105.

504

17,4

327,

809

41,8

6847

,436

Dec

embe

r

3,19

7,73

3

197,

881

1,03

1,29

81,

128,

571

395,

698

227,

601

94,5

0257

.C24

60,7

644,

394

398

3,49

246

812

0,87

215

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56,8

75

420,

593

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285

476,

420

334,

569

184,

367

408,

638

132,

342

68,6

55

61,2

5892

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125,

687

18,9

938,

190

43,6

7746

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Yea

r

37, 1

23, 8

55

2, 6

63, 1

4911

, 927

, 880

13,3

40,5

093,

900

, 594

2, 8

04, 1

591,

168,

877

611,

392

660,

625

46, 6

70

10,9

8548

,150

7,54

91,

576,

286

289,

846

730,

333

4,74

7,70

91,

567,

761?

5,61

2,41

0

4, 1

11, 1

352,

105,

418

4,39

4,06

01,

862,

358

867,

538

520,

515

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4,34

01,

190

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132

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TABL

E 4

3.

Mon

thly

con

sum

ptio

n of

fue

ls i

n ge

nera

ting

elec

tric

pow

er b

y pu

blic

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ity p

ower

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nts

in t

he U

nite

d St

ates

, 1919-1

926 C

on.

[No

cons

umpt

ion

in S

tate

s om

itted

]1

92

0 C

onti

nued

F

UE

L O

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BA

RB

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S)

Co

nti

nu

ed

Div

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n an

d S

tate

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Eng

land

:

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dle

Atla

ntic

:

Eas

t N

orth

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tral

: O

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nois

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gan _______ ..

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t N

orth

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Kan

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Mar

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Eas

t So

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tral

:

Wes

t So

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Tex

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.

Janu

ary 49 0

2,14

61,

764

7,66

04,

374

763

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697

270

472

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577

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576

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2 50 34 019

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58,9

15 188 25

1,25

511

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4,88

861

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71,9

4024

1,99

3

Feb

ruar

y 0 102,

121

6.79

88,

764

3,72

2

825

112

343

530

277

593

131

542

490

555

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5 238,

516

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3

Mar

ch 3,98

4 391,

753

6,66

611

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2,42

5

788 92 37 578

428

237

140

517

442

608

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2,83

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5623

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4

Apr

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701,

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2,51

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8, 8

23 590

238,

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15,9

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280,

934

91,9

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1,19

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1,21

64,

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643,

228

2,83

3,83

5

79,7

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4,95

122

5,68

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1, 0

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610,

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6,98

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15,6

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407,

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1,92

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6,98

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162,

663

99,3

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9,43

722

7,18

3

1,29

210

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159,

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27, 1

72, 2

28

1, 1

45, 4

636,

148

, 807

3,21

4,09

62,

555

, 457

176,

357

10, 7

36, 6

2695

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3, 1

00, 3

36

175,

526

969,

937

6, 1

24, 5

3724

,270

3,85

83,

210,

238

5,31

0 2,

550,

073 74

176,

357

2, 0

18, 2

251,

179

, 590

4,98

2,55

32,

556,

258

13,6

8181

,405

3,10

0,33

600

TABL

E 43.

Mon

thly

con

sum

ptio

n of

fuel

s in

gen

erat

ing

elec

tric

pow

er b

y pu

blic

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pla

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in t

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19-1

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in S

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1923

CO

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(SH

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n an

d St

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Mid

dle A

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Eas

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tral

....

....

..

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t So

uth

Cen

tral

..........

.

"P

am

ftn

New

Eng

land

:

New

Ham

pshi

re ..

......

..

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de I

slan

d __

__

__

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nect

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In

dia

na.

... _

_ . .

....

....

