Potentiality of pheromones in Insect pest management K. Krishnaiah.

Potentiality of pheromones Potentiality of pheromones in Insect pest in Insect pest management management

K. KrishnaiahK. Krishnaiah

Gall midge

Stem borer

Leaf folder

Leaf and planthoppers

Gundhi bug

Relative Importance of InsectPests of Rice in India

BPHBPH16%16%

Stem borerStem borer

29%29% Other PestsOther Pests

14%14%

GLHGLH

9%9%

WBPHWBPH

9%9%Leaf FolderLeaf Folder

10%10%

Gall midgeGall midge 13%13%

Current pesticide-based control Current pesticide-based control technologies are not desirable technologies are not desirable or sustainableor sustainable typically farmers apply 2-3 sprays in typically farmers apply 2-3 sprays in

the wet season and up to 15 sprays the wet season and up to 15 sprays in dry season cash cropsin dry season cash crops

Alternatives control strategies Alternatives control strategies are requiredare required natural enemies, pheromones, natural enemies, pheromones,

viruses, viruses, BtBt

SemiochemicalsSemiochemicals

Mediate interaction between organisms

• Pheromones (produced and received by same members of same species - communication)– Sexual attraction, aggregation,alarm,

• Allelochemicals (affect species other than the Producer, – Allomones, kairomones, synomones (attraction or repellence, oviposition, symbiosis)

Uses of PheromonesUses of Pheromones

Monitoring PopulationsMonitoring PopulationsDetection – QuarantineDetection – QuarantinePrediction - ETLPrediction - ETL

Control PopulationsControl PopulationsMass Trapping / Male annihilationMass Trapping / Male annihilationLure and KillLure and KillMating DisruptionMating DisruptionAuto-confusionAuto-confusion

Insect Pests with commercially Insect Pests with commercially available Pheromonesavailable Pheromones

Paddy lepidopterous pestsPaddy lepidopterous pests Sugarcane stem / Inter node borersSugarcane stem / Inter node borers Cotton – Helicoverpa, Spodoptera spp, Earias spp, Cotton – Helicoverpa, Spodoptera spp, Earias spp,

PectinophoraPectinophora Brinjal –Shoot and fruit borerBrinjal –Shoot and fruit borer Ground nut – Leaf roller/miner,Ground nut – Leaf roller/miner, (Root grub (poly phagous Aggregation)(Root grub (poly phagous Aggregation) Red Palm weevil (aggregation)Red Palm weevil (aggregation) Sweet Potato weevil (Aggregation)Sweet Potato weevil (Aggregation) Cucurbit Fruit Fly ( Cue- lure and Methyl Eugenol)Cucurbit Fruit Fly ( Cue- lure and Methyl Eugenol)

List of insect sex pheromones for use in the management of insect pests in India

S. No

Name of the insect

Pheromone components

Compo -nent Ratio

 Method of Use

No of traps / Acre

Replace -ment time (days)

 Crops

1 Helicoverpa armigera (Gram Caterpillar)

Z-11-16Ald : Z-9-16Ald

97 : 3 Monitoring 4-6 30 – 60 Cotton, Gram, Pigeon pea etc.

2 Scirpophaga incertulas (Rice yellow stem borer)

Z-11-16Ald : Z-9-16Ald

3:1 Monitoring Male annihilation (Mass -Trapping)

3  

8

21  21

Paddy

3 Spodoptera litura (Tobacco caterpillar)

9,11-Z,E-14Ac: 9,12-Z,E-14Ac

9:1  

Monitoring Mass Trapping

4 16

 28

Cotton, Ground nut, Vegetables Other crops

4 Pectinophora gossypiella (Pink boll worm)

Z,E-7,11-16Ac: Z,Z-7,11-16Ac

1:1 Monitoring 4 60 Cotton

5 Leucinodes orbonalis (Brinjal Shoot &Fruit borer)

E-11-16Ac: E-11-16OH

100:1  

Mass trapping 16 60 Brinjal, Potato

List of insect sex pheromones for use in the management of insect pests in India (contd.,)

S. No

Name of the insect Pheromone components

Compo -nent Ratio

 Method of Use

No of traps / Acre

Replace -ment time (days)

