4 2 5 1 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 Population And Settlement Part II Think of the earth as a living organism that is being attacked by billions of bacteria whose numbers double every forty years. Either the host dies, or the virus dies, or both die. - Gore Vidal
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Population And Settlement Part II
Think of the earth as a living organism that is being attacked by billions of bacteria whose numbers
double every forty years. Either the host dies, or the virus dies, or both die.
- Gore Vidal
Population and Settlement Part II
• Population Characteristics
• Age Structure
• Population Pyramids
• Population Growth in the Periphery
POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS: qualities of various populations within a social or geographic group, with emphasis on demography, health status and socioeconomic factors
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Ascribed and Achieved Characteristics
• Ascribed
– gender
– race
– age
• Achieved
– education
– income
– occupation
– employment
– etc.
Life Expectancy at Birth, 2016
AGE STRUCTURE
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Age Dynamics
Dependency Ratio
• Dependents are those individuals under 15 and over 65
– If more than 35% of a country's population is under the age of 15, it is considered a young population.
– If more than 15% of a country's population is over the age of 65, it is considered an old population.
• How many individuals are there between 15 and 65? In other words, what percentage of a population is non-dependent people who are supporting dependent people?
“Graying of the Core”
• low birth and death rates in Core
• low population growth
(except immigration)
• steadily older population
US Age Structure • 85 years and older is
the fastest growing group in the US population.
• In 2005 the “old old” topped 5 million.
• By 2050 it is expected to be 20 million.
• The Midwest has a high percentage since the young leave for jobs elsewhere.
• Boston and San Francisco have gone grayer as seniors age in place.
Comparison of US Eras
Boom and Bust
Baby Boom (1946-1964)
Baby Bust (1965-1980)
Baby Boom Impacts Yet to Come
• strain on Social Security
• growing health care costs
• challenge to youth identity (Gen X)
millions over 65 in US
Baby Bust (1965-1980)
Baby Boom (1946-1964)
POPULATION PYRAMIDS
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Population Pyramids
• Population pyramids are graphic devices that represent populations’ age and sex composition.
• Population pyramids show:
– age distribution / age cohorts (groups)
– sex ratio – male vs. female
– dependency ratios of under 15 and over 65
• Pyramid is used because it describes the diagram’s shape for many states in the 1800s when it was created.
US Census Bureau Population Pyramid Animations
Population Pyramids
tracks age-sex groups (cohorts)
Three Patterns of Population Change
Guatemala: Rapid Growth
Italy: Slow Growth
Nigeria: Rapid Growth
US: Slow Growth
Tanzania: Rapid Growth
Denmark: Zero Growth
Germany: Effects of Wars
Japan: Changing Demographics
China: One-Child Policy
Russia: In Decline
Qatar and Kuwait: Sex Ratios
Qatar
Kuwait
Sun City (Arizona) Retirement Community
Comparative US Population Pyramids
Comparative US Population Pyramids
Different Neighborhoods of Tucson
POPULATION GROWTH IN THE PERIPHERY
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Population Growth in the Periphery
Year World
(million) Africa
(million) Asia
(million) Europe (million)
Latin America (million)
North America (million)
Oceania (million)
70,000 BCE < 0.015
10,000 BCE 4
8000 BCE 5
6500 BCE 5
5000 BCE 5
4000 BCE 7
3000 BCE 14
2000 BCE 27
1000 BCE 50 7 33 9
500 BCE 100 14 66 16
CE 1 200 23 141 28
1000 400 70 269 50 8 1 2
1500 458 86 243 84 39 3 3
1600 580 114 339 111 10 3 3
1700 682 106 436 125 10 2 3
1750 791 106 502 163 16 2 2
1800 1,000 107 656 203 24 7 3
Is population growth a cause of
or a symptom of poverty and
environmental degradation?
continued next
Year World
(million) Africa
(million) Asia
(million) Europe (million)
Latin America (million)
North America (million)
Oceania (million)
1850 1,262 111 809 276 38 26 2
1900 1,650 133 947 408 74 82 6
1950 2,525 229 1,394 549 169 172 13
1955 2,758 254 1,534 577 193 187 14
1960 3,018 285 1,687 606 221 204 16
1965 3,322 322 1,875 635 254 219 18
1970 3,682 366 2,120 657 288 231 20
1975 4,061 416 2,378 677 326 242 22
1980 4,440 478 2,626 694 365 254 23
1985 4,853 550 2,897 708 406 267 25
1990 5,310 632 3,202 721 447 281 27
1995 5,735 720 3,475 728 487 296 29
2000 6,127 814 3,714 726 527 314 31
2005 6,520 920 3,945 729 564 329 33
2008 6,764 992 4,080 733 586 338 35
2010 6,930 1,044 4,170 735 600 344 36
2012 7,098 1,099 4,260 737 614 350 38
2015 7,349 1,186 4,393 738 634 358 39
Population Growth in the Periphery
Core Responsibility for Periphery Growth
The core consumes far more resources.
The core demands cheap, unskilled, young labor.
Population growth is a symptom of poverty.
Why Parents in the Periphery Have Children
Having many children increases the chances that at least one child will
survive.
Children help with crops and income from an early age.
As adults, children help their elderly parents.
Women often lack the power to refuse to have children.
Population Shift
US Family
All of the possessions of a statistically average US family Photograph by Peter Menzel
US Statistics
Population: 292 million
Population density: 29 people per km2
Total fertility rate: 2.0 children per woman
Population doubling time: 116 years
Percentage urban, rural: 78%, 22%
Per capita energy use: 8,148 kg oil equivalent
Infant mortality: 6.7 deaths per 1,000 births
Life expectancy: 74 (male), 80 (female)
Adult illiteracy: 3% (male), 3% (female)
Internet users: 165 million
Indian Family
All of the possessions of a statistically average Indian family Photograph by Peter Menzel
India Statistics
Population: 1.0 billion
Population density: 318 people per km2
Total fertility rate: 3.0 children per woman
Population doubling time: 36 years
Percentage urban, rural: 28%, 72%
Per capita energy use: 494 kg oil equivalent
Infant mortality: 66 deaths per 1,000 births
Life expectancy: 62 (male), 64 (female)
Adult illiteracy: 32% (male), 55% (female)
Internet users: 7 million
Japanese Family
All of the possessions of a statistically average Japanese family Photograph by Peter Menzel
Japan Statistics
Population: 128 million
Population density: 336 people per km2
Total fertility rate: 1.3 children per woman
Population doubling time: 289 years
Percentage urban, rural: 79%, 21%
Per capita energy use: 4,316 kg. oil equivalent
Infant mortality: 3 deaths per 1,000 births
Life expectancy: 78 (male), 85 (female)
Adult illiteracy: 1% (male), 1% (female)
Internet users: 56 million
Malian Family
All of the possessions of a statistically average Malian family Photograph by Peter Menzel
Mali Statistics
Population: 12 million
Population density: 9.1 people per km2
Total fertility rate: 7.0 children per woman
Population doubling time: 23 years
Percentage urban, rural: 26%, 64%
Per capita energy use: 22 kg. oil equivalent
Infant mortality: 118.7 deaths per 1,000 births
Life expectancy: 48 (male), 49 (female)
Adult illiteracy: 64% (male), 84% (female)
Internet users: 30,000
Continued in Population and Settlement Part III
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