Population and Urbanization By: Kalvin, Lucas, Xavier, and Liz.

Population and Urbanization

By: Kalvin, Lucas, Xavier, and Liz

Population Definitions

Population is the number of people living in any given area in a particular time.

Demography is the area of sociology devoted to the study of human populations.

Demographers commonly measure birthrate, deathrate, infant mortality rates and migration rate to better calculate life expectancy

Life expectancy refers to the average lifespan of a person in a given society.

Measuring Birthrate

Birthrate is the mesure most often used to describe births in a population

Measuring birthrate allows scientists to compare and analyze the birthrates of various societies

Birthrate measures the annual number of live births per 1,000 members of the population

Birthrate = (Live births/Total population) x 1,0000

Measuring Deathrate

Deathrate measures morality, or the number of deaths within a society.

Deathrate is the way demographers describe deaths in a population per 1,000 members of a population

Deathrate = (Deaths/Total population) x 1,000

Infant Mortality

Infant mortality is more common among underindustrialized societies

Infant mortality is the annual number of deaths among infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births

Infant mortality rate = (deaths among infants/Total live births) x 1,000

Migration Rate

Migration is the movement of people from one specified area to another.

When measuring migration, demographers look at both movement into and out of a specified area.

The annual number of people that move into a given area is refered to as the in-migration rate.

The annual number of people that move out of a given area is refered to as the out-migration rate (push and pull factors)

Migration rate is the diffrence between the in-migration rate and the out-migration rate.

Growth Rate

Growth Rate is the rate at which a country‘s population is increasing.

Growth rate is found by subtracting the deathrate from the birthrate and is usually expressed in a percentage

Doubeling time is the average number of years necessary for a population to double given its current growth rate.

Growth Rate and Doubling Time

Population Composition

Population composition is the population‘s structure

Explaining Population Change

Malthusian Theory is a theory where population increases geometrically and the food supply increases arithmetically.

With limited land supply for food the rapid population growth would lead to mass starvation (too many people not enough food)

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) was an English economist who proposed the Malthusian theory in his work, An Essay on the Principle of Population

Demographic Translation Theory

The Demographic Translation Theory is a theory of population where population patterns are said to be tied to a society‘s level of technalogical development

Three stages of populationStage 1 (preindustrial) agricultural based societies

High birthrate + high death rate = Slow population growth

Stage 2 (industrialized) technalogical and medical advancments

High birthrate + Low death rate – Rapid population growth

Stage 3 fully developed industrial economiesLow birthrate + low death rate = Slow population growth

Controlling Population Growth

99% of population growth occures in less developed countries

Family planning is the concious decision by couples to have a certain number of children

Child restrictions- in certain countries, overpopulation is a serious threat, China for example had enacted a long standing one-child policy to better control population growth

Evolution of the CityRecognizable cities began appearing between 5,500 and 7,000 years ago

Currently 48% of the world population lives in cities due to multiple push and pull factors

The largest influxes of city populstions happen around Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions

At the current tred an estimated 60% of people will live in urban areas by 2030

Overurbanization is a serious issue in cities, overurbanization is when more people occupy a city then can be supported, best example is during the Great depression

Urban Ecology

During the 1920s and 1930s, sociologists intrested in urban life developed an approach to the study of cities

Urban ecology looks at the relationship between people and the urban enviroment

Urban ecologists believe that there is a relationshi between human behavior and the layout of the urban environment

Think of people that live in New York City vs. people that live in small towns (under 50,000)

Urban Ecology cont. Urban areas develop in certain patterns and layouts

The Concentric Zone ModelSector ModelMultiple Nuclei Model

Explaining City Life

Urban Anomie theory proposes that a city is a anonymous and unfriendly olace, and living there will carries serious negative consequences

Proposed by Louis Wirth in, ‘‘Urbanism is a Way of Life“

Compositional Theory examines how a cities population influences life in cities, individuals are avle to protect themselves by forming primary groups with like people

Proposed by Claude S. Fischer in, To Dwell Among Friends

Subcultural Theory states that cities encourage the formation of primary grops rather then discourage it

Movie!!!

‘‘Aftermath: Population Zero“http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/aftermath-population-zero/

‘‘How Many People Can Live on Planet Earth?“

http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/how-many-people-can-live-on-planet-earth/