 Crops

6 Aproaerema modicella (Groundnut Leaf miner)

Z-7,Decenyl acetate, E-7, Decenyl acetate Z-7,9 Decadienyl acetate

  Monitoring Male annihilation  

3 8

 30

 Ground nut

7 Plutella Xylostella (Diamondback moth)

Z-11-16Ald: Z-11-16Ac: Z-11-16OH

10:10:0.1 Monitoring 4 30  Cole crops

8 Chilo infuscatellus (Early shoot borer of Sugarcane)

Z-11-16OH 100 Male annihilation Monitoring

8 3

60 Sugarcane

9 Chilo sacchariphagus (Internode borer of Sugarcane)

Z-13-18Ac: Z-13-18OH

7:1 Male annihilation  

8 60 Sugarcane

Monitoring 2 30  

10 Scripophaga excerptalis (Sugarcane Top Borer)

Z-11-16Ald 3 Male annihilation  

8 30 Sugarcane

E-11-16Ald 7 Monitoring 3 30  

11 Chilo auricilius (Sugarcane Stalk Borer)

Z-8-13Ac: Z-9-14Ac: Z-10-15Ac

8:4:1 Male annhilation

8 30 Sugarcane

Monitoring 3 30  

List of insect sex pheromones for use in the management of insect pests in India (contd.,)

S. No

Name of the insect

Pheromone components

Compo -nent Ratio

 Method of Use

No of traps / Acre

Replace -ment time (days)

 Crops

12 Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Red Palm Weevil)

4-Methyl-5-Nonanone: 4-Methyl-5 nonanol

1:9 Mass Trapping

2 / Ha 90 Coconut

Monitoring 1 / Ha 180  

13 Oryctes rhinoceros (Rhinoceros Beetle)

Ethyl-4-Methyl octanoate

100 Male annihilation Monitoring

2 / Ha 1 / Ha

120 Coconut

14 Earias vittella (Spotted bollworm)

Z-11-16 Ald: E,E-10,12-16Ald: Z-11-18Ald

2:10:2

Monitoring 4 -6 30 Cotton

15 Earias insulana (Spiny bollworm)

E,E-10,12-16Ald Z-11-16Ald

10 :1 

Monitoring 4 -6 30 Cotton

List of insect sex pheromones for use in the management of insect pests in India (contd.,)

S. No Name of the insect

Pheromone components

Compo -nent Ratio

 Method of Use

No of traps / Acre

Replace -ment time (days)

 Crops

16 Bactrocera cucurbitae (Melon Fly)

Cue lure: 4-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-2-butenone(ethanol + cue lure +dichlorvos in the ratio of 6:4:1)

(ethanol + cue lure + DDVP 6:4:1)

Male annihilation  

3 - 4 90 Cucurbits

17 Bactrocera dorsalis (Fruit fly)

Methyl Eugenol 100 Male annihilation  

3 - 4 90 Mango, Guava

18 Xylotrechus quadripes (Coffee white stem borer)

2-Hydroxy-3-decanone

100 Male annihilation  Monitoring

8  3

90 Coffee

19 Conopomorpha cramerella (Cocoa pod borer)

E,E,Z-4,6,10-16 AC E,E,Z-4,6,10-16 OH E,Z,Z-4,6,10-16 AC

60:6:40 Male annihilation 8 / Ha 90 Cocoa 

20 Cylas formicarius (Sweet potato weevil)

Z(3)dodecenyl-2-butenoate

  Monitoring Male annihilation  

2 30 Sweet Potato

Yellow Stem Borer

Striped Stem Borer

White Stem Borer

Pink Stem Borer

Dark headed Stem Borer

Different stages of Yellow Stem Borer

Female Egg mass Larva White head White head

STEM BORER SPECIES COMPOSITION IN RICE AICRIP,KHARIF 2002

YSB PSB WSB

% C

OM

PO

SIT

ION

GHAGRAGHAT

85.7

14.3

86.7

13.3

90.9

9.1

0

20

40

60

80

100

Tillering Max.tillering Heading

• Nellore : > 90% YSB

• Maruteru : > 90% YSB

• Bankura : > 90% YSB

Female

Male

YSB management through

Monitoring

•Install 3 sleeve traps loaded with dispensers impregnated with 5mg YSB pheromone in a paddy field of 1 acre in a triangular pattern)

•Record male moth catches at 3 day interval.

