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Designer: Manuel Cubero

[email protected]

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S1 - Raw material exploitation strategies – mining and surface collecting

'On the Rocks' - International Symposium on Knappable Materials / University of Barcelona / 7-11 September 2015

Organizers

S1 - Raw material exploitation strategies – mining and surface collecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

- GRIMALDI, Stefano; SANTIANELLO, Fabio Raw material procurement and land use in the northern Mediterranean Arc during the Mousterian, Proto-Aurignacian and Gravettian at Riparo Mochi (Balzi Rossi, Italy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

- COLLET, Hélène; LAVACHERY, PhilippeRaw material exploitation strategies on the flint mining site of Spiennes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

- BURKE, Adrian L.; DESROSIERS, Pierre M.Quarry tools at the Naparutalik quarry, Nunavik (Quebec Arctic, Canada) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

- MURPHY, AndreaVariability of lithic sites north of Melbourne, Victoria: A case study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

- MUHLEN-SCHULTE, RoarkIn quartz we trust, when on high. Techcnological analysis of the lithic assemblage from 19 Sub-Alpine sites in Victorian Alps, Australia. Challenge the predicted modelof lithic resource exploitation for Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

- SÁNCHEZ DE LA TORRE, Marta; GARCIA SIMÓN, Luis Miguel; DOMINGO, Rafael; MANGADO, Xavier; MONTES, LourdesThe chert workshop of Tozal de la Mesa (Alins del Monte, Huesca, Spain) and its exploitation in historical times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

- MANGADO, Xavier; SÁNCHEZ DE LA TORRE, Marta; MARTÍNEZ-GRAU, Héctor; GONZÁLEZ-OLIVARES, CynthiaPrehistoric chert mining evidence in Serra Llarga (Castelló de Farfanya, Spain) . . . . . . . . . .12

- COLLIN, Jean-Philippe"Mons Basin Flint Cie": A status report on the flint mining sites of the Mons Basin during the Neolithic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

- FERNÁNDEZ, Maria Victoria; FIGUERERO TORRES, María J.; PEREYRA, Fernando X.Where's the right rock? Locating and identifying lithic raw materials in secondary sources in a postglacial landscape in Southern Patagonia (~ 47°S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

- ZARINA, Liga; SEGLINS, Valdis Shape evaluation in lithic analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

- YAMANDU, Hilbert; CRASSARD, Remy Nubian Levallois production system, raw material availability, and variability in Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

- RADZISZEWSKA, Katarzyna; BUDZISZEWSKI, JanuszUsing Airborne Laser Scanning data for mine surface relief studies: Results from the "Borownia" prehistoric flint mine, Central Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

- MOLINA, Fco. Javier; TARRIÑO, Antonio; HERNÁNDEZ-GÓMEZ, Cristo; GALVÁN, Bertila Geomorphological context and middle Palaeolithic procurement strategies for surface outcrops of Serreta Flint, Serpis River Basin (Alicante, Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

- CASTAÑEDA, NuriaYoung knappers in the mine: The transmission of technological knowledge at the flint mine of Casa Montero (Madrid, Spain), c. 5300-5200 cal. BCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

- DOMINGO, Rafael; MONTES, Lourdes; CUCHÍ, José Antonio; GARCÍA-SIMÓN, Luis Miguel; SÁNCHEZ, Marta Local lithic raw material procurement in Mousterian times: Roca San Miguel campsite (North-Eastern Iberia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

- KERNEDER-GUBAŁA, KatarzynaChocolate Flint mine in Orońsko (Southern Poland): New approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21



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- MATIAS, Henrique; AUBRY, Thierry; GAMEIRO, Cristina Contrasting Middle and Upper Palaeolithic raw material sourcing in the Central Limestone Massif (Estremadura, Portugal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

- MATIAS, HenriqueRaw material sourcing in the Middle Palaeolithic site of Gruta da Oliveira (Central Limestone Massif, Estremadura, Portugal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

- FERNANDES, Paul; DELVIGNE, Vincent; MONCEL, M.H.; DAUJEARD, C.; GUADELLI,J.L.; SANTAGATA, C.; BERNARD-GUELLE, S.; WRAGG-SYKES, R.; LE CORRE, M.; LIABEUF, R.; BINDON, P.; RAYNAL, J.P.Is there a socio-economic interpretation for the sustained exploitation of flint and the diversity of raw material sources used during the Middle Palaeolithic in the south-eastern Massif Central and adjacent Rhone Valley? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

- CÁNOVAS CALLE, Isabel; TARRIÑO, AntonioSiliceous raw material of Barranco Leon (Orce, Granada, Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

- CÁNOVAS CALLE, Isabel; CALLE ROMÁN, LidiaIntroduction to the study of siliceous raw materials, morphotechnical and functional analysis at the cave site of El Pirulejo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

- DE LABRIFFE, Pierre-Arnaud; REGGIO, AdrienExtraction sites at Vaucluse (France) between myth to reality: An initial approach. . . . . . .27

- DORONICHEVA, Ekaterina V.; KULKOVA, Marianna AExploitation of exotic flints in the North Caucasus Eastern Micoquian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

- DORONICHEVA, Ekaterina VMiddle Paleolithic flint workshops in the Northwestern Caucasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

- BOBILLO, Federico. M.Technological strategies and use of provisioning space in quarries of volcanic rocks (Antofagasta de la Sierra, Puna de Catamarca, Argentina) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

- LAPORTA, Philip C.; BREWER-LAPORTA, Margaret C.Ethnoarchaeological investigations of quarry extraction technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

- TAKAGI, YasushiroNeolithic surface collecting strategies in the Kyoto basin, Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

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Info

This session will cover research involving mining, quarrying and surface collecting stra-tegies. It will also cover tools and methods used for mining and quarrying knappablestone. Presentations are not limited to prehistoric studies. They may include historical orpresent day mining or quarrying methods, on an industrial scale or by hobbyists.Presentations may also describe research that has been conducted on specific mines orquarries.

Organizers

Xavier Terradas ([email protected])

Françoise Bostyn ([email protected])



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Abstract

The relation between lithic assemblage and geological formations is not enough torecognize the mobility patterns of a human group although previous researches highligh-ted the connection between the availability-quality of raw material and the mobility stra-tegies. In this regard, technical features of a lithic assemblage can provide some clues toillustrate strategies - such as, for instance, "embedded procurement", "specific procure-ment", or "exchange". Therefore, instead of focusing on the bare distances between thesite and the supplying areas, it could be interesting to assume a larger point of view inorder to - while taking into account technical aspects and raw materials - try to recalibratethe analysis scale from a hunter-gatherer prospective rather than from the strictlyarchaeological site. From this perspective we compare three lithic assemblages comingfrom the Mousterian, Proto-Aurignacian, and Noaillian Gravettian layers of the RiparoMochi site (Grimaldi caves, Balzi Rossi area, Liguria), one of the most complete stratigra-phic sequences of the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in Mediterranean Europe.

The position of Riparo Mochi in the osmotic center of the Liguro-Provencal arc is a keyto defining prehistoric human diffusion and development in this area. The Mousterianlithic assemblage is made from different raw materials, exploited more or less by the sametechnical procedure, and variability is mainly connected with changes in the intensity ofthe use of each raw material, especially when the decreasing presence of regional rawmaterial from the bottom to the top of the sequence is observed. In other words, theanalysed assemblages share a similar adaptive strategy, but natural resources were useddifferently. The territory exploited to collect raw material seems to become more andmore restricted from the bottom to the top of the sequence. The site of Riparo Mochishows that distinct occupation phases of the Proto-Aurignacian "colonisation" took placeover a short time span. It also shows the existence of groups who were exploiting a largeterritory since the earliest occupation of the site. Human groups who inhabited RiparoMochi adapted their raw material provisioning strategies to the geological context, bymoving raw materials over long distances. The Noaillian Gravettian lithic assemblage ischaracterized by pebble morphology that is largely represented when considering thelocal flint; the block morphology is very common regardless raw material provenance;allochthonous blocks were introduced preformed. Finally, flake cores are also a very com-mon type of blank even if they are more frequent while considering exotic rocks. Similarlyto the Proto-Aurignacian, the Noaillian, lithic procurement and technological issuesdemark a large supplying territory. Where Riparo Mochi was occupied during the colderperiod of the year, within a seasonal long-distance mobility strategy, that interested thewhole northern Tyrrhenian area.

