Porche, four to the fore

the time, and even to this day) horseless

the current was reversed). The system

Looking back, most readers will Ье familiar with the technological

masterpiece that is the 959, the ultimate 1980s four-wheel-drive supercar, and likewise

carriage known as the Lohner-Porsche (and please note the correct spelling: Lohner, not Lbhner...). Воrn in 1875, Ferdinand Porsche left his home town of Maffersdorf and travelled to Vienna to

With vehicles like the Сауеппе and Саггега 4 in the current line-up, you could Ье forgiven for thinking that the words 'Porsche' and 'four-wheel-drive' аге relatively recent bedfellows. But you'd Ье wrong. In part опе of а two­part archive feature, Keith Seume looks at the early days of Porsche's foray into the world of all-wheel-drive, starting with the Lohner-Porsche... Words: Keith Seume Photos: Porsche Archiv

the 'Саггега 4' moniker which first appeared оп the 964 back in 1989·

But did you know that the first all-wheel-drive Porsche-designed vehicle was built as far back as the 19th century? Ог that ап amphibious Porsche­designed military 4Х4

\ swam rivers in World War 117 And how about а post-war 'Jeep' with ап air-cooled, four-cylinder Porsche engine located in the геаг7

Ferdinand Porsche's first foray into the world of four-wheel-drive technology took the form of ап amazing (for

take up employment with Jacob Lohner, who entrusted him with the task of developing ап electric drivetrain for his ореп coaches.

Porsche's design was brilliant, yet in тапу ways remarkably simple. The rim of each wheel was attached directly to the rotor of ап electric motor, the stator (the part that normally spins in ап electric motor) forming the axle. When power was turned оп, the rotor (with rim attached) revolved around the hub, propelling the vehicle forward (ог backwards, if

Above: Porsche-designed NSU Туре 32 was опе of the Volksauto prototypes. There were thoughts about building а four­wheel-drive version of this саг, to tackle роог road conditions in гига! areas, but it never materialised

proved to Ье remarkably efficient (achieving as much as 85 рег cent efficiency, it is said) and created quite а furore in the press.

The system provoked sufficient interest to pгompt ап order fгom а British coachbuilder, Е W Hart, for а system to propel а four-seat vehicle сараЫе of running оп both petrol and electricity - the world's first hybrid that also just happened to Ье the world's first four-wheel-drive vehicle. The date? 1898. Powered Ьу what was known as the System Lohner­Porsche, Hart's 'саг' was enormous, weighing some four tonnes, with each motor weighing in at 14Skg! However, this all­wheel-drive propulsion system was sufficiently advanced in concept to Ье the inspiration for the lunar rovers built Ьу NASA when exploring the surface of the тооп in the late 1960S.

Ferdinand Porsche was fascinated Ьу the technology and went оп to apply it to commercial vehicles, too. In 1906, he was appointed technical director at Austro-Daimler

railway, and featured а hybrid driveline, with а six­cylinder 100 horsepower petrol engine running in conjunction with hub­mounted electric motors.

Each 'train' consisted of а number of wagons (five оп the road, ог up to ten оп the track), along with а generator саг. Each wagon could саггу а five tonne payload. The six­cylinder engine was connected to а 70kW generator, which provided power to the electric motors fitted to every second axle of the train.

This multi-wheel-drive system meant that the Landwehr Train could tackle а nine рег cent slope, а considerable achievement оп either

road ог rail at the time. Moving ahead,

Porsche's fascination with all-wheel-drive continued even when his work took him into the realms of developing а People's Саг. Among the first of his Vo/ksauto projects was the NSU Туре 32, the sole surviving example of which сап still Ье seen in Volkswagen's Autostadt museum in Wolfsburg.

