Popular Mechanics - Forgotten Books

POPULAR ME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

Increased

ForY Men

After J uly l st, 1912, there wi ll be add itional placesin the Navy

.

for young m en . Congress has authorized

these vacanci es, and has increased the pay of the Navy bynearly two m illion dollars,to provide for the add itional m en .

(1These new positions will be open to young m en of good character,over 17years of age , who want permanent employment, and a chanceto learn a

'

usefi i l vocation . There wil l be an increased need for

skilled m en—

seam en , electricians, machinists, musicians, yeom en , and

numerous other trades. The Navy has special schoo ls where these

trad es are taught, the m en'

s pay continu ing wh ile und er instruction .

Men in the Navy are graded according to their skill and abi lity ;and there is every incentive for a young m an to strive to improveh im self. There are about seven steps of ad vancem ent between the

pay of an apprentice seaman and the highest pay of a chief pettyoffi cer ; and any m an who exerts himself is bound to advance .

(I. PARE NTS are assured that the associations in the Navy for theirsons are who lesome , and that service in the Navy means developm ent

—in character, in physique and in effi ciency.

An honorable discharge from the Navy is

the best recom m endation a m an can possess

(1. Send for the Nav)'s book let

TheMak ing ofaMan -O’-Wars

m an,

”fully i llustrated , d escrib

ing kfc the naval serv‘ce Please send your free booklet,“The Making

FREE if yo u requ est it . J u st

tear off this coupon and paste it

on a post card .

Address Box 68

BURE AU OFNAVIGATION

of a Man-O'-Warsm an” to

I

Town or Cit)?

WASHINGTON , n;(1State Age

T h i s O n e

Zlne318W . Washington Street, Chicago , U . S. A .

EDITED BY H. H. WINDSOR

SUBSCRIPTION SINGLE COPY. IS CE NTS

In United States, and its possessions. Cuba and Mexico. per year. postpaid SI.50

To all othercountnei in the l’ octal Union

All subscriptions are discontinued “ expiration. Please en m ine the date printed on yout wnpper.E ntered as Second Class Matter Sept. at the Postoflice at Chicago . Ill ino is. underAct ofMarch ard , 1879.Published m onth ly by POPULAR ME CHANICS CO. Copyrighted 1912. by H. H. WINDSOR.

The attention of prospective ad vertisers is called to the po licy of this m agazine in accord ance with whichpubli sher wai ves al l claim for paym ent of any advertisem ent appeari ng in any issue where thenum ber of copies actually printed and c irculated is less than the num ber printed on the front cover page .

Contents for J uly, 1912

Passenger Uses Aero lane to OvertakeLife- Saving:Motor ire Truck

New N on orrosive A l loyE lectric Light without Heat .Schem e for

gConverting Unm ined Coal into Gas 8

P laying Go lf in Arm orTests Prove Baci l li N ot Necessary to LifeAntics o f Pet An ts Am use ParisBig Ship Cuts thro

vgh Dock and S inks V esse l . 5A gGreenhouse on heels

How Nav Gunn ers Use the TelephoneTalk ing onkeys and TeacherPractical Proofs of Stream l ine Theo ry .

By V ictor LougheedAeronautical E n ineers Want a Nam eF ish T inted to uit Buy’

er s FancyNon- Spil lable F lower V ase for the Wa istWorking Mod el of Panam a LocksCannon D esigned for U se on Aerop lanes t

Bed Equi pped wi th E lectricitySom e Farm p Im plem ents of French DesignArm or for Motor Truck Dual T iresThe Floral- Loop N ovelt

O d d Behav ior of Metal °

c~F ilam cnt Lam s

World's H i hest V o ltage T ransm issionIm proved Motion-P icture So und MakeWar Aeroplanes as

“Doves of Peace" s

How a Cat Turns O ver

By Forest Ray. MoultonA uto m atic Track ScaleMotor Car for Horse TransportationThe Largest Water Turb inesGerm an Arm ored Aerop lane .

