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Post-reformation Europebecoming early-modern
1. Religious differencestheological and national/ethnic
2. New politics:Theories of Rule: Constitutional monarchies
AbsolutismRun by: expanding bureaucraciesCritiqued by: political/intellectual
theorists
3. Expanding economies: more efficienttechnology makes effectiveproto-industrialization and
social stratification
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Europe post-reformation
Need to know the names, differences:
Roman Catholic
LutheranCalvinistAnglican
(Church of England)
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And, two governmental systems1. Constitutional states
a. Republicb. Constitutional Monarchy
2. Absolutism
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The Dutch Republic• King Philip II of Spain attempted to suppress
protestants (Calvinists) in Netherlands, 1566 and in addition, the Huguenots [France to Netherlands]
• large-scale rebellion followed• by 1581 Netherlands declared
independence
• based on a representative,parliamentary system
• successful joint-venture commerce
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Constitutional States• England: constitutional monarchy
government is ‘the Crown’, + Houses of Parliament
• Netherlands: a Republic
• Not an easy process: English Civil War, 1642-1649• royal taxes• religious elements • King loses, was beheaded in 1649
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The Glorious Revolution (1688-1689)• England under Cromwell (d. 1658)
• Glorious Revolution
• Charles II restored 1660• b. King James II deposed • 1688 d. Mary and husband – no heir
** no Catholics **• William of Orange took throne
concept of shared governance
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To this day
Recently changed the law regarding primogeniture
Will not remove the in juncture against having a Catholic monarch
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The ideal and problems of governing
Frontispiece for Leviathan- Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
John Locke (1632-1704)
Essay on Toleration (1667) Essay on the Human
Understanding (1690) Treatise on Government
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But a voice – for whom?Popular sovereignty • John Locke • theories of contractual government• sovereignty in the people – but who are the
people?Freedom and Equality • religious toleration and freedom of expression • condemned legal and social privileges of
aristocrats • limit aristocratic privileges
• not to share political rights with: ???
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Qualified citizenshipeg: British (Irish) citizens
Ireland: ‘a dependent and subordinate kingdom’• series of penal laws that enshrined exclusion of Catholics
from political, social and territorial power
• by 1703: less than 20% population Protestant (English and Scottish descent)
owned 86% of the land
• In 1691: all MPs in Irish parliament took an oath: repudiating the Pope’s authority to dispose
any monarchdenying transubstantiation
Next 15 years: penal codesschools, horses, land, weapons, clerics
Effects: political, economic, legal, psychological** exam q.
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Absolute Monarchies• Political theory: Divine Right of Kings
• the model: French Cardinal Richelieu King Louis XIII, 1624-1642)
• practical application: destroy aristocratic power i.e. ‘fronde’
create royal service intendents= meritocracy= effective management= power taken from nobility
ruthlessly attacked Calvinists
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The Sun Kingroyal absolutism
Louis XIV (1673) Mignard
Louis XIV (Hyacinth) ‘L’etat c’est moi’r. 1654
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Geography of Power:
symbol and practice
Versailles
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Power Politics in the 17Cdeveloping the European states system
• no overarching imperial authority
• Balance of Power tenuous
• military innovations(expensive)
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Conclusion:this is ‘top down’ history – much else is happening• Significant population growth
• Effect: urbanizationProto-capitalismchanging social orderAdam Smith and John Locke
intellectual innovation: Copernicus universe
Isaac Newtonthe
Enlightenmenthumanistic moral challenge écrasez l’infame
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A Village in ProvençeFriday everyone will be assigned the identity of someone
from a small, fictional community in Provençe in the late 17C
Traditionally ‘our’ community has been fairly isolated, with the result that
• the local land holders exercise a great deal of power
There is in our community:• a local bishop • a growing (but still small) commercial and professional
class of people (who will become the bourgeoisie) • the majority of the population in this region
works on the land
• the central authority of the king reaches into the region, in the person of a local intendent
Will you survive? Some will receive prizes…