U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU census.gov Poverty Rates for Selected Detailed Race and Hispanic Groups by State and Place: 2007–2011 American Community Survey Briefs Issued Febuary 2013 ACSBR/11-17 By Suzanne Macartney, Alemayehu Bishaw, and Kayla Fontenot INTRODUCTION Poverty rates are important indicators of community well-being and are used by government agencies and organizations to allocate need-based resources. The American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year data allow for the analysis of poverty rates by race and Hispanic origin for many levels of geography. In this report, poverty rates are summarized by race and Hispanic origin for the United States, each state, and the District of Columbia. Poverty rates are also presented for selected detailed race and origin groups in the cities and towns with the largest populations of these groups. For the nation and selected places, poverty rates are summarized for 0 10 20 30 40 50 Hispanic or Latino Two or More Races Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone Asian alone American Indian and Alaska Native alone Black or African American alone White alone Figure 1. U.S. Poverty Rates by Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin: 2007–2011 (For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/acs/www/) Percent below poverty Race Hispanic origin Note: Persons who report only one race among the six defined categories are referred to as the race-alone population, while persons who report more than one race category are referred to as the Two or More Races population. This figure shows data using the race-alone approach. Use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Because Hispanics may be of any race, data in this figure for Hispanics overlap with data for race groups. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey.
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U.S. Department of CommerceEconomics and Statistics AdministrationU.S. CENSUS BUREAU
census.gov
Poverty Rates for Selected Detailed Race and Hispanic Groups by State and Place: 2007–2011 American Community Survey Briefs
Issued Febuary 2013ACSBR/11-17
By Suzanne Macartney, Alemayehu Bishaw, and Kayla Fontenot
INTRODUCTION
Poverty rates are important indicators of community well-being and are used by government agencies and organizations to allocate need-based resources. The American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year data allow for the analysis of poverty rates by race and Hispanic origin for many levels of geography.
In this report, poverty rates are summarized by race and Hispanic origin for the United States, each state, and the District of Columbia.
Poverty rates are also presented for selected detailed race and origin groups in the cities and towns with the largest populations of these groups. For the nation and selected places, poverty rates are summarized for
0
10
20
30
40
50
Hispanic orLatino
Two orMore Races
NativeHawaiian andOther Pacific
Islander alone
Asianalone
AmericanIndian and
AlaskaNative alone
Black orAfrican
Americanalone
White alone
Figure 1. U.S. Poverty Rates by Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin: 2007–2011(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/acs/www/)
Percent below poverty Race Hispanic origin
Note: Persons who report only one race among the six defined categories are referred to as the race-alone population, while persons who report more than one race category are referred to as the Two or More Races population. This figure shows data using the race-alone approach. Use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Because Hispanics may be of any race, data in this figure for Hispanics overlap with data for race groups.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey.
2 U.S. Census Bureau
detailed Asian groups with popula-tions of 750,000 or more, detailed Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander groups with populations of 25,000 or more, and detailed Hispanic groups with populations of 1 million or more.
HIGHLIGHTS
• Accordingtothe2007–2011ACS, 42.7 million people or 14.3 percent of the U.S. popu-lation had income below the poverty level.
• Byrace,thehighestnationalpoverty rates were for American Indians and Alaska Natives (27.0 percent) and Blacks or African Americans (25.8 percent).
• NativeHawaiiansandOtherPacific Islanders had a national poverty rate of 17.6 percent.
• FortheAsianpopulation,poverty rates were higher for Vietnamese (14.7 percent) and Koreans (15.0 percent), and lower for Filipinos (5.8 percent).1
• AmongHispanics,nationalpoverty rates ranged from a low of 16.2 percent for Cubans to a high of 26.3 percent for Dominicans.
• Ninestateshadpovertyratesof about 30 percent or more for American Indians and Alaska Natives (Arizona, Maine, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Utah).
1 Poverty rates for Vietnamese and Koreans were not statistically different from one another.
• ForAsians,ninestateshadpov-erty rates of about 10 percent or less (Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Maryland, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Virginia, and South Carolina).