Machi ne fo r Turn ing and Box ing Wood en

H ighest-V olta e D irect- C urrent Locom otiveAn Un usual ri dge-Movin O peration .Awaken ing of Interest in Safety Devices 27Superd readnou ht

“Texas” LaunchedAcquiring a otorboatBy Geo rge F itcCom m en t and Review

By H . H . Wind sorV iewi ng the Sea Depths through Glass Shaft ” . 43An Um bre l la Carr ier .A Reso urcefu l “EngineerSnail Walks Safel over Razor’s Ed geConcrete Arches orm Base for 4 5

The Motor Car as a Cow PonyT iger’s Head O u tl ined in Circassian Walnut ”

N ew Type of B lock S ignal for Cold Weather .

Fam o us Saint Mark ’s Cam pan i le RestoredAn Unusual Hotel AnnexCurious “Freak” of a Bul letWho le Cit to be H eated by ElectricityT Cobb wi ce : a U n ique Photograph .

otion in Art and in Real ityA Jackd aw That Goes to Schoo lNettle a S u bsti tute for CottonSong of the Dynam ite B last (Poem )

By J . W . Fo leyRailwa S ignal Man Has Baboon AssistantN ew am e for the SeashoreStud ents Con stru ct O u tfi t for Experim entationA “

Pushm o b i le” A utom o b i leA ir-Propell er A larm for Autom o b ilesTax icab Telephone SystemStreet- Crossing Kiosks for Pol icem enState Co l lege Has Poul tr Hos ital .Rai lway on Which Cars loat a ove Rai lsAutom o b i le Pum ps Water

The F irst Am erican Aero ShowBy Jam es R. Qui rk

Transm i ttin P ictures b WireMo tor True 3 as Po le rectorsFeed ing Sufi

'ragettes thro ugh the N os

In the Cen ter o f the Wreck“Refi ned

” “Rub ber- Neck” MotorbusBo x ing on Horse backTransparent Glass of Great S trengthMoving Pictures of the Aurora Boreal iA Skyscraper for the DeadE lectric Baby’

s S m i le Twe lve Feet WiJohannesbur Race Course Has Palatial StandA F am o us ater Ho le in Cal i iorn ia . .

Porte- Cochere A uto Gara eS ignal D isks P lanned to top J oy-Rid iTented “City on Hotel Roo fCom b ined F loor Set , N ai l Set, and ShieldFrench War Aerop laneThe Western ization of the Holy Land

By H . J . Shepston eL etter Seal ing an d Stam p in g MachinCostliest Telephone L ine Ever b u i lt .Autom o b i le U sed to Light a TramV io l ins Withstand Heavy Strains .

Deflated -T ire A larm for Autom obiA New O utdoor- Ind oor BedMak in a Clock Run 3

H i h fli ciency Water WheelsA acing Duocar

Barrel F loat as Engine Control

Contents—ContinuedBelt Transm ission Around a CornerLoss of Queues Causes - Dem and ior

‘

Hats .Great Britain Or an izes AirEight-Wheeled E ectric Motor Truck .

Gun owd er Used as Ferti lizerAir oo led Spark PlugsB u i ld ing Stone Mad e of B last- Furnace Slag 82Trip lex Com pound Lo com o tiveHeat Protecti on for Electric Flatiron .Calculating the C ircum ference o f the Un iverse . . 84

B3Forest.

Ra MoultonAn El evating evice for nload ing Cars 85Pum p Des igned S pecial ly for Sewage .Letters Stam ped wi th Ink Instead of Stam psNew

.

Germ an Canal Pro osed . .A bsorption by G lass in -Ray PhotographyPortab le Grain-Load in . El evatorThief- Proo f Rack for oo is

“

Metal Work and EtchingBy John D . Adam s

Electric Wax Melter and Bro perCoating Iron Pi es wi th LeaCoalin Barge . ixes the Coal 90The ond ers of Light

By J . Gordon Ogd en . Ph.D .

The Plaza P lanned for Manhattan Bri dge .