•Sudden rise in moth catch synchronizes with brood emergence (Average 25/30 catch/trap/week in most of the observations)

•Observe fields for egg masses after 3 days; dead hearts after a week .

•On confirming moth activity/ egg mass / dead heart incidence• ( following YSB ETLs) take decision on insecticide application

Relationship among PT and LT catches and YSB damage of YSB, AICRIP Kharif

1999

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Aug-I II III IV Sep-I II III IV Oct-I II III IV Nov-I II III IV

Weeks

PT

& L

T c

atc

h

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

% I

nfe

stat

ion

% Inf. PT catch LT catch

RAGOLU

Pheromone trap capture Pheromone trap capture thresholdthreshold

TENTATIVE ECONOMIC TRAP CAPTURE THRESHOLDS

= 25 to 30 males/trap/week

By closely monitoring the sudden increase in the trap catch around 25 to 30 male moths/ trap/ week followed by field scouting after 3 days for presence of egg masses or 2 weeks for dead hearts may lead to fairly precise decision on need for insecticidal intervention (Varma, N.R.G.).

Pheromone based monitoring Pheromone based monitoring systems of rice insect pestssystems of rice insect pests

Insect S. incertulas

C. suppressalis

S. inferens

C. medinalis

M.separata

Components (Z11-16AI(Z) 9-16: Al

( Z) 11-16: Al (Z) 9-16: Al(Z) 13-18: Al

(Z) 11-16: Ac (Z) 11-16: OH(Z) 11-16: Al

(Z) 13-18: Ac(Z) 11-16: Ac

(Z11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z)-11 hexa decenal-1ol

Best blend 3:01 10:01:01 40:10:01 10:01 8:01

Dose 2 to 5 mg 0.3 to 0.6 mg 2mg 1mg 2mg

Dispenser rubber rubber rubber polythene vial rubber

Replacement period 3-4 weeks 4 weeks 3-4 weeks 4 weeks 4 weeks

Trap design sleeve plastic funnel sleeve delta sticky Sleeve traps

Sleeve colour white yellow -- -- white

Trap elevation 0.5-1 m 0.5 m 1.0m canopy level0.5m above crop0.5m above crop

canopycanopy

Lepidopteran Lepidopteran Mating Mating Disruption Disruption - Market- Market

• Insecticide resistance, reduce chemical inputs, IPM programmes, organic sector

• Over 600,000 treated ha worldwide (2002)– 230,000 ha (forestry) USA against gypsy moth – 120,000 ha apple, pear, walnut worldwide against Codling moth– 90,000 ha specific EU uses on grapes : grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana) and European grape berry moth (Eupoecilia ambiguella)

Control of YSB by Mating Disruption Control of YSB by Mating Disruption Field Installed with Pheromone DispensersField Installed with Pheromone Dispensers

Mating disruption

•Plumes of Pheromone/or its analogue (para pheromone) in high conc are permeated into entire field-cause sensory adaptation of pheromone receptors leading to inability of insects to discriminate odours from background.

•YSB damage could be effectively managed by treating the field with pheromone dose of 40g a.i/ha incorporated through 625 controlled release point sources(shoe lace formu.).

•But not considered as it was cost prohibitive

MANAGEMENT OF RICE YELLOW STEM BORER MANAGEMENT OF RICE YELLOW STEM BORER THROUGH PHEROMONE MEDIATED MATING THROUGH PHEROMONE MEDIATED MATING

DISRUPTIONDISRUPTION (MULTILOCATION TRIALS)(MULTILOCATION TRIALS)

YSB damage

LocationArea

(Acre)Season Pheromone

(@ 40g a.i./ha)

Farmers

Practice

Medchal 25 Rabi 1994 5.28 13.04

Warangal 25 Rabi 1994 15.67 20.89

Nellore 25 Rabi 1995 3.76 10.12

Karjat 25 Rabi 1995 4.29 22.70

Mandapaka 12.5 Rabi 1998 5.46 9.63

Pheromone Mediated Male annihilation /Mass trapping Method

Pheromone Mediated Male annihilation /Mass trapping Method

Male annihilation/ Mass trapping technique

Phe Lure strength (Phe): 5 mgPhe Lure strength (Phe): 5 mg

Pheromone traps : 20 traps/ha (25x20 m)Pheromone traps : 20 traps/ha (25x20 m)