• The2007–2011nationalpov-erty rate for Whites was 11.6 percent, and most states (43) as well as the District of Columbia had poverty rates lower than 14.0 percent for this group.
The estimates contained in this reportarebasedonthe2007–2011ACS. The ACS is conducted every month with income data collected for the 12 months preceding the interview. The 5-year estimates are period estimates. They represent the characteristics of the popula-tion and housing over the specific data collection period.
Understanding Race and Hispanic Origin Concepts
Individuals who responded to the question on race by indicating only one race are referred to as the race-alone population or the group who reported only one race category. The text and figures of this report show estimates for the race-alone population. Six categories make up this population: White alone, Black or African American alone, American Indian and Alaska Native alone, Asian alone, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone, and Some Other Race alone. Individuals who chose more than one of the six race categories are referred to as the Two or More Races population. All respondents who indicated more than one race can be collapsed into the Two or More Races category which, combined with the six race-alone categories, yields seven mutu-ally exclusive and exhaustive categories. Thus, the six race-alone cate-gories and the Two or More Races category sum to the total population.
Hispanics may be of any race. For each race group, data in this report include people who reported they were of Hispanic origin and people who reported they were not Hispanic. Because Hispanics may be of any race, data in this report for Hispanics overlap with data for race groups. For more information on the concepts of race and Hispanic origin, see Humes, K., N. Jones, and R. Ramirez, “Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010,” U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census Briefs, 2011, available at <www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs /c2010br-02.pdf>.
See Census Briefs and Reports, 2010 Census, at <www.census.gov /2010census/> for more information on the race and origin groups discussed in this report.
U.S. Census Bureau 3
NATIONAL
During the 2007 to 2011 period, 42.7 million people or 14.3 per-cent of the U.S. population had income below the poverty level (Table 1). National poverty rates differed widely across race groups and by Hispanic or Latino origin.2
2 Definitions of the race and Hispanic-origin groups used in this brief are available in the 2010 ACS Subject Definitions Guide available at <www.census.gov/acs/www /data_documentation/documentation_main/>.
Individuals who responded to the ques-tion on race by indicating only one race are referred to as the race-alone population (e.g., “White alone,” “Black alone,” etc.). As a matter of policy, the U.S. Census Bureau does not advocate the use of the alone population over the alone-or-in-combination population or vice versa. The text and figures of this report focus on the race-alone population. This approach does not imply that it is a preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The tables in this report show data using both approaches.
Because Hispanics may be of any race, data for Hispanics overlap with data for race groups. Therefore, data users should exercise caution when comparing aggregate results for race population groups and the Hispanic population.
Two groups had poverty rates more than 10 percentage points higher than the U.S. rate for the total population: American Indian and Alaska Native (27.0 percent) and Black or African American (25.8 percent). Rates were above the overall national average for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (17.6 percent) while pov-erty rates for Whites (11.6 percent) and Asians (11.7 percent) were lower than the overall rate (14.3 percent).3 The Hispanic population had a poverty rate of 23.2 percent, about 9 percentage points higher than the overall U.S. rate (Figure 1).
For a particular race group, pov-erty rates may differ by detailed race or origin. Some detailed race or origin groups are listed on the ACS questionnaire such as Filipino, Native Hawaiian, or Puerto Rican.
3 Poverty rates for Whites and Asians were not statistically different from one another.
Categories not listed may be hand-written and the responses tabulated within major race groups. Poverty differed across detailed Asian groups. Poverty rates also differed by detailed Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander groups.
An estimated 17.6 percent of the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander population had income below the poverty level over the 2007 to 2011 period (Figure 2). Within this group, poverty rates ranged from a low of 6.4 percent for Fijians to a high of about 18.0 percent for Samoans and Tongans.4 The largest detailed group, Native Hawaiian, had a poverty rate of 14.4 percent, a rate not statisti-cally different from the U.S. aver-age for the total population. For Guamanians or Chamorros, poverty
4 Poverty rates for Samoans (17.6 percent) and Tongans (18.1 percent) were not statisti-cally different from one another.