Electric Truck as Street-Lighting Dem onstrator . . 98Electri cally O perated Gas MeterTown Sel ls Cem ent Walk forLooking-Glass as Railway Tracksm an

's oo l

Ingen io us F ire-HoseThe Ad vertising Duck . 100

Rai lroad to be Bui lt of Mate

H

“Hand cufl' King

” Escapes from D ivingStreet of A b un dance in Ancien t Pom p ei i 101

N ew Germ an Type of Autom o b i le Bod yEffect of Paint on Corrosion .

‘

o i IronAerop lanes Sufl'

er Strain from Above . .

Bui lt- In Iron in Board .Detecting Thunder Storm s by Wire less .

Transform in the Panam a Dream into aAerop lane om b Tests wi th Real Bom bF lower-V ase CenserSand als Given wi th Every T i cketPawnsho s i n ChinaActual se o i D irigi b les in T urko~1tal ian War . . 109

The Tro u b les of the Patent O fi ce 110Load ed Cars Li fted d i ly by ElectricConvert ing F lywheel i nto Fan 110

Monte- Carlo from a Hyd ro-Aeroplane 111

Photom icro epha as.

Art Patterns 111

Motorboat reeked i n a Ci StreetN ew U ses of T ungsten and olybd enumSani tary Toothbrush Hold erTransform ers Placed on a

N ew Bottle CapNature as a Scu lptorLargest Touring A utom o b i leGreat D iscoveries Due to Hap y Accid ents

By G. E. Chain lain

Peculiar Sand ston e Form ationSpecial Courier Autos for Germ an Arm yPrehistoric D inosaurs Found in U tah

B Hartley M. Phe lpsAuto F urn ishes ower for Pneum ati c Tool 120“Autom o b i le” in 120

The Util ization of Iron Filings and

SHOP NOTESDrawing C ircles of Lar e D iam et

A Carpenter’s Door Ho derTruck for Spoo l Fence Wi

A Sm a l l Need le Dri llA S id er for Lathe WorkA rawer Paper Protecto

A W ind owInd icating O utsid e Cal i perT o Prevent the B ind ing of Mast

Whetti n P laneSim ple ed icine Dropger .

Repairing a Crack in ast-Iron P ipeMeasuring Water wi thout a Meter . .

Ad justable Horse for the

Tem“

n Sm al l Articles Evenly . .

Gaso ine gpray for Clean ing Machin ery

How to Sharpen aSelf-Adjustin Be lt TightenerA He e rim m er

Em ery loth Ho ld erFastener for Wind ow Sc'reensRem oving Inner Band on Truck WheelsS u bsti tute for Thum b Tacks . .

Preserving S urp lus Sta in when Staining Shingles 128T i le Sewer Construct ion .

We ighting Trip le Doors on W ind owsBlue Letters on Steel S urfacesSubsti tute Spanner WrenchProper Shape of a Screwd river B lad eAn Aux i l iary Dri l lTug Ho ld er for aHom em ad e Thum bn utCoo lin

gEngine Jacket Water . .Shop ignal for the Beltm an or Electrician

An Em ergency LockShield to Pro tect Hand saw Teeth in a Too lWaterproofing B lueprintsP lant Pot in Cem en t Si d ewalRu l ing-Pen Hold er for Tracin

gIrregu lar Curves 135Special Mo ld ing Jobs from tand ard Pattem s . . 138

Batte Econom yGear utter GaugeH um i d i fi er for a Cigar Case . .Three-Po int Bearing Clam ps . .Handle i or Heavy DoorsA Han d DoA Strainer ram eTwin China Closets 14 0Steel Pen Used in Draftsm an

's Ink-Bottle Cork 14 0

Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

O O O O O O O O O O O

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

AMATEUR m acnam cs

How to Build a Sim ple Electric Motor

H ow to Make a Hum i d ity Ind icatorThe

“Q” Trick

To Keep A'nts ‘

Awa from'

FoodV aultin -Pole Hol er

"

Flying Od el Aeroplane for a D isplayanDri AlarmA ive- Bait Pai l

A Mo use T rapQui ckl Made Rheo statLead G lass “ Panels for Furn itureRaising C ucum bers on a Trel l isA Barrel BoatE lectric-L i ht MysteryAn Oar old erCook ing Food in Paper .

