Chapter 8: Operating Assets: Property, Plant and Equipment,
Natural Resources, and Intangiles
8-30Financial accounting solutions manual
chapter 8 operating assets: property, plant, and equipment,
natural resources, and intangibles8-31
CHAPTER 8
Operating Assets: Property, Plant, and Equipment, Natural
Resources, and Intangibles
OVERVIEW OF EXERCISES, PROBLEMS, AND CASES
Estimated
Time in
Learning OutcomesExercisesMinutesLevel
1.Understand balance sheet disclosures for 11*30Mod
operating assets.
2.Determine the acquisition cost of an operating
asset.110Easy
220Mod
320Mod
3.Explain how to calculate the acquisition cost of assets
purchased for a lump sum.
4.Describe the impact of capitalizing interest as part of the
12*5Easy
acquisition cost of an asset.
5.Compare depreciation methods and understand the
factors415Mod
affecting the choice of method.12*5Easy
6.Understand the impact of a change in the estimate of the asset
515Mod
life or residual value.
7.Determine which expenditures should be capitalized as asset
costs 11*30Mod
and which should be treated as expenses.
8.Analyze the effect of the disposal of an asset at a gain or
loss.615Mod
715Mod
9.Understand the balance sheet presentation of intangible
assets.13*10Mod
10.Describe the proper amortization of intangible
assets.815Easy
13*10Mod
11.Explain the impact that long-term assets have on the
statement 95Mod
of cash flows.105Mod
12.Understand how investors can analyze a companys
operating assets.
*Exercise, problem, or case covers two or more learning
outcomes
Level = Difficulty levels: Easy; Moderate (Mod); Difficult
(Diff)
ProblemsEstimated
andTime in
Learning OutcomesAlternatesMinutesLevel
1.Understand balance sheet disclosures for
operating assets.6*30Mod
2.Determine the acquisition cost of an operating
asset.7*15Diff
3.Explain how to calculate the acquisition cost of assets
120Mod
purchased for a lump sum.6*30Mod
4.Describe the impact of capitalizing interest as part of
the
acquisition cost of an asset.
5.Compare depreciation methods and understand the
factors210Easy
affecting the choice of method.315Mod
6*30Mod
7*15Diff
8*20Mod
6.Understand the impact of a change in the estimate of the asset
9*10Mod
life or residual value.
7.Determine which expenditures should be capitalized as asset
costs 6*20Mod
and which should be treated as expenses.8*20Mod
8.Analyze the effect of the disposal of an asset at a gain or
loss.6*30Mod
8*20Mod
10*35Mod
9.Understand the balance sheet presentation of intangible
assets.6#30Mod
11*20Diff
10.Describe the proper amortization of intangible
assets.6#30Mod
9*10Mod
11*20Mod
11.Explain the impact that long-term assets have on the
statement 415Mod
of cash flows.540Diff
10*35Mod
11*20Diff
12.Understand how investors can analyze a companys
operating assets.
*Exercise, problem, or case covers two or more learning
outcomes
# Alternative problem only
Level = Difficulty levels: Easy; Moderate (Mod); Difficult
(Diff)
Estimated
Time in
Learning OutcomesCasesMinutesLevel
1.Understand balance sheet disclosures for 1*20Mod
operating assets.3*20Mod
4*25Mod
2.Determine the acquisition cost of an operating asset.
3.Explain how to calculate the acquisition cost of assets
615Mod
purchased for a lump sum.
4.Describe the impact of capitalizing interest as part of
the
acquisition cost of an asset.
5.Compare depreciation methods and understand the
factors4*25Mod
affecting the choice of method.525Mod
710Mod
6.Understand the impact of a change in the estimate of the
asset
life or residual value.
7.Determine which expenditures should be capitalized as asset
costs
and which should be treated as expenses.
8.Analyze the effect of the disposal of an asset at a gain or
loss.
9.Understand the balance sheet presentation of intangible
assets.1*20Mod
3* 20Mod
10.Describe the proper amortization of intangible assets.
11.Explain the impact that long-term assets have on the
statement 220Mod
of cash flows.
12.Understand how investors can analyze a companys 3*
operating assets.4**Exercise, problem, or case covers two or
more learning outcomes
Level = Difficulty levels: Easy; Moderate (Mod); Difficult
(Diff)
QUESTIONS
1.Operating assets include property, plant, and equipment and
intangibles. Examples of assets considered operating assets are
buildings, equipment, land, land improvements, patents, copyrights,
and goodwill. Operating assets are important to the long-term
future of the company because they are the assets used to produce a
product or service sold to customers. The operating assets allow a
company to produce a product efficiently and remain competitive
with other firms.
2.The acquisition cost of an asset includes all the costs
normally necessary to acquire the asset and prepare it for its
intended use. Acquisition costs include the purchase price, freight
costs, installation costs, taxes paid at the time of purchase, and
repairs made to prepare the asset for use.
3.The acquisition cost of assets purchased as a group should be
determined by allocating the purchase price on the basis of the
proportions of the fair market values to the total fair market
value.
4.It is important to separately account for the cost of land and
building because the amount allocated to a building represents a
depreciable amount, while the amount allocated to land does
not.
5.Interest should be capitalized when an asset is constructed by
the acquiring company over time, and the asset is not an item of
inventory.
6.The decline in usefulness of an operating asset is related to
physical deterioration factors, such as wear and tear. It is also
related to obsolescence and technological factors and to the repair
and maintenance of the asset. The depreciation method chosen should
match the decline in usefulness of the asset to the periods
benefited by the asset after all factors have been taken into
account. However, the company is not required to use the same
method for all depreciable assets.
7.The straight-line method is the most popular method of
depreciation for several reasons, including its simplicity and ease
of application. It is most appropriate for assets that experience a
decline in usefulness related to the passage of time. It may also
be used by companies that wish to report a stable income over
time.
8.When the straight-line method is used, the residual value
should be deducted from the acquisition cost to determine the
depreciable amount to be allocated over the useful life of the
asset. When the double-declining-balance method is used, the
residual value is not deducted. However, the asset should not be
depreciated to an amount that is lower than the residual value.