RAW MATERIAL PROCUREMENT AND LAND USE IN THE NORTHERN MEDITERRANEANARC DURING THE MOUSTERIAN, PROTO-AURIGNACIAN AND GRAVETTIAN AT RIPAROMOCHI (BALZI ROSSI, ITALY)

Presenters

- GRIMALDI, Stefano ([email protected])- SANTIANELLO, Fabio ([email protected])

Università degli studi di Trento, Italy

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Abstract

The Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes, a registered UNESCO World Heritage Site, com-prise a vast flint extraction and knapping site of some 100 hectares located a few kilome-tres from Mons (Province of Hainaut, Belgium). Its activity covers a long period of timestarting from the end of the 5th millennium BCE and coming to an end in the course of the3rd millennium BCE (4350-2300 cal. BCE). Known since the second part of the 19th cen-tury, the site has been the object of numerous archaeological investigations during the20th century. These allowed the detection of three mining areas on the slope and the pla-teaus near the Wampe and Trouille Valleys as well as the discovery of features illustratingdifferent extraction methods ranging from simple ones (open cast mining) to complexones (underground mining). The site is particularly famous for its very deep mining shaftsup to 16 m deep, exploiting large flint slabs of 2 m in length in the underground galleriesat Camp-à-Cayaux. The Service Public de Wallonie and the Société de RecherchePréhistorique en Hainaut focused their research mainly on the Petit-Spiennes area wherethey have been conducting continuous archaeological investigations for fifteen years(1997-2015). Several shafts of about 10 m deep have been excavated. Here the extractionof small-sized irregular flint nodules brought to light specific strategies both in mining andin raw material selection. This new research has led to better knowledge about the rawmaterial acquisition strategies, the extraction methods and the raw material selectionimplemented by the miners. They also allowed comparisons with the results obtainedduring earlier excavations. This presentation provides a synthesis of these old and newresearches as well as an attempt to compare extraction methods and strategies develo-ped at Spiennes and important sites like Grime’s Graves (Great Britain) and Rijckholt-St.Geertruid (The Netherlands).

RAW MATERIAL EXPLOITATION STRATEGIES ON THE FLINT MINING SITE OF SPIENNES

Presenters

- COLLET, Hélène ([email protected]) Service public de Wallonie, Service de l'Archéologie, Spiennes) Mons, Hainaut, Belgium

- LAVACHERY, Philippe ([email protected])Société de Recherche préhistorique en Hainaut, Spiennes, Haianut, Belgium



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Abstract

In the summer of 2008, the Avataq Cultural Institute and the Université de Montréalcarried out the first systematic survey of a large prehistoric chipped stone quarry in theQuebec part of the eastern Canadian Arctic known as Nunavik. This quarry provides anexceptional opportunity for the study of extraction and initial transformation techniquesof a medium quality stone raw material. Lack of soil development combined with minimalplant cover and little erosion means that quarrying tools, knapped tool blanks or pre-forms, as well as flakes and debris, are all found in primary contexts and in direct associa-tion with the bedrock outcrops exploited. Bedrock outcrops show clear evidence of per-cussion and extraction along bedded layers. Massive amounts of large size debitagedemonstrate the extent and intensity of quarrying along this 400 metre bedrock exposu-re.

In this paper we present results from our analysis of 270 quarrying tools, primarilyhammerstones, that were found in situ, and in direct association with the bedrock out-crops of siltstone as well as thousands of tools in various stages of manufacture and debi-tage. The selection of certain rock types (granite, arkose, sandstone), forms (ovoid, sphe-rical, discoidal, trapezoidal), and sizes (small boulders, large and small cobbles) is strikingand points to clear technological choices in terms of quarrying tools. The degree of usevaries from minimal (some crushing) to extensive (rounding, splitting, reduction and res-haping). Additional high precision GPS data allows us to look at the distribution of diffe-rent quarrying tools relative to the quarry face or outcrop in order to analyse the organi-zation of extraction and transformation stages. We present a model that demonstratesthe careful selection of different sizes and types of rocks used as quarrying tools for spe-cific steps in the raw material extraction and initial transformation stages.

QUARRY TOOLS AT THE NAPARUTALIK QUARRY, NUNAVIK (QUEBEC ARCTIC, CANADA)

Presenters

- BURKE, ADRIAN L. ([email protected])Enseignant-chercheur, Prof. Agrégé, Université de Montréal, département d’Anthropologie,Canada

- DESROSIERS, PIERRE M. ([email protected])Avataq Cultural Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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- BURKE, Adrian L.; DESROSIERS, Pierre M.

Quarry tools at the Naparutalik quarry, Nunavik (Quebec Arctic, Canada)

Figure 1. Outcrop face (chert) at the Naparutalik quarry showing hard hammer impact marks. Scale bar is 5 cm



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Abstract

In Australia, each of the States and Territories has different legislation for the identifi-cation and protection of aboriginal cultural heritage. In 2006 Victoria introduced theAboriginal Heritage Act which offers high levels of archaeological identification and mana-gement. Development projects that include ground disturbance of archaeologically sensi-tive land must now be preceded by the preparation and formal approval of a CulturalHeritage Management Plan. This requirement has resulted in vastly more assessmentsbeing undertaken than occurred under previous legislation and as a result both the bodyand quality of data has also increased.

The vast majority of aboriginal heritage sites registered in Victoria are open lithic sitesin a surface context, sub-surface context or both. Whilst it is acknowledged that theseassemblages are biased towards utilitarian activities and reflect only one component ofmaterial culture, the growing data, much of which is obtained by controlled excavations isrevealing local and regional tendencies in relation to manufacturing techniques, rawmaterial choice and exploitation zones. Although lithics from specific sites are subject toacademic dissertations or research projects, detailed comparative analysis of assemblageswithin Victoria is yet to be undertaken on a meaningful level.

This presentation shows the results of a recent consulting project which conducted anarchaeological assessment of a 28 kilometre section of a pipeline route that traverses arange of landforms and ecological vegetation communities north of Melbourne in Victoria.The assessment included a detailed ground surface survey, sub-surface testing of knownsites and areas of potential archaeological deposits as well as larger scale controlled sal-vage excavation of sites prior to pipeline works. This project provides a useful case studyin artefact analysis across a broad area and within the 16 sites investigated that were for-med during the late Holocene. The differences between the sites, locations and contentsare subtle but reflect decisions about pre-contact procurement patterns, including possi-ble trade with adjoining clans, preferences of manufacturing techniques and variation ofsite contents with landform. The field investigations were undertaken with representati-ves of the relevant aboriginal groups, who consider these projects as adding significantlyto their knowledge of traditional occupation of their lands.

VARIABILITY OF LITHIC SITES NORTH OF MELBOURNE, VICTORIA: A CASE STUDY

Presenter

- MURPHY, Andrea ([email protected])Archaeology at Tardis, Australia

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Abstract

In 2009 Parks Victoria, in conjunction with the Mount Hotham Resort ManagementBoard, commissioned an archaeological investigation of 11 km of a ridgeline, which wasproposed as a multi-purpose trail connecting Mt. Hotham and Dinner Plain in NE Victoria,Australia. During the investigation, 19 archaeological sites were located and documented;these were dominated by quartz artefacts.

The analysis showed that there was variation in the quality of the quartz that aborigi-nal people brought onto the basalt-capped ridge. The artefacts also varied in the knappingtechniques used.

The unique geology of the area was significant to the evaluation of these artefacts;basalt cap on the ridge provided an environment that is naturally quartz free. Directlybelow the basalt however, there were exposed sediments in the slopes and gullies, whichwere rich with quartz. So much so, that in the later part of the 19th century miners workedthese deposits of quartz for gold. Quartz material is also available in creek beds proximalto the ridge, which in turn is close to the archaeological sites identified during fieldwork.The predictive model suggested that these sites would have dominantly functioned as pri-mary or secondary reduction sites, but was this really the case? What did the investigationreflect about the indigenous population who likely knapped and used the material? Datingof sites identified along the ridgeline recorded indigenous occupation to within the last1000 years.

The ridgeline is situated approximately 1700 metres above sea level in an exposed alpi-ne environmental zone where weather can change exceedingly quickly. It can snow at anytime of the year. Given this it is unlikely that aboriginal people came to this location exclu-sively to mine or collect quartz lithic material.

This paper challenges typical notions about the exploitation of quartz lithic raw mate-rials including crystalline quartz. The opportunistic nature of aboriginal resource exploita-tion is also explored, which in turn presents interesting explanations for the cause of siteclustering along the ridgeline. The investigation findings challenge and differ from the ‘riskreduction model’ assessment of Hiscock (2008:156), who suggested “…backed artefactproliferation was a widespread response to economic risk during the middle and late por-tions of the Holocene.”

IN QUARTZ WE TRUST, WHEN ON HIGH. TECHNOLOGICAL ANALISYS OF THE LITHICASSEMBLAGE FROM 19 SUB-ALPINE SITES IN VICTORIAN ALPS, AUSTRALIA. CHALLENGETHE PREDICTED MODEL OF LITHIC RESOURCE EXPLOITATION FOR AUSTRALIA

Presenter

-MUHLEN-SCHULTE, Roark ([email protected]) AACAI (Australian Association of Consulting Archaelogist Incorporated). Australia

References

Hiscock, P. (2008) Archaeology of Ancient Australia, Routledge, Abingdon


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-MUHLEN-SCHULTE, Roark

In quartz we trust, when on high. Techcnological analysis of the lithic assemblage from 19Sub-Alpine sites in Victorian Alps, Australia. Challenge the predicted model of lithic resourceexploitation for Australia

Figure 1. H-DPMicroliths7a .

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Abstract

In 2012, during a field survey to locate primary outcrops of cherts in the CarrodillaMountain Range (Huesca, Spain), abundant remains of chert knapping were found next tonodular cherts in primary and sub-primary positions. Chert knapping evidence was disco-vered in Tozal de la Mesa, near the town of Alins del Monte (Huesca, Spain), in the firstPrepyrenean foothills of the province of Huesca.

