A. Background The Sidoarjo District (Kabupaten Sidoarjo) is one of the East Java Province’s districts, which is located between 112.5 0 – 112.9 0 Longitude and 7.3 0 – 7.5 0 Latitude and 63,438,534 hectare wide, is the smallest district in East Java Province. The Sidoarjo district is divided into 18 subdistricts (Kecamatan) and 353 villages (Desa and Kelurahan). Based on 2001 data Sidoarjo population was 1,293,111 person. Porong is one of Sidoarjo subdistricts, which is located around 40 Km south of Surabaya. Since May 29 th 2006 Porong had faced a disaster that is the mud volcano eruption. This mud was spurting up around 5,000 cubic meters a day at first and now it is more like 130,000 cubic metres a day constantly (Williamson, 2007). This has created a lake of mud and caused approximately 600 ha of land and villages to be buried and more than 10,000 people to become domestic refugees. Moreover, based on The National Planning Body’s (BAPPENAS) calculations, this disaster has caused infrastructure damage of 7.6 1
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A. Background
The Sidoarjo District (Kabupaten Sidoarjo) is one of the East Java
Province’s districts, which is located between 112.50 – 112.90 Longitude and 7.30 –
7.50 Latitude and 63,438,534 hectare wide, is the smallest district in East Java
Province. The Sidoarjo district is divided into 18 subdistricts (Kecamatan) and
353 villages (Desa and Kelurahan). Based on 2001 data Sidoarjo population was
1,293,111 person. Porong is one of Sidoarjo subdistricts, which is located around
40 Km south of Surabaya. Since May 29th 2006 Porong had faced a disaster that is
the mud volcano eruption. This mud was spurting up around 5,000 cubic meters a
day at first and now it is more like 130,000 cubic metres a day constantly
(Williamson, 2007). This has created a lake of mud and caused approximately 600
ha of land and villages to be buried and more than 10,000 people to become
domestic refugees. Moreover, based on The National Planning Body’s
(BAPPENAS) calculations, this disaster has caused infrastructure damage of 7.6
quintillion Rupiah or around 1 billion Australian dollars.
Figure1The Map Location of the Mud
Sources: Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing, 2008
Sources: East Java Province Tourism board, 2008
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Figure 2Schematic Drawing of the Mudflow
Sources: (Pohl, 2007)
Public opinion adjudged that this disaster was triggered by oil drilling
activity conducted by PT Lapindo Brantas. Actually this drilling was
subcontracted to PT Medici Citra Nusantara, which is owned by the Bakrie Group
as well. It arose as a result of PT Lapindo Brantas’s failure to install a ‘casing’ to
cover the drilling well as required by Indonesian mining regulations. The mud
leaking occurred at a depth of around 1,800 metres (Pohl, 2007).
Most experts agree that the Porong Mud volcano was caused by the
underground blowout. Underground blowout is un-controlled flowing of fluids
that flow into the weakest areas. The weakest areas could be the areas that have
high permeability and high porosities or flow into the fracture zone in surrounds
casing shoe of the drilling activities (BPK Report, 2007). Interestingly there are
two opinions that explain the causes of the underground blowout. The first
opinion explains that drilling activities caused the mud volcano eruptions. Davies
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(2007) analyse that the mud volcano that erupt in Porong is caused by a high-
pressure aquifer that is initiated by the fracture propagation in the multi-
kilometres depth. The nearest human activity on that region was the drilling
activity in BJP1 Well.
Whereas the other opinion mentions that this mud volcano was triggering
Jogjakarta earthquake on 27 of May 2006. That caused fracture zone in Porong.
This opinion is parallel to BPPT (Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi -
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology)
workshop that held on 6 October 2006 and 20-21 February 2007. In that workshop
BPPT concluded that the saucers of the mud are come from 1000-2000 meter
depth. The mud erupted to the surface because of the tectonic activities that
related to geo-hydrology and geothermal. In short the mud volcano in Porong was
triggered by the earthquake in Jogjakarta (Istadi, 2007; Budi, 2008).
Figure 3The Recent Picture of the Mud Eruption Centre
Sources: Kompas March 17,2008
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B. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Since the spraying out of hot poisonous mud almost a year and half ago, this
disaster has changed regional and provincial development planning. As Bridgman &
Davis (1998:p.34) comment since the problems have been identified, a private
concern such as an oil-drilling leak has been transformed into a policy issue.
Stone (1989:pp.281-282) point out three aspects that should be understood to
establish priorities. Firstly, the actors those involve must be identified and
understandable. In this case besides understanding the people who were displaced, the
others people who were affected indirectly such as the businesses that daily used the
freeway must be also recognized. Secondly is that, the multiple effects of the
problems must be identified. For example the mudflow not only disturbs the
distribution of goods but also disturbs the ecosystem as well. The next aspect is that
clear and well define policies is needed to solves the problems that have emerged.
1. Hot and Hazardous Mud
According to Dwi Andreas Santosa the Executive Director Indonesian Centre
for Biodiversity and Biotechnology (ICBB) that analysed the content of the Lapindo
Mud in early December 2006 found that the Lapindo Mud has Cd (Cadmium) 10.45
ppm (parts per million), Cr (Chromium ) 105.44 ppm, As (arsenic) 0.99 ppm, and Hg
(Mercury) 1.96 ppm (Antara, 2006). Moreover another research that was conducted
by the Public Works Department of East Java province found that the content of Hg
was bigger, namely 2.5 ppm. (Mawardi, 2006). Moreover according to an
environmental analysis initiated by the East Java Regional Development Office,
Sidoarjo Regional Environment and Mining Office, and PT Lapindo Brantas Inc., the
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mud contains phenol at concentrations exceeding the maximum residue limit. Phenol
is toxic to fish and aquatic vegetation, not to mention human health (Pohl, 2007).