Washing Photograph PrintsA Toy PoA N on -R0 g Thread Spoo l .Shoe- Shin ing StandCutter Mad e of a Wafer Razor B lad eA Fish StringerS ubsti tutes for Drawing Instrum ents

How to Make an Asp iratorA Key-Ho ld er HookA Hand HoeSeed Receptac le for B ird - CagesKitchen-U tensil ScraperINTERESTING PATENTS , PRACTICAL OR

UNIQU ELeg-Pul l ing ApparatusArm -O

fierated Shoe CleanerS i lver em ovin

gTweez ersCom bined S ick e .Corn Kn ife and Prun ing Saw 152

Hoo f Sup ort for Horseshoeing .Lock for earing Appare lBed clothes FastenerGo lf- Stroke Teaching ApparatusRo l ler Po le for Rol ler S aters

Magni fying Glass for Need le Thread ingRub ber-Protected Nursing BottleBottl e-Rin sin F'

aucetParachute F re EscapeD ivisional ToothbrushCoat-and - Skirt HangerRo l ler Flour Contai nerSwi m m ingShoe with Com bination Elastic and Laced Upper . 153

POPULARMECHANICS ADVERTISING SECTION

P lease Mention Popular Mechanics

8 POPULAR MECHANICS

Would You Give $12to Learn the Auto Trad eAS CHAUFFW R, RE PAIRMAN. SALE SMAN OR E XPE RT?

course youwould . if we

picture on lywhat exists,sohere

’

s a photoengraving ofone of ourstudents who i s

m akm g m oneyand his investm ent repre

sents only $12;Below is thenam e and add ress oi this

POPULAR MECHANICS ADVERTISING SECTION 9

Mem ory Train ing is not for a select few , it is for YOU .

Let this thought encourage you, that YOU can attain

your highest a im s if you wish; HOW?Write NOWfor m y free booklet, How to Rem em ber,

”using conpon

be low , or d rop a posta l card

Egngggggffigfi Howto getaFREE copyofthisbookl ustrated , rich ly g“ -o n. nu ann u a l -a n-l l n ann-na-nn l -an o n-nun :

bo und 1” 9"PRO F . H E N RY D ICKSON

PIW LDict M of l en-nm am a's- mm cmuoo. III.

Send m e free Booklet. “How to Re m em be r "also fu l l ap rt i cu ls rs how to obta in a free co pyof

‘

D ickson'aHow to Speak i n Pu bl ic "

Nam e

Stree t

C ity State

10 POPULAR MECHANICS ADVERTISING SECTION

Advertise m en ts in this section. 10 cen ts per word . ea ch inserti on, m in im um

10words, payable in advance . To insure ads be ing inserted und er proper classified head in the August issue . copy m ust re ach this office no t later than J u ly 1st.

Rapular Mechanics Magazine. Chicago. Ill .Gentlem en: Replying to your favor of the 23rd inst. , regarding advefl ishrg recently

sentyou by the writer for The Southern Typewriter Sales Com pany. I wish to state that this

advertising com e near getting us in trouble—it is a terrible thing to get swamped with

letters. especiallywhen one m an has to be the whole works. such as it is in this case. I have

no stenographer. buthad the ad continued another m onth I fear ! would have employed one.

The ad was indeed satisfactory so for as replies to sam e are concerned . I believe I

received 15 0 letters, and they are still com ing in at this late date. whichproves to m e that

your m agazine. Fbpular Mechanics,"is not glanced at and d iscarded . but is constantly

read thoroughly. I have m ade a couple of sales so far and believe should m ake several m ore.One thing sure, the ad has served m e well.

Restassured you will be favored with another ad in the near future, and it is very likelythatIwillgiveyou a larger ad next tim e and will continue to let som e run.

Thanking you for your prom ptattention and wishing you everypossible success . I am ,

Very trulyyours.