Wes

t Nor

th C

entr

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Kan

sas

Janu

ary

3, 5

66, 5

24

248,

100

1, 1

38, 5

731,

281

, 115

401,

129

286,

845

109,

819

40, 7

0755

, 146

5,09

0

731

4,22

8 6515

6, 4

5612

, 569

74,0

51

470,

816

130,

688

537,

069

360,

605

203,

210

460,

867

165,

665

90, 7

68

76, 1

1293

,957

134,

306

21, 5

859,

923

34,9

9730

,249

Febr

uary

3, 2

52, 0

84

228,

653

1, 0

43, 3

291,

183

, 079

366,

431

246,

114

91,8

8937

, 515

50,4

064,

668

552

3,98

139

314

2,66

810

, 966

70,0

93

441,

881

117,

801

483,

647

337,

075

185,

899

418,

984

156,

710

84,4

11

74, 4

3985

,771

124,

412

19, 7

558,

152

31, 3

6622

, 536

Mar

ch

3, 3

57, 1

29

227,

026

1, 0

84, 1

941,

220

, 051

348,

913

276,

686

102,

607

38,6

4255

,224

3,78

6

1,30

83,

382 97

143,

815

11, 5

3366

, 891

442,

669

124,

820

516,

705

359,

362

185,

109

441,

527

152,

516

81, 5

37

69, 6

5189

, 010

111,

685

15, 4

148,

082

32,7

7522

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Apr

il

2, 9

81, 0

58

188,

618

962,

000

1, 0

97, 9

7729

6,78

426

4, 3

5484

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37, 1

7548

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3

474

2,36

1 2211

6, 1

739,

458

60,1

30

389,

206

112,

075

460,

719

326,

794

177,

439

391,

621

133,

999

68,1

24

41,2

3980

,510

102,

723

11,7

986,

763

30,8

8722

,864

May

2, 9

52, 6

76

185,

968

951,

934

1, 0

96, 3

8928

1,88

426

6, 2

7887

,094

35, 7

9746

,207

1,12

5

476

2,46

5 2011

2, 8

089,

717

60, 4

82

384,

736

109,

721

457,

477

331,

920

175,

449

391,

977

137,

294

59, 7

49

36,6

9773

, 238

105,

929

10, 1

316,

597

29,7

7919

, 513

Jun

e

2,95

8,50

8

198,

541

946,

307

1, 0

73, 2

2128

4,75

228

2,83

485

, 609

41, 5

8644

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1,22

4

198

3,13

5 2012

0, 3

158,

928

65,9

45

390,

507

108,

653

447,

147

310,

767

179,

929

383,

056

143,

690

55, 7

79

38,2

3872

,632

106,

537

11, 7

626,

275

30, 1

3819

, 170

July

3, 0

50, 2

93

211,

933

973,

845

1, 0

82, 9

2729

0,30

331

1, 0

3789

, 828

43, 4

1845

,354

1,64

8

562

4,46

239

712

6,03

77,

663

72, 8

12

407,

509

111,

721

454,

615

306,

020

174,

538

393,

522

151,

494

57,3

53

39, 5

9073

, 714

110,

846

12,3

806,

584

31, 3

0815

,881

Aug

ust

3, 2

18, 0

13

222,

038

989,

514

1, 1

64, 5

4933

9, 4

8831

2, 7

0497

, 519

43,3

5347

,329

1,51

9

2,57

54,

590

733

131,

401

7,59

775

,142

427,

715

93,2

4346

8, 5

56

323,

054

180,

624

426,

005

162,

571

72,2

95

55, 5

0978

,542

131,

280.

12, 6

177,

206

33, 3

4920

,985

Sept

embe

r

3, 1

78, 5

69

217,

733

969,

833

1, 1

25, 1

0233

2, 1

7931

0, 7

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5,85

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, 872

48,9

054,

364

1,24

74,

649

482

131,

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7,46

172

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427,

451

95,2

2044

7, 1

62

318,

811

177,

222

408,

639

151,

333

69,0

97

58,0

2979

, 401

123,

627

12, 5

147,

491

31, 6

8919

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Oct

ober

3, 5

88, 6

26

237,

012

1, 0

84, 3

821,

248

, 629

363,

046

372,

200

173,

255

47, 8

1153

, 756

8,53

5

1,54

75,

068

398

146,

549

8,52

974

, 921

474,

697

117,

958

491,

727

357,

921

191,

141

457,

470

166,

593

75,5

04

68,8

8686

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133,

952

14, 3

178,

165

33, 4

5118

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Nov

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3, 4

66, 3

98

207,

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1, 0

46, 3

041,

243

, 118

362,

684

341,

148

115

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365,

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207,

867

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26, 7

941,

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311,

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198,

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723

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CONSUMPTION OP FUELS 183

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tinu

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212

36, 1

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2,72

921

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119,

390 4 20 0

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22.2

1781

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3,32

511

92,

707

12,5

45

21,2

4173

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50,9

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75

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19,2

86 447

373

304

690

877

598

258

1,04

61,

888

38, 3

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2,56

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113,

121 0 18 0

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11,8

53

23,6

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20,6

55 516

331

326

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27,1

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2,60

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352

312

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370

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883

468,

640

309,

678

664,

837

87,72?

§ §F

UE

L O

IL (

BA

RR

EL

S)

Uni

ted

Sta

tes.

.. ..

....

..

Mid

dle if

laa&

c.

..

. ...

Wes

t Nor

th C

entr

al _

__ .

Paci

fic...

_

. . _

.. _

New

Eng

land

:

Oon

noot

fcnt

... .

1,02

7,32

3

60,2

0233

, 118

6,92

110

0,75

319

0, 1

618,

146

204,

613

24,3

4339

9,06

5

3,64

415

91,

674

43,7

2310

,989 13

728,

984

63,0

0130

328

5,16

883

,503

185,

818

6,91

1^6

7,26

120

,689

166,

325

2,17

2 642,

336

47,3

1911

,087 23

714,

942

76, 1

7132

.418

3,05

080

, 762

188,

485

6,08

115

4,27

319

, 792

153,

010

2,16

1 293,

607

56,2

2414

,085 66

639,

047

57,3

2228

.606

3,18

466

,680

198,

346

6,35

013

7,97

316

, 717

124,

869

1,91

9 662,

580

43,0

249,

664 69

606,

838

66,2

9923

.920

Si 6

5157

,248

186,

466

4,17

315

4,60

71

0

ftfM

.

102,

081

1,78

710

62,

430

42,7

648,

260

962

624,

677

19,8

9726

. 371

3,60

569

,049

186,

812

3,74

416

6,77

821

,336

98,0

86

*«fl 36

2,16

647

; 700

7,86

9 69

704,

450

68,0

4630

330

-4 2

8878

,783

181,

101

4,08

315

6,01

991

A

A4

169,

336

7,57

010

93,

889

41,4

7614

,963 80

761,

491

OK

77

O

3043

68,

641

81,4

7918

9,38

74,

844

158,

356

22,8

4217

8,92

7

26,8

30 235

5,16

450

,661

14,9

66 23

915,

667

110,

761

29,1

873,

241

79,5

8619

1,96

25,

883

187,

768

24,2

3633

3,10

4

37,6

10 388

5,63

750

,802

16,2

73 61

913,

764

97,7

3630

, 161

3,28

676

,183

10

0

17

7

5,80

313

4,48

223

,931

350,

066

24,4

38 115

3,12

054

,279

15, 7

16 57

969,

067

84.

Iflf

l

27,2

743,

263

97,9

08*>

mt 7

74.