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40
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FijiansGuamanianor Chamorro
TonganSamoanNative Hawaiian Native Hawaiianand Other Pacific
Islander Total
Figure 2. U.S. Poverty Rates for the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Alone Population and Selected Detailed Groups: 2007–2011(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, seewww.census.gov/acs/www/)
Percent below poverty
Note: Persons who report only one race among the six defined categories are referred to as the race-alone population, while persons who report more than one race category are referred to as the Two or More Races population. This figure shows data using the race-alone approach. Use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey.
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10
20
30
40
50
VietnameseKoreanJapaneseFilipinoChinese Asian IndianAsian Total
Figure 3. U.S. Poverty Rates for the Asian Alone Population and Selected Detailed Groups: 2007–2011(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/acs/www/)
Percent below poverty
Note: Persons who report only one race among the six defined categories are referred to as the race-alone population, while persons who report more than one race category are referred to as the Two or More Races population. This figure shows data using the race-alone approach. Use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey.
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10
20
30
40
50
SalvadoranGuatemalanDominicanCubanPuerto RicanMexicanHispanic or LatinoTotal
Figure 4. U.S. Poverty Rates for the Hispanic Population and Selected Detailed Groups:2007–2011(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/acs/www/)
Percent below poverty
Note: Hispanics may be of any race. For more information, see Ennis, S., M. Rios-Vargas, and N. Albert, “The Hispanic Population: 2010,” U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census Briefs, C2010BR-04, 2011, available at <www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey.
U.S. Census Bureau 5
was estimated at 11.6 percent, a rate lower than the U.S. average for the total population.
Figure 3 shows that for the Asian population, poverty was estimated at 8.2 percent for both Asian Indians and Japanese. Higher rates were found for Vietnamese (14.7 percent) and Koreans (15.0 percent),5 and lower rates were found for Filipinos (5.8 percent).
Many Hispanic groups had poverty rates higher than the overall U.S. rate for the 2007 to 2011 period (Figure 4). Salvadorans and Cubans had poverty rates of 18.9 percent and 16.2 percent, respectively. For Mexicans and Guatemalans,
5 Poverty rates for Vietnamese and Koreans were not statistically different from one another.
the rates were about 25.0 per-cent. Similar rates were found for Puerto Ricans (25.6 percent) and Dominicans (26.3 percent).
STATES
State-level poverty rates also differed widely across race and Hispanic groups for the 2007 to 2011 period. Tables 2 through 8 show poverty rates by race and Hispanic origin for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Figures 5 through 9 show the variation in poverty levels across the United States for selected race and Hispanic groups.
White
Figure 5 shows the distribution of poverty for the White population.
Forty-three states and the District of Columbia had poverty rates for the White population lower than 14.0 percent for 2007 to 2011. Seven states had poverty rates of 14.0 percent or more (Arizona, Arkansas, Kentucky, New Mexico, Tennessee, Texas, and West Virginia).6
Black
Figure 6 shows that during the 2007 to 2011 period for the Black population, 43 states and the District of Columbia had poverty rates of 20.0 percent or higher. Iowa, Maine, Mississippi, and Wisconsin had rates above 35.0 percent. Six states had poverty
6 Poverty rates for the White population in Arizona and Tennessee were not statistically different from one another. The poverty rate for the White population in Idaho was not statistically different from Tennessee.
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NEIA
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MN
OK
ND
WI
WA
GAAL
MO
PA
AR
LA
NC
MS
NY
IN
MI
VA
TN
KY
SC
OH
ME
WV
VT
NH
NJMD
MA
CT
DE
RI
DC
AK
HI
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey.
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Percent by state
14.0 or more
10.0 to 13.9
Less than 10.0
Percentage of the White Alone Population in Poverty for the United States: 2007–2011
Figure 5.
U.S. average for White alone is 11.6
6 U.S. Census Bureau
rates for Blacks that were about 20.0 percent or less (Alaska, Delaware, Hawaii, Maryland, New Jersey, and Virginia).