AUTOMOBILE SLOOK—Closing out—8 hp . Oldsm obi le

Runabout. $120; 12 hp . Cadillac Runabout .$165 ; 14 hp. Autocar Runabout . $185 ; 18hp . Ford Touring Model . $270. E veryone i n excellent condi tion. Here

's your

chance to get a good car cheap . AddressThos. L . Wil l iam s, C lerm ont, Fla.

1007 \VHITE Steam er, perfect running

order. paint good . tire good t ires worth

$75 . extras worth 850. al l for $135 . Moneyre funded if not as represented . Dem on

stration given. Colum bia Pou ltry Yards.Tom s River. N . J .

FOR Sale—Axles. wheels. steering gear.

new transm ission from Prem ier car. F inecondition . Cheap . Also heed large steer

ing gear and radiator. Cut prices on

m otors. axles and transm issions. F . E .

Al ford . Goshen , Ind .

AUTOMOBILE S : B igest. bargains ever

uttered ; send for l ist and prices. D. M.

Brown, 114 3rd St. South . Mi nneapol is.Minnesota.

FORD owners wanting li ne electric l ightsava il able anyti m e.

using Ford m agneto for

charging a storage battery (self containedsystem ). Write Am erican Battery Lompany , 1129 Ful ton St. . Chicago.

2 TON truck chassi s less m otor,tsTS.

Pugh . 384 Mass. Ave . Buffalo . N . I .

SIX . e ight and ten hundred capacityNew 1911 Kearns delivery cars sol id t ires.

FOR Sale—5 pass. Bu ick auto. Fu l lequ ipm ent. J ust overhauled and painted .

$250. Well worth m ore. E arl E nsign .

S ilver Laue, Conn .

AUTOMOB ILE instructions. four weclrs’

course covering shop and road work- pro

vision for out- of- town m en. Send for booklet. P . M. West Side Y . M. C . A. Autom obile School . 318 Wes t 57th St N ewYork, N . Y.

AUTOMOBILE owners, get an E lderPower- transm ission ; m ake your autom obilerun your m achinery. Agents wanted . E lderManufacturing Cc. . Indianapol is. Indiana.

IMPROV E ME NTS i n Autom obi les andparts wanted ; send sketch . Sanders. 17

(Jri l ly Block. Ch icago.

FOR Sale—Me w autom obile. ilne condition , New t ires. E lectric l ights. m agneto .

speedom eter. 235. Ray E ll is, ArkansasCi ty. Kansas.

SIMPLE S'I‘ way on earth to tim e autor

fiobllj

le engine. 25c.“Strong. Hom er,

c

THE How and Why of the Autom obi le-A 200- page book of practical inform ati on

for seekers after the fundam ental facts te

garding the gasol ine engine and its sm i l i

cation to the m otor car. Interest ing andinstructive to both the beginner and the expert. Bound in fu l l cloth—250 i llustrao

t ions. Pri ce postpaid . Popu lar Me

chanics Book Dept. . Chicago.

V. D. LIGGE TT, Tyler, Texas.

AUTOMOBILE S. Sacrifice sale on newand used cars. Box 275 . Burl ington . Wis.

ST E AM car owners.Burner. som ething new;

Myers Kerosenewrite for c i rcu

AUTOMOBILE m odel. E very part shownand nam ed . You can to a ll intents andpurposes take all the whee ls. raise thehood and rem ove the body: exposi ng toview the vital part s. The only pract icalm etho d of studying the autom obile. Price50 cents postpaid . Popu lar MechanicsBook Dept. . Chi cago.

