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John R. Cunningham

Technical Support Symposium

Post Combustion Carbon Capture Transmission and Storage

Introduction

●Atmospheric CO2 levels have been increasing

●Average global temperatures are also on the rise˃ Estimates by the International Energy Agency (IEA) are that business as

usual will result in a 6°C rise by 2050

●Governments of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries are introducing Carbon Emissions regulations

Trends in Process Design/Simulation

●Commercial process design software introduced in the late 60’s early 70’s

> Initial changes were almost exclusively caused by the introduction of new simulation technology

> By the 90’s, many new trends were dictated by environmental legislation including:

– Lower sulfur standards in LPGs, gasoline, and diesel fuels

– Shift to non-ozone depletion refrigerants

– Switch from lead to ether fuel oxygenates

– Switch from ether to alcohol fuel oxygenates

– Introduction of biofuels

●Carbon Capture and Storage will likely join this list of trends

The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974, its goals germane to this discussion:

● Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold:

> Promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and

> Provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member countries and beyond

●Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change

●Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact

International Energy Agency

Meeting this goal will be more political and financial in nature than engineering

2°C Rise Scenario (2DS) from IEA

CCS in the Power and Industrial Sectors in the 2DS

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

●Some key Recommended Engineering Actions from the International Energy Agency

> Prove capture systems at pilot scale in industrial applications where CO2

capture has not yet been demonstrated

> Reduce the cost of electricity from power plants equipped with capture through continued technology development and use of highest possible efficiency power generation cycle

> Encourage efficient development of CO2 transport infrastructure by anticipating locations of future demand centers and future volumes of CO2

●All of these will require process modeling tools

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

●Fossil fuels and carbon-intensive industries play dominant roles in our economies

●There is no climate friendly scenario in the long run without CCS

●CCS is not a “silver bullet” by itself, but a necessary part of a coherent portfolio of energy solutions

●Capture technologies: well understood but expensive > A recent study at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Management reviewed all previous

work on cost estimation of CCS at coal power plants, and determined that the long term cost would be somewhere between $35 and $70 dollars per ton of carbon dioxide captured and stored. The costs would start much higher for the first plants, as high as $150 per ton of CO2 captured and stored, but would drop rapidly as more plants were built and the industry scaled.

> If we could achieve a cost of $50 per ton of CO2, what would that do to energy prices? Every $10 per ton of CO2 increases the cost of electricity by 1 cent per kilowatt hour, and increases the cost of gasoline by 10 cents per gallon. So a $50 per ton cost to capture CO2 would, if applied back to the cost of CO2 emissions, raise electricity prices by 5 cents per kilowatt hour and raise gasoline prices by 50 cents per gallon.

Multiple Paths and Processing Steps to Carbon Storage

Final Limits on Carbon Pollution from

New, Modified and Reconstructed

Power Plants●Section 111 of the Clean Air Act (CAA) provides authority to address

emissions from new, modified, and reconstructed, and existing power plants, recognizing different approaches that are available at different stages of construction

●On August 3, 2015, EPA set standards to limit carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from new, modified, and reconstructed power plants

●A new coal‐fired power plant could meet the final standard by capturing about 20 percent of its carbon pollution. (an emission limit of 1,400 lbCO2/MWh‐gross)

●Modified coal‐fired power plant, based on each affected unit’s own best potential performance

●Reconstructed coal‐fired power plant > 2,000 MMBtu/h; 1,800 lbCO2/MWh‐gross; < 2,000 MMBtu/h; 2,000 lb CO2/MWh‐gross

Typical Post-Combustion Process

Post-Combustion Capture at a Pulverized Coal Plant

Storage Options

Large-scale CO2 Capture Projects in Operation, Under Construction,

or Planned as of End-2012

Boundary Dam, Canada

PRO/II Tools for CCS

●Accurate physical properties

●Fitted phase equilibria of inserts present

●Ultimate Analysis Tool for coal bio and waste streams (v9.4)

●Hydrate and solid prediction capabilities

●AMSIM for advanced CO2 separation from flue gas

●Glycol Package for Dehydration of CO2

●PIPEPHASE for the transmission and storage of CO2 streams

PRO/II Tools for CCS

●Accurate physical properties

PRO/II Tools for CCS

●Fitted phase equilibria of impurities and water present in CO2 streams

PRO/II Tools for CCS

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Temperature, C

CO2 with 5.5 % N2, Ahmad et. al., FPE 363 (2014) 149.

SRKS BubblePoint CurveSRKS DewPoint CurveCO2 Vp(SRKS)

●Fitted phase equilibria of impurities and water present in CO2 streams

PRO/II Tools for CCS

● In v9.4, new Ultimate Analysis Tool for coal bio and waste streams:

PRO/II Tools for CCS

●AMSIM for advanced CO2

separation from flue gas

PRO/II Tools for CCS

●Glycol Package for Dehydration of CO2

PRO/II Tools for CCS

●PIPEPHASE for the transmission and storage of CO2 streams