Lure effect : 3 Wks. Renew monthlyLure effect : 3 Wks. Renew monthly

Trap height : 50…….100cm ensuring lure placed Trap height : 50…….100cm ensuring lure placed just above crop canopyjust above crop canopy

Time of application: 10 DATTime of application: 10 DAT

Yellow stem borer management by pheromone Yellow stem borer management by pheromone aided aided

mass trapping of male moths (over large areas)mass trapping of male moths (over large areas)

Medchal, Rabi 1997*

Mandapaka,Rabi 1998**

% Infestation Yield % Infestation Yield

Treatments

DH WE (kg/ha) DH WE (kg/ha)

Pheromone

treated0.04a 4.39a 6380a 1.4a 4.1a 7100a

Farmers

practice1.09a 19.41b 4932b 7.8b 17.6b 4800b

* Area 350 Ac. ** Area 150 Ac.

Effect of pheromone mass trapping integrated with

chemical control on YSB infestation and yield

KapurthalaKharif 1997 Kharif 1998

Treatment%DH Yield

(Kg/ha)%WE Yield

(Kg/ha)

PT + I 1.6 a 5360 a 11.2 b 6500 a

FP 8.9 c 4480 b 31.7 c 5480 c

Area = 40 acre/ treatment, Sub plots = 5, Hills sampled = 50/ sub plot.

Protection MeasuresProtection MeasuresCost of Cost of

ProtectionProtection(Rs./ha)(Rs./ha)

Insecticide Insecticide application application

1 Granule + 2-3 1 Granule + 2-3 sprayspray

2000-50002000-5000

Trichocard @ 2 Trichocard @ 2 lakh/ha for 6 wks lakh/ha for 6 wks (Rs.50/20000(Rs.50/20000))

30003000

Pheromone trap @ Pheromone trap @ 20/ha 20/ha (Rs.30-35/trap)(Rs.30-35/trap)

600-750600-750

Frontline Demonstrations by GBPUAT, Pantnagar

1.76807b5.7aFP

1.44777d17.5bIPM3

2.07353a6.5aIPM2

1.65177c17.6bIPM1

CBRYield (kg/ha)%WETreatments

* in IPM 2 pheromone mass trapping was employed

Optimized pest management practices in different IPM modules at Maruteru, rabi 2007

Pheromone based monitoring and Mass Pheromone based monitoring and Mass Trapping Technology Adoption and Trapping Technology Adoption and

PromotionPromotion

ICAR included in “Technologies for offer(2000)”ICAR included in “Technologies for offer(2000)”

DBT recommd. as one of itsTransferable DBT recommd. as one of itsTransferable Technologies.Technologies.

SAUs - in package of practices & SDAs promoting SAUs - in package of practices & SDAs promoting through ongoing special Rice IPM schemes and FFSthrough ongoing special Rice IPM schemes and FFS

DRDAs, and NGOs included in their TT programmesDRDAs, and NGOs included in their TT programmes

Organic Basmathi Rice cultivation Cooperatives, Organic Basmathi Rice cultivation Cooperatives, Uttaranchal as sole method for YSB managementUttaranchal as sole method for YSB management

Other successeeOther successee

Mass TrappingMass TrappingBrinjal shoot and fruit borerBrinjal shoot and fruit borerSugarcane shoot inter node borerSugarcane shoot inter node borerGround nut leaf rollerGround nut leaf roller

Lure and KillLure and KillFruit flies - pheromone and para Fruit flies - pheromone and para

pheromonepheromoneRed Palm weevilRed Palm weevilSweet potato weevilSweet potato weevil

New product Exosex YSBTab – Pheromone

Formulation in Tablet form provides effective

protection. {mass trapping + Mating disruption}

From Exosect Co., U.K. + PCIL

Entostat is electrostatic wax

particles that adhere to insect cuticle.