A. C. C. A. Prices Talk ! Spring salei s on ! Hundreds of runabouts. racy roadsters. li ve and seven passenger touring cars—elegantly a nd com pletely equipped ! Guaranteed five years ! Fre ight prepaid ! We

ofl’er 29 runabouts form erly cost $500 to

now $50 up l 18 roadsters. threeand four passenger, form erly rostto now $175 up i 36 touring cars.the . six and seven passe nger. form erly cost

to now $200 upl All bestAm erican and Foreign m akes. such as

Packards. Pierce A rrows. Stevens. t tons.Stod dard Daytons. Peerless. Stearns. PepeHartfords,

Locom obiles. Wh ite. Renau lts,Bulcks. Moxwells, Fords. etc. . etc. Writetoday for our illustrated Catalog,

the largest and m ost com plete l ist of i ts kind evcr

publ ished l The Autom obile and CycleCom pany of Am erica. Dept. C. 1769 -1787Broadway, New York City.

SAV E m id d lem en's profits. Buy fromfactory distri butor. E lectric horns, com

plete. $15 . prepaid . Penetrating warn ing.C lear road . J . H . Rose , Om aha. Neb.

1011 ME TZ $225 . or trade for screwcutting lathe and cash . Chas. H. Otis.Ann Arbo r. Mi ch .

AUTOMOBILE SUPPLI E STIRE Specials. Guaranteed Ti res. 1912fresh stock : just bought. an entire surplus

stock. Order today wh ile they last : 28x?)Tube. 30x33or3‘é a2s3%

Si xt Other sizes.prices in proportion . Write for com pletel ist. We ship C . O . D . subject. to examination upon receipt of express charges.

l ’ara Auto Ti re Co. , 14 25 Michigan Ave. .Ch icago. Ill .PE LLE T ’

S Magneto E xchange, 1-163Michigan Ave Chicago . All m akesbought . sold, exchanged . repaired and t e

m agnetlzed . Repairs guaranteed. Partsand coils in stock for al l m akes of m a8~

netos. Agents for E lsem ann Magneto Co.Connecticut Telephone E lectric Co. Atwater Kent Un isparker. Gray DavisLighting System .

TIRE S. Para Brand .m iles. 28x3. 30x23. Mash .

33354 . 3m ;4 . 30'/o discount on tubes. Othersizes in propo rtion . Write for com pletel ist. Para A uto Tire Co. , 14 23Mi chiganAve . Chi cago . Il l .

FORD. Bu ick. Overland. E . M. F . . Maxwell . Ai r- Friction Carbuteters. drive yourcars three m i les per hour on h igh . Muchm ore speed ; m uch less gas. S tarts easyi n cold weathe r. Satisfact ion or refundm oney. A ir- Friction Carbureter Co. . Dayton Ohi o.

Guaranteed

V

ON E cyl inder Oldsm obileAutocar, two - cylinder. $50. Panhard . fourcylinder. $05. Al l in running order. Writefor particu lars. W. D . Peck. 24 619th Sr. , E ast Orange. N . J .

10 HP. Stanley Steam E ngine, line con

d i tlon, 825. A lso seat. wheels and otherparts. P. S. Waite. 36 E arl St. , Springfi eld. Mass.

FORD Autom obile Owners. Send for our

catalogue contain ing m any usefu l specialties" for Ford cars. which wi l l savem oneyl Auto Im provem ents C0 . .Court St B ristol . Rhode Island .

engine 815 .

on

o'

- (i

CHARGE the battery yourself. Am er

AUTO ti res m ended in one m inute.

Write for part iculars. M. R. Si lvernai l ,Altam ont. N . Y.

AUTO guaranteed tires. 28x3 tube30x3 tube 30x35,tu be 32x3% tube33x4 tube 34 34

tube These tires are al l No. 1 freefrom flaws or blem i shes. They have thewh ite tough tread . I am getting reordersfrom custom ers that have Used the m : thekind I want to sel l. I ship on receipt of10% am ount of order and al low exam ination. Send for com plete l ist. Vanderpoo l's, Springfield . Ohio.

24 H. P. four cylinder engine and autorunning gears $160. or trade 1911 m otorcycle. B. Rockhaus, Halstead . Kan.

AUTOMOBILE cyl inders reground, newpistons and rings ti tted. Garage ai r compressors. Cast Iron Brazing Co. . Manchester. N . H .

~

N E W tires. 28x3,3m m . szxsss £11 50. om el

sizes accordingly. Get latest price bulletin.

