Post-colonial Crises and the End of the Cold War.

Post-colonial Crises Post-colonial Crises and the End of the and the End of the

Cold WarCold War

Iranian Revolution, Iranian Revolution, 19791979

►Many Muslims did not like the Shah Many Muslims did not like the Shah (leader) of Iran because of his (leader) of Iran because of his connections to the Westconnections to the West and his and his new new reforms, secular gov.’treforms, secular gov.’t

►Majority of Iranians were poor Majority of Iranians were poor ►Fundamentalists viewed Fundamentalists viewed

shah as a traitor to Islamshah as a traitor to IslamRiots begin

Shah with US Pres. Carter

Islamic FundamentalismIslamic Fundamentalism

►Movement to reorder government and Movement to reorder government and society according to Islamic lawssociety according to Islamic laws

► Islamists believe that Muslim countries Islamists believe that Muslim countries have have strayed from the path of true strayed from the path of true IslamIslam by following Western models of by following Western models of political and economic development political and economic development

►Violence Violence

Ayatollah KhomeiniAyatollah Khomeini

► In 1979, In 1979, Ayatollah KhomeiniAyatollah Khomeini, a , a Shi’ite Muslim, led a Revolution Shi’ite Muslim, led a Revolution to overthrow the Shahto overthrow the Shah

►Parliamentary RepublicParliamentary Republic►Set up a Set up a theocracytheocracy: :

govt. run bygovt. run by

religious leaders with religious leaders with

strict controlstrict control

American Hostage CrisisAmerican Hostage Crisis

►During the Revolution, Radical Muslim During the Revolution, Radical Muslim Students seized the U.S Embassy and Students seized the U.S Embassy and held held 66 Americans hostage for 444 66 Americans hostage for 444 daysdays..

►The hostage crisis severely damaged The hostage crisis severely damaged the US/Iran relationshipthe US/Iran relationship

Hostages

Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

► Iraq (Saddam HusseinIraq (Saddam Hussein-dictator)-dictator) attacked attacked IranIran because of fear that the revolutionary because of fear that the revolutionary government of Iran would incite Iraq’s government of Iran would incite Iraq’s Shi’ites to rebellionShi’ites to rebellion

► Hoped to take advantage of Hoped to take advantage of revolutionary chaosrevolutionary chaos► 500,000 dead on both sides. 500,000 dead on both sides. ► Iraq used chemical weapons Iraq used chemical weapons ► Iran and Iraq Iran and Iraq agreed to a agreed to a cease-fire cease-fire

Afghanistan ConflictAfghanistan Conflict

► Soviets sent in army Soviets sent in army to install a to install a communist regime communist regime

► Nine year conflict Nine year conflict between Soviets between Soviets and Afghan Soldiersand Afghan Soldiers

► US support US support Afghanistan with Afghanistan with weapons and weapons and moneymoney

““It doesn’t matter if the It doesn’t matter if the cat is black or white, so cat is black or white, so long as it catches mice”long as it catches mice”

-Deng Xiaoping-Deng Xiaoping

Deng and Modernizing China’s Deng and Modernizing China’s EconomyEconomy

ConceptConcept: Change China from a : Change China from a Command Economy to a Market Command Economy to a Market EconomyEconomy

►CommandCommand: Communism: Communism Government decidesGovernment decides

►MarketMarket: Capitalism: Capitalism Consumers and producers decideConsumers and producers decide

EffectsEffects

► 1. 1. AgricultureAgriculture (+) Economic Prosperity for farmers(+) Economic Prosperity for farmers (-) Some collective farms remain(-) Some collective farms remain

► 2. 2. IndustryIndustry (+) Overall, output has grown(+) Overall, output has grown Btw 1979 and 2005 foreign direct investment Btw 1979 and 2005 foreign direct investment

grewgrew (-) State Factories are inefficient(-) State Factories are inefficient

► 3 and 4. 3 and 4. Science and TechnologyScience and Technology (+) More foreign investment, trade, (+) More foreign investment, trade,

modernizationmodernization (-) Student protests, world criticism, growing (-) Student protests, world criticism, growing

foreign influence foreign influence

Glasnost and PerestroikaGlasnost and Perestroika

►Movement towards progress, reform, Movement towards progress, reform, openness (glasnost) in USSR under openness (glasnost) in USSR under Gorbachev 1980sGorbachev 1980s

►Perestroika (restructuring)Perestroika (restructuring)►Reforms led to collapse Reforms led to collapse

of communist gov.’tsof communist gov.’ts►1989 ended unpopular1989 ended unpopular

war in Afghanistanwar in Afghanistan

1 Polish demonstrators march in support of the democratic Solidarity movement. 2 The struggle for democracy turns

violent in Romania, where tanks

operated by pro-democracy troops fire

on government supporters.

3 Thousands of

Czechoslovakians

protest against the

nation’s Communist

regime.

