Poultry Emissions Studies Update · Monitoring Equipment Selection Pollutant Monitoring Instrument NH3 Innova 1412, Innova AirTech Instruments A/S, Denmark CO2 Innova 1412, Innova

Poultry Emissions Poultry Emissions Studies UpdateStudies Update

Robert T. Burns, PhD. PERobert T. Burns, PhD. PEAgricultural & Biosystems Engineering Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering

Iowa State UniversityIowa State [email protected]@iastate.edu

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments• Dr. Hongwei Xin

Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering DeptIowa State University

• Dr. Hong LiAgricultural and Biosystems Engineering DeptIowa State University

• Dr. Richard GatesBiosystems and Agricultural Engineering Dept University of Kentucky

• Dr. Eileen WheelerAgricultural and Biological Engineering Dept Pennsylvania State University

• Dr. Yi LiangUSDA-ARS Oregon

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

• Recently published studies

• Southeastern Broiler Air Emissions Study

• Layer NH3 Mitigation Studies

Layer NHLayer NH33 EmissionsEmissions

Liang, Y., H. Xin, E.F. Wheeler, R.S. Gates, H. Li, J.S. Zajaczkowski, P.A. Topper, K.D. Casey, B.R. Behrends, D.J. Burnham and F.J. Zajaczkowski.2005. Ammonia emissions from U.S. laying houses in Iowa and Pennsylvania. Transactions of the ASAE 48(5): 1927-1941.

Belt Battery HouseManure Storage

High-Rise House (manure under birds)

Yang et al. (2002)299AnnualHigh-rise (all year)USA (IA)

Liang et al. (2005)30.8Twice/wk w/ dryingBelt (all year)USA (IA&PA)

Liang et al. (2005)17.5Daily w/o dryingBelt (all year)USA (IA&PA)

Nicholsen et al. (2004)38DailyBelt (all year)England

Nicholsen et al. (2004)96WeeklyBelt (all year)England

Koerkamp et al. (1998)39NABelt (all year)Netherlands

Koerkamp et al. (1998)14NABelt (all year) Germany

Koerkamp et al. (1998)52NABelt (all year)Denmark

Kroodsma et al. (1988)28Weekly w/ dryingBelt (N/A)Netherlands

Kroodsma et al. (1988)31Twice/wk w/o dryingBelt (N/A)Netherlands

Liang et al. (2005)268AnnualHigh-rise (all year) –1% lower CP dietUSA (IA)

Liang et al. (2005)298AnnualHigh-rise (all year) –standard dietUSA (IA&PA)

Keener et al. (2002)417AnnualHigh-rise (July)USA (OH)

Keener et al. (2002)523AnnualHigh-rise (March)USA (OH)

Nicholsen et al. (2004)239NADeep pit (N/A)England

Wathes et al. (1997)290NADeep pit (summer)England

Wathes et al. (1997)192NADeep pit (winter)England

ReferenceNH3 ER Manure RemovalHouse Type (season)Country

Comparison of Ammonia Emission Factors for Layer Houses (Comparison of Ammonia Emission Factors for Layer Houses (g NHg NH33 AUAU--11dd--11))

1 AU (animal unit) = 500 kg body weight Table adapted from - Liang et al. (2005)

BroilerBroiler NHNH33 EmissionsEmissions

E.F. Wheeler, K.D. Casey, R.S. Gates, H.Xin, J.L. Zajaczkowski, P.A. Topper, Y. Liang, A. J. Pescatore. 2006. Ammonia Emissions From Twelve U.S.A. Broiler Chicken HousesTransactions of the ASAE – Accepted for Publication

Reference (Year)

Flock Characteristics Litter* Emission Rate

Monitoring

Study Location*

Market Age (Age during

Measurement)

Final Wt.

Stocking Density

Number of…

(day) (kg) (b m-2) g b-1 d-1 Houses (Flocks)

Seasons* Periods Duration Methods*

42 (1-45)

2.2 14.7 N 0.47 2 (5 each)

All 13 48 hr C-EC

42 (2-42)

2.2 14.7 B, T 0.65 2 (6 each)

All 13 48 hr C-EC

49 (1-53)

2.5 13.4 B, T 0.76 4 (6 each)

All 17 48 hr C-EC

Wheeler (this study) USA, PA, KY

63 (1-55)

3.3 10.8 B, T 0.98 4 (5 each)

All 20 48 hr C-EC

Seifert (2004) USA, DE

42 (29-37)

n/a 20.0 B? 1.18 1 (1)

Sp, Su 7 6-12 hr S-CM1

Müller (2003) German/Czech

32 (13-30)

1.6 n/a N? 0.09 2 (1)

W 5 1hr C-PS?