These nodular cherts are related to Garum limestone facies from the Tremp formation.Their original environment was an evaporitic lacustrine deposit. These cherts show a highvariability in quality for knapping depending on the nodule. Their use has previously beendocumented in several sites in this region with Palaeolithic and Neolithic levels.

In order to define the features of the workshop and to determine their limits, we con-ducted a field survey. Due to these works, it has been possible to define its perimeter aswell as to collect abundant lithic remains of chert and other rocks (e.g., ophites) that mayhave been directly related to chert exploitation.

The techno-typological and use-wear analyses of blanks and debris allowed us to iden-tify flakes with large smooth butts with cracks at the point of impact. We also observedresidues of iron oxides at the point of impact, being an indication of direct percussion witha metal hammer. In this presentation we show the workshop of Tozal de la Mesa as anexample of the historical exploitation of chert in NE Iberia.

THE CHERT WORKSHOP OF TOZAL DE LA MESA (ALINS DEL MONTE, HUESCA, SPAIN)AND ITS EXPLOITATION IN HISTORICAL TIMES

Presenters

1. - SÁNCHEZ DE LA TORRE, Marta ([email protected])2. - GARCIA SIMÓN, Luis Miguel ([email protected])3. - DOMINGO, Rafael ([email protected])4. - MANGADO, Xavier ([email protected])5. - MONTES, Lourdes ([email protected])

1 / 4. SERP. University of Barcelona; 2-3 / 5. PPVE. University of Zaragoza, Spain



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Abstract

In 2004 archaeological works were developed in Serra Llarga (Castelló de Farfanya,Spain) due to the construction of an adjustment pool within the Algerri-Balaguer irrigationproject. More than 140 structures from the Final Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age wereidentified during the archaeological works.

The site is located next to a marl and limestone formation with abundant nodularcherts from the Rupelian (Castelltallat Formation), the nodular cherts being of a high qua-lity for knapping. Among the elements identified during excavation, two types of structu-res predominate. First, buckets between 1.5 and 2 meters in diameter with a depth of 15to 45 cm filled with detrital sedimentary rocks were identified. Lithic tools are the mainarchaeological material represented in these structures, which were interpreted as lithicovens for the heat treatment of chert.

The second type of structure prevailing in the archaeological record was a small cylin-drical deposit with cylindrical section and 0.5 to 1 m depth. These structures presentedceramic materials, lithic industry and faunal remains and were interpreted as provisionsdeposits associated to the ovens. The concentration of ovens for the heat treatment ofchert and provisions deposits was near the mouths of canyons that cut the Serra Llarga, ina place where erosion exposes the geological strata containing chert nodules. The abun-dance of lithic remains at the site contrasts with the lack of subsistence activities (agricul-ture and domestication) or building elements (post holes, levels of use or silos). Thus, thestudy of all lithic materials recovered at the site reveals the existence of an extraordinaryexample of chert mining that took place from the Final Neolithic at Serra Llarga.

In this communication we will delve into the determination of chert acquisition andmanagement strategies which had been developed, as well as into the functionality of thedifferent types of structures determined during the archaeological works.

PREHISTORIC CHERT MINING EVIDENCE IN SERRA LLARGA (CASTELLÓ DE FARFANYA, SPAIN)

Presenters

- MANGADO, Xavier ([email protected])- SÁNCHEZ DE LA TORRE, Marta ([email protected])- MARTÍNEZ-GRAU, Héctor ([email protected])- GONZÁLEZ-OLIVARES, Cynthia ([email protected])

SERP. University of Barcelona

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Abstract

The Mons Basin (Province of Hainaut, western Belgium) is a geologically rich region,particularly from the point of view of Upper Cretaceous sedimentary deposits, conduciveto an important flint gathering activity during prehistory. Focusing on the Neolithic period,indications of flint procurement as early as the end of the 6th millennium BCE have beenrecorded, but there is concrete evidence of mining sites in the region as early as the 5thmillennium BCE. Flint extraction activities lasted at least until the second half of the 3rdmillennium BCE.

Discovered during the second half of the 19th century, when the region is intenselyindustrialized, the flint extraction sites have since been unequally investigated. Some 150years later, research has indeed focused mainly on the mining areas of the site ofSpiennes. At a time when research on flint mines emphasizes the geographical distributionof their end products, lack of knowledge about the activity of the neighbouring extractionsites and difficulty in the characterization of the raw materials prompted us to extend ourinvestigations to other mining sites located in the Mons Basin. We addressed several keyquestions. What can we say about suspected or documented sites such as Obourg LeVillage, Douvrain Le Temple, Villerot Lambiez, Flénu L’Ostenne, Mesvin Sans Pareil orSaint-Symphorien Le Cerneau, on the basis of literature, survey and study of archaeologi-cal collections? Are all these sites archaeologically attested? What were their produc-tions? Which lithostratigraphic formations were exploited? Is it possible to distinguish dis-tinct facies of raw material from these sites despite their relative proximity?

This status report is a preliminary step to a PhD research project (University of Namurand Pantheon-Sorbonne University) of which one of the main goals is the identification ofeconomic networks resulting from the diffusion of lithic productions, from extraction sitesto Neolithic settlements both within and outside the Mons Basin.

"MONS BASIN FLINT CIE": A STATUS REPORT ON THE FLINT MINING SITES OF THEMONS BASIN DURING THE NEOLITHIC

Presenter

COLLIN, Jean-Philippe ([email protected])University of Namur / Pantheon-Sorbonne University



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Abstract

Knowledge of the availability and types of raw materials are required in order to cha-racterize lithic resources and analyse potential exploitation strategies in the past but thisis difficult where secondary deposits dominate in addition to other geomorphological pro-cesses operating in the landscape. Past exploitation strategies observed at site level couldbest be understood by means of a reliable model predicting where lithic resources areavailable in the regional landscape. The Jeinemeni River flows north into lake BuenosAires, Argentina (~47°S) through a deep fault valley dotted with several geological out-crops and cutting through mountain and continental glacial deposits. Human occupationin this cordilleran region of Southern Patagonia dates from approximately 7500 years B.P.

Extant geological information on rock diversity and quality was digitized as well as aspecially drawn up geomorphological map. An additional map evaluating of the degree ofpresent day transportation of geological materials was all combined within a GIS. Thisresulted in the definition of units expressing the greater or lesser chance of finding knap-pable lithic resources. Field samples and petrographic lab determinations of the rockscollected confirmed the validity of the GIS predefined units. The resulting model shows alandscape with ubiquitous knappable raw materials but mostly of a medium quality andavailable in sizes too small to reduce without resorting to bipolar reduction techniques.This model was used to interpret past lithic exploitation as observed in a Late Holocenearchaeological sequence in the same valley. At this location there was only an incidentaluse of local lithic resources and a more frequent usage of superior quality non-local rawmaterials, more abundant but also with more restricted and predictable locations.

The model illustrates the location of knappable rocks based on indicators sensitive tothe sources and processes that determine their eventual distribution within the landsca-pe. The scale of the indicators together with the field and lab controls all contribute to themodel's reliability in showcasing regional raw material distribution for interpreting past

WHERE’S THE RIGHT ROCK? LOCATING AND IDENTIFYING LITHIC RAW MATERIALS INSECONDARY SOURCES IN A POSTGLACIAL LANDSCAPE IN SOUTHERN PATAGONIA (~ 47°S)

Presenters

1. - FERNÁNDEZ, Maria Victoria ([email protected])

2. - FIGUERERO TORRES, María J. ([email protected])

3. - PEREYRA, Fernando X. ([email protected])

1-2. Instituto de Arqueología, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires; 3. IGRM - SEGEMAR

15



Abstract

Stone tools are important evidence of the material culture, characteristic of the StoneAge. Ancient people selected raw materials with specific properties to create tools for per-forming certain functions. Archaeological evidence indicates that flint has been found asone of the most suitable material for stone tools manufacture. Flint characteristics ensureseveral important preconditions for diverse functional tool production, among which themost important are the possibility to obtain sharp edges and the potential with technolo-gical skills to produce a desired shape. What we know so far indicates that flint craftsmenfollowed certain procedures to create various tools. Initially the raw material was collec-ted from known flint mining sites. This means that a potential raw material for tools wasselected from the available material according to transportation options and necessity(e.g., size, volume), and at the same time the quality was evaluated visually (e.g., structu-re, uniformity, colour, shape) and by checking sound. These characteristics are associatedwith the identification and diagnosis of a set of features which are characteristic of eachmaterial according its origin and quality. From this point, taking into account the specificsof the desired tool and the technology being applied, flakes are removed, assessing thecharacteristics of their shape, and with gradual processing the stone tool is created. In pre-vious studies relatively less attention has been paid to the raw material morphometricselection criteria, which could also be used for the reconstruction within the context ofStone Age research. Part of such studies would apply to shape evaluation during proces-sing and also to the analysis of naturally occurring forms and types of the flint, focusing onthe evaluation of morphological features that are key for the selection of suitable rawmaterial and which depend also on the specifics of the available stone material resourcein terms of quantity, quality and size. In this study, shapes of pebbles as a possible rawmaterial in the Stone Age and shapes of certain stone tool types from the Palaeolithicwere comparatively evaluated. Tool shape characteristics - size, proportions, andsymmetry properties, were assessed according to traditional stone tool analysis. Similarlytraditional geological studies of clastic particles include classification by size, proportions,and roundness, which echos with symmetry properties. Simple shapes, which correspondalso to the pebbles and the stone tools, can be aligned and classified according to geome-tric shapes, such as point, line, curve, plane shapes (e.g., triangle, rectangle, polygon, cir-cle) or three dimensional forms (e.g., sphere, cube), thereby facilitating evaluation of theshape properties. Regarding the stone tools, the symmetry assessment was expanded byadding the assessment of other symmetric transformations - translation, rotation andglide reflection to the traditional bilateral symmetry evaluation. This study indicates thatat the beginning of the Palaeolithic, stone tool proportions were close to natural pebblesproportions. Over time, the allocated proportions become elongated and uncharacteristiccompared to natural stones. In nature, pebble symmetry properties and their accuracycorrespond to the level of roundness, but regarding stone tools, the symmetry propertiesare diverse and variable throughout the Palaeolithic.