3,93

011

4,71

7o/

i 01

039

7,83

2

3,37

1 682,

614

48,5

5629

,824 67

802,

978

90,1

0029

.799

3,66

610

2,26

320

4,93

53,

766

|AK

A

gO

24,8

7523

8,12

0

3,94

8 991,

935

66,7

5528

,279 84

9,39

9,22

2

920,

708

35L

899

47,6

5497

4, 1

972,

299,

413

62,7

031,

776,

986

9R1

BA

R

2,70

0,82

1

116,

517

1,47

437

,052

682,

173

181,

975

1.51

2

TABL

E 4

3.

Mon

thly

con

sum

ptio

n of

fuel

s in

gen

erat

ing

elec

tric

pow

er b

y pu

blic

-util

ity p

ower

pla

nts

in t

he U

nite

d St

ates

, 19

19-1

926

Con

,

[No

cons

umpt

ion

in S

tate

s om

itted

]

FU

EL

OIL

(B

AR

RE

LS

) C

onti

nued

1926

Con

tinue

d

Oi 3

Div

isio

n an

d St

ate

Mid

dle

Atla

ntic

:

New

Jer

sey.

_

__

_ .

Eas

t N

orth

Cen

tral

: O

hio.

..... ..............

..In

dian

a ..

. _

___ .

Wes

t Nor

th C

entr

al

' M

isso

uri

....

....

....

...

Nor

th D

akot

a _ ..

.. ..

...

Kan

sas

Sout

h A

tlant

ic:

Vir

gin

ia

.

C*

W

est V

irgi

nia

Eas

t So

uth

Cen

tral

: K

entu

cky _

__

__

__

.

Mis

siss

ippi

Wes

t Sou

th C

entr

al:

Ark

ansa

s.. _

__ . _

_ ..

Okl

ahom

a ...

Texa

s . . .

........

.

Janu

ary

31,6

26

806

688

627

857

1,11

0 2,

611

1,

716

716

2,87

7 22

,711

27

8 3,

914

9,68

8 60

,669 19

7 49

6 40 0

691

24,0

02

164,

836

260

532

641

6,81

3

11,8

18

17.5

94

16,2

43

158,

958

Febr

uary

28,9

57

777

594

525

790

1,32

0 1,

522

1,00

1

645

2,40

1 19

; 515

20

0 3,

541

7,76

3 49

,438 20

3 47

9 40 0

533

22,1

06

162,

457

250

502

1,00

2 5,

157

9,74

2 17

,588

13

,728

12

6.19

3

Mar

ch

31,0

12

835

571

513

855 22

1,

034

1,52

6

550

2,28

5 18

,931

21

5 3,

382

6,16

6 49

,233 20

3 55

4 40

119

530

23,1

75

163,

864

255

503 0

5,32

3

8,30

3 21

,395

12

,480

11

2.09

5

Apr

il

27,2

59

766

581

476

772

435

760

741

506

2,41

7 14

,407

16

8 3,

608

4,18

3 41

, 391 201

580 40

120

485

21, 1

47

175,

773

255

519 0

4,57

6

6,67

6 14

,658

12

,113

10

4.52

6

May

22,6

07

795

518

481

803

930

763

574

543

2,61

5 9,

102

206

3,54

8 4,

764

36,4

70 197

461 40

12

0 57

2 21

,844

16

2,22

1

255

471 0

3,44

7

7,52

0 14

,046

12

,069

12

0. 8

72

June

25,0

79

773

| 51

9

451

824

900

771

659

503

2.85

4 7,

712

202

3,65

5 4,

833

49,2

90 42

350 40

120

670

22,8

79

162,

711

255

505 0

2,98

4

13, 2

17

16,0

86

12,7

90

113.

685

July

28,7

70

775

785

475

870

1,13

8 1,

032

773

414

2,73

7 10

,605

20

6 3,

644

6,87

2 54

,305 42

63

7 40

120

574

24,1

08

155,

680

255

442 0

3,38

6

10,6

63

17,0

46

14,1

68

115.

042

Aug

ust

28,8

43

1,00

7 58

6

494

915

221

1,16

1 75

0

556

3,12

3 8,

148

244

3,44

1 9,

247

56,7

20 42

578 40

213

695

24,4

64

163,

355

255

572

757

3,26

0

11,0

41

18,3

34

14,8

80

109.

001

Sept

embe

r

27,6

29

845

663

505

813

223

1,19

2 50

8

561

3,15

7 8,

371

242

3,58

8 6,

553

57, 1

14 44

300 40

210

862

27,3

61

163,

145

275

565

1,90

1 3,

142

10,4

16

19,4

01

15, 6

36

92.3

05

Oct

ober

28,5

96

839

726

540

991

272

946

637

477

2,81

9 9,

143

265

3,14

0 5,

530

54,8

09 50

381 40

21

0 78

6 27

,454

16

3, 2

56 264

806

1,81

9 2,

914

8,59

7 20

,788

14

,969

90

.078

Nov

embe

r

25,7

65

807

702

539

839

363

949

573

606

3,13

8 9,

254

245

3,55

4 7,

133

73,9

78 50

652 40

176

691

25,1

71

177,

994

234

834

311

2,55

1

9,07

7 14

,455

14

,880

76

.355

Dec

embe

r

28,2

10

827

762

580

813

430

1,00

3 84

0

615

3,42

6 11

,863

20

7 4,

019

5,71

3 76

,420 55

79

4 40

159

604

23,2

87

179,

996

241

854

203

2,45

7

7,94

3 12

,993

13

,838

70

.685

Sd

Tot

al

133

4,35

3 o

9,85

1 M

7,

695

H

6,20

0 .

