In this rega rd, please prepare your fi nal document (not more than 5 pages, including references) for inclusion in the bound copies of the forum output which will include the following: • Introduction: development of the problem under investigation, including it s hi stor ic al antec ed ents, an d sta tement of th epurpose of th e investigation. • Method: description of the procedures used to conduct the investigation. • Results: Report of the findings and analyses. • Discussion: Summary, interpretation and implication of the results. Title: THE POTABILITY OF WATER SOURCES in DANAO CITY Research Proponents: ENGR. DELFA G. CASTILLA –Project LeaderDR. ROSE MARY ALMACEN MR. RICARDO GARBO DELIA G. SABIO MA. LUISA T. JOPIA Introduction: Befor e the 19th centur y Indus trial Revolut ion, people lived more in harmo ny with theirimmediate environment. As industrialization has spread around the globe, so the problem ofpollution has spread with it. There is more waste water generated and dispersed today than at any other time in the history of our planet: more than one out of six people lack access to safe drinking water, namely 1.1 billion people, and more than two out of six lack adequate sanitation, namely 2.6 billion people (Estimation for 2002, by the WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2004). There were 3900 children die every day from water borne diseases (WHO 2004). One must know that these figures represent only people with very poor conditions. In reality, these figures should be much higher. According to the report of Jocelyn Uy in the Philippine Daily Inquirer dated January 26, 2008; five of every 10 Filipinos believe water pollution is a serious threat to their health and environment (SWS Survey 2008); there is also recent World Bank study warned of a possible water scarcity problem in the country by 2025. One of the main objectives of the World Water Council is to increase awareness of the water is sue. Dec is ion- ma ker s at al l levels must be impl ic at ed. One of the MillenniumDevelopment Goals is to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Last Feb. 15, 2011, Sunsta r Dai ly report ed an out bre ak of water- bor ne dis eases oftyphoid and cholera in Cebu. Mentioned in particulars were Danao City and Catmon and some isolated cases in the southern parts of Cebu. This study was conducted in order to assess the water quality of Danao City and Catmon where the outbreak occurred an d also to evaluate the extent of water pollution. A field experiment was conducted Oct. 1, 2012 and Dec. 13, 2012. Water samples were taken and subjected to laboratory analysis by University of San Carlos – Laboratory in the
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7/28/2019 Potability of Water Sources in Northern Cebu
In this regard, please prepare your final document (not more than 5 pages,including references) for inclusion in the bound copies of the forum output whichwill include the following:
• Introduction: development of the problem under investigation, including
its historical antecedents, and statement of thepurpose of theinvestigation.
• Method: description of the procedures used to conduct the investigation.
• Results: Report of the findings and analyses.
• Discussion: Summary, interpretation and implication of the results.
Title: THE POTABILITY OF WATER SOURCES in DANAO CITY
Research Proponents: ENGR. DELFA G. CASTILLA – Project Leader
DR. ROSE MARY ALMACEN
MR. RICARDO GARBO
DELIA G. SABIO
MA. LUISA T. JOPIA
Introduction:
Before the 19th century Industrial Revolution, people lived more in harmony with their immediate environment. As industrialization has spread around the globe, so the problem of
pollution has spread with it.
There is more waste water generated and dispersed today than at any other time in the
history of our planet: more than one out of six people lack access to safe drinking water, namely1.1 billion people, and more than two out of six lack adequate sanitation, namely 2.6 billion
people (Estimation for 2002, by the WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2004). There were 3900 children die
every day from water borne diseases (WHO 2004). One must know that these figures representonly people with very poor conditions. In reality, these figures should be much higher.
According to the report of Jocelyn Uy in the Philippine Daily Inquirer dated January 26,
2008; five of every 10 Filipinos believe water pollution is a serious threat to their health andenvironment (SWS Survey 2008); there is also recent World Bank study warned of a possible
water scarcity problem in the country by 2025.
One of the main objectives of the World Water Council is to increase awareness of the
water issue. Decision-makers at all levels must be implicated. One of the Millennium Development Goals is to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to
safe drinking water and sanitation.