SHAPE EVALUATION IN LITHIC ANALYSIS

Presenters

- ZARINA, Liga ([email protected])

- SEGLINS, Valdis ([email protected])

University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia



16

Abstract

Archaeological investigations conducted across the Arabian Peninsula have revealed avery specific variation of the Levallois production system - the Nubian Levallois method.Nubian cores (and by extension Nubian Levallois technology) are the hallmark of the Afro-Arabia Nubian complex.

Technological analysis and core reconstructions from lithic samples gathered in Dhofar(Oman), Al Kharj and Al Jawf (Saudi Arabia) help to refine the Nubian chaîne opératoireacross Arabia. Nubian cores are characterized by a particular approach to point produc-tion and Levallois surface convexity preparation or maintenance. Within the NubianLevallois system, three methods have been identified: 1) Nubian Type 1 method, charac-terized by the preparation of the distal to medial guiding ridge by two removals comingfrom the distal platform; 2) Nubian Type 2, marked by either bilateral or distal convergentand bilateral preparation; and 3) Nubian Type 1/2 marked by a combination of the twopreviously mentioned preparation methods.

This presentation will focus on Nubian Levallois surface sites from Oman and SaudiArabia. In Dhofar, Nubian Complex sites are found on the Nejd, a wide limestone plateauincised by a deep, now dry, fluvial system, which has exposed a great variety of high-qua-lity chert outcrops. The chert found across the Nejd is opaque to slightly translucent andof very fine texture; the raw material exhibits exquisite knapping properties. The Al Jawfquadrangle is characterized by a series of tectonically uplifted ridges and hills at the nor-thern edge of the Arabian Arch, which runs from northern to southern Saudi Arabia. Agreat variety of knappable materials are found in this area, the most common being greyfine grained chert, quartzite and quartz. While the grey chert is of good quality and flakesvery well, the knapping properties of the quartzite and the quartz are more difficult tocontrol. Middle Palaeolithic sites with Nubian Levallois technology in Al Kharj have mainlybeen found in the Rufa Graben area. This beige bioclastic limestone graben bears severalquartzite outcrops. The quartzite is highly variable in quality and ranges from fine grainedand well silicified to course and heterogeneously silicified. Based on technological analysisand core reconstructions the effect of the different available raw materials at each of thehighlighted regions on the Nubian Levallois chaîne opératoire will be demonstrated.

NUBIAN LEVALLOIS PRODUCTION SYSTEM, RAW MATERIAL AVAILABILITY, AND VARIA-BILITY IN ARABIA

Presenters

- YAMANDU, Hilbert ([email protected])

- CRASSARD, Remy ([email protected])

‘Archéorient’, Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon, France

17



Abstract

Prehistoric flint mining has been studied for over a century now, but only at a few siteshave analyses of “mine surface relief” been performed to reconstruct the organizationand execution of the underground exploitation.

Until recently, the limitation on this type of study was the lack of a sufficiently accurateplan showing the topography of the prehistoric sites. In recent years, the situation haschanged. The development of new technologies, especially the dissemination of AirborneLaser Scanning (ALS), has provided archaeologists with a variety of means. As a result, ithas become possible to obtain the actual imaging of the ground surface, exceptionallyaccurately and automatically placed in a global coordinate system.

"Borownia" is a Neolithic and Early Bronze Age complex used for the extraction ofUpper Jurassic banded flints, located about 5 kilometres south-east of the famous“Krzemionki” site, in the north-eastern outskirts of the Holy Cross Mountains. This siteincludes partially preserved “mine surface relief” comprised of traces of subterraneanmining activity discernible on the ground surface. Prehistoric traces visible on the surfaceform a belt which extends to a width of 30-50 m over a distance of 700 m oriented north-west-southeast. New data, obtained from ALS, have made it possible to perform a seriesof spatial analysis, whose results allow us to reconstruct many elements of the prehistoricflint exploitation system. These results, compared to similar analyses performed years agoat the “Krzemionki” mining field, have revealed surprising differences.

The results obtained allow us to propose a method of comprehensive analysis of “minesurface relief” which, combined with the results acquired by other non-destructivemethods, can become a standard way to better understand prehistoric mining sites.

USING AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING DATA FOR MINE SURFACE RELIEF STUDIES:RESULTS FROM THE “BOROWNIA” PREHISTORIC FLINT MINE, CENTRAL POLAND

Presenters

- RADZISZEWSKA, Katarzyna ([email protected])

- BUDZISZEWSKI, Janusz ([email protected])

Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University



18

Abstract

Serreta flint is the main type of siliceous rock used by prehistoric societies in the northof Alicante and south of Valencia. Although its primary source is within isolated Paleocenelimestone outcrops northwest of Alicante, this flint type is more abundant in secondarygeological contexts as part of fluvial deposits of the Serpis River basin. More precisely,these deposits lie between anticlines at the western end of the Prebetic geological regionin the surroundings of Alcoy (Alicante) and the river mouth at the Mediterranean shoreli-ne (Valencia). The extensive, complex and diverse geographic distribution of Serreta flintis a result of different erosional, translocation and sedimentation processes.

Our geoarchaeological survey in the Prebetic area and south of Valencia allows us toapproach the depositional history of Serreta flint surface outcrops, from primary and sub-primary localities to procurement areas. First, the flint eroded from bedrock during theOligocene. This phase was followed by its sedimentation within conglomerate deposits atthe upper and middle courses of the Serpis River. Later, in the Cenozoic and especiallyduring the Quaternary, these conglomerates were affected by renewed erosion, transportand sedimentation episodes. Consequently, large amounts of flint were scattered throug-hout the entire territory.

Partial dismantling of the Oligocene conglomerates by diverse Pleistocene palaeocli-matic events favoured loosening and release of the flint blocks and their accumulationwithin colluvial deposits. All of the colluvial deposits from the Serpis River basin analysedcontained Mousterian lithic assemblages.

Finally, numerous flint nodules were incorporated into the river course and transpor-ted from their sub-primary position to the Mediterranean Sea, sometimes exceeding a dis-tance of 80 km. As a result, Serreta flint can be found within Pleistocene alluvial terracedeposits in the middle and lower Serpis River basins. Several Middle Palaeolithic lithicassemblages have been found on the surfaces of such alluvial deposits.

In summary, Middle Palaeolithic hunter-gatherer groups exploited Serreta flint, whosepresence within the Serpis River colluvial and alluvial deposits is abundant. Frequentexploitation of this flint type is due to its high textural quality, its wide distribution inunconsolidated sediments and its surface accessibility.

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CONTEXT AND MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC PROCUREMENT STRATE-GIES FOR SURFACE OUTCROPS OF SERRETA FLINT, SERPIS RIVER BASIN (ALICANTE,SPAIN)

Presenters

1. - MOLINA, Fco. Javier ([email protected])2. - TARRIÑO, Antonio ([email protected])3.- HERNÁNDEZ-GÓMEZ, Cristo ([email protected])4. - GALVÁN, Bertila ([email protected])

1. Universidad de Alicante, Spain; 2. Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la EvoluciónHumana (CENIEH); 3-4. Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

19



Abstract

The work at a Neolithic flint mine is a complex phenomenon that involves not only eco-nomic tasks but also social interactions. There is evidence in the lithic record of CasaMontero that supports the hypothesis that the mine was the place where an importantpart of the transmission of technical knowledge took place and this process implied thepresence of children and youth in the mine.

In prehistoric societies, the transmission of knowledge of technical processes grantedthe group survival and the reproduction of social organization and livelihood. These kno-wledge acquisition processes had as proper scenarios those places where certain condi-tions should meet. Regarding knapping apprenticeship, sources of supply such as quarries,mines and outcrops, have abundant raw material and waste and some work processes,such as selection of nodules, initial configuration of the cores and management of waste,took place only at these places. In addition, mines provide social experiences like travellingto a different place and meeting and cooperating with other groups.