10^1

42

>

7,36

4 %

13

, 744

O

10

, 198

., " d

6, 6

92

g

33,8

49

O

149,

762

2

2,67

8 Q

43

,034

0

78, 4

45

2

659,

737

o

1,32

6 ^

6,26

2 M

48

0 ZJ

1,

567

7,69

3 C

j 28

6,99

8 2

1,99

5,18

7 M

3,05

4 g

7, 1

05

U

6.53

4 46

,010

°!

115,

013

£5

204,

384

3

167,

794

g

1. 2

89. 7

95


of .ufuf cfcfefI * iH 00

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TABUS 44, Annual production, of dectriediy by pvhUeûtUity power plants in theUnited States, 1919-19B6

Year

1919 «-.... .1920 1921... .....1922 1923 ....1924........1925 _1926 __

- Total

Kilowatt-hours

38,921,000,00043,555,000,00040, »?s, flea, ooo47, 634, WO, 00055,665,089,00059,014,000,00065, 870, 000, 00078, 7917 006, 000

Change from

previousyear

(percent)

+11.8-S.9

+16.3+16,8+6.0

+11.6+12.0

Water power

Kilowatt-hours

14,606,000,00016 160 006 00014,976,000,00017,207,000,00019,343,000,00019,969,000,00822,356,000,00026, 189, 609, 600

Per

oftotal

37.537.1

36.134. fe33.833.935.5

Change from

previousyear

(percent)

+10.6-7.3

+14.9+12,4+3.2

+11.9+17.1

jcU6i JMJW6F

Kilowatt-hours

24,315,000,00027,405,000,00026,005,000,90930,447,000,06036,322,000,90039,044,000,00043,514,000,00047,602,000,000

P«r

f*ftola!

62.562.963.563.«65.266.266.164.5

Change from

previousyear

(per sent)

-1-19 7-S.1

+17.1, +19.3

+7.5+11.4+9.4

Baaed on reports tor February, March, April, July, September, and October, 1919, and January, 1920.

TABLE 45. Annual consumption of fuel in the production of electricity by public- power plants in the United States, 1919-1926

Year

1Q1Q a1920 .._... .1921 1922 _ .-.. . 1923... .... __ . _ , ..,. 1924 1925 1926 _ - __ - _ ... ....

Coal

Short tons

35,100,000 37, 124, 000 31,585,000 34,179,000 38,966,000 37,556,000 40, 222, 000 41,311,000

Change from

previous year

(per cent)

""+5.Y

-14.9+8.2

+14.0 -3.6+7.1 +2.7

Fuel oil

Barrels

11,050,000 13,123,000 12,045,000 13, 197, 000 14,684,000 16,630,000 10,246,000 9,399,000

Change from

previous year

(per cent)

""+18.T

-8.2 +9.6

+11.3 +13.3 -38,4-as

Gas

M cubic feet

21,406,000 24,702,000 23, 722, 000 27,172,000 31, 483, 000 48,443,000 46,521,000 53,207,000

Change from

previous year

(per cent)

' +15.1 -4.0

+14.5 +15.9 +53.9 -4.0

+14.4

Based oa reports for February, March, April, July, September, and October, 1919, and January, 1920.

TABLE 46. Average consumption of coal per kilowatt-hour by public-utility power plants in the United States, 1919-1926

Year

1919 1920 1921 1922 . __ ..1923 1924 1925 ____ ... __ 1926 _ ........ ..... .

Output by the use of fuel (coal, oil, and gas)

Kilowatt-hours

24, 175, 000, 000 27, 248, 000, 000 25,863,000,000 30,234,000,000 36,088,000,000 38, 808, 000, 000 43,264,000,000 47, 274, 000, 000

Change from

previous year

(percent)

+12.7 -5.1

+J6.9 +19.4 +7.5

+11.5 +9.3

Consumption of coal and coal equivalent of other fuels

Total

Net tons

38, 880, 000* 41, 420, 000 35, 240, 000 38,000,000 43,522,000 43, 130, 000 44,780,000 45,856,000

Change from

previous year

(percent)

+6.5-14.9+7.8

+14.5 9

+3! 8 +2.4

Per kilowatt-hour

Pounds

3.2 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.95

Per cent of rate in 1919

100 94 84 78 75 69 66 61

<CLton of coal=4.3 barrels of oil=23,000 cubic feet of gas in 1926 (approximately).

PUBLIC UTILITY POWER COMPANIES 199

47. Pvfote&utiKtp power campames in. the United States and capacity of January 1, 1980-1987

division and State

United States ... ___ .... .

Middle Atlantic..... ____ . _ _East North Central- ___ ...... ....West North Central.... __ . _ . ....South Atlantic _________ . __East South Central. .. __ .. .West South Central. __ ...... .Mountain ______________Pacific. ............. _ ..........

New England:

Khode Island. _ . ...........Connecticut __ . _______

Middle Atlantic: New York.. ....... .......... ^

East North Central: Ohio.... ... ___ ...... _ladiana ___ . _________Illinois . . __ _

Wisconsin. __________West North Central:

Missouri- ____ . ___ . ......North Dakota ___ ..... .....South Dakota ____ . ____ ..Nebraska.. ___________

South Atlantic:

Virginia _________ . ........West Virginia. . _ ...........

Georgia.. .......................Florida... _ . _____ . ____ .

East South Central: Kentucky _____________Tennessee .... .. ........

Mississippi ......................West South Central:

Oklahoma ___________ .Texas ___ .... ................

Mountain: Montana .....................Idaho _ __ ..-.-... ........Wyoming .......................Colorado _________ . ......

Utah................ __ .......

Pacific: Washington... .... .....Oregon ___________ . .....