9.Companies may use one method of depreciation for financial
reporting and another method for tax purposes because the
objectives are different. The accountants purpose in recording
depreciation for financial reporting purposes is to allocate the
original cost of the asset to the periods benefited in a manner
that matches the decline in usefulness of the asset. The
accountants purpose in recording depreciation for tax purposes is
to minimize the amount of income tax that must be paid.
10.If an estimate must be changed, the change in estimate should
be recorded prospectively over the remaining life of the asset.
Past amounts recorded for depreciation are not changed or altered.
The remaining depreciable amount should be recorded over the
remaining life of the asset, using the revised estimate or
estimates of residual value and asset life.
11.A capital expenditure is an amount that must be capitalized
or added to the value of the asset. A revenue expenditure is an
outlay that should be recorded as an expense in the year incurred.
An item should be treated as a capital expenditure if it increases
the life or productivity of the asset. Otherwise, the amount should
be treated as a revenue expenditure.
12.The gain or loss on the sale of an asset should be calculated
as the difference between the selling price and the book value of
the asset as of the date of sale. The account Gain on Sale of Asset
should appear on the income statement in the other income/expense
category.
13.Patents, copyrights, trademarks, and goodwill are examples of
intangible assets. Some companies have a separate category on the
balance sheet titled Intangibles for such assets. Other companies
include intangibles in a category titled Long-Term Assets or in the
Other Assets category of the balance sheet.
14.Goodwill represents the difference between the acquisition
price paid to acquire a business and the total of the fair market
values of the identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill can be
recorded as an asset only when one company acquires another. It
cannot be recorded on the basis of internally generated factors
that some may refer to as goodwill.
15.An argument in favor of expensing R&D is that it allows
comparability among firms, since all firms must record the item as
an expense. Also, it is argued that R&D should be expensed
because it is very difficult to determine whether an asset exists
and, if it does exist, what periods are benefited by the asset. On
the other hand, many argue that R&D is an asset and should be
recorded on the balance sheet. They believe that if R&D is not
recorded, the balance sheet is seriously understated.
16.The current view of the FASB is that some intangible assets
have a limited life and should be amortized over their legal life
or useful life, whichever is shorter. However, some intangible
assets are thought to have an indefinite life and should not be
amortized. This treatment of intangibles has been debated
extensively, and many disagree with the current view. Some would
argue that the value of almost all intangible assets eventually
becomes diminished and therefore amortization should be
recognized.
17.Amortization should occur over the shorter of the legal life
or useful life. For example, a patent has a legal life of 20 years.
But if the invention under patent will be useful over only 10
years, then the patent should be amortized over the shorter 10-year
period.
18.If an intangible becomes worthless, the asset should be
written off as an expense in the period when the decline in value
occurs. If the intangible continues to have value but will provide
benefit over a period shorter than was originally estimated, the
event should be treated as a change in estimate. The portion of the
intangible that is unamortized should be amortized over the
remaining life of the asset.
exercises
LO 2EXERCISE 8-1 ACQUISITION COST
The acquisition cost of the asset should be computed as
follows:
List price$60,000
Less: Discount(1,200)
Freight1,000
Pollution device2,500
Architects fee
6,000
Total acquisition cost$68,300Note:Repair costs of $4,000 are not
included because they are not normal or necessary to the
acquisition.
Insurance cost of $8,000 should be treated as prepaid
insurance.
Interest cost of $3,000 is not included unless an asset is
constructed over time.
LO 2EXERCISE 8-2 LUMP-SUM PURCHASE
1.The total market value is
Land
$200,000
Building
150,000
Equipment
250,000
Total
$600,000
Amount allocated to each account should be
Land $200,000/$600,000 $520,000 = $173,333
Building $150,000/$600,000 $520,000 = $130,000
Equipment $250,000/$600,000 $520,000 = $216,667
The effect of the acquisition on the accounting equation is as
follows:
Balance Sheet
income Statement
Assets=Liabilities+Stockholders Equity+ Revenues Expenses
Land 173,333
Building 130,000
Equipment 216,667
Cash (520,000)
2.The amount of depreciation expense that should be recorded for
2007 is as follows:
Land= $0
Building $130,000/20 years = $6,500
Equipment $216,667/20 years = $10,833
3.The assets would appear on the balance sheet as follows:
Long-term assets:
Land
$173,333
Building$130,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation
6,500123,500
Equipment$216,667
Less: Accumulated depreciation
10,833
205,834
Total long-term assets
$502,667LO 2EXERCISE 8-3 STRAIGHT-LINE AND UNITS-OF-PRODUCTION
METHODS
Depreciation, accumulated depreciation, and book value for the
straight-line method should be as follows:
Accumulated
YearDepreciationDepreciationBook Value
2007$10,800*$10,800$49,200
200810,80021,60038,400
200910,80032,40027,600
201010,80043,20016,800
201110,80054,0006,000
*($60,000 $6,000)/5 years = $10,800 per year
The estimated total number of units to be produced is
10,000 + 20,000 + 30,000 + 40,000 + 50,000 = 150,000 units.
Depreciation expense per unit= ($60,000 $6,000)/150,000
units
= $0.36 per unit
Depreciation, accumulated depreciation, and book value for the
units-of-production should be as follows:
Accumulated
YearDepreciationDepreciationBook Value
200710,000 $0.36 =$ 3,600$3,600$56,400
200820,000 $0.36 =7,20010,80049,200
200930,000 $0.36 =10,80021,60038,400
201040,000 $0.36 =14,40036,00024,000
201150,000 $0.36 =18,00054,0006,000
Students may note that the units-of-production method results in
a depreciation pattern in this exercise that is the opposite of
accelerated depreciation. That is appropriate because of the
pattern of usage of the asset.
LO 5EXERCISE 8-4 ACCELERATED DEPRECIATION
1.
Accumulated
YearDepreciationDepreciationBook Value
200740%*$6,000 =$2,400$2,400$3,600
200840%3,600 =1,4403,8402,160
200940%2,160 =8644,7041,296
201040%1,296 =5185,222778
2011
178**5,400600
*Straight-line rate: 100%/5 years = 20%; double the
straight-line rate = 40%.
**Since the asset should not be depreciated below residual
value, the amount to be recorded is $6,000 $5,222 $600 = $178.