American Indian and Alaska Native
Table 2 shows poverty rates for the American Indian and Alaska Native alone population. For American Indians and Alaska Natives, the poverty rates in Maryland (13.9 percent), New Hampshire (15.8 percent), and Virginia (13.8
percent) were among the lowest of any states.7 By comparison, South Dakota (48.3 percent) had the highest poverty rate for this group. North Dakota was next at 41.6 per-cent.8 Seven other states had pov-erty rates of about 30.0 percent or more (Arizona, Maine, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico,
7 Poverty rates for American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) in Maryland, New Hampshire, and Virginia were not statistically different from one another.
8 The poverty rate for AIAN in North Dakota was not statistically different from the rate for AIAN in Nebraska.
and Utah) (Figure 7). Table 3 shows poverty rates for persons identi-fied as American Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination with one or more other races.9
9 The maximum number of people who reported a particular race is reflected in the race alone-or-in-combination population. The race alone-or-in-combination population is the total number of people who reported a particular race, whether or not they reported any other races.
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MT
AZ
ID
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KS
CO
NM
OR
UT
SD
IL
WY
NEIA
FL
MN
OK
ND
WI
WA
GAAL
MO
PA
AR
LA
NC
MS
NY
IN
MI
VA
TN
KY
SC
OH
ME
WV
VT
NH
NJMD
MA
CT
DE
RI
DC
AK
HI
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey.
0 500 Miles
0 100 Miles
0 100 Miles
Percentage of the Black Alone Population in Poverty for the United States: 2007–2011
Figure 6.
Percent by state
30.0 or more
25.0 to 29.9
20.0 to 24.9
Less than 20.0
U.S. average for Black alone is 25.8
U.S. Census Bureau 7
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
The2007–2011ACSpovertyratesfor the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone population are shown in Table 4. Connecticut (7.0 percent), Illinois (8.6 per-cent), and New Hampshire (6.6 percent) were among the states with the lowest poverty rates for this group.10 Poverty rates for
10 Poverty rates for Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (NHPI) in Connecticut, Illinois, and New Hampshire were not statisti-cally different from one another.
Arkansas (41.8 percent), Nebraska (50.8 percent), and Oklahoma (37.0 percent) were among the highest rates.11 Table 5 shows poverty rates for persons identified as Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone or in combination with one or more other races.
11 Poverty rates for NHPI in Arkansas, Nebraska, and Oklahoma were not statisti-cally different from one another.
Asian
Table 6 shows that for the Asian alone population, Delaware (7.9 percent), Hawaii (6.4 percent), and New Jersey (6.8 percent) had some of the lowest state poverty rates for the 2007 to 2011 period.12 Figure 8 shows six other states with poverty rates of about 10.0 percent or less for Asians (Connecticut, Maryland, New Hampshire, Nevada, South
12 Poverty rates for Asians in Hawaii, New Jersey, and Delaware were not statistically different from one another.
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ID
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CO
NM
OR
UT
SD
IL
WY
NEIA
FL
MN
OK
ND
WI
WA
GAAL
MO
PA
AR
LA
NC
MS
NY
IN
MI
VA
TN
KY
SC
OH
ME
WV
VT
NH
NJMD
MA
CT
DE
RI
DC
AK
HI
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey.
0 500 Miles
0 100 Miles
0 100 Miles
Percentage of the American Indian and Alaska Native Alone Populationin Poverty for the United States: 2007–2011
Figure 7.
Percent by state
30.0 or more
25.0 to 29.9
20.0 to 24.9
Less than 20.0
U.S. average forAmerican Indian andAlaska Native alone is 27.0
8 U.S. Census Bureau
Carolina, and Virginia). By compari-son, Idaho (19.7 percent), Indiana (19.2 percent), and North Dakota (22.3 percent) had some of the high-est poverty rates.13 Table 7 shows poverty rates for persons identified as Asian alone or in combination with one or more other races.
Hispanic or Latino
For the Hispanic or Latino popula-tion, Alaska (10.3 percent) had the
13 Poverty rates for Asians in Idaho, Indiana, and North Dakota were not statisti-cally different from one another.
lowest level of poverty during the 2007 to 2011 period while Kentucky (31.5 percent), Pennsylvania (31.6 percent), and Tennessee (32.2 percent) were among the states with the highest levels (Table 8).14 Figure 9 shows the other states with poverty rates at 30.0 percent or higher for the Hispanic population (Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, North Carolina, and Rhode Island).
