Introduction to Animal Science POULTRY Lecture 3 Dr. Jacquie Jacob Modified by Tony Seykora
Introduction to Animal Science
POULTRYLecture 3
Dr. Jacquie JacobModified by Tony Seykora
JUNGLE FOWL
EGG PRODUCTION
PUREBREDMEAT PRODUCTION
Weight = 2 lbEggs/yr = 10-12
BROILER INDUSTRY
CHICKENS(Gallus domesticus)
“Broiler”: Where did the name come from?
• Term used to initial method of preparation– “… broilers was the American name for young
birds from five to six weeks old, which are picked up, plucked and trussed, split open, and broiled much like a mackerel.”
U.S. CHICKEN MEAT INDUSTRY
• An agribusiness giant – Sells $25 billion worth of product at the
wholesale level– Generates $40 billion in retail sales
Broiler Production by State in 2008
Billions of Broilers1.Georgia 1.42.Arkansas 1.23.Alabama 1.1
19. Minnesota .04
Broiler Production in 2007
U.S. BROILER INDUSTRY• Today most chicken meat is produced by
vertically integrated companies– Companies own the hatcheries, feed mills,
processing plants, marketing schemes and contract with broiler breeders (for production of the hatching eggs) and broiler growers (to raise out the broiler chicks)
Broilers are generally grown out by contract growers.
CHICKEN MEAT PRODUCTION
• Dedicated meat chickens (broilers) were initially based on Barred Plymouth Rock and New Hampshire breeds
• Later they also included Cornish and White Plymouth Rock
Pedigree flocks (Pure lines) Male Line#1 #2
♂ x ♀ ♂ x ♀
Female Line#3 #4
♂ x ♀ ♂ x ♀Great-Grandparents
♂ + ♀ ♂ + ♀ ♂ + ♀ ♂ + ♀Grandparents
♂ x ♀ ♂ x ♀Expansion flocks (Inbreeding)
♂ + ♀ ♂ + ♀
Parents ♂ x ♀
♂ + ♀
Broiler chick
BROILER INDUSTRYHistory
Year Weight (lbs)
Feed efficiency (lbs feed/lb gain)
Age marketed (weeks)
1935 2.80 4.4 16.0
1950 3.00 3.5 11.0
1975 3.75 2.0 8.0
1994 4.65 1.9 6.5
BROILER PRODUCTION
• Marketed at 4-10 weeks of age– Cornish hens
• 4 weeks of age and 2.85 lb– Fast food restaurants
• 6 weeks of age and 4.1 lb– For grocery stores
• 7.5 weeks of age and 6.0 lb– Deboned chicken for sandwiches, nuggets, etc
• 8.5 weeks of age and 6.5 lb
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BROILER HOUSES
Evaporative cooling pads
Mechanic loading of broilers and turkeys
Growth of the U.S. broiler industry is dependent upon international trade (i.e., exports)
Factors affecting ability to export
• Politics• Disease status of exporting country
– Avian Influenza– Exotic Newcastle disease
Total chicken meat production(metric tons in RTC equivalents)
Rank Country 2001 Production
1 United States 14,210,000
2 China 9,401,000
3 Brazil 6,223,000
4 Mexico 1,898,000
5 Thailand 1,260,000
6 United Kingdom 1,258,000
7 Japan 1,180,000
8 France 1,100,000
9 Spain 1,012,000
10 Canada 943,000
Other chicken meat breeds: Silkies
Silkie chickens• Believed to be medicinal by Asian population• Black skin, black meat, black bones• Five toes
TURKEY INDUSTRY
TURKEYS(Meleagris gallopavo)
Wild turkey indigenous to the ‘New World’
TURKEYS
Turkeys taken to Spain by Spanish explorers
Turkeys brought back to America by colonists
Aztecs domesticate the turkey
TURKEYS
• Kept commercially for meat production
Modern 2003RBC 1966
112 days
196 days
Havenstein and Qureshi et al, 2004
GENETIC IMPROVEMENT IN
Turkeys
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
2007 Turkey Production
2009 state Turkey Production
Millions 1. Minnesota 45.5 2. North Carolina 37.5 3. Arkansas 28.0
Turkey production:Range production
Turkey production:Confinement
Turkey Industry• Increasing emphasis on value-added products
Quarter breast: Oven Roasted, Hickory Smoked, Honey Cured, Fat Free Rotisserie, Mesquite Flavored and Fat Free Garlic Pepper flavored
Turkey ham: Processed from boneless tenderized turkey thigh meat
Turkey products
Luncheon meatsHot dogs BaconGround turkey
Roast in its own bag SausageMeatballs Pastrami
Turkey products
Gizzards Turkey Fries
= Male gonads
OTHER POULTRY SPECIES
DUCKS(Anas platyrhynchos)
Descended from the wild mallard
(except for the Muscovy duck)
MALLARD
Male sex-feather