2.The effect of the depreciation for 2007 on the accounting
equation is as follows:
Balance Sheet
income Statement
Assets=Liabilities+Stockholders Equity+ Revenues Expenses
Accumulated
Depreciation
Depreciation (2,400)
Expense (2,400)
3.Koffman may believe that the double-declining-balance method
best matches the decline in usefulness of the asset with the
revenues produced by the asset. Koffman may also choose this method
because it allows more depreciation to be taken in the early years
of the assets life and thus delays taxes until the later years.
LO 6EXERCISE 8-5 CHANGE IN ESTIMATE
1.Depreciation, accumulated depreciation, and book value for the
straight-line method should be as follows:
Accumulated
YearDepreciationDepreciationBook Value
2007$8,000*$8,000$72,000
20088,00016,00064,000
200915,500**31,50048,500
201015,50047,00033,000
201115,50062,50017,500
201215,50078,0002,000
*($80,000 $8,000)/9 years = $8,000.
**$64,000 $2,000 = $62,000.
$62,000/4 years = $15,500.
EXERCISE 8-5 (Concluded)
2.Depreciation for 2007 and 2008 was not wrong. The company used
the best information available at that time to develop its estimate
of depreciation. The information available in 2009 made it
necessary to revise the estimate of depreciation. This illustrates
the difference between a change in estimate and a correction of an
error.
LO 8EXERCISE 8-6 ASSET DISPOSAL
1.The depreciation for 2007 is calculated as follows:
($60,000 $6,000)/6 years = $9,000 per year.
$9,000 6/12 = $4,500 for 2007.
The effect of the sale of the asset on the accounting equation
is as follows:
Balance Sheet
income Statement
Assets=Liabilities+Stockholders Equity+ Revenues Expenses
Cash
40,000
Gain on Sale
Accumulated
of Asset2,500**
Depreciation
Asset22,500*
Asset
(60,000)
*Accumulated depreciation at time of sale:
Depreciation for 2005 and 2006($9,000 2)$18,000
Depreciation for 2007
4,500
Total$22,500
**Gain on sale is calculated as follows:
Asset cost$60,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation
22,500
Book value$37,500
Sale price
40,000
Gain on sale$2,500
2.The gain or loss should appear in the Other Income category of
the income statement to indicate that it is not part of the normal
operating activity of the company.
LO 8EXERCISE 8-7 ASSET DISPOSAL
1.The depreciation for 2007 is calculated as follows:
($60,000 $6,000)/6 years = $9,000 per year.
$9,000 6/12 = $4,500 for 2007.
The effect of the sale of the asset on the accounting equation
is as follows:
Balance Sheet
income Statement
Assets=Liabilities+Stockholders Equity+ Revenues Expenses
Cash
15,000
Loss on Sale
Notes Receivable 15,000
of Asset (7,500)*
Accumulated
Depreciation
Asset 22,500
Asset (60,000)
*The loss on sale is calculated as follows:
Asset cost$60,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation
22,500
Book value$37,500
Sale price
30,000
Loss on sale$7,500
2.The gain or loss should appear in the Other Expense category
of the income statement to indicate it is not part of the normal
operating activity of the company.
LO 10EXERCISE 8-8 AMORTIZATION OF INTANGIBLES
Trademark is not amortized because it has an indefinite
life.Amortization expense= $0
Accumulated amortization = $0
Patent amortization= $50,000/10 years= $ 5,000
Accumulated amortization= $5,000 6 years= $30,000
Copyright amortization= $80,000/20 years= $ 4,000
Accumulated amortization= $4,000 3 years= $12,000
LO 11EXERCISE 8-9 IMPACT OF TRANSACTIONS INVOLVING OPERATING
ASSETS ON STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
Purchase of land: I
Proceeds from sale of land: I
Gain on sale of land: O
Purchase of equipment: I
Depreciation expense: O
Proceeds from sale of equipment: I
Loss on sale of equipment: O
LO 11EXERCISE 8-10 IMPACT OF TRANSACTIONS INVOLVING INTANGIBLE
ASSETS ON STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
Cost incurred to acquire copyright: I
Proceeds from sale of patent: I
Gain on sale of patent: O
Research and development costs: N
(not separately reported as an operating activity)
Amortization of patent: O
MULTI-CONCEPT EXERCISES
LO 1,7EXERCISE 8-11 CAPITAL VERSUS REVENUE EXPENDITURES
1.The effect of the capitalized costs of the new conveyor system
on the accounting equation is as follows:
Balance Sheet
income Statement
Assets=Liabilities+Stockholders Equity+ Revenues Expenses
Building40,000
Cash
(40,000)
The effect of the capitalized costs of the hydraulic lift on the
accounting equation is as follows:
Balance Sheet
income Statement
Assets=Liabilities+Stockholders Equity+ Revenues Expenses
Delivery Truck5,000
Cash
(5,000)
EXERCISE 8-11 (Concluded)
Note: Some may choose to capitalize the engine overhaul costs of
$4,000 and the window repair costs of $10,000. However, both costs
appear to keep the asset in its normal operating condition and are
more properly treated as expenses.
2.
The depreciation for 2007 should be calculated as follows:
BuildingTruck
Original cost$200,000$20,000
Less: Depreciation for 2005 and 2006
16,000
6,667
Book value$184,000$13,333
Plus: Capitalized costs
40,000
5,000
Depreciable amount$224,000$18,333
Depreciation per year on building =
$224,000/23 years =$9,739
Depreciation per year on truck =
$18,333/4 years =
$4,583
3.The assets should appear on the 2007 balance sheet as
follows:
Building$240,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation
25,739$214,261
Truck$25,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation
11,250
13,750
Total property, plant, and equipment
$228,011LO 4,5EXERCISE 8-12 CAPITALIZATION OF INTEREST AND
DEPRECIATION
1.$200,000 + $8,000 = $208,000.
2.The amount of depreciation expense for 2007 is zero because
the asset was not completed and put into use until January 1, 2008.
The amount of depreciation expense for 2008 is $200,000 + $8,000
$5,000 = $203,000/20 years = $10,150.