Operat ing core* patdes

2,955

211410681568333172267182122

35293474

7: 32

20244

173

168116130140127

9611498353776

112

6} 26

4942*A

407541

44503345

4300

72"MQ

23262430202299

6

373748

1920

Plants

4,283

390610965739436222333308280

754976

1251055

30463

243

220133215215182

1311621294445

103125

835674879

5894K±

626546AQ

vi00

Q<>

152

VI48296691o-i

5119

7364

143

Capacity ofgenerators (kilowatts)

13,093,972

1, 416, 020q AOA Bf|7

2,886,7611,097,5551,317,004

553,647363,580708,796

1, 265, 802

96,90547,35586,371

742,644155, 575287, 170

2,025,213348, 270

1,111,324

860,990319, 174805,545551,985349,067

26S.941274,698283,10620,42221, 88575, 891

' 152, 312

20,617230,094177,080250,4801 71 1 4Q194, 762214. 35458,468

103,404226, 117ton 849

33,284

39, 55561, 37865, 877

IQfi 77A

241, 514114, 60520,954

129,78013,215

100,84877 9°.7

10,643

275, 049

871,648

Operat ing com panies

2,685

205378580517310156253180106

36253371

733

18445

149

139107111118105

839790293675

107

6Jtt

564048356536

41463039

383476

105

34252033172323

5

323440

1921

Plants

3,981

367866875665395198330276268

794869in1950

2876*

216

192148192189154

1171391133642

100118

6Ov

62*668488450

59674340

503893.

139

4444215819295011

7162

135

Capacity of generators (kilowatts)

14,399,052

1,577,4813,812,1348,175,7081, 193,9701,614,177

514,166414,822709,481

1,387,113

111, 61769,48367,554

859,947171,655207,225

2,209,632372,357

1,230,145

1,005,842358,976909,725550,522350,643

306, 697318,290267,932

19,22023,72186,355

17!, 755

32, 355

197,590338, 796204,115262,768231,98068,520

109, 574184,750186,80933,033

43,14483,12786,806

201,745

218,886137,48422,847

143,05311, 39291,31874, 45710,044

328, 391124,605034 117


TABLE 47. Public-utility power companies in the United States and capacity of generators, January 1, 1920-1927 Continued

Division and State

United States.. ___ .. ......

Middle Atlantic.. __________East North Central .................

East South Central .................

Pacific ________________

New England:

Massachusetts ..................

Middle Atlantic:

East North Central: Ohio ....... ..................

West North Central:

North Dakota ...................

South Atlantic:

East South Central:

West South Central:

Oklahoma __ .. __ ..... ...

Mountain:

Utah............................

Pacific:


2,620

207360550519298153257166110

392932697

31

18642

132

122102105112109

819891293976

105

6\ n) ffl

434049346538

40462938

393478

106

25222034182120

6

383438

1922

Plants

3,792

350542839642383193311264268

724868

1049

49

27461

207

' 181145189170154

111137105354398

113

6£o

594264508351

60544138

493691

135

4142205819274611

6961

138


15,482,526

1,675,7404,434,6833, 323, 6351, 249, 8371, 584, 798

527,002437,303712, 765

1, 536, 763

126,01470,20366, 959

901,708194,630316, 226

2, 667, 393373.062

1, 394, 228

1, 092, 337365, 670961,592545,785358,251

308,494329,889308,511

18,56324,02787,809

172,544

32,355273,578198. 736365,396146, 659261, 190238, 14368,741

112, 693184,736196,75432,819

46,99983,37286, 912

220,020

214, 796148, 01523,849

143, 90511, 93286,34873,87610,044

330,742140,705

1,065,316


2,628

207353550517306152265167111

37303171

632

17641

136

123100106117104

799487283776

116

620453952346743

41433038

403877

110

25211933202122

6

353442

1923

Plants

3,817

352526826656398193321264281

724971

1038

49

26960

197

168145

* 183173157

1121361043642

102124

625624669488557

59534438

493897

137

4141195720284810

7364

144


15, 970, 787

1,697,199-4, 352, 030-3, 453, 4221, 305, 6451, 658, 916

596,806.516, 539695, 655

1, 694, 575-

122,18*71.06&72,090

901, 459-193,830336, 571

2, 551, 772370, 662

1, 429, 596.

1, 026. 812394,939

1, 008, 12&598,328425, 217

307,079332,328350,133

19, 34928,83189,275

178, 650

32,355of ir 0*71

204,248383,409150, 651258,080235, 64179, 161

121, 911182, 971259,25732,667

53,595102,990103,007256,947

214,796157, 40523,620

151,39513,98444,21480,3169,925

361,649150,020

1,182,906

PUBLIC-UTILITY POWER COMPANIES 201

TABLE 47. Public-utility power companies in the United States and capacity of generators, January 1, 1920-1927 Continued

Division and State

United States __ . . ...

Middle Atlantic..... ................

West North Central ________ .South Atlantic __________ ...

West South Central ________Mountain _______ ... _ . _ ...

New England: Maine. _______ . _____ -New Hampshire _ . _ . __ ...

Massachusetts ..................Rhode Island _ ..... __ .. i

Middle Atlantic: New York......................

East North Central: Ohio........ ...... ........

Illinois ______________

West North Central:

KansasSouth Atlantic:

Delaware. ......................

District of Columbia ............Virginia ____ - __ . .......West Virginia...................

Florida ..........................East South Central:

Kentucky... ___ . ____ ...

Alabama.. .....................

West South Central: Arkansas .......................

Oklahoma . .Texas

Mountain:

IdahoWyoming..... ___ . .........Colorado.. .....................

Arizona ........................Utah... ........................Nevada __ . ..................

Pacific:

Oregon _________ .......California _ _ ... .........