Lacey (2003) USA, TX

49 2.4 13.5 B 0.63 4 (3 each)

F, W 10 3 S/d S-CM

Burns (2003) USA, TN

42 (1-42)

2.3 16.1 B 0.92 1 (9)

All 9 42 d C-EC

Demmers (1999) UK

32 (1-32)

1.9 25 N 0.11 1 (1)

Su 1 32 d C-CL

Wathes (1997) United Kingdom

32 (24-35)

1.1W 1.4 Su

9.3 W 9.4 Su

N? 0.26 4

Su, W 2 24 hr C-CL

Groot Koercamp (1998)2 UK

N? 0.48 4

Su, W 2 24 hr C-CL

Netherlands N? 0.27 4 Su, W 2 24 hr C-CL Denmark N? 0.21 4 Su, W 2 24 hr C-CL Germany N? 0.44 4 Su, W 2 24 hr C-CL

Comparison of Ammonia Emission Factors for Broilers (g NH3 bComparison of Ammonia Emission Factors for Broilers (g NH3 b--1d1d--11))

Table adapted from - Wheeler et al. (2006)

Southeastern Broiler Air Emissions Study(Burns, Xin, Gates & Hoff)

• Air emissions from two Tyson Foods broiler houses in Western Kentucky are being monitored

• Both broiler houses monitored continuously for a one year period

• Monitoring for all emissions began in January 2006, emissions calculation period 2/20/06 – 3/1/07

Study Purpose

Data from this project are proposed as representative air emissions from southeastern U.S. broiler houses for use in the Air Compliance Agreement (ACA)

Pollutants Measured• Ammonia• Carbon Dioxide• Hydrogen Sulfide• Non-Methane Hydrocarbons• Methane• Particulate Matter

– Total Suspended Particulate– PM 10

– PM 2.5

Monitoring Equipment SelectionPollutant Monitoring Instrument

NH3 Innova 1412, Innova AirTech Instruments A/S, Denmark

CO2 Innova 1412, Innova AirTech Instruments A/S, Denmark

H2S UV Fluorescence Hydrogen Sulfide Analyzer Model 101E, Advance Pollution

Instrumentation, San Diego, California

NMHC Model 200 Heated Methane/Non-Methane/Total Hydrocarbon Analyzer, VIG Industries, Anaheim, California

THC Model 200 Heated Methane/Non-Methane/Total Hydrocarbon Analyzer, VIG Industries, Anaheim, California & Innova 1412, Innova AirTech Instruments A/S, Denmark

CH4 Model 200 Heated Methane/Non-Methane/Total Hydrocarbon Analyzer, VIG Industries, Anaheim, California & Innova 1412, Innova AirTech Instruments A/S, Denmark

TSP Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) Series 1400a with TSP inlet head, Thermo Electron Corporation, East Greenbush, New York

PM10 PM10 - Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) Series 1400a with PM10 inlet head, Thermo Electron Corporation, East Greenbush, New York

PM2.5 PM2.5 - Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) Series 1400a with PM10 head and a 2.5 micron cut cyclone, Thermo Electron Corporation, East Greenbush, New York

Broiler Houses Monitored • Two sites about 30 miles apart • Mechanically ventilated houses– four 36”

sidewall fans and ten 48” tunnel fans• 43 x 510 ft, each housing 25,800 birds in

winter & 24,400 birds in summer • 50-53 d growth period (~6 lb. market wt)

Monitoring for NH3 emissions began in Oct. 2005

Schematic Layout of Broiler House Schematic Layout of Broiler House & Monitoring Locations & Monitoring Locations

22’ -9” 24’ -2”

Brood CurtainEvaporative Coolers

SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4

22’

12’

9 7 5 3 1

10 8 6 4 2 Fan Numbers

Feed Bin Trailer Gravel Pad

T, RH T, RH

105’ 120’98’ 135’

52’5’

235’ 15’

ControlRoom

5’

8’

510’ (outside)

52’

80’

T, RH, B

T

RH = Relative Humidity sample point

= Pressure Differential Sampling Point

= Airsampling point= 36” sidewall fan

= 48” fan

T = Temperature sample point= Ambient airsampling point

B = Barometric pressure sample point

Mobile Air Emissions Monitoring Mobile Air Emissions Monitoring Unit (MAEMU)Unit (MAEMU)

In-house Air Sample Intake with In-line Filters

Schematic of Gas Sampling System

Location 3

Location 2

Location 1

Ambient air

P 4

P 3

P 2

P 1

M1

S1

S5

S2

S3

S4

S6

S7

S8

Exhaust

Compact Fieldpoint DAQ

Filter Filter

Red lines are heated

ExhaustM2

INNOVA 1412

API 101E

VIG 200

Flow meter

P: Pump, M: Manifold, S: Solenoid; S1- 4: Normal Closed; S5 - 8:Normally Open

Broiler House MAEMUMAEMU

Positive Pressure Positive Pressure Gas Sampling System (GSS) Gas Sampling System (GSS)

