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4 2 5 1 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 Population And Settlement Part II Think of the earth as a living organism that is being attacked by billions of bacteria whose numbers double every forty years. Either the host dies, or the virus dies, or both die. - Gore Vidal
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Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

May 29, 2020

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Page 1: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

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0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011

Population And Settlement Part II

Think of the earth as a living organism that is being attacked by billions of bacteria whose numbers

double every forty years. Either the host dies, or the virus dies, or both die.

- Gore Vidal

Page 2: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Population and Settlement Part II

• Population Characteristics

• Age Structure

• Population Pyramids

• Population Growth in the Periphery

Page 3: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS: qualities of various populations within a social or geographic group, with emphasis on demography, health status and socioeconomic factors

Return to Table of Contents

Page 4: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Ascribed and Achieved Characteristics

• Ascribed

– gender

– race

– age

• Achieved

– education

– income

– occupation

– employment

– etc.

Page 5: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Life Expectancy at Birth, 2016

Page 6: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

AGE STRUCTURE

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Page 7: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Age Dynamics

Page 8: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Dependency Ratio

• Dependents are those individuals under 15 and over 65

– If more than 35% of a country's population is under the age of 15, it is considered a young population.

– If more than 15% of a country's population is over the age of 65, it is considered an old population.

• How many individuals are there between 15 and 65? In other words, what percentage of a population is non-dependent people who are supporting dependent people?

Page 9: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

“Graying of the Core”

• low birth and death rates in Core

• low population growth

(except immigration)

• steadily older population

Page 10: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

US Age Structure • 85 years and older is

the fastest growing group in the US population.

• In 2005 the “old old” topped 5 million.

• By 2050 it is expected to be 20 million.

• The Midwest has a high percentage since the young leave for jobs elsewhere.

• Boston and San Francisco have gone grayer as seniors age in place.

Page 11: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Comparison of US Eras

Page 12: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Boom and Bust

Baby Boom (1946-1964)

Baby Bust (1965-1980)

Page 13: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Baby Boom Impacts Yet to Come

• strain on Social Security

• growing health care costs

• challenge to youth identity (Gen X)

millions over 65 in US

Baby Bust (1965-1980)

Baby Boom (1946-1964)

Page 14: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

POPULATION PYRAMIDS

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Page 15: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Population Pyramids

• Population pyramids are graphic devices that represent populations’ age and sex composition.

• Population pyramids show:

– age distribution / age cohorts (groups)

– sex ratio – male vs. female

– dependency ratios of under 15 and over 65

• Pyramid is used because it describes the diagram’s shape for many states in the 1800s when it was created.

US Census Bureau Population Pyramid Animations

Page 16: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Population Pyramids

tracks age-sex groups (cohorts)

Page 17: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Three Patterns of Population Change

Page 18: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Guatemala: Rapid Growth

Page 19: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Italy: Slow Growth

Page 20: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Nigeria: Rapid Growth

Page 21: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

US: Slow Growth

Page 22: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Tanzania: Rapid Growth

Page 23: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Denmark: Zero Growth

Page 24: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Germany: Effects of Wars

Page 25: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Japan: Changing Demographics

Page 26: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

China: One-Child Policy

Page 27: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Russia: In Decline

Page 28: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Qatar and Kuwait: Sex Ratios

Qatar

Kuwait

Page 29: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Sun City (Arizona) Retirement Community

Page 30: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Comparative US Population Pyramids

Page 31: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Comparative US Population Pyramids

Page 32: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Different Neighborhoods of Tucson

Page 33: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

POPULATION GROWTH IN THE PERIPHERY

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Page 34: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Population Growth in the Periphery

Year World

(million) Africa

(million) Asia

(million) Europe (million)

Latin America (million)

North America (million)

Oceania (million)

70,000 BCE < 0.015

10,000 BCE 4

8000 BCE 5

6500 BCE 5

5000 BCE 5

4000 BCE 7

3000 BCE 14

2000 BCE 27

1000 BCE 50 7 33 9

500 BCE 100 14 66 16

CE 1 200 23 141 28

1000 400 70 269 50 8 1 2

1500 458 86 243 84 39 3 3

1600 580 114 339 111 10 3 3

1700 682 106 436 125 10 2 3

1750 791 106 502 163 16 2 2

1800 1,000 107 656 203 24 7 3

Is population growth a cause of

or a symptom of poverty and

environmental degradation?

