1 1 Title: Positive catch & economic benefits of periodic octopus fishery closures: Do 2 effective, narrowly targeted actions ‘catalyze’ broader management? 3 4 5 6 7 Authors: 8 Thomas A. Oliver a,b,1,2 , Kirsten L.L. Oleson a,c,1 , Hajanaina Ratsimbazafy a , Daniel 9 Raberinary a , Sophie Benbow a , Alasdair Harris a 10 11 Author affiliations: 12 a Blue Ventures Conservation, 39-41 North Road, London, N7 9DP, UK 13 b Department of Biology, University of Hawaiʻi Mānoa, 2853 McCarthy Mall, 14 Edmondson Hall 309, Honolulu, HI 96822 15 c Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of 16 Hawaiʻi Mānoa, 1910 East West Road, Sherman 101, Honolulu, HI 96822 17 18 Author footnotes: 19 1 T.A.O. and K.L.L.O. are co-primary authors. 20 2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. 21 22 Corresponding author: 23 Thomas A. Oliver 24 Assistant Professor 25 Honolulu, HI 96822 26 E-mail: [email protected]27 Telephone: 808-426-8041 28 29 Author contributions: 30 TAO and KLLO quality controlled data, designed and performed the research, and wrote 31 the paper. HR and SB collected and quality controlled data. DR and AH collected data 32 and advised early research design. All authors edited the manuscript. 33 34 The authors are associated with the co-managing NGO, Blue Ventures Conservation. 35 36 Keywords: 37 Periodic fisheries closures; fishery impact; economic impacts; artisanal octopus fishery; 38 community based management; Madagascar 39 40 PeerJ PrePrints | https://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.932v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 26 Mar 2015, publ: 26 Mar 2015 PrePrints
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Title: Positive catch & economic benefits of periodic octopus fishery closures: Do 2 effective, narrowly targeted actions ‘catalyze’ broader management? 3 4 5 6 7 Authors: 8 Thomas A. Oliver
a,b,1,2, Kirsten L.L. Oleson
a,c,1, Hajanaina Ratsimbazafy
a, Daniel 9
Raberinarya, Sophie Benbow
a, Alasdair Harris
a 10
11 Author affiliations: 12 a Blue Ventures Conservation, 39-41 North Road, London, N7 9DP, UK 13
b Department of Biology, University of Hawaiʻi Mānoa, 2853 McCarthy Mall, 14
Edmondson Hall 309, Honolulu, HI 96822 15 c Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of 16
Hawaiʻi Mānoa, 1910 East West Road, Sherman 101, Honolulu, HI 96822 17 18 Author footnotes: 19 1 T.A.O. and K.L.L.O. are co-primary authors. 20
2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. 21
22 Corresponding author: 23 Thomas A. Oliver 24 Assistant Professor 25 Honolulu, HI 96822 26 E-mail: [email protected] 27 Telephone: 808-426-8041 28 29 Author contributions: 30 TAO and KLLO quality controlled data, designed and performed the research, and wrote 31 the paper. HR and SB collected and quality controlled data. DR and AH collected data 32 and advised early research design. All authors edited the manuscript. 33 34 The authors are associated with the co-managing NGO, Blue Ventures Conservation. 35 36 Keywords: 37 Periodic fisheries closures; fishery impact; economic impacts; artisanal octopus fishery; 38 community based management; Madagascar 39 40
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Abstract: 1 Eight years of octopus fishery records from southwest Madagascar reveal significant 2
positive impacts from 36 periodic closures on: (a) fishery catches and (b) village fishery 3 income, such that (c) economic benefits from increased landings outweigh costs of 4 foregone catch. Closures covered ~20% of a village’s fished area and lasted 2-7 months. 5
Fishery catches from each closed site: Octopus landings and catch per unit effort 6 (CPUE) significantly increased in the 30 days following a closure’s reopening, relative to 7 the 30 days before a closure (landings: +718%, p<0.0001; CPUE: +87%, p<0.0001; 8 n=36). Open-access control sites showed no before/after change when they occurred 9 independently of other management (“no ban”, n=17/36). On the other hand, open-access 10 control sites showed modest catch increases when they extended a 6-week seasonal 11 fishery shutdown (“ban”, n=19/36). The seasonal fishery shutdown affects the entire 12 region, so confound all potential control sites. 13
Fishery income in implementing villages: In villages implementing a closure, octopus 14 fishery income doubled in the 30 days after a closure, relative to 30 days before (+132%, 15 p<0.001, n=28). Control villages not implementing a closure showed no increase in 16 income after “no ban” closures and modest increases after “ban” closures. Villages did 17 not show a significant decline in income during closure events. 18
Net economic benefits from each closed site: Landings in closure sites generated more 19 revenue than simulated landings assuming continued open-access fishing at that site 20 (27/36 show positive net earnings; mean +$305/closure; mean +57.7% monthly). 21 Benefits accrued faster than local fishers’ time preferences during 17-27 of the 36 22 closures. High reported rates of illegal fishing during closures correlated with poor 23 economic performance. 24
We discuss the implications of our findings for broader co-management arrangements, 25 particularly for catalyzing more comprehensive management. 26 27
1. Introduction 1
As over-exploitation and global change threaten reefs worldwide, sustainably 2
managing coral reefs is crucial to protecting both reef biodiversity and the food security 3