Identifying the waste produced by unskilled knappers in the lithic record is critical inorder to discriminate them from the general assemblage. It is important to assume thatCasa Montero’s lithic record is composed then by skilled reduction byproducts and thosegenerated during the learning process. The latter not only reproduced the normalizedreduction schemes but could also eventually have contributed to the final production ofblades.

The siliceous rocks reduction process is the result of the implementation of a complexnetwork of knowledge of different natures: abstract knowledge, mental imagery andmotor experience. Therefore, learning to knap involves not only the proper execution ofgestures, but extends to all aspects of the Reduction Sequence. Learning to knap requiresa long time, so the demonstration that these processes took place at the site implies thatyoung individuals were present at the mine not only as mere observers .

Three different skill levels have been recognized in Casa Montero’s lithic record, whichcan be interpreted as evidence of learning activities present in the mine. These activitieswere supported by the social context in which an aggregation of groups took place toexploit the mine and in which all the individuals of the group were present including chil-dren and youths.

The analyses of the moment and the reasons for abandonment of the lithic reductionhas led to the conclusion that early abandonment of cores is characteristic of novice knap-pers in relationship with deficient selection of blanks and abundance of hinges. There is animportant group of cores for which reduction could be continued. These items are inter-preted as evidence of a guided learning method by means of demonstrations that werereplicated and probably supervised and corrected.

YOUNG KNAPPERS IN THE MINE: THE TRANSMISSION OF TECHNOLOGICAL KNOWLED-GE AT THE FLINT MINE OF CASA MONTERO (MADRID, SPAIN), C. 5300-5200 CAL. BCE.

Presenter

- CASTAÑEDA, Nuria ([email protected])Autonomous University of Madrid



20

Abstract

Roca San Miguel is an open-air Mousterian site recently discovered along the rightbank of the Noguera-Ribagorzana River (Huesca province), in the Pre-Pyrenean ExternalRanges. The site is located in what today is a steeply dipping slope (around 35% incline),with frequent outcrops of the local Mesozoic sandstone. The original sedimentary sequen-ce is partially preserved throughout the area, and has been identified in an adjacent sec-tion of the slope. The site was investigated in October 2013. During July 2014 it was exca-vated for three weeks. There are large amounts of lithic and faunal archaeologicalremains.

The lithic elements were knapped from local cobbles obtained from the river (ophites,basalts, quartzites, etc.) and from a flint of excellent quality that can be found in a localoutcrop (around 7 km north of the site). The Mousterian people employed the usual tool-kit: sidescrapers, denticulates and unretouched flakes. They knapped their retouched pie-ces from both siliceous and non-siliceous rocks, in varied proportions throughout thethree tested areas. The flint nodules that they could obtain were small-sized and presen-ted irregularities in their form and composition, with many holes and cortical intrusions.

Nevertheless, its fine grain was very appreciated for making tools: although our dataare still provisional, most of the retouched pieces match this flint. On the other hand, non-siliceous rocks allowed for bigger tools, but retouched pieces from these rocks are far lesscommon. In percentages, around 8% of the recovered flint artefacts are transformedtools, versus only a 4% in the case of those made from non-siliceous rocks.

This presentation aims to show both method and results of a selected survey in theriverbed, in order to test the availability of the different types of rocks identified amongthe remains from the Roca San Miguel archaeological layers. An analysis of the size of thecobbles and flakes, discerning siliceous and non-siliceous varieties, will complete the pre-liminary approach.

LOCAL LITHIC RAW MATERIAL PROCUREMENT IN MOUSTERIAN TIMES: ROCA SAN MIGUEL CAMPSITE (NORTH-EASTERN IBERIA)

Presenters

1. - DOMINGO, Rafael ([email protected])2. - MONTES, Lourdes ([email protected])3. - CUCHÍ, José Antonio ([email protected])4. - GARCÍA-SIMÓN, Luis Miguel ([email protected])5. - SÁNCHEZ, Marta ([email protected])

1-4. University of Zaragoza; 5. SERP. University of Barcelona

21



Abstract

Chocolate flint is regarded as one of the most valuable knappable raw materials inPoland. It shows colour diversity, but is generally brown (dark and light, yellowish, reddish,grey, black). Concretions from primary deposits are covered by thin, light limnic cortex.

Orońsko is located in the north-westernmost part of the Chocolate Flint outcrops, onthe border of the north-eastern Mesozoic margin of the Holy Cross Mountains and RadomPlain, in the southern part of Poland (Radom district, Masovian voivodeship). TheChocolate Flint deposits as a whole covere an area of about 90 km2 (with a NW-SE orien-tation). This silicious material is present in the limestones, residual karstic clays, and in theglacial deposits. Its mining exploitation has been confirmed at over a dozen points, con-nected especially with earlier periods of the Stone Age and Bronze Age.

The studied area is covered by extraction points in the western group of the chocolateflint outcrops, where the so called "Orońskie Mines" were discovered and researched byS. Krukowski. The excavations conducted in 1935 exposed extraction shafts 2 - 1.2 m indiameter and up to 3.2 m deep in karstic clays. This shaft mine is considered to be one ofthe oldest in Poland. It is believed to have been exploited by Final Palaeolithic ArchedBacked Piece or Tanged Point (Masovian) societies. In the vicinity of this mine, severalother extraction points have been discovered and researched during the surface examina-tions since the beginning of the 20th century, also by Krukowski along with other resear-chers. The excavations, as well as surface examinations, have supplied lithic artefacts indifferent stages of exploitation. On this basis, several theses about this mining industryand its chronology have been produced. They have been discussed repeatedly in the lite-rature but the collection as a whole has never been elaborated on or published.

Contemporary extraction points in the north-western part of the Chocolate Flint out-crops are only visible because of the presence of a large number of mixed flint artefactsfrom different chronological periods and stages of exploitation, as well as limestone nodu-les on the surface. No visible mining relief has been preserved. This presentation is basedon the initial studies of the flint materials obtained during the above mentioned research,as well as on the results of initial spatial analysis of this area conducted with the use ofmodern methods.

CHOCOLATE FLINT MINE IN OROŃSKO (SOUTHERN POLAND): NEW APPROACHES

Presenter

- KERNEDER-GUBAŁA Katarzyna ([email protected])Institute of Archeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Science



22

Abstract

The Central Limestone Massif of Estremadura and the adjacent Sedimentary Basin ofthe Tagus River are located in the Meso-Caenozoic Western Border of the IberianPeninsula. This region is rich in outcrops with flint, quartzite and quartz in primary andsecondary positions that were exploited by both Neanderthals and Anatomically ModernHumans. While quartzite and quartz cobles derived from the Hercynian bedrock upstreamare ubiquitous, in secondary position, across the vast Basin of the Tagus River, flint, be itin primary, sub-primary or secondary position, has a more restricted, clustered distribu-tion.

We present the different types of flint and silcrete recognized in primary and secon-dary position, their characteristics and differentiating features. We then look at contrastsbetween the Middle and the Upper Palaeolithic of the region in the mode of exploitationof these raw materials using two assemblages from the Almonda karst system (theMousterian site of Gruta da Oliveira and the Upper Magdalenian site of Lapa dos Coelhos)and one from the Terminal Gravettian open-air site of Terra do Manuel, 40 km to the SW.

CONTRASTING MIDDLE AND UPPER PALAEOLITHIC RAW MATERIAL SOURCING IN THECENTRAL LIMESTONE MASSIF (ESTREMADURA, PORTUGAL)

Presenters

1. - MATIAS, Henrique ([email protected])

2. - AUBRY, Thierry ([email protected])

3. - GAMEIRO, Cristina ([email protected])

1/3. UNIARQ - Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa; 2.Fundação Côa Parque

23



Abstract

The cave site of Gruta da Oliveira is located in the Almonda karst system, at the inter-face between the Central Limestone Massif of Portuguese Estremadura (CLM) and theadjacent Sedimentary Basin of the Tagus River (TSB).

The cave presents a ~9 m-thick archaeological stratification dated to ~35-105 ka con-taining hearth features, Neanderthal skeletal remains, as well as fauna, microfauna andwood charcoal. The lithic assemblage is large and displays a diverse range of raw mate-rials. Silicifications in primary, sub-primary and secondary position in the CLM and the TSBwere systematically surveyed and sampled. The petrographic characterization of geologi-cal samples was carried out at both the macro- and the microscopic scales and data weresystematized under the “silica evolutionary chain” approach proposed by Fernandes &Raynal (2006) and adapted by Aubry et al (2012).

Application of petroarchaeological study of the lithic assemblage from layer 14 (datedto ~45 ka by radiocarbon and to the ~61-93 ka interval by TL) led to the conclusion thatthe Gruta da Oliveira Neanderthals exploited quartzite, quartz and flint sources less than30 km away.

RAW MATERIAL SOURCING IN THE MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC SITE OF GRUTA DA OLIVEIRA(CENTRAL LIMESTONE MASSIF, ESTREMADURA, PORTUGAL)

Presenter

- MATIAS, Henrique ([email protected])UNIARQ - Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa

References

AUBRY, T., LUIS, L.; MANGADO LLACH, X; MATIAS, H. (2012) - We will be known by thetracks we leave behind: Exotic lithic raw materials, mobility and social networking amongthe Côa Valley foragers (Portugal). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 31:4,Dezembro 2012, pp. 528-550.