continued next

Page 35: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Year World

(million) Africa

(million) Asia

(million) Europe (million)

Latin America (million)

North America (million)

Oceania (million)

1850 1,262 111 809 276 38 26 2

1900 1,650 133 947 408 74 82 6

1950 2,525 229 1,394 549 169 172 13

1955 2,758 254 1,534 577 193 187 14

1960 3,018 285 1,687 606 221 204 16

1965 3,322 322 1,875 635 254 219 18

1970 3,682 366 2,120 657 288 231 20

1975 4,061 416 2,378 677 326 242 22

1980 4,440 478 2,626 694 365 254 23

1985 4,853 550 2,897 708 406 267 25

1990 5,310 632 3,202 721 447 281 27

1995 5,735 720 3,475 728 487 296 29

2000 6,127 814 3,714 726 527 314 31

2005 6,520 920 3,945 729 564 329 33

2008 6,764 992 4,080 733 586 338 35

2010 6,930 1,044 4,170 735 600 344 36

2012 7,098 1,099 4,260 737 614 350 38

2015 7,349 1,186 4,393 738 634 358 39

Population Growth in the Periphery

Page 36: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Core Responsibility for Periphery Growth

The core consumes far more resources.

The core demands cheap, unskilled, young labor.

Population growth is a symptom of poverty.

Page 37: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Why Parents in the Periphery Have Children

Having many children increases the chances that at least one child will

survive.

Children help with crops and income from an early age.

As adults, children help their elderly parents.

Women often lack the power to refuse to have children.

Page 38: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Population Shift

Page 39: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

US Family

All of the possessions of a statistically average US family Photograph by Peter Menzel

Page 40: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

US Statistics

Population: 292 million

Population density: 29 people per km2

Total fertility rate: 2.0 children per woman

Population doubling time: 116 years

Percentage urban, rural: 78%, 22%

Per capita energy use: 8,148 kg oil equivalent

Infant mortality: 6.7 deaths per 1,000 births

Life expectancy: 74 (male), 80 (female)

Adult illiteracy: 3% (male), 3% (female)

Internet users: 165 million

Page 41: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Indian Family

All of the possessions of a statistically average Indian family Photograph by Peter Menzel

Page 42: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

India Statistics

Population: 1.0 billion

Population density: 318 people per km2

Total fertility rate: 3.0 children per woman

Population doubling time: 36 years

Percentage urban, rural: 28%, 72%

Per capita energy use: 494 kg oil equivalent

Infant mortality: 66 deaths per 1,000 births

Life expectancy: 62 (male), 64 (female)

Adult illiteracy: 32% (male), 55% (female)

Internet users: 7 million

Page 43: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Japanese Family

All of the possessions of a statistically average Japanese family Photograph by Peter Menzel

Page 44: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Japan Statistics

Population: 128 million

Population density: 336 people per km2

Total fertility rate: 1.3 children per woman

Population doubling time: 289 years

Percentage urban, rural: 79%, 21%

Per capita energy use: 4,316 kg. oil equivalent

Infant mortality: 3 deaths per 1,000 births

Life expectancy: 78 (male), 85 (female)

Adult illiteracy: 1% (male), 1% (female)

Internet users: 56 million

Page 45: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Malian Family

All of the possessions of a statistically average Malian family Photograph by Peter Menzel

Page 46: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Mali Statistics

Population: 12 million

Population density: 9.1 people per km2

Total fertility rate: 7.0 children per woman

Population doubling time: 23 years

Percentage urban, rural: 26%, 64%

Per capita energy use: 22 kg. oil equivalent

Infant mortality: 118.7 deaths per 1,000 births

Life expectancy: 48 (male), 49 (female)

Adult illiteracy: 64% (male), 84% (female)

Internet users: 30,000

Page 47: Population And Settlement Part II and... · • Population pyramids show: – age distribution / age cohorts (groups) – sex ratio – male vs. female – dependency ratios of under

Continued in Population and Settlement Part III

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