CAN THE SUBALTERN SPEAK? Mohd Arshad Bin Khadir @ D20101038185 Muhammad Shahril Bin Saibon D20101038302 Muhammad Yazid Bin Rosly D20101038223 Santhiya A/P Ramadas D20101038252 Navitha A/P Sanmugam D20101038253
Jun 26, 2015
CAN THE SUBALTE
RN SPEAK?
Mohd Arshad Bin Khadir @ Krishnasamy
D20101038185
Muhammad Shahril Bin Saibon
D20101038302
Muhammad Yazid Bin Rosly
D20101038223
Santhiya A/P Ramadas D20101038252
Navitha A/P Sanmugam D20101038253
POSTCOLONIAL FEMINISM
What is Postcolonial Feminism?
Subset of Feminism
It was developed as feminism focused more on Western
cultures
It seeks to study the effect of colonialism on non-white,
non-western women in the postcolonial world.
It often argues that non-western women are
misinterpreted.
Western view on Non-western Women
White men or women are needed to save brown women from brown men (Roy, 2002)
All women are united under a sisterhood of exploitation by patriarchy.
Westerners as the Saviours
George W Bush in large part justified the war in Afghanistan through an appeal for the liberation of Afghan women.
The women of Afghanistan constituted the ultimate victims, putting the United States in the position of ultimate protector
(Young, 2003)
Politics of the Veil The veil has been concerned, intrigued, fascinated
and troubled the western commentators most.
Some westerners desire of freeing women from the prison of their veil (Spivak, 1994)
Kirklees Council in Dewsbury suspended classroom assistant Aishah Azmi for refusing to remove her veil at school.
In France, decision was made to ban the wearing of headscarves by Muslim girls in school, along with large crosses and other covert religious symbols.
The veil symbolizes an exotic and seductive
Orient that has long intrigued the Westerners.
Non-western women feel that it is part of their
own identity.
A British Muslim woman said that she saw the
hijab as an act of solidarity with Muslim women
all over the world.
Many independent and capable women are
veiled
Indigene Du Caire
Taken from the Stockton Postcolonial Projects
Postcolonial Feminists on Western View
Many women are oppressed by much more than patriarchy
Western women have set the agenda of feminism
It focuses more on geographic and cultural specificity
By using the term "woman" as a universal group, women are then only defined by their gender and not by social class, race, ethnicity, or sexual preference.
Postcolonial feminism began as a criticism of the failure of Western feminism to cope with the complexity of postcolonial feminist issues
Postcolonial Feminism & Race
mainstream Western feminism has largely avoided the issue of race
Race was not seen as an issue that White women needed to address.[15]
Critiques of Post colonialism Feminism
Postcolonial feminism is itself a critique of western
feminism
Western feminist movement criticizes postcolonial
feminism is on the grounds that breaking down women into
smaller groups
This criticism claims that postcolonial feminism is divisive
Postcolonial feminism and third world feminism are also in
danger of being ethnocentric
HYBRIDITY
Framing Hybridity Among postcolonial theorists, there is a wide consensus that hybridity
arose out of the culturally internalized interactions between
“colonizers” and “the colonized” and the dichotomous formation of
these identities.
This theoretical perspective will serve as the foundation for the
considerations explored in this paper, employing hybridity as a
powerful tool for liberation from the domination imposed by
bounded definitions of race, language, and nation.
Race Racial hybridity, or the integration of two races which are assumed to be
distinct and separate entities, can be considered first in terms of the physical
body.
Mixed births such as mestizo, mulatto and muwallad were stigmatized as a
physical representation of impure blood, and
Racism long served as a tool of power that maintained that even in this
blending of two bodies, just “one drop” of black blood would deem the body
impure and alien, an abomination.
In embodying the inability to bind identities to race, racial hybridity both in
the physical body and in consciousness offers a means of deconstructing the
boundaries of dichotomous racial identities.
Language In addition to race, language has long been bound in definitions as a symbol of nation and
a mode of exclusion. As a means to connect with other social beings, communicating with
language is a meaningful performance in that speaking requires two parties, one to
perform language and an audience to observe and absorb language.
Fanon’s theorizing addresses the power of language in the formation of identity as he says,
“To speak . . . means above all to assume a culture, to support the weight of a civilization,”
(1967: 17-18).
The use of a colonizer’s language by the colonized to speak of the crimes of colonialism is
its own transgression and act of resistance.
National Culture “How do you tell who is indigenous to the country and who is not? Given a history of
migration, what is the dividing line between the indigenous and the nonindigenous?”
(Mamdani 2005: 10).
Hybridity in a postcolonial world muddles the very definitions of culture by which
nations define themselves.
Said shows the diverse processes by which dominant cultures are formed at the service
of Others. Using words like “shape,” “definition,” and “transmute,” he describes the
act of defining nation and the artificial nature of these boundaries.
FANON AND THE VIOLENCE OF POSTCOLONIALISM
Some forms of postcolonialism have suggested
that a more direct form of intervention is required
for change.
Frantz Fanon even called for the necessity of
violence.
Frantz Fanon (1925-1961)
Colonial world is a Manichean world
- a world of black and white alone
- colonial knowledge sought to completely
separate black from white.
Two element of colonialism in tension:
1. Through colonial rule and education, the colonised were constantly told of the superiority of colonisers’ values and these should be aspired to and copied.
2. However, at the same time there was the existence of what Fanon called ‘the fact of blackness’, in other words, the manner in which a colonised person can most immediately identified is by the colour (or other features) of their skin. This ‘fact of blackness’ was a marker of inferiority which was inescapable.
The copying of colonizers' values- can never be totally
successful, and it is this which maintains the superiority of
the colonizers
“Indians can mimic but never exactly reproduce English values…
their recognition of the perpetual gap between themselves and the
‘real thing” will ensure their subjection”
(Loomba, 1998)
Psychic trauma occurred when the colonized subject
realised that he would never be able to attain the whiteness
he had been taught to desire, or shed the blackness he had
learnt to devalue.
“At the risk of arousing the resentment of my coloured
brothers, I will say that the black man is not a man”
(Frantz Fanon- Black Skin, White Masks)
Fanon produced analysis of the psychological problems
facing black men and women in a white world.
The condition he identified was self-division or alienation
from the self.
He presented a number of case notes recording ‘colonial
war and mental disorder’
Fanon reversed the ideas of the colonizers.
“Rather than seeing colonialism as the result of the failings
of the other (namely, European colonialism was needed as
the others were not able to rule themselves), we now saw it
as the cause of the mental defects of the other”
Negative traits of colonised (violence, hysteria, laziness)
were brought actually by the colonialism.
WHY VIOLENCE?
From European point of view – saw native
as being uncivilized and lack the ability to
rule by themselves.
Anti-colonial resistance denote to the
European that the native are being violence
Fanon thinks otherwise.
Fanon
European initial act of conquest – power over body and
mind.
Thus to maintain the European power violence is
inevitable.
Natives starts decolonization
Bring the native together with common purpose
Gaining self respect.
After decolonization
Neo- colonialism – western- dominated international
capital which would not allowed newly independent
country to develop in peace
Fanon vision has a gender bias
Woman as sexual violence
Example through the movie The battle of Algiers
References
Sharp, J. (2009). Geographies of post-colonialism (1st ed.). London: SAGE.
The Stockton Postcolonial Studies Project,. (2011). Veils and Postcolonial Feminism. Retrieved 19 May 2014, from https://blogs.stockton.edu/postcolonialstudies/veils-and-postcolonial-feminism/