of hundreds of millions of coastal people [1-4]. Because two-thirds of all reefs lie in 4
developing countries [5], the goal of conserving reefs globally requires management 5
strategies that can effectively balance both conservation and development goals. This 6
developing world setting frequently includes high population growth rates, low incomes, 7
and weak national-scale governance [6-8]. In this context, local communities’ support for 8
management actions is crucial to effectively protect biodiversity and human livelihoods 9
[9-13]. 10
There is a growing body of research reporting on coastal management efforts 11
designed, enforced, and maintained by communities or communities with an external 12
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partner (co-management) [9,14-16]. Employing a broad array of measures, community 13
and co-management arrangements around the world have produced positive outcomes for 14
both conservation and development goals [9,13,16]. When effective, such arrangements 15
can help communities better manage their resources over the long term, helping them 16
break from the tragedy of the commons, where open access leads to overexploitation, and 17
from resource-dependent poverty traps, where natural resource depletion and dependence 18
reinforce each other [17-19]. However, while community and co-management models are 19
becoming more common, quantitative impact assessments remain uncommon and many 20
management failures are under-reported. These research gaps hinder robust 21
generalizations about the effectiveness of community and co-management approaches 22
[9,11]. 23
The periodic fishery closure, in which fishers temporarily refrain from harvesting 24
in specific areas [20,21] is an increasingly popular community-based tool with a growing 25
base of empirical support [22-24]. Periodic closures have long been a part of traditional 26
fishing cultures across the Indo-Pacific [20,25-27], and still play an active role in 27
community management of marine resources in the region [22-24,28]. Periodic harvest, 28
or pulse fishing, also has been a commonly discussed strategy in the western fisheries 29
literature [29], and has been suggested as a viable alternative to constant, or stationary, 30
fishing yields since at least the 1970s [30,31]. 31
Many periodic harvest regimes have been designed with a single-species in mind 32
[32]. Practical examples from both models and field data generally target sedentary 33
marine invertebrates, and highlight that that urchins [33], sea scallops [34,35], and 34
abalone [36] make good candidates for a periodic regime. Periodic closure regimes in the 35
tropical Indo-Pacific have shown positive effects on abundance in giant clams (Tridacna 36
spp.) [22] and varied results for trochus (aka topshell, Tectus niloticus) [22-24,37,38]. 37
Periodic harvest strategies in artisanal contexts frequently apply not to single 38
target species but instead to multi-species assemblages, including relatively long-lived 39
reef fishes [22-24,28,39,40]. The few studies that have shown positive effects of periodic 40
closures on mixed reef fish fisheries noted increases in fish biomass in periodically 41
closed areas relative to open access sites [22,23]. All three focal areas in these studies, 42
however, were characterized by small human populations exerting low fishing pressure 43
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on resources to which they have exclusive tenure [22,23]; the results do not hold in areas 44
subject to higher fishing pressures [28,39-41], perhaps because closure periods were too 45
short, open periods too long, or fishing intensity during open periods was too intense to 46
support robust recovery from fishing mortality [28,39-41]. Another reason may be that in 47
areas with higher pressure and competition, fisher populations prefer immediate reward 48
from landing a smaller catch today over a larger and more uncertain future catch [42]. 49
While results from the field have been variable, models of fisheries economics 50
suggest that in certain cases a periodic harvest can provide a better economic yield than 51
stationary harvest [30,31], specifically when the fishery has low selectivity [31,43]. A 52
fishery’s optimal opening/closing cycle (i.e., the pulse-length) is a function of both the 53
target species’ biology (i.e., specifically the target species’ growth rate and life-span) and 54
the fishery’s economics (i.e., landing prices and the local fisher’s discount rate, their time 55
preference for immediate versus delayed reward) [43]. The time between openings varies 56
dramatically depending on the target species’ biology [32], and higher discount rates lead 57
to either shortening the optimal closure durations or shifting the economic optimum to 58
stationary, rather than periodic harvest [31,44]. 59
Models and experience suggest that the success or failure of a periodic closure 60
regime depends on the governance system’s ability to match fishing patterns to a 61
fishery’s “optimal” periodic harvest schedule [23,24,29]. Factors shown to improve the 62
odds of matching actual and optimal harvest in the context of periodic closures include: 63
exclusive tenure to the resource in question, respected and legitimate leadership, high 64
social capital, low fishing pressure, low efficiency gears, and robust ecological 65