14 Poverty rates for Hispanics in Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee were not statisti-cally different from one another.
CITIES
Poverty rates for selected detailed race and Hispanic groups by city or place are shown in Figures 10, 11, and 12.
Figure 10 shows that the poverty rate was about 30.0 percent or greater for the American Indian and Alaska Native population in 6 of the 20 places most populated by this group (Gallup, New Mexico; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Rapid City, South Dakota; Shiprock, New Mexico; Tucson, Arizona; and Zuni
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CO
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UT
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IL
WY
NEIA
FL
MN
OK
ND
WI
WA
GAAL
MO
PA
AR
LA
NC
MS
NY
IN
MI
VA
TN
KY
SC
OH
ME
WV
VT
NH
NJMD
MA
CT
DE
RI
DC
AK
HI
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey.
0 500 Miles
0 100 Miles
0 100 Miles
Percentage of the Asian Alone Population in Poverty for the United States: 2007–2011
Figure 8.
Percent by state
18.0 or more
14.0 to 17.9
10.0 to 13.9
Less than 10.0
U.S. average for Asian alone is 11.7
U.S. Census Bureau 9
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ID
NV
KS
CO
NM
OR
UT
SD
IL
WY
NEIA
FL
MN
OK
ND
WI
WA
GAAL
MO
PA
AR
LA
NC
MS
NY
IN
MI
VA
TN
KY
SC
OH
ME
WV
VT
NH
NJMD
MACT
DE
RI
DC
AK
HI
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey.
0 500 Miles
0 100 Miles
0 100 Miles
Percentage of the Hispanic or Latino Population in Povertyfor the United States: 2007–2011
Figure 9.
Percent by state
30.0 or more
25.0 to 29.9
20.0 to 24.9
Less than 20.0
U.S. average for Hispanic or Latinois 23.2
Pueblo, New Mexico). The poverty rate in Rapid City, South Dakota (50.9 percent) for American Indians and Alaska Natives was around three times the rate in Anchorage, Alaska (16.6 percent).
Poverty rates for the Vietnamese population are shown in Figure 11. Fountain Valley, California (8.2 percent); Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (7.7 percent); and San Francisco, California (11.9 percent), had poverty rates lower than the
group’s national rate (14.7 per-cent). By comparison, the poverty rate for Vietnamese in Boston, Massachusetts (35.8 percent), was around three times the U.S. rate for this group.
In cities or places with large populations of Dominicans, poverty rates for this group ranged from 43.2 percent to 10.0 percent (Figure 12). Poverty was around 30.0 percent or greater in 8 of the 20 places
most populated by Dominicans (Boston, Massachusetts; Lawrence, Massachusetts; Lynn, Massachusetts; New York, New York; Passaic, New Jersey; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Providence, Rhode Island; and Reading, Pennsylvania).
(For additional poverty rates by city or place for selected detailed race and Hispanic groups, please see the appendix tables.)
10 U.S. Census Bureau
Figure 10. Poverty Rates for the American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) Alone Population in 20 U.S. Cities Most Populated by AIAN Alone: 2007–2011(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/acs/www/)
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Anchorage, AK
Los Angeles, CA
Mesa, AZ
Verden Town, OK
Oklahoma City, OK
Chicago, IL
Houston, TX
New York, NY
Albuquerque, NM
Tuba, AZ
San Antonio, TX
Phoenix, AZ
Denver, CO
Farmington, NM
Tuscon, AZ
Zuni Pueblo, NM
Gallup, NM
Shiprock, NM
Minneapolis, MN
Rapid City, SD
Percent
How Poverty Is Measured
Poverty status is determined by comparing annual income to a set of dollar values called poverty thresholds that vary by family size, number of children, and the age of the householder. If a family’s before-tax money income is less than the dollar value of their threshold, then that family and every individual in it are considered to be in poverty. For people not living in families, poverty status is determined by comparing the individual’s income to his or her poverty threshold.