1070 with order ; balance C. 0 . D. -E xam ination allowed . Auto Ti re BrokerageCom pany. 1355 Michigan are .

Ch icago.

WE m ake a better unguarsnteed __

Autom obile Tire than m ost guaranteed ti res.You get. exactly what you pay for. Gum s.Fabrics and Mechanical goods. Nat ionali

‘

fim pany, 14 00 Clybourn Place. Chicago.TIRE S. al l m akes. all guaranteed. 283:

255. 30x3, $6 ; twat-HQ. 513. Writefor our com plete l ist of tires and tubesbefore purchasing. We sh ip 0. 0 . I).Guarantee Tire Com pany. Dept. M, 213219 West 125 St . N . Y . City.

RE PAIR your puncture in one m i nutewith the Cinch Tire Repai r Ki t. Agentsprice Buy direct from us

The A. L. M. Com pany, Kansas City. Mo.

500 N E W Pressed Steel Auto F ram es.163 i n. long. $10 each . Send for sketch.Lucas Son. Bridgeport, Conn .

N EW 19 H . P. four cyl inder ai r cooled .

m otor. 875 . Butts. Oxford . N ew York.ST E A Mauto bo ilers bought. sold and tepaired . J . L. Lucas, 2 Fox

Bridgeport . Conn.

B E ST sparker m ade . Glass shows m ixtu re . Am erico . A . Stam ford . Conn.

TIRE Bargains ! A. C. C . A. Pricestalk : D iam ond - Goodrich and other standard m akes—Gnaranteed—E very size forevery rim ; 28x2 lfi . 32x3, 301:3. 34x15. 29x3% . 510. Al lother sizes and tubes proport ionately low.

Stripped on approval . Wri te today forprice l ist. The A utom obile and Cycle Company of Am erica. Dept. B. 1769 to 1781?

B roadway. New York Cit)‘

POPULAR ME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

MOTORCYCLE S AND BICYCLE S

MOTORCYCLE cases and tubes. F ullygua rant eed Bai ley type w h i te t oug h t read .28x2 ’fiz. t ube by ma i lSend for complet e p rice li st . I ship onrece ip t of 2576 amoun t of ord er a nd a ll owexamina t ion. Vanderpool ’ s Springfiel d .

PRE PAID M otorcyc le Supplies. Send for

1912 MOTORCYCLE M anua l . a cyclopaed in of usefu l mo torcyc le informat ion . Complete T rade D irec tory ; Best M otorcyc leTrouble C hart ever publ is h ed. Bow toTour. etc. : 125 pages. 250 a copy. M otorcycle Publis h ing Co 51 C h ambers St. ,N ew York.

PIE RCE S ingle and Fou r- Cyli nder M otor

WANTE D M otorcyc les immedia tely:get our cas h oil’e r before you se l l. We w il lnrchase 1 or M ot orcyc les , No 210V est 125th St. . N . Y. C i ty.SALE —Tw in T h or, fine condi tion , toogri st . Bargain , p h oto. E ver h ar t . Ft . Scot t ,s ans .

1911 E XCE LSIOR M otorcyc le . A No. 1condi t ion . $75 . P h oto on request . E lmerB . McDonough. C hesw ick, Pa . Al leg h eny

gua ran t eed . From '

no. Get ou r

VINCE NT Bros Clevel and , .0 w i l l saveBARGAIN : 4 h p. Ind ia n . magneto . OneHundred Do l la rs. F . Welscnahi , Rockford,I l l inois .

BICYCLE S, men ’ s . boys and gi rls, l ikenew: punc tu re p roof t ires . cus h ion t i res(never punct ure), new coast ers; a l l si zes ,$10 up . othczs $3. N ice t a ndems

. $10;t r i plet $15 , racing t riplet 835 . O l d ordina ries $10. Wi l l iam McDougald . 1118 N .C la rk St. , C h icago.