Operat- ng com panies

2,562

211334500627304148256173109

403132706

32

17036

129

1168792

10997

818888QA

4688

106

622443848376643

39432739

383773

108

26222135202123

6

363440

1924

Plants

3,888

360620821696413196328278276

776073

1038

49

26968

193

161142177184157

1221331123862

119120

629644671528857

69524639

483998

143

4244236020285110

6963

144


17, 369, 127

1,813,3604,678,4213,747,6861,390,2821,893,707

721, 501536,779714, 120

1,873,271

137,20771,03575,283

980,339203,830346,666

2,649,069390,352

1,639,000

1,082,101446,641

1, 170, 182604,058444,704

332,591339,323369,830

18,96033,21195,874

200,493

32,356O£O)$Afi

215,861456,669211,012269,467281,46283,459

179,966190,042318,65632,837

56,163103,425119, 148258,043

220,891157,73531,138

155,37012,31246,23481,5159,925

362,293166,218

1,344,760


2,426

19830147749729713824717298

36273071

629

15429

118

1097982

104103

738877284284

105

6^1

463944376342

33442636

373667

107

26222732201921

6

283139

1925

Plants

3,882

360497818701416199341281279

724875

1018

46

26363

181

155138174182169

1261361113752

117124

5

664576638659

59564639

483997

157

4244305920274S10

7060

14S


19,619,000

1,949,7775,150,3674,402,0701,489,3482,119,768

838,086689,937763,616

2,116,042

132,98270,602

104,8331,028,639

203,330409,391

3,066,576386,417

1,698,374

1,243,775503,395

1,417,722737,314499,864

436,791311,486373,60224,11833,400

103,396207,555

32,145QftO 040

250,927455,354303,289344,429285,34285,030

203,226256,970344,059

33,831

62,194124,872177, 188325,683

221,144171,07534,221

182,48011,96251,97180,7809,982

447,695200,378

1,467,969


TABLE 47. PvbUG~utility power companies in the United States and capacity of generators, January I, 1&2Q-~19%7~ Continued

Division and State

United States _ _____

Middle Atlantic-----,- ...........

West North Central _______ ...South Atlantic, ____ ., ...........

West South Central... ___ . ......Mountain _______ .. ______Pacific,.. .

New England:Maine ...New TTfti^pphire . , .V«rmont ______ .. ...........

Rhode Island ___ . ............Connecticut ___ . ____ ...

Middle Atlantic: N*w York.-. ......... ......

East North Central: Ohio ___ .

Illinois... _ ... ___ . ......Michigan. _ .

West North Central:

Missouri ,... ........ ....

South Atlantic:

West Virginia ___ ... .......

East South Central:

West South Central:

Mountain:

Idaho..... ...................

Utah...... ...................

Pacific:

Operat- ing com panies

2,249=====

190269442452284126227165

04.

3128on

686

27

13125

10269789499

67817225oo

72103

6I 99f £&

413441326444

31392432

35356196

23212634181918

6

263137

1926

Plants

3,808

342468776707414200342277282

71477299

944

2494fi

171

147121164174170

1201451073749

122127

627654371558859

52535045

533787

165

4242316019274610

6962

151


23,618,762

2,124,3536,238,7685,379,6751,816,7982,763,3801,116,674

812,474830,715

2,536,025

161, 139101,437111,415

1,080,522224,325445,515

3,406,251647,666

2,184,851

1,512,001660,665

1,674,889955,655576,565

468,039391, 457450, 520

28,19642,499

165,309270, 778

29,345402,435285,609495, 391457,969606,176340,097146,358

244,848296,280528, 57446,872

77, 478127,410184,181423,405

243,017176, 76534,388

199, 19912,17454,292.

100,52810,352

524,828213,475

1,797,722


2,058

18525641442225311017615191

31283163

527

12922

105

9370748790

647172222271

100

622372937306636

28362224

25325564

17212432171717

6

232989

1927

Plants

3,806

33S468786ree412196339277281

7148738*

844

25749

ies142124170176174

1201511033749

123124

6

654370518763

50554843

573783

160

3643326219274810

6961

151


25,398,385

2,358,6896,648,1428,925,1491,886,1862,835,9741,221,372

910,066877,911

2,787,666

180,362111,837126,800

1,186,736258,800498,405

3,638,322058,976

*, 948, 844

1,742,941674, 719

1,808,5381,087,584

636,367

491,653430,461481,68731,39842,944

166,426272,617

29,730468,435296,391552,426632,122437,737361, 111228,122

249,648309,058614,38148,285

78,950181,349

: 207, 149492,608

242,587188,06836,338

226,47412,01760,682

100,39310,352

556,264233,135

1,948,157

GROWTH OF WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES

BY

K. W. DAVENPOKT

203

ILLUSTKATIONS

PLATE 3. Water-power development in the United States, 1910-1926.... 206 4. Growth of water-power development in the United States. _ 206

TABLE

Pag*48. Growth of water-power development in the United States, 1869-1926. 206

204

GROWTH OF WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THEUNITED STATES

By R. W. DAVENPORT

Plate 3 shows the amount of water-power development by years from 1910 to 1926 for the United States and its principal geographic divisions. This information was obtained in part from the records of the Geological Survey of water-power plants in the United States having a capacity of 100 horsepower or more. The increased capacity of each of these plants during the period covered, whether from new installation or redevelopment of a power site, was determined for each year. The dates of beginning operation determined the years to which the increased installations were allocated. This information was obtained from numerous sources, consisting princi pally of articles in engineering periodicals and published and un published reports of various kinds available in files of Government offices. Development was not determined by this method prior to 1910, because for the earlier years it was somewhat difficult to obtain authentic information regarding a plant, and consequently it was thought that the value of data for those years would not be sufficient to justify the labor involved in obtaining them. When efforts to determine the exact year of beginning operation were not successful, the capacity of the plant was distributed over the years between the latest date when available information showed that it was not in operation and the earliest date when it was known to have been in operation. However, the proportion of the total capacity so esti mated was practically insignificant.