The poverty thresholds are updated annually to allow for changes in the cost of living using the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U). They do not vary geographically.
The ACS is a continuous survey and people respond throughout the year. Since income is reported for the previous 12 months, the appropriate poverty threshold for each family is determined by multiplying the base-year poverty threshold (1982) by the average of monthly CPI-U values for the 12 months pre-ceding the survey month.
For more information see “ACS Poverty Definition” and “How Poverty is Calculated in the ACS” at <www.census.gov /hhes/www/poverty/methods /definitions.html>.
U.S. Census Bureau 11
Figure 11. Poverty Rates for the Vietnamese Alone Population in the 20 U.S. Cities Most Populated by Vietnamese Alone: 2007–2011(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/acs/www/)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Oklahoma City, OK
Fountain Valley, CA
Wichita, KS
San Francisco, CA
San Jose, CA
Anaheim, CA
Santa Ana, CA
Garden Grove, CA
Arlington, TX
Westminster, CA
Portland, OR
San Diego, CA
Houston, TX
Los Angeles, CA
New York, NY
Rosemead, CA
Garland city, TX
Seattle, WA
Philadelphia, PA
Boston, MA
Percent
Note: To illustrate the data available in the appendix tables of this report, selected groups with comparatively higher rates of poverty and geographic dispersion are highlighted in these figures.Persons who report only one race among the six defined categories are referred to as the race-alone population, while persons who report more than one race category are referred to as the Two or More Races population. This figure shows data using the race-alone approach. Use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey.
What Is the American Community Survey?
The American Community Survey (ACS) is a nationwide survey designed to provide communities with reliable and timely demographic, social, economic, and housing data for the nation, states, con-gressional districts, counties, places, and other localities every year. It has an annual sample size of about 3.3 million addresses across the United States and Puerto Rico and includes both housing units and group quarters (e.g., nursing facilities and prisons). The ACS is conducted in every county throughout the nation, and every municipio in Puerto Rico, where it is called the Puerto Rico Community Survey. Beginning in 2006, ACS data for 2005 were released for geographic areas with populations of 65,000 and greater. For information on the ACS sample design and other topics, visit <www.census.gov/acs/www>.
12 U.S. Census Bureau
Figure 12. Poverty Rates for the Dominican Population in the 20 U.S. Cities Most Populated by Dominicans: 2007–2011(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/acs/www/)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Elizabeth, NJ
West New York Town, NJ
Perth Amboy, NJ
Jersey City, NJ
Yonkers, NY
Union City, NJ
Paterson, NJ
Miami, FL
Worcester, MA
Allentown, PA
Newark, NJ
Freeport Village, NY
New York, NY
Passaic, NJ
Lawrence, MA
Providence, RI
Boston, MA
Lynn, MA
Philadelphia, PA
Reading, PA
Percent
Note: To illustrate the data available in the appendix tables of this report, selected groups with comparatively higher rates of poverty and geographic dispersion are highlighted in these figures.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey.
SOURCE AND ACCURACY
The data presented in this report are based on the ACS sample inter-viewed between 2007 and 2011. The estimates based on this sample approximate the actual values and represent the entire household and group quarters population. Sampling error is the difference between an estimate based on a sample and the corresponding value that would be obtained if the estimate were based on the entire population (as from a census). Measures of the sampling errors are provided in the form of margins of error for all estimates included in this report. All comparative statements in this report have undergone statistical testing, and comparisons are significant at the 90 percent level unless otherwise noted. In addition to sampling error, nonsampling error may be introduced during any of the opera-tions used to collect and process survey data such as editing, review-ing, or keying data from question-naires. For more information on sampling and estimation methods, confidentiality protection, and sampling and nonsampling errors, please see the 2011 ACS Accuracy of the Data document located at <www.census.gov/acs/www /Downloads/data_documentation /Accuracy/ACS_Accuracy_of _Data_2011.pdf>.
U.S. Census Bureau 13
Table 1. U.S. Poverty Rates by Race, Selected Detailed Race, and Hispanic Origin Groups: 2007–20111,2
(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/acs/www/)
1 Poverty status is determined for individuals in housing units and noninstitutional group quarters . The poverty universe excludes children under age 15 who are not related to the householder, people living in institutional group quarters, and people living in college dormitories or military barracks .