Last Feb. 15, 2011, Sunstar Daily reported an outbreak of water-borne diseases of typhoid and cholera in Cebu. Mentioned in particulars were Danao City and Catmon and some
isolated cases in the southern parts of Cebu.This study was conducted in order to assess the water quality of Danao City and Catmon
where the outbreak occurred and also to evaluate the extent of water pollution.
A field experiment was conducted Oct. 1, 2012 and Dec. 13, 2012. Water samples weretaken and subjected to laboratory analysis by University of San Carlos – Laboratory in the
following parameters; fecal coliforms, total coliforms, pH, turbidity (NTU), total dissolved
solids, chloride, sulfate, total iron, cadmium, lead, and manganese. The environment of the water
sources were also included by fielding questionnaires answered by the caretakers of the water sources.
Laboratory results were compared with the Philippines National Standards for Drinking
Water 2007 with the following results: fecal coliforms in Taytay, Tuburan, Tupas, and Catmonfailed with the respective results Too Numerous To Count (TNTC), 61, 2, and 4; for total
coliforms all samples failed; for total dissolved solids CTU-Sabang, CTU-Centrum, Taytay and
Tupas failed with the results of 565(+9), 645(+37), 562(+16), and 717(+45) respectively; for sulfate only Taytay failed with a result of 302(+2); and for manganese only Tupas failed with a
result of 0.524(+0.00159). All water samples passed in the following parameters; turbidity, pH,
chloride, total iron, cadmium, and lead content. Reasons for water contamination were: near to
the residential areas; near to septic tank; near to the livestock animals; near to industries andschools; don’t have proper waste water disposal practices and some do not have toilets and the
water sources were not cemented or properly contained.
This study concluded that the water from Danao and Catmon were not potable and needs
to be treated prior to distribution.
"There is a water crisis today. But the crisis is not about having too little
water to satisfy our needs. It is a crisis of managing water so badly that billionsof people - and the environment - suffer badly." World Water Vision Report,
2010
Water is the major constituent of living matter. From 50 to 90 percent of the weight of
living organisms is water (Redmond, 2008). Water is also a universal solvent, wherein ittransport, combine, and chemically break down substances. It is very necessary for earth's natural
processes to occur and therefore sustain life on Earth, not only for humans but also animals, plants and other organisms.When Earth's population was much smaller, no one believed pollution would ever present
a serious problem. It was once popularly believed that the oceans were far too big to pollute.
Today, with around 7 billion people on the planet, it has become apparent that there are limits.Pollution is one of the signs that humans have exceeded those limits. How serious is the
problem? According to the environmental campaign organization WWF, "Pollution from toxic
chemicals threatens life on this planet. Every ocean and every continent, from the tropics to theonce-pristine polar regions, is contaminated."
While the world's population tripled in the 20th century, the use of renewable water
resources has grown six-fold. Within the next fifty years, the world population will increase by
another 40 to 50 %. (World Water Council, 2004) This population growth - coupled withindustrialization and urbanization - will result in an increasing demand for water and will have
serious consequences on the environment.
There is more waste water generated and dispersed today than at any other time in thehistory of our planet: more than one out of six people lack access to safe drinking water, namely
1.1 billion people, and more than two out of six lack adequate sanitation, namely 2.6 billion
people (Estimation for 2002, by the WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2004). There were 3900 children die
every day from water borne diseases (WHO 2004). One must know that these figures represent
only people with very poor conditions. In reality, these figures should be much higher.
The July, 2004 census of Philippine population is 86.2 million and projected to reach 100million in 14 years. The current population growth rate is 2.71% or 3 persons born per minute.
With the rapid increase in population, urbanization, and industrialization reduce the quality of
Philippine waters, especially in densely populated areas and regions of industrial and agriculturalactivities. The discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater and agricultural runoff has
caused extensive pollution of the receiving water-bodies. This effluent is in the form of raw
sewage, detergents, fertilizer, heavy metals, chemical products, oils, and even solid waste. Eachof these pollutants has a different noxious effect that influences human livelihood and translates
into economic costs. The adverse impact of water pollution costs the economy an estimated
Php67 billion annually (WEPA, 2003).
According to the report of Jocelyn Uy in the Philippine Daily Inquirer dated January 26,2008; five of every 10 Filipinos believe water pollution is a serious threat to their health and
environment (SWS Survey 2008); there is also recent World Bank study warned of a possible
water scarcity problem in the country by 2025.