Although it reached prototype stage as а геаг­engined, rear-wheel-drive saloon, in 1934 Porsche's chief designer, Karl Rabe, penned а design for а four-wheel-drive version, his drawing showing а driveshaft exiting the fгont of the transmission casing and heading

in Vienna and there, six years later, was responsible for the design and development of the 'Landwehr Train' (named after Ottokar Landwehr, the person who pioneered the concept). This gargantuan eight tonne machine was designed to run оп both road and

Below: 'Landwehr Train' was powered Ьу hub-mounted electric motors fed Ьу а petrol-driven generator mounted in опе ofthe wagons. This colossal commercial vehicle could гип оп road ог rail

"The world's flrst hybrld vehlcle, whlch also happened to Ье the world's flrst

four-wheel-drlve vehlcle ... "

PORSCHE ARCHIVE

Above: Porsche designed а four­wheel-drive version of the KubeLwagen, called the Туре 87 Right and below: Ill­fated fv1ercedes Т80 Rekordwagen was а six-wheeler, with the four геаг wheels powered Ьу зоооЬhр V-12 engine. 4WD allowed Т80 to gain traction despite narrow tyres ...

forward to а differential unit mounted in the front axle assembly.

In this instance, the design never made it off the drawing board, but it paved the way for what was to prove опе of the most remarkable military vehicles of all time: the 5chwimmwagen, the roots of which сап Ье traced back to а designer Ьу the пате of Hannes Trippel, who had previously drawn designs for ап amphibious military vehicle with buoyancy tanks to keep it afloat.

Late in 1939, Porsche's design team in Stuttgart drew up plans for ап amphibious version of the two-wheel-drive military КйЬеlwаgеп (also known as the Туре 82Е). This was at the behest of the Waffen 55, which had

asked Porsche if it would Ье possible to fit опе of his four-cylinder air-cooled engines into а motorcycle frame to produce а lightweight all-terrain vehicle for their use.

Porsche was unimpressed Ьу this suggestion and instead began to sketch out some ideas for а тоге sophisticated machine. The resultant prototype was known as the Туре 128, the first example taking to the water in 1940. Work also commenced оп а four­wheel-drive system (known as Types 86 and 87), the technology behind which eventually led to the final version of the amphibious 5chwimmwagen.

The Туре 128 first took to the water in the fire­pond at the KdF factory (what is today known as Wolfsburg), where it showed potential, even if the 'crew' did have to Ье rescued оп тоге than опе occasion when it broke down. The main ргоЫет was the shape of the body, which was little different to that

from which it was derived and allowed the interior to Ье swamped. А second version was

much improved, featuring as it did а тоге boat­shaped body which resulted in better stability and manoeuvrability in amphibious mode. Ву the end of September 1940, several examples of the revised Туре 128 had Ьееп built and extensively tested in the Max-Eyth­See, close to Stuttgart.

Mechanically, it was almost identical to the Jeep-like КйЬеlwаgеп, with the exception of а four-wheel-drive system, with drive taken from the nose of the gearbox to а differentiallocated between the torsion Ьаг tubes of the front axle. А rear-mounted

propeller used а chain­drive off the crankshaft, while а hinged coupling allowed it to Ье pivoted out of the way when the vehicle was to Ье driven оп dry land.

The Туре 128 proved а success and ап order was placed for some 30 improved prototypes. As а consequence,Porsche was given the go-ahead to develop the design still further - the result was the Туре 166 5chwimmwagen, which appeared late in 1942.

This was very similar to its immediate predecessor but had а shorter wheelbase (2000тт as opposed to 2400тт) and narrower body to make it тоге agile in battle conditions. То overcome the losses

associated with the all­wheel-drive system, the engine size was increased to 1131СС, and power output fгom just 2з . sЬhр

to а heady 2Sbhp. The Туре 166

5chwimmwagen was another of Porsche's тапу success stories, for it earned great respect from soldiers оп both sides of the front line. Indeed, captured 5chwimmwagen Ьесате prized trophies among Allied troops and аге among the most sought­after of all historic Volkswagens today.

Porsche also developed а four-wheel-drive version of the KdF-Wаgеп, known as the Туре 877. Commonly, but incorrectly, referred to as the Туре 87 (that

designation really refers to а prototype four-wheel­drive version of the КйЬеlwаgеп), this versatile vehicle Ьесате known as the Kommandeurwagen, and was intended for use Ьу officers in the field.

However, this avenue was never fully developed, largely because the body panels were in short supply, production at the factory having turned from the KdF-Wаgеп to the supply of the тоге versatile Types 82Е and 166. Of the latter, тоге than 14,000 examples were built before the end of hostilities.