FERNANDES, P. & RAYNAL, J. (2006) — Pétroarchéologie du silex: un retour aux sources.Comptes Rendus Palevol. 5-6: 829-837.



24

Abstract

During the last decade, a methodological re-examination of the petro-archaeology offlint has been undertaken in the south-east Massif Central. This procedure allows prehis-toric raw material gathering activities to be defined and described with precision. Thesources from which raw materials in archaeological sites were obtained, help define thewidespread geographical areas that were exploited. Viewing raw material sourcing activi-ties in conjunction with technological modifications (chaînes opératoires) provides newinsights into hominin behaviour.

The continual occurrence of flint types derived from the same sources during MiddlePalaeolithic times does not appear to be related to site functions. Even though the acqui-sition of raw materials is embedded clearly within other subsistence activities (like hun-ting, for example) and defines a well-traversed and occupied territory, certain raw mate-rials do not seem to have a direct correspondence with specific economic purposes.However, their significance among the lithic assemblages requires discussion. An interdis-ciplinary approach to the question, based on new and revisited field data, allows anappraisal to be made about the locational choices for residential and specialized sites andthe extent of prehistoric territories. Using as examples sites from Ardèche (Payre cave andshelter, Abri du Maras, Barasses II cave, Abri des Pêcheurs, and the open air site of Saint-Bauzile) and the Haute-Loire (Sainte-Anne I cave, Baume-Vallée rock shelter, Rond-du-Barry cave, and Rond de Saint-Arcons rock shelter), our methodology interprets the roleplayed by geo-materials in structuring prehistoric regional spatial understanding, the choi-ces made for habitation sites and the functions of those sites.

IS THERE A SOCIO-ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION FOR THE SUSTAINED EXPLOITATION OFFLINT AND THE DIVERSITY OF RAW MATERIAL SOURCES USED DURING THE MIDDLEPALAEOLITHIC IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN MASSIF CENTRAL AND ADJACENT RHONEVALLEY?

Presenters

1. - FERNANDES, Paul ([email protected]) Paleotime, Villard-de-Lans, France2. - DELVIGNE, Vincent ([email protected])PACEA/PPP, UMR 5199 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, bâtiment B18, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615 Pessac cedex, France.3. - MONCEL, M.H. Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, CNRS, UMR 7194, départementde préhistoire, Institut de paléontologie4. - DAUJEARD, C. UMR 7269 CNRS – LAMPEA, MMSH, Université de Provence, BP 647, 5rue du château de l'Horloge, 13094 Aix-en-Provence, Cedex 2, France5. - GUADELLI,J.L. PACEA/PPP, UMR 5199 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, bâtiment B18,allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615 Pessac cedex, France6. - SANTAGATA, C. PACEA/PPP, UMR 5199 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, bâtiment B18,allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615 Pessac cedex, France7. - BERNARD-GUELLE, S. UMR 7269 CNRS – LAMPEA, MMSH, Université de Provence, BP647, 5 rue du château de l'Horloge, 13094 Aix-en-Provence, Cedex 2, France8. - WRAGG-SYKES, Rebecca ([email protected])PACEA/PPP, UMR 5199 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, bâtiment B18, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615 Pessac cedex, France9. - LE CORRE, M. Chemin des Méritants, hameau des Dones, 84240 Peypin-d’Aigues, France10. - LIABEUF, R. SRA, DRAC Auvergne, Hôtel de Chazerat, rue Pascal, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France11. - BINDON, P. Australian Ethnographic Institute, 38 Mont Street, 2582 Yass, NSW,Australie12. - RAYNAL, J.P. Departement of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for EvolutionaryAnthropology. Leipzig, Allemagne

25



Abstract

This presentation concerns the study of siliceous raw material from Barranco León(Orce, Granada, Spain). The archaeological samples analyzed are from level D, which isdate on 1.3 Ma. The methodology chosen in order to undertake this work stemmed froma geological investigation of the site’s surrounding area and geological surveys. The collec-tion of geological samples and their geographical cataloguing was therefore important.The next methodological stage was a microscopic investigation, using a binocular loupe,to examine the material and create a mineral collection, to be used as a point of referencein later studies. A petrographic investigation was carried out on the archaeological andgeological samples using a petrographic microscope. Finally, we compared the analysesof the geological and archaeological samples. We surveyed the prime outcrops in unit J2,located in the Sierra de Orce and Maria. It is formed of clayey loams of biomicrite limes-tone with filaments and foraminiferans with layers and nodules of flint. The conglomera-tes or secondary deposits derive the lithology input from the Sierra de Orce and Sierra deMaria, and they were selected due to their proximity to the site and their chronologicalsimilarity with Barranco Leon. This flint could be described as calcedonic flint with oolitesand bioclasts, having a cryptocrystalline matrix, opaline, having carbonate impurities ofsparite, bioclasts and ooids. In order to establish lithological supply areas, it is only possi-ble to differentiate between the industries which come from primary deposits or fromsecondary deposits of conglomerates.

Almost 59% of the industry within the archaeological remains was made from a varietyof flint which clearly comes from conglomerates. For this reason the main supply areamust have been the secondary deposits, which are situated some 720 metres fromBarranco Leon. There is a difference in usage between the industry carried out in limesto-nes and the industry made with flint. We therefore suggest a definite intention in thesearch and exploitation of siliceous rocks by these prehistoric people.

SILICEOUS RAW MATERIAL OF BARRANCO LEON (ORCE, GRANADA, SPAIN)

Presenters

- CÁNOVAS CALLE, Isabel ([email protected])Universidad de Sevilla

- TARRIÑO, Antonio ([email protected])CENIEH



26

Abstract

In 2014 the study of industries recovered from the cave site of El Pirulejo (located inthe town of Priego de Córdoba, Andalusia) began. The material selected for this studycame from level P5 of El Pirulejo, corresponding to a Late Glacial chronology. We presenta lithic materials study as a whole, encompassing a siliceous raw materials analysis aimedat characterizing its sources and mobility areas, as it pertains to an introduction to thefunctionality and technical use of flint at the site.

The surveyed outcrops correspond to the Southern External Subbaetic zones locatedin Jurassic levels of the Dogger. Using a binocular loupe, these samples can be describedas translucent flint with ooids and bioclasts and having a microcrystalline texture.(Petrographic results have not yet been obtained).

Another line of study is the exploitation of these flints, as represented in the wholesupply chain of the site. The absence of cortical flakes and the presence of Janus flakeslead us to propose an initial hypothesis that hunter-gatherer groups performed tasks ofgrinding and an initial preparation of the cores at the place of acquisition, carrying out theproduction of blades at the site. As a general characteristic of the industry, it counts onthe presence of large numbers of bladelets and microblades.

According to preliminary studies, flint comes from the local area around the site. Theflint outcrops that appear around the site of El Pirulejo, described as Jurassic flint out-crops, have the same macroscopic characteristics as the flint found at the site. However,these flints from primary outcrops impede the idea of these outcrops nearby as a sourcefor these human groups. In addition to flint being the main raw material for knapped tools,a variety of raw materials destined for ornament production made from marine molluscsshells have also been found. This study demonstrates that the areas of mobility of thesegroups could be oriented towards the South of Andalusia, where we can find abundantgood quality flint. Consequently, they had to develop coastal-inland mobility networks orexchange that we can assess according to new research and analyses.

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF SILICEOUS RAW MATERIALS, MORPHOTECHNICALAND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS AT THE CAVE SITE OF EL PIRULEJO

Presenters

- CÁNOVAS CALLE, Isabel ([email protected])- CALLE ROMÁN, Lidia ([email protected])

Universidad de Sevilla

27



Abstract

Mont Ventoux and Vaucluse have been mentioned for a long time as a large flint dis-trict. From the beginning of the 20th century, the area was mainly known for its stonehammers with grooves. More recently, research has been conducted on flint characterisa-tion (Binder 2004 ; Blet et al. 2000), the knapping of raw material at specialised workshops(Léa 2004a), distribution, and trade over long distanced (Léa 2004b). Paradoxically no onehas done research into the extraction process, flint mines or quarries, except E. Schmidwho conducted investigations on one site in the early sixties (Schmid 1980).

In this presentation, we provide an overview of knowledge about extraction settle-ments today. We will complete this with an estimation of their potential. This first step willallow us to define and present a definite research program on this area, which is still quiteunknown for flint procurement.

References

BINDER D. (2004) – Matières premières le silex bédoulien, in J. Buisson-Catil, A. Guilcher,C. Hussy, M. Olive, M. Pagni (dir.), Vaucluse préhistorique, le territoire, les hommes, lescultures et les sites, Avignon, Barthélemy, 2004, p. 151-152.

BLET M., BINDER D., GRATUZE B. (2000) – Essais de caractérisation des silex bédouliensprovençaux par analyse chimique élémentaire, Revue d'Archéométrie, 2000, 24, p. 149-167.

LEA V. (2004a) – Centres de production et diffusion des sílex bédouliens au Chasséen,Gallia préhistoire, 2004, 46, p. 231-250.

