1 Population Genetics nitions of Important Terms opulation: group of individuals of one species, living in a prescribed geographical area ubpopulation: localized, distinct breeding group ene pool: collection of all gene forms (alleles) in a populat llele frequency: % of one allele in the gene pool Ex. % A or % a henotype frequency: % of one type of individual in the popula Ex. % A- or % aa
Population Genetics. Definitions of Important Terms Population: group of individuals of one species, living in a prescribed geographical area Subpopulation: localized, distinct breeding group Gene pool: collection of all gene forms (alleles) in a population - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Population Genetics
Definitions of Important Terms
Population: group of individuals of one species,living in a prescribed geographical area
Subpopulation: localized, distinct breeding group
Gene pool: collection of all gene forms (alleles) in a population
Allele frequency: % of one allele in the gene poolEx. % A or % a
Phenotype frequency: % of one type of individual in the population. Ex. % A- or % aa
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Population Genetics
Definitions of Important Terms
Evolution: change in allele frequencies within a population
Selection: phenotype with advantage increases
Natural Selection - Charles Darwin
Eugenics - forced selection in humans
Fixation (extinction): loss of an allele from the populationEx. 10% B, 90% b 0% B, 100% b alleles
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Population at Equilibrium
Ideal Population: random mating, no changes in allele frequencies,phenotype frequencies are predictable
Allele frequenciesA = 20%a = 80%
Genotype frequencies
4% AA 32% Aa 36% wild-type
64% aa 64% mutant
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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
When individuals mate at random and allele frequencies are unchanged, genotypic and phenotypic ratios rapidly approachan equilibrium.
At equilibrium, frequencies should follow a binomial distribution.
(p + q) 2 = p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
Frequencies of Alleles p + q = 1
p = frequency of wild-type allele ex. p = 0.2
q = frequency of mutant allele ex. q = 0.8
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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p + q = 1
ex. p = 0.2 q = 0.8
Frequencies of Genotypes
p2 = frequency of homozygous wild type ex. (0.2) 2