Gas Analyzers inside MAEMU Gas Analyzers inside MAEMU

Particulate Matter measured using TEOMs

TSP PM10 PM2.5

Determination of Building Determination of Building Ventilation Rate (QVentilation Rate (Qee))

• 14 ventilation fans per house– Four 36 inch sidewall fans– Ten 48 inch tunnel fans

• Operational curve for each exhaust fan developed in-situ using FANS system

FANS TestingFANS Testing

Results of FANS TestingResults of FANS TestingVariation in airflow rates among 0.9-m (36 inch) and 1.2-m (48 inch) fans, as

measured with the FANS

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18Static Pressure, inch WC

Fan

airf

low

rate

, cfm

48" fans

36" fans

1 cfm = 1.7 m3/hr

1 inch WC = 248.9 pa

DAQ and Control SystemDAQ and Control System

0-5VFlow meterFL

4-20 mABarometerB

ASCII1412INNOVA

Solenoid ValveS

VFan induction sensorF

mVThermocoupleTC

4-20 mARelative HumidityRH

4-20 mAStatic Pressure TransmitterSP

Output signalDescriptionSymbol

cFP-2020

INNOVA 1412

cFP-AI-110(1)

SP1

SP2

RH1

RH2

……

……

...

……

……

cFP-AI-110(2) cFP-AI-110(3) cFP-TC-120 cFP-DO-400

……

...

……

...

F1

F2

F8

F9

F14

TC2

TC1

TC3

S2

S1

S7

S8

ch1ch2

ch3ch4

ch5ch6

ch7ch8

RH3

FL

B

TC O

TC Tb

PC

Satellite Dish

Screen Display of RealScreen Display of Real--Time Time Air Emissions MonitoringAir Emissions Monitoring

Ammonia Emission Rate

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00

Time, hr:min

NH

3 ER

Ammonia Emission (Flock Emission)

01020304050607080

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49

Bird age, day

NH 3

em

issi

on

Particulate Matter Emission Rate

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00

Time, hr:min

PM E

R

TSP ER PM10 ER PM2.5 ER

XFinal Emissions Report

XXProgress Reports

XXXXXXAnalyze Data

XXXXXCollect Data

XMonitoring System Testing

XXOn-site Equipment Installation

XXPrepare Monitoring Trailers

XXQAPP Revisions

XXEPA Review of QAPP

XXPrepare QAPP

XPurchase Monitoring Equipment

3rd Qtr.2nd Qtr.1st

Qtr.4th

Qtr.3rd

Qtr.2nd

Qtr.1st

Qtr.4th

Qtr.

200720062005

Southeastern Broiler Air Emissions Project Schedule

ISU Layer NH3 Mitigation Study(Xin & Burns)

• NH3 emissions from two Rose Acre Farms High-Rise Layer houses in central Iowa are being monitored

ISU Layer NH3 Mitigation Study

• Both High-rise units house ~ 286,000 layers. Layers in the control house are fed a standard diet while layers in the treatment house are fed a diet designed to reduce ammonia emissions

MAEMU placement so that two barns (control & treatment) can be

measured using one unit

Layer NH3 Mitigation Study• NH3 emissions monitoring

system installation was recently completed

• NH3 emissions as well as bird performance will be monitored for one year from the control and treatment high-rise houses

Layer NH3 Emissions Study(Xin, Burns & Arthur)

• NH3 emissions are being calculated using a Nitrogen mass-balance approach for eight varieties of layers in conjunction with Hy-Line

• Project data collection is 2/3 complete

Recently Completed ISU Layer NH3Mitigation Studies

• Reduction of Ammonia Emission from Stored Poultry Layer Manure Using Additives: Zeolite, Al+clear, Ferix-3 and PLT. 2006 Li, Hong Li, H. Xin , R. T. Burns, and Y. Liang. Published in the proceedings of the 2006 ASABE Annual Meeting, Portland, Oregon.

• Effects of Stack Surface to Volume Ratio and Air Exchange Rate on Ammonia Emission of Laying Hen Manure Storage. 2005. Li, Hong and Y. Liang. Published in the proceedings of the 2005 AWMA Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Questions ?

Ammonia Emission Rate

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00

Time, hr:min

NH

3 ER

Initial “shake-down”data collection has begun

Positive Pressure Gas Sampling System

CrossCross--section View of Air section View of Air Sampling Point LocationSampling Point Location

4.3

ft

3.8

ft7.0

ft

3 ft fan4 ft fan

Floor

Ceiling

= Sampling point

Cross-section View

3.0

ft4.0 ft

3.0

ft

Top View

7.5 ft 4.0 ft