POSTULATES FOR EVOLUTION VIA NATURAL SELECTION Phenotypic variation is present among individuals in the population 2. At least some of this phenotypic variation is due to underlying genetic variation; i.e., it is heritable eproduction is non-random ; it is related to the phenotype of the in oductive output varies among phenotypes) t all individuals that are born/hatched etc can survive or reproduc ate; environments have carrying capacities (K) if true, then evolution via NS MUST occur DIFFERENTIAL/SURVIVAL OF ONE PHENOTYPIC VARIANT RELATIVE TO ANOTHER
POSTULATES FOR EVOLUTION VIA NATURAL SELECTION 1. Phenotypic variation is present among individuals in the population 2. At least some of this phenotypic.
Jan 15, 2016
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POSTULATES FOR EVOLUTION VIA NATURAL SELECTION
1. Phenotypic variation is present among individuals in the population
2. At least some of this phenotypic variation is due to underlying genetic variation; i.e., it is heritable
3. Reproduction is non-random; it is related to the phenotype of the individual(reproductive output varies among phenotypes)
4. Not all individuals that are born/hatched etc can survive or reproduce at the same rate; environments have carrying capacities (K)
if true, then evolution via NS MUST occur
DIFFERENTIAL/SURVIVAL OF ONE PHENOTYPIC VARIANT RELATIVE TOANOTHER
FITNESS (W) – ABILITY OF AN ORGANISM TO SURVIVE/REPRODUCEIN ITS ENVIRONMENT
ABSOLUTE W = NUMBER OF OFFSPRING PRODUCED BY AN INDIVIDUALWITHIN A POPULATION
RELATIVE W = NO. OFFSPRING PRODUCED BY AN INDIVIDUAL RELATIVE TO THE MEAN NO. OFFSPRING PRODUCED BY ALL INDIVIDUALS OF THE POPULATION [usually standardized to 1]
Example: phenotype (variant) a = 27 offspring phenotype b = 9 offspring
mean of population = 18 offspring
wa =27/18 = 1.5 standardized w = 1.5/1.5 = 1wb = 9/18 = 0.5 “ w = 0.5/1.5 = 0.33
Examples of microevolution involving humans
1. Lactose Tolerance
2. Skin color
4. CASE STUDY: HIV and human co-evolution
3. Fisheries
Future of AIDS Epidemic?
• will HIV-1 ‘automatically’ become less virulent so as not to kills hosts?
• what can we do to reduce the virulence of HIV? (i.e., can we change the ‘biology’Of HIV)?
Selection Thinking Needed:consider HIV and possible phenotypicvariation within HIV that affects virulence;consider the host and its response to selection
1). Selection should act on virus to maximize its fitness Fitness of faster reproducing variant relative to slower reproducing variant should depend on the probability and frequency of transfer to new hosts (why?)
2). Rapid and frequent transfer favors:
Slower inter-host transfer favors:
Human Evolutionary Response
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