One of the main objectives of the World Water Council is to increase awareness of thewater issue. Decision-makers at all levels must be implicated. One of the Millennium
Development Goals is to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access tosafe drinking water and sanitation.
Danao City is one of the industrialized cities in Central Visayas. It is a 3 rd class city of
Cebu province with a population of 119,252 as per Philippine Census 2005. The biggestcompany being built in Danao City was the Cebu Mitsumi with more than 10,000 workers. There
are also a lot of factories in Danao built by the Durano’s clan but some of it is not in operation
now. Different cottage industries producing different products; like gun making, pottery, mango
juice, rattan furniture, metal foundry shop and many others. It has its own waterworks system butis available only to the residents in the Poblacion, Looc and Suba. Only 30% of the households
in the “Poblacion” are served by the system. About 13% have individual faucets, while 17% are
using the public faucets. One of the problems plaguing the system is the water pressure. A greatnumber of households, about 40% are getting water from dug wells, springs, or rivers. Others
have artesian wells as sources of water. The two major sources of water in the city are the
Tuburan Springs and Quisol Springs. The volume of supply is estimated to be 2,254 liters per minute or 700 gallons per minute. At present, there are 1,221 households having water
connections with the annual collections at P490,236.00.
Last Feb. 15, 2011, Department of Health (DOH) 7 had asked towns to create a
committee that will focus on monitoring the quality of drinking water. The move came followingreports of outbreaks of water-borne diseases; typhoid and cholera, in four local government units
(LGUs). In Danao City, cholera struck 300 persons and claimed six lives. In Catmon, the DOH 7
recorded 15 diarrhea cases and one death others were in Alegria and Balamban (Sunstar, 2011).With these scenarios, water should
be recognized as a great priority. The proponent wishes to know the extent of water pollution in
Danao City as well as the environmental risk and reliability analysis. Risk and reliability analysismay also provide a general methodology for the assessment of the safety of water related
engineering projects in Danao, thus recommend actions for intervention.
1. To evaluate the potability of the water sources in the chosen environment through;
a. physical analysis of the saltwater (pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids)
b. microbiological analysis (fecal coliforms, total coliforms)
c. metal analysis (cadmium, lead, manganese)
d. chemical analysis (chloride, sulfate, total iron).
2. To know the status of the potable water sources as per interview by the respondents in
terms possible reasons of contamination.
3. To identify the reasons/sources water pollution, if it is existing.
4. To identify the extent of the seawater seepage in the water sources of Danao City.
5. To formulate an equation for the sea water penetration in the presence of chloride (mgCl/L) with respect to the distance of the water source from the shoreline.
6. To provide awareness to the stakeholders on the extent of safety of potable water in
the city of Danao.
7/28/2019 Potability of Water Sources in Northern Cebu
“ And God said, let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the openfirmament of heaven.”
Genesis 1:20
God is so great that he don’t want His people to perish, He provided all the
natural resources for the humankind to use. Natural resources include plants, animals,
mineral deposits, soils, clean air, and water. There are 1.3 × 109 km3 of water in the
oceans, 3.3 × 107 km3 in the polar ice caps, 2 × 105 km3 in glaciers, 105 km3 in lakes,
and 1.2 × 103 km3 in rivers. In addition, 2.2 × 105 km3 of water fall annually as
precipitation." (Debenedetti, 2003)
The water in the ocean is salty and not fit to drink. The water in the polar ice caps
and in glaciers will mix with the water in the ocean. The world's oceans comprise 97.3%
of the total water on earth and consist of 5 oceans: Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and
Southern. The current range for the volume of the world's ocean is from 1.3 to 1.5 billion
cubic kilometers and it will still get larger and larger as time passes. These processes
are continuing today. It is estimated that the volume of the earth's ocean increases by 1
cubic meter every year. (Elert, 2001)
About 2 percent of the planet's water is fresh, but 1.6 percent of the planet's
water is locked up in the polar ice caps and glaciers. Another 0.36 percent is found
underground in aquifers and wells. Only about 0.036 percent of the planet's total water
7/28/2019 Potability of Water Sources in Northern Cebu
Note: TNTC – Too Numerous To Count (>200 colonies per 100 ml)PNS – Philippine National StandardNumber in parenthesis ( ), denotes 95% confidence levelFailed as to PNS Drinking Water 2007
Water samples were taken from five sources in Danao City specifically in CTU
Sabang, CTU-CENTRUM Sabang, Taytay, Tuburan Sur, and Tupaz Poblacion. Only
the parameters that failed as to PNS Drinking Water 2007 were being discussed in
order to trace the possible reasons of the contaminants.