YSB female sex pheromone is

formulated into wax powder

YSBTab is made of compressed Entostat wax powder

YSB males are attracted to tablets made of pressed

powder. Powder adheres to male cuticle

YSBYSBTabTab mode of action mode of action

Male attracted to pheromone tablet

Pheromone powder sticks

to male Male unable to detect female-

mating disrupted

Male with Ento attracts other males forming

mobile dispensers

Deployment options using available Deployment options using available local resources, no direct crop contactlocal resources, no direct crop contact

80 point sources per ha

YSB Sex Tab 20 mg aided Auto-YSB Sex Tab 20 mg aided Auto-confusionconfusion

Parameters of Pheromone Parameters of Pheromone use methodsuse methods

Method Pheromone(mg)/Ha

No. of point sources/Ha

Times to be applied

Mating Disruption 40,000 625 1

Mass Trapping 480 20 1+3

Auto confusion -Exosex YSB Tab 3.2 mg

512 80 1+1

Auto confusion -Exosex YSB Tab 20 mg

1600 80 1

The difference of Auto-Confusion (AC) from Mating Disruption (MD)

It utilizes the natural behaviour of the male insect to effect control of the mating as opposed to prevent the natural behaviour of the male insect in M.D.

Effective at a dose of 1600 mg/ha in

auto-confusion as compared to 40,000 mg/ha in mating disruption (approx 25 times less pheromone used in AC compared to MD

Variety: Uniform varietyTreatment details:

AC I – 80 YSB Tab(3.2mg) point sources (11x11m) /

ha applied at 10 DAT-renewed at 45 DAT(512mg

ai/Ha)

AC II – 80 YSB Tab 20 mg pheromone applied once

at 10 DAT(1600 mg/Ha)

MT – 20 Funnel traps/ ha (25x20 m) loaded with lures

(5mg phe/lure) at 10 DAT. Lures renewed thrice at 3

week intervals

FP –chemical control on need basis/as per farmers’

discretion/ recommendations

PROTOCOLS

Lay out of Field TrialLay out of Field TrialAuto-ConfusionAuto-Confusion

3Ha3Ha 100m100mMass TrappingMass Trapping

3Ha3Ha 100 m100 mAuto-ConfusionAuto-Confusion

3Ha3Ha

> 1 Km> 1 Km

Farmers’ Farmers’ PracticePractice 3Ha3Ha

100m100mAuto-confusionAuto-confusion

3Ha3Ha 100 m100 mMass TrappingMass Trapping

3Ha3Ha

..>1Km>1Km

Auto-ConfusionAuto-Confusion 3Ha3Ha

100 m100 m Mass TrappingMass Trapping 3Ha3Ha

100 m100 mAutoConfusioAutoConfusio

nn3Ha3Ha

R I

R II

R III

Trials (farmers’ fields) on YSB management Trials (farmers’ fields) on YSB management throughthrough

Auto confusion Auto confusion

Season, Year Location Institute , Scientists involvedRice Gr. situat ion

Methods of protection

Kh 2006 Guntur, A.P. KVK, Cheru, Mahesh Baba Canal areaOpti. Dose & point sources

Rabi 2007 Guntur, A.P. KVK, Cheru, Mahesh Baba Canal area AC I, M.T, ChemRabi 2007 Nalg., A.P. KVK, Gaddi.Nrsihma Reddy Canal area ACI, M.T., Chem

Kh 2007 UttaranchalGBPUA&T,Pant.Dr.S.P.Tewari Basmathi ACI, M.T., Chem

Rabi 2008 WGL, A.P.ANGRAU, Ram Prasad, Sunitha, Anitha

Ground wat ACI, M.T., Chem

Kh 2008 Fazilka, PunjabPAU, Ludhiana, Dr.Sarao, Suri Basmathi ACI, M.T., Chem

Rabi 2009 KarimnagarAP KVK Jammi Ku.Venkateswar Rao Canal area ACI, M.T., Chem

Kh 2009 3 loca.OrissaPAU, Ludhiana,Dr. Sarao, Suri Basmathi AC I, AC II, Chem

Rabi 2009

Orissa 2 loc. A.P. 1 loc. K.Sagar,

OUAT,Bub;(Dr.Panda) ANGRAU

Gr. Water & Canal AC I, AC II, Chem

Kh 2010 Burdwan, BCKVV, W.B., Dr.SatpathyGround water AC I, AC II, Chem

Findings and conclusionsFindings and conclusions

Auto-confusion through Exosex YSB Tab was effective method for YSB Management

•Exosex YSB Tab 3.2 mg at 10 &45 DAT at 80 point sources (512 mg/Ha) was effective- either superior or match with Mass Trapping and/ Chemical control.