knowledge [22-24,45]. Not surprisingly, these governance factors mirror those that more 66
generally correlate with successful community/co-management [13,16,46]. 67
Experience with successful, targeted management might also serve as a catalyst 68
for broader community management [24,45,47]. In Vanuatu, government-sponsored 69
management efforts employing a range of interventions, including periodic closures, led 70
to community engagement with managers and co-management of many other species of 71
fish and invertebrates [47]. In Indonesia, villages with active or lapsed periodic closure 72
traditions showed broader, more active marine management than villages with no such 73
tradition [45]. Commons theory suggests that communities are more likely to engage in 74
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management when expected benefits outweigh the perceived costs of management [17]. 75
In these cases, successful demonstrations of desirable benefit:cost ratios likely informed 76
expectations, while offering an opportunity to build governance capacity and social 77
capital needed to broaden management efforts [17]. 78
Here we present an analysis of the fishery and economic effects of periodic 79
octopus fishery closures in the Velondriake Locally Managed Marine Area (LMMA) in 80
southwest Madagascar (Fig. 1). This work serves to fill research gaps by providing 81
empirical impact assessments of co-management outcomes for a specific periodic fishery 82
closure regime. Establishing the baseline efficacy of these interventions is particularly 83
timely, as the use of periodic closures as a fisheries management tool is proliferating 84
across the western Indian Ocean [48]. 85
To do so, first, we quantify effects on site-specific landings and catch per unit 86
effort (CPUE) from multiple periodic closure events compared to paired controls. 87
Second, we examine octopus fishery-generated income accrued at the village level. Third, 88
we assess whether individual closed sites generate net economic benefits, and compare 89
the rates at which these benefits are generated to local fishers’ time preferences (Fig. 2). 90
Finally, as broader co-management efforts in the LMMA followed the widespread 91
adoption of the octopus closure regime, we discuss a fertile area for future research 92
testing the hypothesis that effective periodic closures can serve as a catalyst for broader 93
community management. 94
2. Methods 95
2.1: Marine Resource Management in the Velondriake LMMA 96
Starting in 2003, the non-governmental organization Blue Ventures, with local 97
and international partners (Institut Halieutique et des Sciènces Marines, Wildlife 98
Conservation Society) began a series of meetings with the community of Andavadoaka in 99
southwest Madagascar to discuss approaches to managing local marine resources. In 100
initial conversations, the community demurred from engaging in permanent no-take 101
areas, but was willing to attempt a 7-month closure of octopus fishing on a shallow 102
offshore reef beginning November 1, 2004 [49]. 103
After a favorable initial reception, this closure regime spread. Locally, the 25 104
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villages that now compose the ~1,000 km2 Velondriake LMMA oversaw 69 different 105
octopus closures between 2004 and 2011 [48,50]. An African Development Bank project 106
supported 50 additional closures around southwest Madagascar between 2009 and 2013 107
[49]. Further, beginning in 2005 the national government formalized the community 108
initiative by shutting down the entire southwest region octopus fishery for six weeks 109
between mid-December and late January [49]. The model also spread internationally, 110
with the neighboring island state of Mauritius enacting similar legislation in 2012 [51]. 111
Following the spread of the octopus closure regime, the Velondriake regional 112
management committee took broader management steps within the LMMA, instituting 113
periodic mangrove closures targeted at a local crab fishery, banning destructive fishing 114
practices, engaging in ecological monitoring, and, five years after refusing the idea, 115
instituting the first of now six permanent, community-enforced no-take areas [48,49]. 116
The octopus fishery in Velondriake targets a group of four shallow-water species: 117
Octopus cyanea (95% of local catches), Callistoctopus macropus (~4%), Amphioctopus 118
aegina (~1%), Callistoctopus ornatus (rare) (D. Raberinary pers. comm, [52]). These 119
four octopus species each have a lifecycle of about one year, dispersing as paralarvae for 120
2-3 months, then growing over 6-9 months from <1 g at settlement to commonly above 3 121
kg [53-55]. They appear to be year-round spawners, although recent studies suggest that 122
recruitment fluctuates throughout the year [52]. 123
The bulk of octopus is caught during spring low tides by gleaners, predominately 124
women. They generally sell any octopus over the nationally regulated minimum size of 125
350g to outside buyers [56,57]. Though only 180 km north of Toliara, this region lacks 126
transport infrastructure, rendering the isolated villages dependent on private exporting 127
companies for market access. 128
Upon instituting an octopus closure, villagers typically close about one fifth of 129
their village’s octopus harvest area (~124 ha +/- 45 CI95), for a period between 2-7 130
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