73 CHAPTER III POPULATION STRUCTURE OF TRIBALS Sr. No. Unit Page No. 3.1 Introduction 74 3.2 Distribution of Population 74 3.3 Tribal Households and Population 77 3.4 Tribal Population 78 3.5 Tribes in Tehsil 82 3.5.1 Mahadev Koli 82 3.5.2 Thakar 83 3.6 Population Growth 84 3.7 Density of Population 87 3.8 Index of Concentration 93 3.9 Sex Ratio 97 3.10 Population Between 0 To 6 Age 102 3.11 Religious Composition of Tribals 103 3.12 Rural Urban Composition of Population 105 3.13 Migration 106 3.13.1 Duration of Migration 107 3.13.2 Number of Migrants in Family 108 3.14 Resume 109
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73
CHAPTER III
POPULATION STRUCTURE OF TRIBALS
Sr. No. Unit Page No.
3.1 Introduction 74
3.2 Distribution of Population 74
3.3 Tribal Households and Population 77
3.4 Tribal Population 78
3.5 Tribes in Tehsil 82
3.5.1 Mahadev Koli 82
3.5.2 Thakar 83
3.6 Population Growth 84
3.7 Density of Population 87
3.8 Index of Concentration 93
3.9 Sex Ratio 97
3.10 Population Between 0 To 6 Age 102
3.11 Religious Composition of Tribals 103
3.12 Rural Urban Composition of Population 105
3.13 Migration 106
3.13.1 Duration of Migration 107
3.13.2 Number of Migrants in Family 108
3.14 Resume 109
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CHAPTER-III
POPULATION STRUCTURE OF TRIBALS
3.1. Introduction:
Maharashtra is considered as an important developed state in our country in
terms of education, industrialization and social growth, but scheduled tribes in
this state are found in backward state. The social status of tribes is far behind
mainstream society. They struggle for survival in forests. Therefore it is
immensely necessary to study and understand population structure and social set
up of study area. It gives population change over time and space and it studies
the various determinants of population change and the impact of such changes on
socio-economic development of area.
This chapter gives more attention to geographical factors and its
relationship with social and demographic setup in study area. It is always
observed that geographical factors are very closely associated with social and
demographic organization.
This chapter attempts to analyze population structure of tribal people who
are associated with child malnutrition. Population study for study area is based
on census enumeration of 2001 and 2011. Population characteristic of tribals
were studied and village-wise parameters like population size, religious
composition, tribe combination, population density, growth rate, percentage of
tribal population, sex ratio, working population etc have been taken in to
account.Tripathi and Viswakarma (1986) has stated that variables like growth
and density of population, literacy, proportion of non primary workers and
commercialization were important aspect of population.1
3.2 Distribution of Population:
Population of a tehsil is characterized by unevenness. James, K.S. and
Sathyanarayana, K.N. (2011) has mentioned that distribution of population
75
means dispersion of population in study region. The differences from place to
place in racial and social character of population are studied in social science 2.
The study of population gives a clear picture about the dispersion of
population. The population distribution is studied with regards to population
concentration. In this concern it is interesting to study the population and their
changes in study area over time and space. The change in population is not only
change in its numbers but also in structure, composition and distribution. On the
one hand population of Akole tehsil is highly concentrated in certain patches, in
lowland area of Mula and Pravara River where agricultural productivity is high,
while on the other hand some areas of hilly mountains and thick forest towards
South, West and North are sparsely populated. Many geographic factors play
vital role in distribution of population. Some social, historical and political
factors also make remarkable impression on distribution.According to Clark ,
John (1972) cultural factors are more prominent in determining concentration of
population in an area.3
Total population of Akole tehsil is 2,91,950. According to 2011
population census enumeration total population is settled in 189 villages. Out of
this 47.86 percent (1,39,730) population of Akole tehsil is tribal which is
distributed in western part of tehsil. Western area of tehsil is characterized by
sparse population because of thick forests, hilly area and low productivity of
agriculture. Some villages like Rajur (10,046), Kotul (7917) and Akole (18278)
are major settlements in tehsil. Villages of Akole tehsil were grouped according
thier population from 2001 census.It has been observed that in 102 Villages
population is below 1046. In 62 villages population is between 1047 and 2242.