LO 9,10EXERCISE 8-13 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND PATENTS
a.All research and development costs should be treated as an
expense. The 2007 income statement should reflect an expense of
$20,000.
b.Patent costs should be treated as an asset. The 2007 balance
sheet should reflect a Patent account of $10,000 ($10,000/5 years)
= $8,000.
c.The $8,000 cost of defending the patent should be added to the
Patent account and reflected in the 2008 balance sheet.
2007 amortization= $10,000/5 years = $2,000
2008 amortization= $10,000 $2,000 + $8,000 =
$16,000
$16,000/4 years =$4,000problems
LO 3PROBLEM 8-1 LUMP-SUM PURCHASE OF ASSETS AND SUBSEQUENT
EVENTS
1.Relative fair values:
Section 1$630,00050%
Section 2378,00030
Section 3
252,000
20
Total$1,260,000100%
Section
123
50%30%20%
(a)$1,260,000$630,000$378,000$252,000
(b)1,560,000780,000468,000312,000
(c)1,000,000500,000300,000200,000
2.The purchase of the land has no effect on total assets.
Current assets (cash) declines and long-term assets (land)
increases and therefore only the composition of assets on the
balance sheet is changed.
3.Carter would be concerned with the value assigned to each
section if it intended to sell one or two sections and keep others.
Carter would want the section it intended to sell to be assigned
the highest value in order to defer a gain. The value assigned to
buildings would be depreciated; therefore, Carter would want more
value assigned to the buildings in order to depreciate them and
take advantage of the tax shield.
LO 5PROBLEM 8-2 DEPRECIATION AS A TAX SHIELD
If the asset is not purchased, the company must pay income tax
of $50,000 35% = $17,500.
If the asset is purchased, the company should record
depreciation of $20,000 per year. The amount of income tax the
company must pay is $50,000 $20,000 = $30,000 35% = $10,500.
The amount of the depreciation tax shield is the amount of
income tax saved by purchase of the asset, or $17,500 $10,500 =
$7,000. The depreciation tax shield can also be expressed as the
amount of depreciation each year times the tax rate, or $20,000 35%
= $7,000.
LO 5PROBLEM 8-3 BOOK VERSUS TAX DEPREICATION
1.YearStraight-LineMACRS=Difference
1$5,600*$6,720$(1,120)
25,60010,750(5,150)
35,6006,450(850)
45,6003,8701,730
55,6003,8701,730
6
5,600
1,940
3,660
$33,600$33,600$0
*$33,600/6 years = $5,600 per year
2.The president is correct that a total of $33,600 will be
deducted as depreciation under either method over the six-year
life. However, the memo should stress that all other things being
equal, Griffith should prefer MACRS for taxes, since it results in
the payment of less income tax during the early years in the life
of the truck. Money received earlier is preferable to money
received later.
The memo should also stress that it is important to analyze the
tax position of Griffith carefully. A variety of other factors may
be important in the choice of a depreciation method for tax
purposes.
The memo should also stress to the president that not only is it
legal, but also it is not a violation of GAAP, to use one method of
depreciation for the books and a different one for tax purposes.
Using straight-line depreciation for the books will tend to even
out the income over the life of the asset and will report higher
income in the earlier years than would be reported if an
accelerated method, such as MACRS, is used.
LO 11PROBLEM 8-4 DEPRECIATION AND CASH FLOW
1.
OHARE COMPANY
INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2007
Service revenue$100,000
Depreciation expense
15,000
Net income$85,000
2.The amount of the net cash inflow for 2007 is $100,000.
3.The amount of the net income ($85,000) does not equal the
amount of the net cash inflow ($100,000) because of depreciation
expense. Depreciation is an expense on the income statement but
does not involve a cash outlay. For that reason, depreciation must
be added back to net income to determine the amount of the net cash
inflow.
4.If Ohare develops a cash flow statement using the indirect
method, the operating category should appear as follows:
Cash Flow from Operating Activities:
Net income$85,000
Plus: Depreciation
15,000
Net cash from operations$100,000LO 11PROBLEM 8-5 RECONSTRUCT NET
BOOK VALUES USING STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
1.Book value of equipment at time of sale:
Book value$X
Sales proceeds
315,000
Loss (gain) on sale$35,000
X $315,000 =$35,000
X = $350,000
Book value of copyright at time of sale:
Book value$X
Sales proceeds
75,000
Loss (gain) on sale $(55,000)
X $75,000 = $(55,000)
X = $20,000PROBLEM 8-5 (Concluded)
2.Net book value of property, plant, and equipment at December
31, 2006:
Net book value at 12/31/06$X
Plus purchases during 2007292,000
Less book value of equipment sold during 2007(350,000)
Less 2007 depreciation
(672,000)
Net book value at 12/31/06$4,459,000
X + $292,000 $350,000 $672,000 = $4,459,000
X = $5,189,000
3.Net book value of intangibles at December 31, 2006:
Net book value at 12/31/06$X
Plus payment of legal fees during 200715,000
Less book value of copyright sold during 2007(20,000)
Less 2007 amortization
(33,000)
Net book value at 12/31/06$673,000
X + $15,000 $20,000 $33,000 =$673,000
X = $711,000MULTI-CONCEPT PROBLEMS
LO 1,3,5,7,8PROBLEM 8-6 COST OF ASSETS, SUBSEQUENT BOOK VALUES,
AND BALANCE SHEET PRESENTATION
1.Values assigned to each asset:
a.Value at time of purchase: $14,000 + $4,800 = $18,800
b.Allocation of purchase price:
Supplies expense $200/$3,200 $2,400 = $150
Office furniture $600/$3,200 $2,400 =$450
Equipment $2,400/$3,200 $2,400 = $1,800
c.Value of this prepaid license expense: $1,500
d.Cost of truck$12,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation at time
of sale [($12,000 $800) 5/8]
7,000
Book value$5,000
PROBLEM 8-6 (Concluded)
2.Depreciation or other expense recorded for each asset during
2007:
a.($18,800 $800)/4 years = $4,500
b.Supplies expense$150
Depreciation of office furniture $450/9 years = $50
Depreciation of equipment $1,800/4 years = $450
c.$1,500/3 years = $500 11/12 = $458
d.Depreciation $11,200/8 years = $1,400 8/12 = $933
Book value at the time of sale$5,000
Sale price
4,800
Loss on sale of truck$(200)
3.Balance Sheet Presentation:
Current assets:
Prepaid license expense ($1,500 $458)
$1,042
Property, plant, and equipment:
Truck$18,800
Office furniture450
Equipment
1,800
$21,050
Less: Accumulated depreciation
($4,500 + $50 + $450)
(5,000)
Property, plant, and equipment, net
$16,050LO 2,5PROBLEM 8-7 COST OF ASSETS AND THE EFFECT ON
DEPRECIATION
1.$165,000/10 years = $16,500 depreciation. The correct amount
of depreciation is $19,700 [($150,000 + $15,000 + $4,000 + $25,000
+ $3,000)/10 years].
