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Pork CRC – Sub-Program 1bPork CRC – Sub-Program 1b
Quality assessment of feed ingredientsQuality assessment of feed ingredients
Objectives & Research StrategiesObjectives & Research Strategies
John Black – Sub-Program CoordinatorJohn Black – Sub-Program Coordinator
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Quality assessment of feed ingredientsQuality assessment of feed ingredients
Components• Adoption, enhancement & maintenance of
NIR calibrations for measurement of energy value of cereal grains
• Rapid methods for measuring the nutritional value of pulses and protein rich ingredients
• Novel processing methods to increase energy and protein yield from target grains & other ingredients
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BackgroundBackground
Premium Grains for Livestock Program• Understand the reasons for variation in the
nutritional value of cereal grains for different animal types (sheep, cattle, pigs, broilers, layers)
• Improve Nutritional Value of cereal grains through processing, breeding & storage
• Develop rapid methods for measuring determinants of grain quality – NIR calibrations
• Develop a rational basis for trading grains for livestock based on rapid measurement of quality
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Energy value of grains for animalsEnergy value of grains for animals
Cereal grains are fed to livestock as a source of energy because of their high starch content
– Available (digestible energy) content (MJ/kg)– Intake (kg/d) influenced by rate of passage
– Available energy intake (MJ/d) – total energy available for production
Total available energy expressed as:DE for pigs, but proportion digested in small intestines is
important for determining the energy available for metabolism
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Range in available energy Range in available energy (MJ/kg DM)(MJ/kg DM)
PGLP Results
Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
Faecal DE 12.4-15.0 10.6-14.7 12.3-16.5 15.5-16.6
Ileal DE 10.1-15.7 6.7-14.0 9.0-14.7 10.2-15.3
Ileal:Faecal 0.71-0.91 0.58-0.87 0.64-0.89 0.81-0.91
Very wide variation in energy availability across and within grain species
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Barley (20X) Wheat (20X)
Barley and Wheat micrographs
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Cost of variation in available Cost of variation in available energyenergy
A 5% change in the digestible energy value of wheat (0.7MJ/kg) - $190/t
Changes annual profitability of a 200 sow piggery by $7,500
Kopinski PRDC Report
1 MJ/kg changes value of grain by $14.30/tEdwards PGLP report
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No relationship between available No relationship between available energy content and intakeenergy content and intake
Relationship between DE and intake for pigs
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00
Digestible energy (MJ/kg DM)
Fee
d in
take
(kg
/d)
Wheat
Barley
Triticale
Sorghum
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Relationship between available Relationship between available energy content and intake - Pigsenergy content and intake - Pigs
Pigs - Mean grain DE
12
13
14
15
16
17
Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
Gra
in D
E (
MJ/
kg D
M)
Mean intake of 7 kg pigs
0.050
0.150
0.250
0.350
Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
Inta
ke (
kg/d
)
Mean DE intake for 7 kg pigs
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
DE
inta
ke (M
J/d
)
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Protein Matrix SorghumProtein Matrix Sorghumγγ-kafirin proteins – high S bonds-kafirin proteins – high S bonds
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Micrwaved sorghum
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Pig Faecal DE – effect of Pig Faecal DE – effect of processingprocessing
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.50
15.0017
18 O
xle
y
1727
Oxl
ey
1826
H45
(Fi
rsts
)
3728
Nig
rinu
du
m(F
irsts
)
3734
Tan
tan
ga
ra(F
irsts
)
7710
Wa
xy
7711
No
rma
l
9701
Bro
wn
Ric
e
9702
Po
lish
ed
Ric
e
9703
Po
lish
ed
Ric
e
Grain
Dig
est
ible
en
erg
y (M
J/kg
, as
rec
eiv
ed
)
Unprocessed Extruded (ground) Extruded (whole)
Wheat Barley Sorghum Rice
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PGLP – NIR CalibrationsPGLP – NIR CalibrationsPig faecal DEPig faecal DE
Pig faecal DE - dry matter basis (WHOLE - MJ/kg dm)
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
predicted pig faecal DE (MJ/kg dm)
actu
al p
ig f
aeca
l D
E (
MJ/
kg d
m)
wheat
barley
triticale
sorghum
rice
BLACK - 1st O/L passBLUE - 2nd O/L pass
1906
3828
6901
3904
1725
3909
3902
N 901-VR 0.81SECV 0.35SD 0.82
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PGLP – NIR CalibrationsPGLP – NIR CalibrationsPig ileal DEPig ileal DE
Pig ileal DE - dry matter basis (WHOLE - MJ/kg dm)
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
predicted pig ileal DE (MJ/kg dm)
actu
al p
ig i
leal
DE
(M
J/k
g d
m)
wheat
barley
triticale
sorghum
rice
BLACK - 1st O/L passBLUE - 2nd O/L pass
1906
3828
6901
3904
3808
1725
N 911-VR 0.75SECV 0.56SD 1.44
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Research Strategies for 1bResearch Strategies for 1b
• Enhance NIR calibrations for predicting the nutritional quality of feed ingredients for pigs (available energy content (MJ/kg - faecal & ileal), DE intake (MJ/d), growth and FCR)
• Cereal grains (wheat, barley, triticale & sorghum)• Pulses• Heat treated canola meal & milk products
Use ileal, faecal digestion trials & separate intake and growth trials with young pigs
Grains selected carefully from sub-program 1a & other sources; special attention to sorghum cultivars & performance re wheat
Alternate years of cereal grains & pulses + protein meals
Deliver : Rapid ‘on site’ measurement of ingredient quality
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Research Strategies for 1bResearch Strategies for 1b
• Develop processing methods for improving the utilisation of feed ingredients by pigs
• Examine PGLP grains showing wide variation using a suite of diagnostic tools (Microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, solid state NMR, X-ray diffraction, particle sizing, RVA, DCS, invitro amylase etc.)
• Develop & validate a lab model of pig digestion for screening grains and processing techniques
• Special attention to sorghum breaking γ-kafirin bonds (chemical, enzymic, genetic enzyme production)
• Small scale processing & screening• In vivo pig digestion• Commercial processing trials & commercialisation
Novel methods to increase nutrient availability