In addition, regarding to the mud microbiology analyses that were also
conducted by the ICBB showed that the Lapindo mud has dangerous bacteria such as
Coliform, Salmonella and Staphylococcus Aureus (Antara, 2006). Furthermore, this
mud volcano has H2S (hydrogen sulphide) gas radiation from the centre of the
gushing mud as well. Whereas It was reported that levels of H2S at 700 parts per
million (ppm) on the first day of the mud flow but this dropped to 3 ppm on the
second day and apparently zero on the third. In addition Small amounts of H 2S
continue to spew out from the site, at certain levels that make the air smell foul (Down
to Earth, 2006). However, other research that analyzed the mud characteristic that
was conducted by PT Energi Mega Persada classified that the mud as non-hazardous
and non-toxic (Pohl, 2007).
2. Businesses Relocation
Hamzirwan (2007) stated that at least 20 factories with 2,500 employees have
been closed and approximately 1,000 workers were fired because their factories have
been buried. Tempo (January 22, 2007) reported at least 15,000 factory workers lost
their jobs. Moreover the executive director of Greenomics Indonesia in Kompas
(2007, April 27) estimated that this disaster would reduce the East Java domestic
gross product by 10 % or Rp 469.2 quintillion. Moreover BPK (Badan Pemeriksa
Keuangan-the Finance Auditor Board) (2007) calculate that approximatley 71,383.37
Million rupiah potencial income from that region was lost.
Moreover, another test that uses certain burning technique shows that the mud could
be use as ceramic raw material.
Recently the people surrounding the mud disaster area use the mud as the raw
material for making brick and clay roof. Regarding that, the government could
encourage people to make other industry such as ceramic or pottery industry by
clustering the area and provide a certain assistances that could give guidance to the
community to create good products. The Pottery industry areas are suggested to be
located in the east of mud location that closes to the proposed industrial area in Jabon.
This Industry could absorb the forced unemployment that is caused by the
mud such as the factories labour or the farmer, which their work place buried.
3.2 Tourism
According to Sofian Hadi operational deputy of the Sidoarjo mud disaster
Mitigation board, the mud that was spurted up in Porong has high Iodine content
around 6000 ppm. Therefore it is has potential to become mud spa material (Minarak,
2007). The high quality mud that consists of certain mineral could be used as
cosmetics such as mudpacks, mud soaps.
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Besides that the tourist attraction could be developed such as mud ski or
outdoor activities in mud areas such as a mega mud tub, mud wrestling, mud sliding, a
mud prison, and mud military training and so on. Korea and Turkey have developed
tourism based on mud. For example in the Daecheon beach in Korea. In this beach
has special attractions held every June. These attractions are called a mud festival. In
this festival the tourist could have unique activity experiences based on mud such as
getting submerged in a grand mud tub or Children enjoying a kid-size mud tub. The
other activities that could be found in this festival such as mud sliding, a mud prison
and mud hand printing. Beside those activities, the participants could join in mud
wrestling. In which two equally muddy partners wrestle in mud arena. Interestingly in
this festival there are photo contests. When the participants got too muddy they are
offered to join in this photo contest. They are asked to pose in unique poses with
muddy form. Even not win the contest it is believed that mud photo contests are
good ways to capture some good memories of messy days in mud festival.
The location that suggested as Mud tourism centre is in the south of the mud
pond near the Porong River. This area could be developed with shopping centre and
recreation centre base on mud. The detail could be seen on the picture below.
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Figure 13The Suggested Mud Tourism Area and the Pottery Area
Source: Modified from Google earth, 2008
Beside develop the mud tourism; the government could develop adventures
activities along the Porong River. Indeed the safety from these activities must be
considerate. Such as build towers along the river route are needed for the lifeguard.
3.3 Geothermal Power Station
The hot mud eruption in Porong actually could be used to generate power
through geothermal energy. This energy basically is from deep within the Earth where
temperatures can reach up to 6000°C. At a depth of five kilometres from the Earth’s
surface, the temperature decreases to around 200°C. Until May 6, 2008 there are 85
eruption centres surrounding Porong (Surya; May 6, 2008). From these potencies
could be considerate to plan a geothermal power plant. Such a geothermal power
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station would not only to get the energy through generators but also could manage the
eruption volume of the mud. The simple design of the geothermal could be seen from
the Birdsville geothermal power station in Queensland.
Figure 14Birdsville Geothermal Power Station
150 KW Electric Capacity
Sources: Queensland Government, 2008
From that design it clear can be seen that the geothermal power plan is not only
produce electricity power but also could produce water and in the Porong case I
personally believed that could manage the sprawling of the mud as well.
E CONCLUSION
It cannot be denied that every policy is always related to politics (Ramesh &
Howlett, 2003: p.89). However the targeting policy must be reached in order to give
satisfaction to the citizens. Actually the mud disaster is not big enough to disturb
Sidoarjo economy if this area not dependent of the freeway and Porong road.
Therefore integrated and sustainable development is needed. In the mudflow case in
Porong, an equitable policy needs to reduce the wider effects, such as practicing
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sustainability development by building a new infrastructure that uses existing local
roads by channelling that road to the Sidoarjo east ring road as a sort term solution.
However long-term solutions are needed such as building railway from Bangil trough
the proposed Jabon industrial area that go along until the Juanda airport. Afterwards
that rail way is connected to Wonokromo station (the existing railway). As Newman
and Kenworthy (1999, 22) state development that ignores the sustainability aspect is
development that misses out the rapid innovation process and would have to wait a bit
longer to catch up.
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