2.Reported income in Year 1 is $51,500 ($100,000 $16,500 $25,000
$4,000 $3,000). Reported income should be $80,300 ($100,000
$19,700).
3.A cost is the amount incurred to acquire an asset or pay an
expense, and an expense is the amount of an expired asset or a cost
that is incurred to generate revenue.
LO 5,7,8PROBLEM 8-8 CAPITAL EXPENDITURES, DEPREICATION, AND
DISPOSAL
1.The depreciation for 2006 should be calculated as follows:
($364,000 $14,000)/25 years = $14,000 for 2006.
The depreciation for 2007 should be calculated as follows:
Original cost$364,000
Less: 2006 depreciation(14,000)
Less: Residual value(14,000)
Plus 2007 capitalized costs
42,000
Depreciable amount$378,000
Remaining asset life
30 years
Depreciation $378,000/30 years =$12,600
2.The pollution-control equipment extended the life of the asset
and should be capitalized rather than expensed. It is difficult to
determine whether Merton would rather expense or capitalize the
equipment. If the company can expense the equipment for tax
purposes, it would normally desire to do so.
3.Original cost of building$364,000
Pollution device capitalized42,000
Less:2006 depreciation(14,000)
2007 depreciation
(12,600)
Book value 1/1/2008$379,400
Less:2008 depreciation ($12,600 3/12)
3,150
Book value at sale$376,250
Sale proceeds
392,000
Gain on sale$15,750
If the pollution equipment had been expensed (and original life
of 25 years was used for depreciation purposes):
Original cost$364,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation ($14,000 2 1/4 years)
31,500
Book value at 4/1/2008$332,500
Sale proceeds
392,000
Gain on sale$59,500LO 6,10PROBLEM 8-9 AMORTIZATION OF
INTANGIBLE, REVISION OF RATE
1.The $85,000 should be recorded as an expense. The $11,900
should be capitalized in a patent account.
2.Reynosa should record $595 of amortization expense each fiscal
year: a total of $2,975 ($595 per year 5 years) = $2,975.
$11,900/20 years = $595
3.Reynosa should record a loss of $8,925 for the year ended
September 30, 2008.
Original cost of patent$11,900
Less: Depreciation for 5 years
2,975
Book value, 10/1/07$8,925LO 8,11PROBLEM 8-10 PURCHASE AND
DISPOSAL OF OPERATING ASSET AND EFFECTS ON STATEMENT OF CASH
FLOWS
1.Partial statements of cash flows for 2007:
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income$XX,XXX
Plus depreciation expense12,000
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of machinery(104,000)
Partial statements of cash flows for 2008:
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income$XX,XXX
Plus:Depreciation expense12,000
Loss on sale of machinery5,000
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of machinery(205,000)
Proceeds from sale of machinery (see below)75,000
Book value at time of sale ($104,000 $12,000 $12,000)$80,000
Sale price
X
Loss on sale of machinery$5,000
$80,000 X = $5,000
X =
$75,000
2.Castlewood would replace machinery if the replacement would
result in additional net income in the future. Any additional
revenues generated as a result of a possible increase in production
capacity (that is, the ability to make and thus sell more product)
and any costs that could be saved by automating the production
process (for example, lower wages) would increase net income. On
the other hand, this increase would be offset by the costs of
acquiring and operating the new machinery.
LO 9,10,11PROBLEM 8-11 AMORTIZATION OF INTANGIBLES AND EFFECTS
ON STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
1.2007 amortization expense:
Accumulated amortization at 12/31/06$102,000
Plus 2007 amortization expense
X
Accumulated amortization at 12/31/07$119,000
$102,000 + X = $119,000
X = $17,000
2.Acquisition cost:
Cost of patent$X
Less accumulated amortization at 12/31/07
(119,000)
Carrying value at 12/31/07$170,000
X $119,000 = $170,000
X = $289,000
Year acquired:
Accumulated amortization at 12/31/07$119,000
Divided by annual amortization
17,000
Years owned7 years
It was acquired in 2001
Estimated useful life:
Cost of patent$289,000
Divided by estimated useful life
X years
Annual amortization$17,000
$289,000/X = $17,000
X =
17 years
The acquisition cost of $289,000 would have been reported as an
outflow in the Investing Activities section of the 2001 statement
of cash flows.
3.Assuming the indirect method is used, the amortization expense
relating to the patent would be added back to net income in the
Cash Flows from Operating Activities section of the statement of
cash flows.
4.The proceeds from the sale of $200,000 would be reported as an
inflow in the Cash Flows from Investing Activities section of the
statement of cash flows. In addition, the gain on the sale of
$30,000 ($200,000 $170,000) would be subtracted from net income in
the Cash Flows from Operating Activities section of the statement
of cash flows.
alternate problems
LO 3PROBLEM 8-1A LUMP-SUM PURCHASE OF ASSETS AND SUBSEQUENT
EVENTS
1.Relative fair values:
Piece 1
$200,000
23.8%
Piece 2200,000
23.8
Piece 3
440,000
52.4
Total
$840,000
100.0%
Piece
123
23.8%23.8%52.4%
(a)$480,000$114,240$114,240$251,520
(b)680,000161,840161,840356,320
(c)800,000190,400190,400419,200
2.The purchase does not affect total assets; it affects only the
composition of the assets. Cash is a current asset; equipment is a
long-term asset.