•Exosex YSB Tab.20 mg (1600 mg /Ha) applied once at 10 DAT offered season long protection from YSB.

•Single application of insecticide was to be supplemented at 1 or 2 occasions, where insect infestation level was very high due to high input management practices.

.

Results and conclusion (contd.)Results and conclusion (contd.)

•Grain yields, although high, did not differ significantly from other practices.

•Eco-friendly by harboring large number of predatory population and not adversely affecting egg parasite emergence.

•Cost of treatment matched with chemical control. Cost benefit ratios of Farmers’ practice and auto-confusion treatment respectively were 1:1.62 to 1.167 respectively (Satpathy, 2011)

.

Auto confusion technology - reliable component of IPM on Rice in YSB management

YSB Management by Auto-confusion Vs Mass Trapping Rabi,2008, ARS Warangal.

Fig.Fig.1

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

DH%/

WE%

25DAT

35DAT

45DAT

55DAT

65DAT *

75DAT *

Y ellow s tem borer damag e dead hearts / white ears

E x o sex

F a rmer'sP ra c tic e

Ma sstra pping

* WE %

Comparision of YSB Tab. 3.2mg twice (AC 1) Comparision of YSB Tab. 3.2mg twice (AC 1) and YSB Tab 20 mg once (AC 2)and YSB Tab 20 mg once (AC 2)

Impact of Auto confusion YSB damage Impact of Auto confusion YSB damage in at Patrasahi (Orrisa) Trial, Rabi in at Patrasahi (Orrisa) Trial, Rabi

2010 at2010 at

Efficacy of YSB Tabs for management Efficacy of YSB Tabs for management of YSB in WB, Kharif 2010of YSB in WB, Kharif 2010

Efficacy of Exo sex YSB Tabs for Efficacy of Exo sex YSB Tabs for management of YSB in WB, Kharif 2010management of YSB in WB, Kharif 2010

TreatmentsExo sect Ysb Tab

45 DAT% DH

85 DAT %WE

110 DAT %WE

Yield kg/ha

3.2 mg (AC1)0.72

(0.46)1.18

(1.10)1.801.35

4168

20 mg (AC2)0.16

(0.88)1.49

(1.25)2.14

(1.83)4021

Farmer’s practice (FP)

1.57(1.27)

3.17(1.82)

11.28(3.34)

3702

(0.27) CD(.05) 0.25 0.37 58

Cost Benefits of Chemical Control Vs. Auto confusion

(Satpathy, Kh.2010)

Treatments

Cost and value of inputs and returns (Rs./Ha)

Treatment cost

(Rs)

Labour

cost(Rs)

Total

production

costs

(Rs)*

Gross

return(

Rs)

Net

return(Rs)

C:B ratio

Farmer’s practice Cost of3 insecticidesare

1800/ 750/ 24760/ 95280/ 70520/ 1:2.84

Exosex YSB Tab 3.2mg@80 tablets /ha ( twice in a season)

2000/ 450/ 24740/ 108600/ 83860/ 1:3.38

Exosex YSB Tab 20mg@80 tablets /ha ( Once in a season)

3000/ 300/ 25640/ 104570/ 78930/ 1:3.07

YSBTab preserves Predator populationsYSBTab preserves Predator populations

Rabi ‘08, ANGRAU , Warangal

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

25 DAT 35 DAT 45 DAT 55 DAT 65 DAT 75 DAT

YSBTab

FP

Mass trapping

MeanMean Unfertilized eggs (%)Unfertilized eggs (%)

ACAC FPFP P (5%)P (5%)

Mean of 9 Mean of 9 trialstrials

41.641.6 34.134.1 0.040.04

Auto-confusion recorded significantly more unfertilised eggs than FP , Kh’07, Pantnagar

0

10

20

30

40

50

AC FP

AC FP

Central Insecticide Board Exemption Central Insecticide Board Exemption from Registrationfrom Registration

Auto-Confusion

Mass Trapping

Auto-Confusion

Monitoring

Pheromone Based