23 villages have population between 2243 and 4421. There are only 4 villages
where population is more than 15500.
76
Map.No.3.1
Map.No:3.2
77
Large number of population is distributed in small hamlet and villages.
The population between 185 to1135 was distributed in 102 Villages of Akole
tehsil. This figure was same like last census data.
In the next population between 1136 and 2378 was distributed in 65
villages. In tehsil there are 20 villages where population between 2379 and 4883
is distributed. There are only four villages viz. Devthan, Akole, Kotul and Rajur
where population is more than 4800.
3.3. Tribal Households and Population:
There is very close relationship between size of population and number of
settlements. With increasing size of population number of villages were
decreases and with decreasing size of population number of villages increases.
Table No.3.1 No. of Tribal and Non Tribal Villages in Akole Tehsil
Sr.No Population No. of
Total
Villages
No. of Villages having
Tribal Population
More than 50
No. of Non-
Tribal
Villages
1. Below 500 22 18 04
2. 501 to 1000 63 52 11
3. 1001 to 2000 71 43 28
4. 2001 to 3000 15 04 11
5. 3001 to 4000 8 03 05
6. 4001 to 5000 6 00 06
7. Above 5000 4 00 04
Total 189 120 69
Source: Population Census 2011.
It is very clear that tribals are living in hamlets and small
settlements where population size is low. In Study region 44.97 percent villages
have population below 1000.
In case of tribal villages 58.33 percent villages have population
below1000.Whereas in case of non tribal only 21.73 percent villages having
population below 1000.Population data of Akole tehsil reveals that most of small
villages are inhabited by tribals while big villages are populated by non tribals.
78
Ugale, Vilas (2006) has observed that Tribal zone is marked by small size
settlements in tehsil where more than 40 percent of tribal population is
distributed in the villages having population below 1000.However more than 65
percent non-tribal population settled in villages having size more than 2000.4
In map villages with brown colour like Brahmanwada, Akole, Rajur,
Devthan show higher number of household. Villages with light yellow colour in
map indicate small number of household.
It is observed that the eastern part of tehsil is inhabited by non-tribals
shows large numbers of household on the other hand western part characterized
by small households which is inhabited by tribal population.
3.4 Tribal Population:
There are three major tribal regions in Maharashtra: Eastern part known as
Gondwana zone, Northern part known as Satpuda zone and Western part known
as Sahyadri zone.
Many ranges of Sahyadri pass through Akole tehsil Therefore it is
homeland of many tribal groups. As per 1981 census of India, the scheduled tribe
area of Maharashtra is spread over eleven districts (Thane, Nasik, Dhule,
Jalgaon, Ahmednagar, Pune, Nanded, Amarawati, Yawatmal, Gadchiroli and
Gadchiroli District.)
Reddy, Sudhakar (1999) have stated that Maharashtra has an extent of
50,75 sq.Km (16.5 percent) under Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) out of its total
geographic area 3,07,713 sq.Km.5 TSP is a state creation for planning and
development programme in areas where quite a substantial tribal population
inhabits.
In other words it has covered scheduled areas which constitute as pockets
of Talukas having more than 50 percent tribal concentration areas or which have
proximity to such areas with predominantly tribal population .Tribal population
out of 35 district in Maharashtra is largely concentrated in 14 districts.
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Table No.3.2 Tribal Population of Tehsil
Sr.No.
Circles
2001 2011
Tribal Non
Tribal
Tribal Non
Tribal
1 Rajur 78.11 21.89 81.36 18.63
2 Akole 26.94 73.06 29.6 70.4
3 Kotul 43.43 56.57 46.04 53.95
Source: 2011 Population Census.
It is very clear that tribal population in study area has experienced rise in all
three blocks of tehsil. From distributional point of view tribal population of tehsil
has occupied remote places predominantly western block of Rajur, where 78.11
percent tribal population live in 2001.This figure goes up to 81.36 percent in
2011 census. In Akole block with majority of non-tribals only 29.6 percent
tribals are living in this block. In Kotul block46.04 percent tribals dwelled
according to 2011 census.