WILD MALLARD
MEAT PRODUCTION
Rouen Pekin
EGG PRODUCTION
KhakiCampbell
IndianRunner
EXHIBITION
Crested
MUSCOVY DUCKCairina moschata
No male sex-feather
• Has a body like a duck• Nests, attacks predators, and hisses like a goose • Roosts like a chicken• Has a plump breast like a turkey
MUSCOVY DUCKS
• Originated in South America• Because of tropical origin, has lower
body fat content
Mule duck
Muscovy male x Mallard female
Moulard duck
Muscovy male x Pekin female
Foie gras
In some commercial plants, ducks or geese are fattened by a special process resulting in a considerable enlargement of their livers, which are sold as a delicacy, pâté de foie gras.
Foie gras production
Duck egg products
Balut: Eggs incubated until just before the embryos form feathers
Balut
GEESE(Anser anser)
GEESE
• Domestic breeds of western origin: from the Greylag goose
• Domestic breeds of eastern origins: from the Swan goose??
Foie gras
Feathers
Meat
Down
Embden Toulouse- the two most popular breeds in the U.S.
Chinese geese come in two colors – white and grey.
PIGEONSfrom the Rock Dove (Columba livia)
PIGEONS
• Originally kept for meat• Later selected for homing ability
– used by ancient Greeks– used during the war
• Also used for racing and game competition
Squab production
Commercial production in Europe, Australia and North America
[Bokhari Squab Farm, California, USA]
• Pigeons are not precocial (they are altricial) so are not typically hatched artificially (i.e., can’t buy day-old squab like you can buy day-old chicks)
2 days 10 days 20 days
Pigeons
Altricial vs. Precocial• Altricial – Species whose individuals are
insufficiently developed at birth/hatching to see, move in a coordinated fashion and fend for themselves– Neonatal individuals require considerable parental
care• Precocial – Species whose individuals are
sufficiently developed at birth/hatching to see, move in a coordinated fashion and fend fairly well for themselves– Neonatal individuals require much less parental care
Pigeons
• Squab taken when 25 to 30 days old and weighing ¾ to 1½ lb.
RATITES• Ostriches (Asia, Europe, Africa)• Emus (Australia)• Rheas (South America)
OstrichStruthio camelus, family Struthionidae
Female Male
Ostrich industry
Commercial ostrich production
South Africa and Israel supply meat, hide and feathers to European countries, Japan and North America
Switzerland and Belgium are the biggest importers of ostrich meat
Japan and the United States are the biggest importers of tanned ostrich hides
Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae, family Dromaiidae
Emu industry
Commercial emu production• Australia• Canada
Rhea family Rheidae (two species)
Rhea industry
Commercial rhea productionSmall industry in:
– Canada– U.K.
Game birds
• For release in hunting preserves• For meat production• For egg production (depending on species)
Pheasant
Also known as the Ring-necked Pheasant.
The Ring-necked Pheasant is native to Russia. It has been introduced all over the world as a game bird.
Partridge
In the pheasant family, intermediate in size between pheasants and quail. Not native to U.S.
Quail
• Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix)– divergently selected for egg production
and meat yield• Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)
– for meat production– for release in game preserves
Bobwhite quail
Japanese quail
Guinea fowl
Commercial guinea fowl production
Native flocks are found about villages and homes in parts of East and West Africa, and free-ranging flocks can be seen in many parts of India.
During the slavery era, they were introduced from Africa to the Americas to be used for food.
Commercial guinea fowl production
• Europe dominates industrial production – France, Italy, the Soviet Union, and Hungary
all raise millions of guinea fowl under intensive conditions, just as they raise chickens - mainly to produce meat for luxury markets
– Many of Europe's chicken farmers and breeders, wishing to diversify, have switched to guinea fowl