Plate 3 also shows for the United States for each year, beginning with 1910, the increase in installation in water-power plants requir ing authorization by the Federal Government in some manner. This covers developments authorized by congressional legislation, both special and general, including the Federal water-power act.

Table 48 shows the installed capacity of water wheels in water- power plants ia the United States at the end of each year from 1909 to 1926 and for certain earlier years. The data for 1909-1926 were obtained by progressively subtracting the results for the indivdual years shown ia Plate 3 from the records of the Geological Survey for

205


the late years. The results shown in the table for 1869, 1879, and 1889 were determined by adding to the water-power development for those years, as given in the census of manufactures, a capacity relatively very small, estimated as utilized in mining, public utilities, and uses other than those comprehended by manufactures. The data for 1902 and 1907 were determined from the results of the Bureau of the Census for the electrical industries for those years, by adding thereto estimates of the developed power in mines and quarries and in manufactures as found by interpolating between the years for which the Bureau of the Census reported these data. The results differ from results of certain years as given elsewhere in this publi cation, but these differences are small aad are such as usually occur in consequence of determination by different persons using different methods.

TABLE 48, Growth of wetter-power development in the United States, 1869-1988' as shown, by capacity of water wfteefe installed at end of y&ar

Horsepower1916.__________ 6,470,0001917_____________ 6,800,0001918_____________ 7,110,0001919-____________ 7,590,0001920-.. _-_ _ 7,800,0001921____------_-_--.- 8,050,0001922._________ . 8,270,0001923._____________ 9,090,0001924._____________ 10,040,0001925_ -_..._... 11,180, 000

.---- ----- 11, 720, 000

Horsepower 1869 1,150,0001879_____ -_.____ 1,250,0001889- ..... ...... 1,300,0001902__________.__ 2,050,0001907__._______-__-. 3, 250, 0001909------___._-.-. 3, 870, 0001910 - 4,220,0001911_.__________ 4, §30,0001912.. -______. 4,770,0001913_.__________ 5,480,0001914_......___-_. 5, 790, 0001915 _____________ 6, 140, 000

Plate 4, in the graph designated "Total development," presents the data given in Table 48. This diagram also shows, beginning at the end of 1909, the capacity of water-power plants requiring Federal authorization.

Notable activity in water-power development commenced in the nineties, when electric transmission of power became feasible and the hydroelectric plant became a factor in the generation of power, and up to 1910 the rate of growth gradually increased. The annual growth from 1910 to 1923 was reasonably uniform except possibly in the years 1913 and 1919. The somewhat abnormally large develop ment in 1913 is explained in part by the fact that it includes large installations on Mississippi River at Keokuk, Iowa, and on Big Creek, Calif. Similarly, the result for 1919 is explained in part by a large additional installation at Niagara Falls. The great iaereaaa in development beginning with 1923 may be accounted for by several factors, the more influential of which are the increasing demand

TT. 8. GEOLOGICAL 817BVBT PAPBB 570 FIATB 3

1,200,000

1,100,000

1,000,000

900,000

800.000

700,000

600,000

500000

400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

DEVELOPMENT REQUIRING AUTHORIZATION BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926- 1927 1928 1929 1930

NEW ENGLANDMAINE, NEW HAMPSHIRE, VERMONT, MASSACHUSETTS,

RHODE ISLAND, CONNECTICUT

1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1916 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 ,'1926 1927 1928 1929 1930

MIDDLE ATLANTICNEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA

200,000

100,000

100,000

1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 192^-^26 1927 1928 1929

EAST NORTH CENTRAL OHIO, INDIANA, ILLINOIS, MICHIGAN, WISCONSIN

1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1926,>i926 1927 1928 1929 1930

WEST NORTH CENTRAL,MINNESOTA. IOWA, MISSOURI, NORTH'DAKOTA, SOUTH DAKOTA. ~ NEBRASKA. KANSAS

1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 lf)n 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922' 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 ,1930

SOUTH ATLANTICDELAWARE-, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, MARYLAND, VIRGINIA. WEST VIRGINIA.

NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA. FLORIDA

1 h"" i i ___I=U__

HMHM

1910 1911 1912. 1913 1»14 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 i922 '1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930

EAST SOUTH CENTRALKENTUCKY, TENNESSEE, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI

,_, I u^ , . . . _ n

200.000

100,000

300.000

200.000

100,000

400,000

300,000 g

200,000 fe

1910 1911 19ifc.T 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 : 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930

WEST SOUTH CENTRALARKANSAS, LOUISIANA, OKLAHOMA, TEXAS

100,000 §

100,000 gw

1910 1911 I912t --1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930;

MOUNTAINMONTANA, IDAHO, UTAH, WYOMING, COLORADO, NEW MEXICO, ARIZONA, NEVADA

1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930

PACIFIC

I^^H"' ;

WASHINGTON, OREGON, CALIFORNIA

~ T 1 1 1 1___

MMM

n . . .

400.000

300,000

200.000

1910 1911 1S12 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929

WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1910-1926

orrfn-ivi ^rr 73 T'-i'i/'^

U.S. GEOLOGICAL WATEB-8VPFLT PAPBB 879 PLATB 4

1865 1870 1875 1880 1885

GROWTH OF WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES

GROWTH OF WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT 207*

for power, the reaction from retarded growth during the war period, the stabilization of construction costs after the war, and, in 1920, the passage of the Federal water-power act, which afforded a more satisfactory basis for the development of projects requiring Federal authorization. On January 1, 1927, the capacity of plants in the United States, exclusive of Alaska, authorized under the Federal water-power act and in operation was 1,500,000 horsepower. Licenses issued under the Federal water-power act on January 1, 1927, covered the completion of a total installed capacity of 3,200,000 horsepower in the next 10 years. Such of these projects as fail will undoubtedly be more than offset by new projects that will be licensed hereafter. In addition to these developments under the Federal water-power act, there will continue to be new developments and increased instal lations at former plants not requiring Federal authorization. Steady growth in water-power development appears to be assured for many years.