Map.No:3.3
No.of Household of Akole Tehsil
80
Map.No:3.4
Map No.3.5
81
Map.No.3.6
Village wise percentage of tribal population has been shown in table
No 3.4.This Map is based on census of 2001.It is generally observed that Eastern part
of tehsil is inhabited by non tribal population but in this eastern part small number of
tribal population is located.In nearly 48 villages 0-17 percent tribal population is
concentrated.18 villages in the same part having tribal population between 18 and 37
percent. There are 20 villages where tribal population is between 38 and 67 percent.
Majority of tribal population was found in western part of tehsil.Therefore 24
villages in this area were inhabited by 68 to 87 percent tribal population. Highest
number of villages in this area belongs to tribals.It is observed that there are 81
villages where 87 to 100 percent tribals were residing. It is very clear picture about
tribal concentration whole western area is characterized by undulating topography
and forests.Therefore it is occupied by the tribals.
Tribal population in 2011has been presented in fig.3.5.In nearly 37 villages 0-
17 percent tribal population is concentrated. In 22 villages in same part having tribal
population is between 18 and 37 percent. There are 22 villages where tribal
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population is between 38 and 67 percent. Majority of tribal population was observed
in western part of tehsil. Therefore 18 villages in this area were inhabited by 68 to 87
percent tribal population. Highest number of villages in this area belongs to tribals.It
is observed that there are 91 villages where 87 to 100 percent tribals reside.
It has been observed that in Akole tehsil 2.27 percent positive change
in tribal population has been recorded in last decade. At the same time in rural area
2.54 percent growth in tribal population is seen.During last decade 76 villages have
recorded negative growth rate.Out of them 57 villages are tribal and only 19 villages
are non tribal. On the other hand only 15 villages have recorded population growth of
more than 10 percent in last decade. Out of these 15 villages 4 villages are
exclusively non-tribal.
3.5. Tribes in Tehsil:
In field survey it is observed that most villages and hamlets were inhabited by
Mahadev Koli tribe. This tribe is predominantly observed in Akole tehsil
everywhere, While Thakar is another important tribe in study region which lives in
westernmost hamlets and villages surrounded by dense forests.
Das and Palo (1995)6 and Siralkar (1977)
7 have pointed out that the tribals in
the state may be classified mainly into the following four classes.
1. Primitive Tribals –Madia Gonds and Kolams.
2. Tribals in Transition-Warli and Bhils.
3. Assimilated Tribals-Mahadev Kolis.
4. Economically developed Tribals-Raj Gond and Mahadev Kolis.
Mahadev kolis are in economically developed tribal group while Thakar are in
transition group.
3.5.1 Mahadev Koli:
Kulkarni (1987) has pointed out that Mahadev koli is second largest tribal
race in Maharashtra and it is mainly concentrated in the eastern part of Sahyadri
ranges. Mahadev koli is one of the major tribe in study region. 8
Enthoven (1920)
has described the traditional occupation of Mahadev koli as that of infantrymen.
Tribhuvan (2003) havs stated that they derived their caste name from the god
Mahadev. This tribe is concentrated in Pune, Thane, Ahmednagar and Nasik district
83
of Maharashtra.9 Enthoven (1920) has rightly observed that Mahadev kolis has been
one division of the koli of Deccan and Konkani.10
Climate and topographical
conditions has been responsible for isolating and preserving tribal culture.
Ghurye (1957) has stated that Mahadev koli is leading tribe in
Ahmednagar district. They live in valleys in eastern portion of western ghat from
Mulshi in southeast of Pune to Trimbakeshwar in Nasik.11
According to one
opinion, this tribe lives from Trimbakeshwar to Bhimashankar and they are
priests .The Mahadev kolis have also been found westword especially in Jawhar
in north konkan. The cluster of tribal people lived near Thal pass (Jawhar Tehsil)
in fourteen century, they extended eastward in Balaghat or Mahadev Hills which
is traditionally home of Mahadev kolis. (Gazetteer of India 1976 &1982).Chari
(1972) has given information that Mahadev Kolis are predominantly Marathi
speaking community in Maharashtra.12
3.5.2 Thakar:
Out of 47 tribes in Maharashtra, Thakar is one of the dominant tribe. This
tribe is hosted in Thane, Raigad, Pune, Nasik and Ahmednagar District. Ka.Thakar
and Ma. Thakar are two major sub tribes of Thakar community in Maharashtra state.