LEA V. (2004b), Les industries lithiques du Chasséen en Languedoc oriental : caractérisa-tion par l'analyse technologique, Oxford, BAR Int. Series, 1232, 215 p.

SCHMID E. (1980) – Der Silex-Bergbau bei Veaux-Malaucène in •Südfrankreich (F 1a, b), inG. Weisgerber (dir.), 5000 Jahre Feuersteinbergbau; Die Suche nach dem Stahl derSteinzeit, Bochum, Deutschen Bergbau-Museum, 1980, p. 166-178.

EXTRACTION SITES AT VAUCLUSE (FRANCE) BETWEEN MYTH TO REALITY: AN INITIALAPPROACH

Presenters

- DE LABRIFFE, Pierre-Arnaud ([email protected])Ministère de la Culture - Service régional de l'archéologie Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

- REGGIO, Adrien ([email protected])Université d'Aix-Marseille I



28

Abstract

The exploitation of various non-local raw materials is an important feature ofNeanderthal subsistence strategies (Geneste 1988; Roebroeks, Kolen, and Rensink 1991;Féblot-Augustins 1993; Slimak and Giraud 2007). Exotic flints brought from distances of 30km and more from a site allow us to reconstruct the nature of human mobility in theMiddle Palaeolithic. This research focuses on the study of raw materials from EasternMicoquian sites in the Northern Caucasus. Ten stratified sites of this cultural tradition areknown here: Mezmaiskaya, Matuzka, Monasheskaya, and Barakaevskaya caves, Gubs IRockshelter, the open-air sites of Ilskaya I-II and Baranaha-4, and two open-air workshopsBesleneevskaya 1 and Hadjoh-2 (Beliaeva 1999; Golovanova and Doronichev 2003;Doronicheva et al., 2015). The Eastern Micoquian developed in the Northern Caucasusfrom 75 to 40 kya and was closely linked to the Micoquian in Central and Eastern Europe(Golovanova and Doronichev 2003). Raw material sources (51 in total) were studiedduring field surveys conducted in 2007-2014. We obtained a series of petrographic andgeochemical data for each source, as well as for archaeological samples fromMezmaiskaya, Matuzka caves, Baranakha-4, Besleneevskaya 1 and Hadjoh-2 sites. Theresults allowed us to define 15 raw material outcrops, which were exploited in the MiddlePalaeolithic. A special lithotheque of raw materials from all studied regional sources wascreated. Exotic high-quality flints transported as tools and flakes into the sites from distantsources (30 km and more) comprise up to 50 % of the lithic assemblages. Some sourceswere exploited intensively. For example, high-quality Senonian Besleneevskaya flints weretransported to almost all Eastern Micoquian sites in the region, some located up to 90 kmaway from the source. Oxford-Kimmeridgian flints from the Shahan outcrops were foundat Mezmaiskaya (30-40 km) and Matuzka (~30 km). Cretaceous flints from the Ahmet-kayaoutcrops were identified at Baranakha-4 (~50 km) and Mezmaiskaya (90-100 km). MiddlePalaeolithic workshops were discovered at several outcrops. An especially importantresult of this research is the discovery of the long-distance (up to ~300 km) transportationof Cretaceous flints from the steppe areas of the eastern coast of the Sea of Azov.Although the number of artifacts made from this flint is small (<1%), this provides an addi-tional confirmation of contacts among Neanderthal groups within a huge area from theSea of Azov coast, in the north, to the Greater Caucasus, in the south, and from the BlackSea coast, in the west, to the Central Caucasus, in the east.

EXPLOITATION OF EXOTIC FLINTS IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS EASTERN MICOQUIAN

Presenters

- DORONICHEVA, Ekaterina V. ([email protected])Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences,St. Petersburg, Russia

- KULKOVA, Marianna A. ([email protected])Herzen State Pedagogical University, St. Petersburg, Russia

29


References

Beliaeva, E.V. (1999) “Mustierskiy mir Gubskogo ushelia (Severnii Kavkaz)” (TheMousterian World of the Gubs Gorge), St. Petersburg.

Doronicheva, E.V., Muriy, A.A., Nosevich, E.A., Nedomolkin, A.G., Yanson, N.G.,Plotnikova, E.V., and M.A. Kulkova. (2015) “Noviye danniiye o funkcional’noy variabel-nosti srednepaleoliticheskih stoyanok na Severo-Zapadnom Kavkaze. Stoyanka-masterska-ya Hadjoh-2” (New data about functional variability of the Middle Paleolithic sites in theNorthwestern Caucasus. Site-workshop Hadjoh-2). // Radlov volume. Scientific researchand museum projects of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (theKunstkamera) in 2014. Ed. Yu.K. Chistov. St.-Petersburg: MAE RAS. Pp. 395-406.

Féblot-Augustins, J. (1993) “Mobility strategies in the Late Middle Paleolithic of centralEurope and western Europe: elements of stability and variability.” Journal ofAnthropological Archaeology 12: 211-265.

Geneste, J. M. (1988) “Les industries de la Grotte Vaufrey: technologie du débitage, éco-nomie et circulation de la matière première lithique.” Rigaud, J.-P., ed.. La Grotte Vaufrey:paléoenvironments, chronologie, activités humaines. Mémoires de la Société PréhistoriqueFrançaise 19: 441-517.

Golovanova, L.V., and V.B. Doronichev. (2003) “The Middle Paleolithic of the Caucasus.”Journal of World Prehistory 17, no. 1: 71–140.

Roebroeks W., Kolen J. and Rensink E. (1988) “Planning Depth, Anticipation and theOrganization of Middle Palaeolithic Technology: The “Archaic Natives” meet Eve’sDescendants.” Helinium XXVIII, no.1 : 17-34.

Slimak L. and Y. Giraud. (2007) “Circulations sur plusieurs centaines de kilometres durantle Paléolithique moyen. Contribution a la connaissance ` des societés néandertaliennes”.Palevol, no. 6: 359-368.

- DORONICHEVA, Ekaterina V.; KULKOVA, Marianna A)

Exploitation of exotic flints in the North Caucasus Eastern Micoquian



30

Abstract

Various types of sites, such as seasonal camps, kill sites, sites of active occupation,short-term sites, workshop sites and workshops at raw material sources document theexistence of complex social networking in the Middle Palaeolithic (MP). Stratified siteslocated at raw material sources provide an opportunity to study procurement strategies,knapping technology, and methods of transportation and exploitation of raw materials.

Five MP sites in the Northwestern Caucasus are defined as workshop sites: the cavesat Monasheskaya (Beliaeva 1999) and Barakaevskaya (Lioubine and Autlev, 1994), theopen-air sites at Hadjoh-2 (Doronicheva 2013), Besleneevskaya 1 (Golovanova andDoronichev, in press), and layer 3 at the Il’skaya II open-air site (Schelinsky 2005). All ofthese sites had multilayer occupations, located directly at flint sources. Two types ofworkshop sites may be defined.

1. Active occupation workshop sites. MP layers at Monasheskaya cave (layers 2, 3a,and 4) and layer 2 at Barakaevskaya may be characterized as follows. The MP industries ofthese sites were based on local chalcedonic flints, present as intrusions in the limestonecliffs along the Gubs River canyon. The assemblage compositions suggest that the wholeprocess of knapping of local raw materials was done directly at the sites (Beliaeva 1999:71). Percentage of cores is quite low: from 0.5% in layer 3a to 1.4% in layer 2 atMonasheskaya, and only 0.3% at Barakaevskaya cave. Tools comprise from 4.2% in layer4 to 3.6% in layer 2 in Monasheskaya cave, and 3.7% in layer 2 at Barakaevskaya. Animportant feature of these sites is an active exploitation of non-local raw materials, mostlyas tools and flakes.

2. Short-term workshop sites. MP layers 6 and 7 at Hadjoh-2 and layers 3 and 4 atBesleneevskaya 1 may be defined as this type of workshop, located directly on a ShahanOxford-Kimmeridgian flint outcrop and Besleneevskaya Senonian flint outcrops, respecti-vely. An important feature is that almost 99% of the artifacts in the assemblages are madefrom local flints. At Hadjoh-2, cores comprise 5.6% in layer 6 and 9.1% in layer 7. Lowquantities of flakes suggest that flakes were taken from these workshops to other sites.Low percentage of tools is also characteristic.

MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC FLINT WORKSHOPS IN THE NORTHWESTERN CAUCASUS

Presenter

- DORONICHEVA, Ekaterina V. ([email protected])Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences,St. Petersburg, Russia

31


References

Beliaeva, E.V. (1999) “Mustierskiy mir Gubskogo ushelia (Severnii Kavkaz)” (TheMousterian World of the Gubs Gorge), St. Petersburg.

Doronicheva E.V. (2013) “Issledovaniye Paleoliticheskoy masterskoy Hadjoh-2 na Severo-Zapadnom Kavkaze” (Research at the Paleolithic workshop Hadjoh-2 in the NorthwesternCaucasus”. // Archaeological Discoveries in 2009. Moscow. Pp. 172-173.