2 The Census Bureau does not advocate the use of the alone population over the alone-or-in-combination population or vice versa . The use of the alone popu-lation in sections of this brief does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data . Data on race from the American Community Survey can be presented and discussed in a variety of ways . Hispanics and Latinos may be of any race . For more information see the 2010 Census Brief, Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin, at <www .census .gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02 .pdf> .
3 Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability . A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability . The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate . This number when added to or subtracted from the estimate forms the 90 percent confidence interval .
4 Includes Other Micronesian (25,000), Other Pacific Islander not specified (17,000), Marshallese (17,000), Other Native Hawaiian (8,000), Other Pacific Islander (7,000), Palauan (6,000), Other Polynesian (5,000), Chuukese (2,000), Pohnpeian (1,000), Tahitian (1,000), and other detailed groups .
Source: U .S . Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey .
14 U.S. Census Bureau
Table 2. Poverty Rates for the American Indian and Alaska Native Alone Population by State: 2007–20111
(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/acs/www/)
StateAmerican Indian and Alaska Native alone2
PopulationNumber
below poverty Margin of error (±)3Percent
below poverty Margin of error (±)3
United States . . . . . . . . . 2,414,908 651,226 9,734 27 .0 0 .4
1 Poverty status is determined for individuals in housing units and noninstitutional group quarters . The poverty universe excludes children under age 15 who are not related to the householder, people living in institutional group quarters, and people living in college dormitories or military barracks .
2 Persons who report only one race among the six defined categories are referred to as the race-alone population, while persons who report more than one race category are referred to as the Two or More Races population . This table shows data using the race-alone approach . Use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data . The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches .
3 Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability . A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability . The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate . This number when added to or subtracted from the estimate forms the 90 percent confidence interval .
Source: U .S . Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey .
U.S. Census Bureau 15
Table 3. Poverty Rates for the American Indian and Alaska Native Alone or in Combination Population by State: 2007–20111
(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/acs/www/)
StateAmerican Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination2
PopulationNumber
below poverty Margin of error (±)3Percent
below poverty Margin of error (±)3
United States . . . . . . . . . 4,738,750 1,130,661 12,413 23 .9 0 .3
1 Poverty status is determined for individuals in housing units and noninstitutional group quarters . The poverty universe excludes children under age 15 who are not related to the householder, people living in institutional group quarters, and people living in college dormitories or military barracks .
2 Persons who report only one race among the six defined categories are referred to as the race-alone population, while persons who report more than one race category are referred to as the Two or More Races population . This table shows data using the race-alone-or-in-combination approach . The race alone-or-in-combination population is the total number of people who reported a particular race, whether or not they reported any other races . Use of this approach does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data . The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches .
3 Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability . A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability . The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate . This number when added to or subtracted from the estimate forms the 90 percent confidence interval .
Source: U .S . Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey .
16 U.S. Census Bureau
Table 4. Poverty Rates for the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Alone Population by State: 2007–20111
(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/acs/www/)
StateNative Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone2
PopulationNumber
below poverty Margin of error (±)3Percent
below poverty Margin of error (±)3
United States . . . . . . . . . 485,892 85,346 3,634 17 .6 0 .7
(NA) Not available . Data cannot be displayed because the number of sample cases is too small .1 Poverty status is determined for individuals in housing units and noninstitutional group quarters . The poverty universe excludes children under age 15 who are
not related to the householder, people living in institutional group quarters, and people living in college dormitories or military barracks . 2 Persons who report only one race among the six defined categories are referred to as the race-alone population, while persons who report more than one
race category are referred to as the Two or More Races population . This table shows data using the race-alone approach . Use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data . The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches .
3 Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability . A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability . The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate . This number when added to or subtracted from the estimate forms the 90 percent confidence interval .
Source: U .S . Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey .
U.S. Census Bureau 17
Table 5. Poverty Rates for the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Alone or in Combination Population by State: 2007–20111
(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/acs/www/)
StateNative Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone or in combination2
PopulationNumber
below poverty Margin of error (±)3Percent
below poverty Margin of error (±)3
United States . . . . . . . . . 992,614 156,717 5,039 15 .8 0 .5
(NA) Not available . Data cannot be displayed because the number of sample cases is too small .1 Poverty status is determined for individuals in housing units and noninstitutional group quarters . The poverty universe excludes children under age 15 who are
not related to the householder, people living in institutional group quarters, and people living in college dormitories or military barracks . 2 Persons who report only one race among the six defined categories are referred to as the race-alone population, while persons who report more than one
race category are referred to as the Two or More Races population . This table shows data using the race-alone-or-in-combination approach . The race alone-or-in-combination population is the total number of people who reported a particular race, whether or not they reported any other races . Use of this approach does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data . The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches .
3 Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability . A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability . The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate . This number when added to or subtracted from the estimate forms the 90 percent confidence interval .
Source: U .S . Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey .
18 U.S. Census Bureau
Table 6. Poverty Rates for the Asian Alone Population by State: 2007–20111
(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/acs/www/)
StateAsian alone2
PopulationNumber
below poverty Margin of error (±)3Percent
below poverty Margin of error (±)3
United States . . . . . . . . . 14,223,507 1,663,303 19,470 11 .7 0 .1
1 Poverty status is determined for individuals in housing units and noninstitutional group quarters . The poverty universe excludes children under age 15 who are not related to the householder, people living in institutional group quarters, and people living in college dormitories or military barracks .
2 Persons who report only one race among the six defined categories are referred to as the race-alone population, while persons who report more than one race category are referred to as the Two or More Races population . This table shows data using the race-alone approach . Use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data . The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches .
3 Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability . A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability . The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate . This number when added to or subtracted from the estimate forms the 90 percent confidence interval .
Source: U .S . Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey .
U.S. Census Bureau 19
Table 7. Poverty Rates for the Asian Alone or in Combination Population by State: 2007–20111
(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/acs/www/)
StateAsian alone or in combination2
PopulationNumber
below poverty Margin of error (±)3Percent
below poverty Margin of error (±)3
United States . . . . . . . . . 16,389,524 1,899,448 19,805 11 .6 0 .1
1 Poverty status is determined for individuals in housing units and noninstitutional group quarters . The poverty universe excludes children under age 15 who are not related to the householder, people living in institutional group quarters, and people living in college dormitories or military barracks .
2 Persons who report only one race among the six defined categories are referred to as the race-alone population, while persons who report more than one race category are referred to as the Two or More Races population . This table shows data using the race-alone-or-in-combination approach . The race alone-or-in-combination population is the total number of people who reported a particular race, whether or not they reported any other races . Use of this approach does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data . The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches .
3 Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability . A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability . The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate . This number when added to or subtracted from the estimate forms the 90 percent confidence interval .
Source: U .S . Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey .
20 U.S. Census Bureau
Table 8. Poverty Rates for the Hispanic or Latino Population by State: 2007–20111
(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/acs/www/)
StateHispanic or Latino2
PopulationNumber
below poverty Margin of error (±)3Percent
below poverty Margin of error (±)3
United States . . . . . . . . . 48,190,992 11,197,648 77,014 23 .2 0 .2
1 Poverty status is determined for individuals in housing units and noninstitutional group quarters . The poverty universe excludes children under age 15 who are not related to the householder, people living in institutional group quarters, and people living in college dormitories or military barracks .
2 Because Hispanics may be any race, data in this report for Hispanics overlap with data for race groups . Data users should exercise caution when interpreting aggregate results for race groups or for the Hispanic population because these populations consist of many distinct groups that differ in socioeconomic characteris-tics, culture, and recency of immigration . For more information see the 2010 Census Brief, Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin, at <www .census .gov/prod /cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02 .pdf> .
3 Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability . A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability . The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate . This number when added to or subtracted from the estimate forms the 90 percent confidence interval .
Source: U .S . Census Bureau, 2007–2011 American Community Survey .