7/28/2019 Potability of Water Sources in Northern Cebu
Year Constructed 1968 2010 1983 1989 1952Deep of the Drilling (ft) 55 140 20 40 40Maintained by Agency/Private CTU-Danao CTU-Danao Private City Hall PrivateFrequency of PreventiveMaintenance
Once amonth
Once amonth
None None None
Is there a budget for maintenance?
Yes Yes None Yes None
Last water treatment Jan. 11, 2010 None None None NoneIs there a presence of corrosion in
the pipe?
Yes None Yes Yes Yes
Cemented area surrounding thedeep well (square meters)
None 16 20 None 16
Did the users washed their clothes near the well? (within 100m)
No No Yes Yes Yes
Did the users take a bath or bathetheir animals near the well?
No No Yes Yes No
Did you see any unrestrictedlivestock 100 meters away?
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Number of population/householdsusing the deep well
2,000population
2,000population
5 households 107households
50households
All the households have toilets Yes Yes Yes No YesIs it shady? (sun rays cannot
penetrate within the area?
Yes No No Yes Yes
Is there a presence of soil erosionwithin 100m perimeter?
No No No Yes No
Distance of the nearest house(meters)
9 6 2 8 6
Distance of the nearest septictank (meters)
11 19 10 56 10
Distance of the nearest vegetablegarden or agricultural farm usingpesticides within 100
None None None None None
Distance of the nearest poultry,piggery or livestock animals (m)
None 142 60 22 None
Distance of the nearestuncemented water drainage
None 87 100 None 300
Distance of the nearest industrialsite or factory (meters)
250 200 300 1000 500
What is their product or business? Furniture/car wash
Furniture/car wash
Gasolinestation/FoodProducts
FoodProducts
Hospital
Distance from the public road (m) 300 230 25 30 15Distance from the shoreline(meters)
250 450 950 2500 750
What kind of soil the area has asto texture? (sand, clay, silt)
Silt Silt Sand Silt Sand
7/28/2019 Potability of Water Sources in Northern Cebu
Pulley, Robert Vance & Serra Maria Teresa; “Philippines Environment Monitor 2003”.282970PHOEnvironment0monitor.pdf. Date viewed 12-13-2011.
Qadri, Syed S. 2000. “How much mater is there on Earth?”..com.http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/question157.htm (Date viewed: May 21, 2012)
Redmond, W.A. 2008. “Water” Microsoft Student 2009 (DVD).
Santo Domingo, Jorge, Ashbolt Nicholas J. 2010. “Fecal pollution of water”. Ecyclopediaof Earth.
Shyking. 2009. Microsoft Encarta.
Speight, James. 2008. “Tar Sand”. Microsoft Encarta.
Strickland. 2008. Microsoft Encarta.
Uy, Jocelyn. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 1/26/2008
Woodford, Chris. 2012. “Explain That Stuff”. http://www.explainthatstuff.com/chris- woodford.html. Last Updated: April 25, 2012. (Date Viewed: May 21,2012)
Zimmer, D. & Renault D. 2003. “Republic Act 9275” The Philippine Clean Water Act.
American Waterworks Association. 2002. The How, Where and Why of Applying HACCP to Water . Workshop Manual for American Waterworks AssociationWater Quality Technology Conference, Seattle, November 10, 2002.Presented by the World Health Organization, Sydney Catchment Authority,and Melbourne Water.Berry, T and Failing, L. 2003. Source to Tap Assessment Risk Assessment WorkshopNotes. September, 23, 2003. Compass Resource Management.Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). 2004. From source to tap:Guidance on the multibarrier
approach to safe drinking water . Produced jointlyby the Federal‐Provincial‐Territorial Committee on Drinking Water and the
CCME Water Quality Task Group. http://www.ccme.ca/sourcetotap/mba.html.