LO 5PROBLEM 8-2A DEPRECIATION AS A TAX SHIELD
If asset is not purchased:
Annual income tax is $62,000 30% = $18,600
If asset is purchased:
Income Before TaxDepreciationIncomeTax
and DepreciationExpenseBefore Tax30%
2007$62,000$24,000*$38,000$11,400
200862,00014,40047,60014,280
200962,0008,64053,36016,008
201062,0005,18456,81617,045
201162,0007,776**54,224
16,267
Total$75,000
*Straight-line rate = 1/5 or 20%; double-declining-balance rate
= 2 20% = 40%, 2007 depreciation = 40% $60,000 = $24,000.
**To bring accumulated depreciation to $60,000.
PROBLEM 8-2A (Concluded)
Total tax if not purchased:
$18,600 5 years =$93,000
Total tax if purchased =
75,000
Depreciation tax shield$18,000
The tax shield if Rummy uses the straight-line method is $60,000
30%, or $18,000. Rummy would choose accelerated depreciation
because the company would save tax earlier.
LO 5PROBLEM 8-3A BOOK VERSUS TAX DEPRECIATION
1.YearStraight-LineMACRS=Difference
1$4,700*$5,650$(950)
24,7009,025(4,325)
34,7005,400(700)
44,7003,2501,450
54,7003,2501,450
6
4,700
1,625
3,075
$28,200$28,200$0
*$28,200/6 years = $4,700 per year
2.The president is correct that a total of $28,200 will be
deducted as depreciation under either method over the six-year
life. However, the memo should note that all other things being
equal, Payton should prefer MACRS for taxes, since it results in
lower taxes during the early years in the life of the truck. Money
received earlier is preferable to money received later.
LO 11PROBLEM 8-4A AMORTIZATION AND CASH FLOW
1.2007 income = $500,000 $62,500 $50,000 = $387,500.
2.Cash on hand, December 31, 2007 = $500,000 $62,500 =
$437,500.
3.Cash increased from revenue and decreased by cash expenses.
The amount is different than income for 2007 because amortization,
like depreciation, is an expense but not a cash outflow. The cost
of long-term assets like a copyright is a cash outflow when it is
purchased.
LO 11PROBLEM 8-5A RECONSTRUCT NET BOOK VALUES USING STATEMENT OF
CASH FLOWS
1.Book value of land at time of sale:
Book value$X
Sales proceeds
187,000
Loss (gain) on sale$17,000
X $187,000 =$17,000
X = $204,000
Book value of trademark at time of sale:
Book value$X
Sales proceeds
121,000
Loss (gain) on sale $(7,000)
X $121,000 = $(7,000)
X = $114,000
2.Net book value of property, plant, and equipment at December
31, 2006:
Net book value at 12/31/06$X
Plus purchases during 2007277,000
Less book value of land sold during 2007(204,000)
Less 2007 depreciation
(205,000)
Net book value at 12/31/07$1,555,000
X + $277,000 $204,000 $205,000 = $1,555,000
X = $1,687,000
3.Net book value of intangibles at December 31, 2006:
Net book value at 12/31/06$X
Plus payment of legal fees during 2007
6,000
Less book value of trademark sold during 2007
(114,000)
Less 2007 amortization
(3,000)
Net book value at 12/31/07$34,000
X + $6,000 $114,000 $3,000 =$34,000
X = $145,000ALTERNATE MULTI-CONCEPT PROBLEMS
LO 1,5,8,9,10PROBLEM 8-6A COST OF ASSETS, SUBSEQUENT BOOK
VALUES, AND BALANCE SHEET PRESENTATION
Depreciation or amortization and book values
a.Depreciation should be calculated as follows:
Original cost$16,000
Add: Cab/oven
10,900
Total cost$26,900
Less:Residual value
300
Depreciable amount$26,600
Depreciation expense $26,600/5 years$5,320
Book value:
Total cost$26,900
Accumulated depreciation
5,320
Book value$21,580
b.Depreciation:
$2,700 66 2/3%* = $1,800
*Straight-line rate = 100%/3 = 33 1/3%, double-declining-balance
rate = 66 2/3%.
Book value:
$2,700 $1,800 = $900
c.Depreciation:
($8,000 $1,000)/8 3/12 = $219
Book value at time of sale:
Accumulated depreciation = ($8,000 $1,000) 5/8 = $4,375
Book value = $8,000 $4,375 =$3,625
Book value$3,625
Sale price
1,500
Loss on sale$2,125
d.Amortization:
$14,000/4 years = $3,500
$3,500 6/12 = $1,750
Book value:
$14,000 $1,750 = $12,250LO 2,5PROBLEM 8-7A COST OF ASSETS AND
THE EFFECT ON DEPRECIATION
1.The proper cost to record for the acquisition is $190,000
($168,000 + $16,500 + $4,400 + $1,100). All costs, except the
operating costs for the first year, should be capitalized as part
of the cost of the equipment. The operating costs of $26,400 should
be expensed.
2.Depreciation reported in Year 1 is $21,640 ($216,400/10).
Depreciation that should have been reported is $19,000 [($168,000 +
$16,500 + $4,400 + $1,100)/10]. Operating costs are not included in
the cost of the asset.
3.Key reported income of $55,000 $21,640, or $33,360. The
correct amount of income should be as follows:
Income before equipment cost$55,000
Depreciation
(19,000)
Operating expenses
(26,400)
Net income$9,600
4.Key should not include operating costs in the value of the
asset recorded on the balance sheet. The effect of this error is to
overstate assets on the balance sheet.
LO 7,8PROBLEM 8-8A CAPITAL EXPENDITURES, DEPRECIATION, AND
DISPOSAL
1.2006 Depreciation = [($612,000 $12,000)/25 years] =
$24,000
2007 Depreciation = [($612,000 + $87,600 $30,000 $24,000)/24] =
$26,900
2.The cost of the fire equipment increased the value of an asset
that will last for more than one year. The cost would have been
expensed if it was maintenance. Wagner would prefer to expense the
cost of the fire equipment for taxes in order to take advantage of
the tax shield immediately. However, Wagner would prefer to
capitalize the cost for accounting purposes in order to better
match revenue with the costs incurred to generate that revenue.
3.Loss at sale = $612,000 + $87,600 $24,000 $26,900 $360,000 =
$288,700
Loss on sale if fire equipment is expensed = $612,000 $24,000
$24,000 $360,000 = $204,000LO 6,10PROBLEM 8-9A AMORTIZATION OF
INTANGIBLE, REVISION OF RATE
1.The $350,000 of cost that represents research and development
should be treated as an expense in the year of acquisition, 2002.