61750 28 14

INDEX

PageAcknowledgments for aid_ _______ 11 Agriculture, horsepower of prime movers util

ized in.. 71 sources of power data for__.___ . 16-17

Aircraft of Army and Navy, horsepower ofprime movers in. .. 75

Airplane engines, power data for_.__ 22 Amusement parks, use of power in.. _ .. 22 Animals, draft, number of... . . 72 Authorization, Federal, water-power plants

requiring....... . . 205,206,207Automobiles, classification of.. . . 15-16

growth in us?of power by...___..... 31horsepower of prime movers in___._ 69,74 number registered. 74 sources of. power data for,_ _ 19-20

Building and construction, absence of powerdata for....____._______ 21-22

Buildings, public, absence of power data for. 22

Classification of power equipment__. 14-15 Coal, consumption of, per kilowatt-hour by

public-utility power plants.. 198 efficiency of, in generating electricity.. 121-122

De Baufre, W. L., cited__. . .... . 12

Electric central stations, horsepower of primemovers in, by areas....__ 65

source of power data for__.___ 17Electric installations, various, horsepower of

prime movers in, by geographic areas....._________ 67

Electric power, monthly production of, by public-utility power plants, 1919- 1926, by the use of water power and by the use of fuels____ 129-166

source of power data for. ..__ . 17Electric railroads, horsepower of prime mov

ers in, by geographic areas.. 66,72Electric stations and railroads, horsepower of

prime movers in..________ 72Electricity, development of_________ 28-30

Fuels, coal, fuel oil, and natural gas, monthly consumption of, in generating electric power by public-utility power plants, 1919-1926__ 167-197,198

Harvey, Joel, mechanical inventions by. __ 24 Horsepower, use of, as a measure of mechani

zation of industry.......... 13Horsepower equipment, bibliography of .. 43-44

sources and accuracy of data on_____ 15-24Hydraulic turbine, introduction of._____ 25-26

Index numbers of horsepower and acreage ofof improved land .. 70

of horsepower, wage earners, and produc tion by special groups. . 70

P»f«Industrial activities, distribution of power in. 31,

45-46utilization of power in each. _____ 31-33,47horsepower of prime movers in..____ 76

Industries omitted from census of horsepower. 22-23Internal-combustion engine, development of. 27,

28,33,43 Irrigation and drainage, horsepower of prime

movers utilized in. ____ _ 72 sources of power data for..... . 17

Kinsman, C. D., acknowledgment to.. . 11

Land, improved, distribution of, by geo-% graphic areas__ ____..... 78

Manufactures, horsepower of prime moversutilized in....... ......... 71,76-77

source of power data for.---.___ 16 Mercury vapor, use of, in turbines_ 27-28 Mills, simple.....-.......... ............ 24Mines and quarries, horsepower of prime

movers utilized in. . 71 source of power data for.-- - 16

Naval engines, power data for 22,75

Population of the United States, 1849-1923 53Power, growth in use of.. 30-31,46

progress in utilization of 1-3Power index, uses for __ 89Prime mover, definition of_ 18Prime movers, development of 23-30

horsepower of, by fields of activity. 1.. 49-51by geographic areas. 65-57by special groups 62

- by types of prime movers.. 48-51growth in total...... 45installed in various activities... .. 45-47

plate showing_ 84 installed in irrigation and drainage,

by geographic areas 64 per inhabitant and per wage earner.. 54 utilized In agriculture, by geographic

areas-___ 62-63utilized in manufactures, by geo

graphic areas 58-59 by types of prime movers.. 60

utilized in mines and quarries, bygeographic areas 61

Prosperity of the United States, causes of 11-12 Public-utility power companies and capacity

of generators, January 1, 1920- 1927. 199-202

Public-utility power plants, decrease in num ber reporting... . 120-121

production of electricity by 118-122,198 plate showing_ 118

Pumping engines, power data for 22

209

210 INDEX

Railroads, steam, horsepower of locomotivesOf ..._ .. . .__ _

Ships, horsepower of prime movers installed

Page

73

in.. ....___________ 68,73 of the Navy, horsepower of prime movers

in...____..................... 75. See also Vessels.

Steam, engines, development of _______ 26-27early experiments with ____. ____ 25

Steam railroads, sources of power data for_ 18

Time of operation of power equipment___ 36-37 Tryon, F. Q., acknowledgment to_____ 11

tJse factors of power equipment, estimates of. 37-39

Vehicles. See Automobiles.Vessels engaged in river and coastwise trans

portation, source of power data for ..-. . . . 18-19

See also Ships.

Pag»Wage earners, by groups of industries____ 53

in certain industrial establishments___ 75production in proportion to._______ 40-42power equipment in proportion to__ 35-36,54source of statistics of . 20-21

Water power, developed, early waste in use of. 25developed, in plants of 100 h. p. or more 123-127

1910-1926, plate showing _______ 206sources of information on....____ 205proportion of potential water power. 117reports published on______ __ 115

potential, published estimates of.._-. 115-117resources of.. . . _.. 128

Water-power development, growth of ... 205-207plate showing.__.. .. 206

Water-supply plants of cities, horsepower ofprime movers in 75

Wood, use of, in producing electricity 119,167 Work animals not on farms, source of power

data for.......... ..... .. 20decrease in use of. . . .- 33

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