The late Major Ivan Hirst (REME), the British officer credited with getting the VW factory back in operation after the war,

РгоЬаЫу the most successful of Porsche's early four-wheel-drive designs was the Туре 128,

which ultimately evolved into the legendary Туре lбб Schwimmwagen (bottom left).

had а Туре 877 assembled from parts discovered at the factory.

Speaking to the author а few years ago, he recalled how badly the саг behaved оп Тагтас: 'It felt like the front and геаг wheels were constantly fighting against each other. It was virtually impossible to drive in а straight line.'

But then, with по differential- and certainly nothing as sophisticated as а viscous coupling ­between the front and геаг axles, that's not much of а surprise!

Before we head off into the post-war period of four-wheel-drive, there is another rather intriguing machine for which Porsche was responsible, and that's the mighty, but ultimately ill-fated, Merecedes Т80 Rekordwagen. This Leviathan was actually а six-wheeled streamliner, of which just the геаг four wheels were driven.

Sanctioned Ьу Adolf Hitler, work оп the project began in 1937, with а targeted speed of ssoKm/h (342mph), although this goal was ultimately increased to some 7soKm/ h (46smph) Ьу the outbreak of war two years later.

Power was pгovided Ьу а huge 44.s-litre Daimler­Benz DВ60З 'inverted' V­12, а derivative of the engine used in the wartime Messerschmit

"It felt llke the fгопt апd rear wheels were сопstапtlу flghtlпg аgаlпst each other. It was vlrtually lmposslble to drlve ... "

Bf109 fighter plane. This was mounted behind the driver, feeding power to а transaxle unit, alongside which were two wheels, with another pair оп а separate axle mounted at the геаг, driven Ьу а shaft off the end of the gearbox. The massive V-12 powerplant was modified to produce in the region of зоооЬhр, ап almost 100 рег cent increase over that of the original aero-engine!

The onset of hostilities meant that the ambitious project had to Ье put оп hold, although the саг did survive and is currently оп display, unrestored, in the magnificent Mercedes­Benz technological museum in Stuttgart. Опсе the war was over,

тапу people's thoughts t urned опсе again to motorsport, among them was опе Karl Abarth - he later changed his пате to Carlo Abarth, having relocated to Italy from his native Austria. Abarth was married to the secretary of Anton Рiёсh, Porsche's lawyer, and ultimately established regular contact with Ferdinand Porsche Ьу mail. А third person entered the scene at this point: Rudolph Hruska, ап Austrian engineer based in Italy.

As the three-way relationship blossomed, Porsche enquired whether Abarth and Hruska would like to Ьесоте his agents

in Italy, not to market cars, but to promote his studio's design skills.

Abarth's contacts led to а project to build а Grand Prix саг for Tazio Nuvolari, the famed pre-war Italian racing driver, the prospect of which excited Porsche. The only ргоЫет was опе of funding.

The solution to this 'minor' matter [ау in the hands - ог

rather, the bank account - of Piero Dusio, head of the Cisitalia сотрапу in Italy.

Dusio had made his fortune Ьу supplying boots to the Italian агту and, despite а lack of engineering knowledge, he was ап enthusiastic sponsor behind ап ambitious project to build а racing саг.

It was по easy task for Porsche to design а new саг from scratch, the restrictions placed upon German citizens Ьу the occupying forces in the immediate post-war period meant that all engineering projects had to Ье given the ОК - even а racing саг.

The outcome was the Туре з60 Grand Prix саг, а pretty little mid-engined single-seater powered Ьу ап amazing 1.s-litre flat­12 engine. This was projected to produce in the region of 400 to

4sobhp, giving а top speed of around зооКm/h, with the engine turning at up to 12,ооогрт.

But, as was so often the case in the days of narrow tyres, traction was clearly going to Ье а ргоЫет. То combat this, the Cisitalia з60 was equipped with selectable four-wheel-drive - the саг would normally Ье driven with rear-drive only but when accelerating out of tight corners, ог up hill, the driver could push а lever and engage drive to the front wheels, too.

In addition, the Cisitalia з60 also featured а sequentially-shifted synchronised gearbox designed Ьу Leopold Schmid. Impressive stuff for 1947 ...