The $23,800 of cost that represents the patent should be treated as
an intangible asset and amortized over the 20-year time period.
2.Maciel should record amortization expense of $23,800/20 years,
or $1,190 per year.
3.The book value of the patent after five years of amortization
is:
$23,800 (5 $1,190) = $17,850. Since the patent is worthless, the
amount of $17,850 should be recorded as a loss.
LO 8,11PROBLEM 8-10A PURCHASE AND DISPOSAL OF OPERATING ASSET
AND EFFECTS ON STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
1.Partial statements of cash flows for 2007:
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income$XX,XXX
Plus depreciation expense8,000
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of delivery truck(45,000)
Partial statements of cash flows for 2008:
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income$XX,XXX
Plus:Depreciation expense8,000
Loss on sale of delivery truck12,000
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of delivery truck(80,000)
Proceeds from sale of machinery (see below)17,000
Book value at time of sale ($45,000 $8,000 $8,000)$29,000
Sale price
X
Loss on sale of machinery$12,000
$29,000 X = $12,000
X =
$17,000
2.Mansfield would replace the medium-sized delivery truck with a
larger truck if the replacement would result in additional net
income in the future. Any additional revenues generated as a result
of Mansfields ability to deliver and sell more product would
increase net income. On the other hand, this increase would be
offset by the costs of acquiring and operating the new delivery
truck.
LO 9,10,11PROBLEM 8-11A AMORTIZATION OF INTANGIBLES AND EFFECTS
ON STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
1.2007 amortization expense:
Accumulated amortization at 12/31/06$1,510,000
Plus 2007 amortization expense
X
Accumulated amortization at 12/31/07$1,661,000
$1,510,000 + X = $1,661,000
X = $151,000
2.Acquisition cost:
Cost of patent$X
Less accumulated amortization at 12/31/07
(1,661,000)
Carrying value at 12/31/07$1,357,000
X $1,661,000 = $1,357,000
X = $3,018,000
Year acquired:
Accumulated amortization at 12/31/07$1,661,000
Divided by annual amortization
151,000
Years owned11 years
It was acquired in 1997
Estimated useful life:
Cost of patent$3,018,000
Divided by estimated useful life
X years
Annual amortization$151,000
$3,018,000/X = $151,000
X =
20 years
The acquisition cost of $3,018,000 would have been reported as
an outflow in the Investing Activities section of the 1997
statement of cash flows.
3.Assuming that the indirect method is used, the amortization
expense relating to the patent would be added back to net income in
the Cash Flows from Operating Activities section of the statement
of cash flows.
4.The proceeds from the sale of $1,700,000 would be reported as
an inflow in the Cash Flows from Investing Activities section of
the statement of cash flows. In addition, the gain on the sale of
$343,000 ($1,700,000 $1,357,000) would be deducted from net income
in the Cash Flows from Operating Activities section of the
statement of cash flows.
DECISIoN CASES
READING AND INTERPRETING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
LO 1,9DECISION CASE 8-1 FOOT LOCKER
1.A note to the statements indicates the company has land,
buildings, furniture and fixtures, and improvements to leased and
owned buildings.
2.The company uses the straight-line method of depreciation.
3.Owned property and equipment is depreciated on a straight-line
basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets: maximum of 50
years for buildings and 310 years for furniture, fixtures, and
equipment. Property and equipment under capital leases and
improvements to leased premises are generally amortized on a
straight-line basis over the shorter of the estimated useful life
of the asset or the remaining lease term.
4.The property and equipment has accumulated depreciation of
$800 million and a book value of $336 million. Additionally, an
amount of $339 million is listed net of depreciation for
alterations of leased and owned buildings.
5.The statement of cash flows indicates purchases of $155
million and cash received from property and equipment of $1
million.
LO 11DECISION CASE 8-2 FOOT LOCKERS STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
1.The statement of cash flows indicates purchases of property
and equipment of $155 million.
2.The statement of cash flows does not indicate sales of
property and equipment during the year but does indicate a positive
amount of $1 million related to acquisitions.
3.Depreciation and amortization is indicated in the cash flows
statement as $171 million. Depreciation is not a cash flow. It is
listed in the Operating Activities category of the cash flows
statement when using the indirect method because it is necessary to
eliminate the items that did not involve cash.
MAKING FINANCIAL DECISIONSLO 1,9, 12DECISION CASE 8-3 COMPARING
TWO COMPANIES IN THE SAME INDUSTRY: FOOT LOCKER AND FINISH LINE
1.Foot Locker lists the following items in property, plant, and
equipment: land, buildings, furniture, fixtures and equipment, and
alterations to leased and owned buildings. Finish Line lists
similar items on the balance sheet: land, buildings, leasehold
improvements, furniture, fixtures and equipment, and construction
in progress. While the account titles used by the two companies are
slightly different, the information provided is very similar.
2.Both companies use the straight-line method of depreciation.
In most cases, the straight-line method is chosen because of its
simplicity and because it results in an even pattern of expense
over the life of the assets.
3.Foot Locker indicates the property and equipment has
accumulated depreciation of $800 million and a book value of $336
million. Additionally, an amount of $339 million is listed net of
depreciation for alterations of leased and owned buildings. Finish
Line has a total book value for property and equipment of $221
million and accumulated depreciation of $161 million.
4.Foot Locker indicates the maximum life of buildings as 50
years and furniture, fixtures, and equipment is 310 years. Finish
Line indicates an estimated useful life of buildings at 30 years
and furniture, fixtures, and equipment at 310 years.
5.Foot Locker purchased property, plant, and equipment of $155
million. The statement does not indicate sales of property, plant,
and equipment but does indicate a positive amount of $1 million
related to acquisitions. Finish Line had purchases of property and
equipment of $70,126,000 and sales of property and equipment of
$137,000. For both companies, information about whether a gain or
loss occurred from the sale of assets is provided in the Operating
Activities section of the statement of cash flows.