Golovanova, L.V., and Doronichev V.B. (in press) “Issledovaniye mnogosloynih pamyatni-kov srednego i pozdnego paleolita na Severo-Zapadnom Kavkaze”. (Research of the mul-tilayer Middle and Upper Paleolithic sites in the Northwestern Caucasus). //Archaeological Discoveries in 2011. Moscow.

Lioubine, V.P. and P.U. Autlev. (1994) “Kamenniy inventar’ mustierskogo sloya” (Lithicassembladhes of the Mousterian layer). // Gubs gorge Neanderthals on the NorthernCaucasus. / Ed. Lioubine V.P. Maikop: Meoty. Pp. 99-141.

Schelinsky, V.E. (2005) ‘‘O stratigrafii I kul’turnoy prinadlezhnosti Il’skoy stoyanki’’. (Aboutstratigraphy and cultural attribution of I’skaya site). // Abstracts of the fourth KubanArchaeological conference. / Ed. V.A. Garanina, N.Yu. Limberis, and I.I. Marchenko.Krasnodar: Simvolika. Pp. 309-316.

- DORONICHEVA, Ekaterina V.

Middle Paleolithic flint workshops in the Northwestern Caucasus



32

Abstract

Sourcing areas are not homogeneous in structure or constitution. There are differenttechnological processes developed in quarries (cores reduction, blank extraction, primaryreduction of blanks, bifacial thinning, retouching and maintenance of edge and tips), lin-ked to a differential use of provisioning space and a variety of activities around the appro-priation of lithic resources. This study focuses on two quarries of volcanic rocks -POZACand PPZAC - located in the micro-region of Antofagasta de la Sierra, Puna de Catamarca,Argentina.

In the Pampa Oeste Zona de Aprovisionamiento y Cantera (POZAC), size discrete areasof knapping are irregularly distributed in a wide "plain" of pediments level II. They havesparse and variable concentrations of debitage, cores and stones tools. At this source, vol-canic rock blocks of large size are exploited, from which very large and wide flakes areextracted. These are transported to residential bases and logistics camps close or distantto the area of procurement. Furthermore, analysis of stones tools found in this provisio-ning context indicates that they belong to “situational gear” (Binford 1979), made by theknappers to cover needs arising during rock appropriation activities.

On the other hand, four quarry workshops have been found in the Punta de la PeñaZona de Aprovisionamiento y Cantera (PPZAC). These show similarity in their nature andconstitution. Large blocks of volcanic rock are absent, so small cores are used for extrac-tion of blanks. In quarry workshop 1, the extraction mainly of useful medium to large sizeflakes is observed, which were transported outside to the supply area. Stone tools at thequarry workshop 1 are denser than those found in the “size discrete area of knapping” inPOZAC, with a high and variable number of typological groups. The variability observed inthe stone tools, together with the different functions for which these were made, showsthat this activity area functioned as a site of multiple activities, where the supply of lithicresources is associated with a set of tasks - processing hard materials (e.g., wood, woodyplants, bones) and soft (e.g., non-woody plants, meat, leather, sinew).

References

Binford L.R. (1979). Organization and Formation Processes: Looking at CuratedTechnologies. Journal of Anthropological Research 35 (3): 255-273.

TECHNOLOGICAL STRATEGIES AND USE OF PROVISIONING SPACE IN QUARRIES OF VOL-CANIC ROCKS (ANTOFAGASTA DE LA SIERRA, PUNA DE CATAMARCA, ARGENTINA)

Presenter

- BOBILLO, Federico. M. ([email protected])instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán) -Instituto de Arqueología y Museo (Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e I.M.L., UniversidadNacional de Tucumán)

33



Abstract

A long-term field investigation of the distribution of prehistoric bedrock quarries, andquarry-related activities in the central Appalachians, U.S.A., has revealed strong relations-hips between the stratigraphy and structural deformation of bedrock, the surface expres-sion of the bedrock on the landscape, and the ease to which the bedrock may be quarriedfor raw materials (LaPorta, 1989; 1990; 1994; 2009). Local variations in bedrock strati-graphy (i.e. facies changes), and the type of structural deformation, have an impact on thestyle and extent of quarrying activity. However, the physical constraints introduced bybedrock stratigraphy and structural deformation ensure that there are common elementsnot only in the development and layout of quarries, but also in the size of the tools thatcan be manufactured, and the tool kit that is required regardless of geographic setting.

The general criteria for bedrock quarry development includes concentration of rawmaterial bearing units; a general inclination of the raw-material bearing rocks into thesubsurface; thickness of surrounding bedrock; thickness and number of ore bearing unitswithin a stratum or closely spaced rock; presence of well-defined bedding planes; presen-ce and orientation of open joint surfaces; the presence of a stable platform occurringbelow the zone of extraction; and the availability of glacial till or other suitable raw mate-rials which can be fashioned into quarry instruments.

A general chain of operation for bedrock quarries occurring within chert-bearingCambrian-Ordovician strata includes a zone of extraction where chert-bearing beds arelevered off of the quarry wall; a zone of ore milling where chert is separated away fromthe gangue; an elaborate zone of beneficiation, where the ore is upgraded through physi-cal processes; a zone of ore processing, where edges and irregularities are dressed awayfrom a tabular unit of chert referred to as a microlithon; and a zone of ore refinement, orworkshop, where objects such as bifaces, ores and prepared flakes are produced. Eachzone occurring within the quarry bears with it a set of quarry processing tools and instru-ments. The close association of discrete concentrations of specific classes of chert tailings,correlated with morphological and petrological groups of hammers or instruments, con-firms the presence of discrete tasks of raw material refinement in order to establish thecorrelation of quarry tool instruments and discrete classes of tailings.

The repeated, successful extraction of raw materials across the landscape suggeststhat these physical, geological constraints were recognized in prehistory, revealing thepresence of a folk geology, or strong sense of cognition or intimacy with the geologicallandscape. The application of such knowledge belies the commonly held view that rawmaterial extraction was largely an expedient process with relatively little forethought. Theuniversal impact of physical geological constraints on bedrock-quarry development is thenillustrated by ethnographic analogy to modern hard-hammer, hand mining efforts docu-mented in southern India and the New England province of the United States.

ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF QUARRY EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES

Presenters

- LAPORTA, Philip C. ([email protected])The Center for the Investigation of Native and Ancient Quarries

- BREWER-LAPORTA, Margaret C. ([email protected]) Pace University, Pleasantville, New York



34

Abstract

Throughout the prehistoric age in the Kinki region, Japan, sanukite (a kind of andesite)and chert were mainly used to make knapped stone tools. Sanukite is produced at the verylimited volcanic mountains such as Mt. Nijo, and it is thought that in the distant areas fromMt. Nijo sanukite had been indirectly acquired through networks of trade. Chert, on theother hand, is produced in the vast areas such as the Tamba Belt and is distributed in manyrivers as gravels, so chert had been directly acquired in the vicinity of prehistoric settle-ments. Of various materials excavated from archaeological sites, chert may be one of themost effective materials to empirically reconstruct exploitative territories and home ran-ges of prehistoric settlements.

This time, I analyzed the chert artifacts of Neolithic sites of Kitashirakawa located inthe Kyoto Basin, which have contributed to the progress of chronological study of Jomonpottery by providing standard materials for more than 90 years. Firstly, I observed colorand surface feature of cortex of the chert artifacts. Secondly, I surveyed color, surface fea-ture of cortex, and roundness of chert gravels at many points of the following three rivers:the Takano River (running nearby the sites); the Kamo River (running 1.0 to 2.5 km awayfrom the sites); the Katsura River (running 9.5 km away from the sites). At the same time,I checked color of outcrops of bedded chert in the river valleys. Thirdly, I compared featu-res of chert from the sites with those from the rivers and outcrops, and estimated the sizeof the exploitative territory.

The results are as follows.

(1) Percussion marks were observed on the cortex of the chert artifacts, which showsthe chert was procured not by mining or quarrying outcrops but by surface collecting inrivers.

(2) The colors of the chert artifacts can be divided into 3 groups: Green group; dark red-dish brown group; black group.

(3) The colors of chert gravels of the Takano River consists mainly of black group anddark reddish brown group, and green group is rarely observed. In the Kamo River and theKatsura River, green group as well as black group and dark reddish group is easily found.

(4) The roundness observed in the chert artifacts ranges from angular to semi-rounded.

(5) Data on the relationship between survey points in the rivers and roundness of chertgravels were obtained.

The results suggest that Neolithic people of Kitashirakawa sites procured chert gravelsin the Takano River and the Kamo River. Although the location of ancient mainstreamsmight be slightly different from those of today, in the Neolithic age the two rivers wereundoubtedly located within a 3 km radius from the sites, and it can be considered thatquite simple strategies were adopted regarding chert procurement in the Neolithic Kyoto.Traditionally the radius of an exploitative territory have been set at 10 km (two hours’walk) for hunter-gatherers. However, by analyzing chert artifacts excavated from sites andsurveying the distribution of chert around the sites, it is possible to reconstruct exploita-tive territories empirically.

NEOLITHIC SURFACE COLLECTING STRATEGIES IN THE KYOTO BASIN, JAPAN

Presenters

- TAKAGI, Yasuhiro ([email protected])

Department of Archaeology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Japan

portada-sesión 01.FH11

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