Sadly, this all-wheel­drive engineering masterpiece never took

to the track, Dusio turning his attentions to producing Cisitalia sportscars for road and competition use. Не had other ideas, too, including the production of а low­cost (to build), high-price (to sell) sportscar based оп а relatively simple driveline. Inspiration for Porsche's зs6? Undoubtedly...

With the formation of NATO in 1949 сате the need for а simple, mass­produced vehicle in the style of the wartime US military Jeep and Porsche was опе German сотрапу vying for the opportunity to equip NAТO with а suitable off-road vehicle. The two other companies which expressed ап interest in designing such а machine were Goliath and DKW.

Now the idea of

Above: Туре 166 front axle, showing wаtег-рt"Oоfеd driveshafts and differential. Below left: AH-wheel-drive Туре 166lent itselfto use in аН situations! Below right: Туре 877 was а KdF-Wаgеп with Schwimmwagen drivetrain

Porsche опсе again entering the military 'market' might seem strange, but this was а period when every manufacturer was looking for work of апу kind in order to generate much­needed revenue - the aforementioned Cisitalia project is proof of that. Porsche was also in а strong position, having access to а pool of the finest engineers. Goliath, ап offshoot of the Borgward сотрапу, struggled as а manufacturer of small

· '

"Ву engaging а simple dog-clutch Ьу

pushing а lever, drive could Ье transferred to the front wheels... "

. ~Il!

vans and was in а роог financial state. This was а last chance for the сотрапу to survive. DKW had also fallen оп hard times, its passenger cars with their puny two­stroke engines lacking mass appeal.

Goliath's design was doomed from the start, for the powers that Ье in NAТO doubted the сотрапу had the wherewithal to fulfil а military contract. DKW, оп the other hand, submitted ап interesting lightweight design, which promised to Ье cheap to build, but was powered yet again Ьу а two-stroke motor. Called the Munga, it was to prove Porsche's Nemesis. Ву comparison,

Porsche's design, known internally as the Туре 597, but later тоге popularly as the Jagdwagen ('hunting саг'), was far тоге sophisticated than rival efforts, with part-time four-wheel-drive, torsion­

Тор left and below: Amazing Cisitalia збо Grand Prix саг featured part-time four-wheel-drive Left: Туре 597 Jagdwagen was designed (ог NAТO. Front axle assembly was similar to that of Туре lбб

Ьаг suspension and а five- was exhibited at the speed transmisssion Geneva motor show in equipped with ап ultra- March 1955, with the low ratio for serious off- promise of а civilian model road use. The first cars becoming available for were fitted with а 1488сс those who wanted the engine, but production best in off-road vehicles . models relied оп а 50bhp There was even а sales 1582СС unit, а detuned brochure printed, 356 engine, with lower proclaiming that the compression and а single Jagdwagen 'will саггу four Zenith 32NDIX two-barrel passengers over hill and carburettor. dale to hunting lodges

'П normal road and fishing spots'. conditions, the Considering that at the Jagdwagen гап in геаг- time the 'opposition' in wheel-drive, but Ьу this market comprised engaging а simple dog little тоге than the clutch Ьу pushing а lever crudely-equipped British forward, drive would Ье Land Rover, the type 597 transferred to the front could have Ьесоте а wheels for off-road use. It legend like the British­was а simple system built off-roader has. without the benefit of But it failed at the last free-wheeling hubs but hurdle - the cost of perfectly adequate for production was simply too the intended military use. high, and the simple,

The bodywork сап best cheap DKW Munga won Ье described as basic, the NAТO contract. with ribbed body panels It was а bitter - and for strength, and seating costly - pill for Porsche to for four ог five soldiers. swallow. With just 71 The spare wheel was examples built, the located vertically at the Jagdwagen fell into the front of the vehicle, 'what might have Ьееп' providing some protection category in Porsche in the event of а collision history. It would Ье тоге as well as placing some than а decade before much-needed weight over Porsche ventured опсе the front wheels. again into the world of all­

'П testing, the wheel-drive, and that is а Jagdwagen proved subject we'lllook at in superb. А military version next month's issue ... PW