6.For both companies, investment in property, plant, and
equipment is vital to the long-term outlook of the company. The
companies must invest heavily in property, plant, and equipment to
constantly update to modern, more efficient assets. While the
operating assets are adding value to both companies, even more
value could probably be created if the companies could afford to
invest more in long-term assets.LO 1,5, 12DECISION CASE 8-4
COMPARING COMPANIES
ACCELERATED COMPANY
INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2007
Sales
$720,000
Cost of goods sold
360,000Gross profit
$360,000
Administrative costs$96,000
Depreciation expense
144,000Operating expenses
240,000Income before tax
$120,000
Tax expense (40%)
48,000
Net income
$72,000Since the balance of the Accumulated Depreciation account
for Straight Company is $240,000 and the depreciation expense is
$120,000 per year, the assets must be two years old. The amount of
depreciation expense for Accelerated Company on the
double-declining-balance method is as follows:
2006: $600,000 40% = $240,000.
2007: $600,000 $240,000 = $360,000 40% = $144,000.
The analyst should consider the difference in the cash flows of
the two companies. Accelerated Company has a lower net income but
actually has a higher cash inflow. This occurs because the
depreciation expense results in a tax savings. It is not entirely
accurate to say that depreciation is a noncash expense because it
results in a real cash savings in the form of lower income tax.
LO 5DECISION CASE 8-5 DEPRECIATION ALTERNATIVES
For accounting purposes, the company should use straight-line
depreciation because it will better match the cost using the asset
with the equal production levels. For taxes, the company should
also use the straight-line method because the increasing tax rates
will yield a higher cash savings from the tax shield. Depreciation
is not a cash outflow, but the tax savings results in a cash inflow
because of reduced tax liability.
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING
LO 3DECISION CASE 8-6 VALUING ASSETS
Students should be asked to determine the impact of using the
first appraisal versus the second appraisal. Both appraisals result
in a total increase in assets of $20,000 ($220,000 $200,000), but
they differ in the amount allocated to the Land account. Students
should see that a second opinion may have been necessary to
accurately appraise the property, but, on the other hand, the
appraisal may have been requested to maximize the amount allocated
to the depreciable asset, the building.
Students should be asked about the nature of the appraisal
process. Is it possible for two appraisers to have different
estimates of the fair market value? Should the accountant always
accept the first appraisal? When is it acceptable to seek another
opinion? Are Terry and Tammy unethical simply because they sought a
separate opinion? The instructor may wish to draw a parallel to
opinion-shopping on the part of clients who seek an opinion of
auditors or public accountants.
It appears that the concept of neutrality has been violated in
this case. It is not wrong for Terry and Tammy to seek a second
appraisal if their motive was to develop an accurate, unbiased
measure of the land and building. However, if their motive was to
minimize the amount allocated to the Land account, their actions
must be questioned.
LO 5DECISION CASE 8-7 DEPRECIATION ESTIMATES
Both methods will result in the total cost of the asset being
recorded on the income statement over the life of the asset.
However, depreciating the asset is much more preferable because it
matches the cost evenly over the assets life. You should try to
convince the manager that it is not correct to depreciate the asset
over a longer life and then record a large loss in the third year.
If the manager is not convinced, you may have to consider whether
the matter should be discussed with his superior and/or the
companys auditors.
REAL WORLD PRACTICE 8.1
Depreciation and amortization is indicated in the statement of
cash flows as $171 million. The notes indicate the company uses the
straight-line method.
REAL WORLD PRACTICE 8.2
Purchases of property and equipment were $70,126,000 in 2005.
Depreciation and amortization were $34,633,000.
SOLUTION TO INTEGRATIVE PROBLEM
Part 2
1.
PEK COMPANY
INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2007
Sales revenue
$1,250,000
Cost of goods sold
636,500
Gross profit
$
613,500
Depreciation on plant equipment$85,400*
Depreciation on buildings12,000
Interest expense55,400**
Other expenses
83,800
236,600
Income before taxes
$
376,900
Income tax expense (30% rate)
113,070
Net income
$
263,830
*$58,400 + ($270,000/10 years).
**$33,800 + ($270,000 8%).
PEK COMPANY
STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2007
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income
$263,830
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net
cash provided by operating activities
(includes depreciation expense)
110,200*
Net cash provided by operating activities
$374,030
Cash flows from financing activities:
Dividends
(35,000)
Net increase in cash
$339,030
*$83,200 + $27,000 additional depreciation.
Supplemental Schedule of Noncash Investing and Financing
Activities:
Acquisition of equipment in exchange for a note of $270,000.
INTEGRATIVE PROBLEM (Continued)
2.
PEK COMPANY
INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2007
Sales revenue
$1,250,000
Cost of goods sold
636,500
Gross profit
$
613,500
Depreciation on plant equipment$107,491*
Depreciation on buildings12,000
Interest expense55,400
Other expenses
83,800
258,691
Income before taxes
$
354,809
Income tax expense (30% rate)
106,443
Net income
$
248,366
*$58,400 + $49,091.
PEK COMPANY
STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2007
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income$248,366
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net
cash provided by operating activities
(includes depreciation expense)
132,291*
Net cash provided by operating activities$380,657
Cash flows from financing activities:
Dividends
(35,000)
Net increase in cash$345,657
*$83,200 + $49,091 additional depreciation.
Supplemental Schedule of Noncash Investing and Financing
Activities:
Acquisition of equipment in exchange for a note of $270,000.
INTEGRATIVE PROBLEM (Concluded)
3.a.LIFO cost of goods sold:
40,000($3.25) =$130,000
60,000($3.10) =186,000
75,000($3.00) =225,000
40,000($2.50) =100,000
30,000($2.20) =66,000
5,000($2.10) =
10,500
Total LIFO cost of goods sold
$717,500
Total FIFO cost of goods sold
636,500
Increase in cost of goods sold
$81,000
b.Additional cost of goods sold
$81,000
Times the tax rate
30%
Decrease in income tax expense
$24,300
c.Additional cost of goods sold
$81,000
Decrease in income taxes
24,300
Decrease in net income
$56,700
4.a.Sales on account
$800,000
Times estimated uncollectibles
3%
Increase in other expenses
$24,000
b.Increase in other expenses
$24,000
Times the tax rate
30%
Decrease in income tax expense
$7,200
c.Increase in other expenses
$24,000
Decrease in income taxes
7,200
Decrease in net income
$16,800
8-1