Revolutions of 1989Revolutions of 1989

►Poland May 1988 (Solidarity Movement Poland May 1988 (Solidarity Movement Part II)Part II)

►Hungary May 1988 through Summer Hungary May 1988 through Summer 19891989

►Czechoslovakia- Velvet RevolutionCzechoslovakia- Velvet Revolution►Romania-violentRomania-violent►Yugoslavia- TRAGICYugoslavia- TRAGIC

Fall of Berlin WallFall of Berlin Wall

► Fall Nov. 9Fall Nov. 9thth 1989 1989► Paved way for Paved way for

Reunification of Reunification of Germany 1990Germany 1990

USSRUSSR►15 separate republics-All want 15 separate republics-All want

independenceindependence►Boris Yeltsin -Republic of RussiaBoris Yeltsin -Republic of Russia►Gorbachev’s power-largely goneGorbachev’s power-largely gone► Russian Republic pretty much took Russian Republic pretty much took

place of USSRplace of USSR

Fall of USSR: December 25 Fall of USSR: December 25 19911991

►Ethnic unrest-Nationalism! Ethnic unrest-Nationalism! ►Need for new governmentsNeed for new governments

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4bWo49OoFo&feature=related

Yugoslavia Yugoslavia

► Nationalism and Diversity Nationalism and Diversity ► Bosnia and Herzegovina declared its Bosnia and Herzegovina declared its

independence in 1992independence in 1992► Christian Bosnian Serbs used ethnic cleansing Christian Bosnian Serbs used ethnic cleansing

against Bosnian Muslims (40%)against Bosnian Muslims (40%)► Atrocities and destructionAtrocities and destruction► U.S. intervened and brokered a settlement ‘95U.S. intervened and brokered a settlement ‘95

► 19991999► Serbian province of Kosovo-Serbs and ethnic Serbian province of Kosovo-Serbs and ethnic

Albanians fought over controlAlbanians fought over control► NATO forced withdrawal of Serbia from KosovoNATO forced withdrawal of Serbia from Kosovo

The Persian Gulf WarThe Persian Gulf War

► In 1990 Iraq accused neighboring Kuwait of drilling In 1990 Iraq accused neighboring Kuwait of drilling into an Iraqi oil field and stealing oilinto an Iraqi oil field and stealing oil

► Iraq attackedIraq attacked Kuwait Kuwait ► U.S.-led coalition launched the U.S.-led coalition launched the Persian Gulf WarPersian Gulf War- -

attacked the Iraqi forces in Kuwaitattacked the Iraqi forces in Kuwait► In weeks, Kuwait was freed.In weeks, Kuwait was freed.► After the warAfter the war

the UN continued its economic sanctionsthe UN continued its economic sanctions insisted that Iraq destroy its chemical and insisted that Iraq destroy its chemical and

biological weaponsbiological weapons Also to agree not to develop nuclear weapons. Also to agree not to develop nuclear weapons.

► But Iraq failed to fully cooperate with UN weapons But Iraq failed to fully cooperate with UN weapons inspectors…paves way for 2003 Invasion inspectors…paves way for 2003 Invasion

New Challenges New Challenges

Terrorism and IslamTerrorism and Islam

► TerrorismTerrorism: : Uses violence to achieve a political or religious Uses violence to achieve a political or religious

endend

QuranQuran does not allow the killing of innocents or does not allow the killing of innocents or suicidesuicide

► TerroristsTerrorists believe they are jihadists: die in believe they are jihadists: die in defense of religion, become martyrsdefense of religion, become martyrs

► JihadJihad:: ““Striving or Struggling in the Way of God”Striving or Struggling in the Way of God”

9/119/11

► Terrorists hijacked Terrorists hijacked four passenger four passenger airplanes and crashed airplanes and crashed them into the WTC them into the WTC and the Pentagonand the Pentagon

► The fourth crashed in The fourth crashed in rural PArural PA

► Nearly 3,000 died Nearly 3,000 died ► Why?Why?

American influence in American influence in Middle EastMiddle East

Al Qaeda

The USS Cole bombing was a suicide attack against the United States Navy destroyer USS Cole on October 12, 2000

Osama Bin Laden

Taliban in Afghanistan

War on TerrorWar on Terror

►U.S. targeted al Qaeda and the Taliban U.S. targeted al Qaeda and the Taliban ►TalibanTaliban-group that was governing -group that was governing

Afghanistan according to strict Afghanistan according to strict interpretation of Islamic lawinterpretation of Islamic law

►2001-U.S. forced Taliban out of 2001-U.S. forced Taliban out of Afghanistan Afghanistan

►Osama Bin LadenOsama Bin Laden was shot and killed was shot and killed on May 2, 2011 by U.S. Navy Seals and on May 2, 2011 by U.S. Navy Seals and CIACIA

The Iraq War-2003The Iraq War-2003►U.S. leaders worried that Hussein U.S. leaders worried that Hussein

might have deadly weapons that he might have deadly weapons that he could give to terroristscould give to terrorists

►Another Another U.S.-led coalition invaded U.S.-led coalition invaded IraqIraq, quickly forcing Hussein out of , quickly forcing Hussein out of power.power.

►American weapon inspectors American weapon inspectors failed to failed to findfind stockpiles of biological or stockpiles of biological or chemical weapons or evidence chemical weapons or evidence proving Hussein had a role in 9/11proving Hussein had a role in 9/11

► Insurgency ensued Insurgency ensued

Statue of Saddam Hussein being

toppled in Firdos Square after the US

invasion of Iraq

Saddam shortly after capture by American forces, and after being

shaved to confirm his identityDecember 2003

Iraq TimelineIraq Timeline► 20042004 political power was transferred to the Iraqis political power was transferred to the Iraqis► 20052005 Iraqis voted in the country’s first multiparty Iraqis voted in the country’s first multiparty

election in 50 years and later approved a new election in 50 years and later approved a new constitution that would make Iraq an Islamic constitution that would make Iraq an Islamic federal democracyfederal democracy

► November 5th, 2006-Saddam Hussein was found guilty of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death by hanging. (Dec. 30, 2006)

► All US Forces were mandated to withdraw from Iraqi territory by December 31, 2011 under the agreement signed in 2008 by President Bush-completed on December 18, 2011