A. C. C . A . Pr ices Ta lk. E ndless var iety. La tes t model s . E very make—I ndians,M erkels , Ha rley's , M . M.

's . h undreds ot h ers

$220 up . E very mac h ine guaran teed t heyea rs . F reig h t. prepa id . La rges t and on lyi l lus t ra ted Ca ta log publis h ed , sen t f ree.The Aut omobile and Cycl e Company ofAmer ica , Dept . D, 1700- 1787 BroadwayNew York Ci t y.

RE ADING -STANDARD , near ly new ,eq u ipped , 3180. C h as. H . O t is, Ann Arbor .M ic h .BARGAIN i n motorcycle. Wri t e forpart icu la rs . H . Pruet t . La Sal le. I l l.

AE RONAUTICS

M UST sel l : Fine rnonoplane. 1011 crosscount ry t ype B ler’i ot , two sea ter, six cyl inde r 100 H . P. spec i a l bu i l t engine, fu l l

CUIiTISS M i l it a ry - type Pigeon - t a i l .B lue pri nt s sca le drawn w i t h m inu t e spec ifica ti on. T h e only correc t set on t h e ma rket . a l so for B le rio t and Fannan M ac h ine .On ly $5 a. set . M i lwaukee Sc h ool College of Avia t ion . Mi lwaukee. Wis. See

HYDRO - A EROI'LAN E S bui l t to order.

I M PRO V E ME NTS in Aenznautics wan t .ed : send sketc h . Sanders, 19 Cri l ly B lock .C h icago.

PATE NTS secured on Aeronaut ica l Inrentlons. C . L . Parker . 910 G. S t

"VE HICLE S of t h e A i r. t h e newes t andon ly up- to - da t e con t r i buti on to t h e l i tera

t ure of aeronau t ics , con t a ins la rge worki ngplans of al l successfu l modem flyi ng mac h i nes . T h i s book ot 500 pages , 14 0 h a lttone p h otograp h s and 13 drawings is theon ly book publis h ed cont a ring eve ry knowntac t of t h is interes t ing subjec t . S ize , 9x5 -74. i nc h es. Price net . post age 23cen t s ext ra . Popu la r M ec h a n ics Book Dept . ,

KODE L Aeroplanes , Bow t o M ake andF ly T h em . By W. Twini ng. Cons ist ing of5 s h eets of sca led draw ings , s h ow i ng t h reed iti

’erent models, w it h descr ip ti ve booklet .By ma i l . 55e . Popu la r M ec h an ics Book

Dept . , C h icago .

YOU oug h t to h ave Bent on ’s Ca ta log.C h icago Aero Works, .164 ~N . Wabas h Ave.

h p . R ot a ry . PropC h a rles Lea,

M OTORS : N om ieel lers 5c inc h . C i rcu la r 2c.

Brunsw ick, M o.

HOW to con trol an aeroplane. Price 50cent s. Used s uccessfu l ly by t h e l a rgestsc h ools. Av iators E xc h ange. 58 W. Was hi ngtc

‘

n S t C h icago.BLE RIOT M onoplanes w i l l w i n moremoney in the Grea t American Ci rcui t Race . t h an a l l ot h er t ype aeroplanescombined. Fou r models , toM anufac tured by A merican A ewp i ane Supply House. Hempstead, N . Y. Il l ust ra tedcatalogue fre e .MILWAUKl-E Sc h oo l Col lege of Avl a t ion . M i lwaukee , Wi s . t h e oldes t concern i n t h e coun t ry. Backed by pioneercvatents a nd se ven years ’ act ive experience.0 give ful l va lue and rea l kn ow led ge.Jus t w h a t you need. See ou r display a don page 32.

BA M BOO Spec ial grades for Aerona ut icWork , Reed, Ra t ta n a nd Spli t Bamboo forM ode ls. Tonka Ra t tan for Skids 1134, i nc hand u nder. Deltour. 804 Jerrerson St. .Hoboken . N . J .BIRD ~FLYE R—The mos t na tu ral . andsc ien t ific F lying M ac h ine model in t h eworld . (Pa ten ted). M ost in t e rest ing foren t h usias t s , and experiment ers w h o canno tbe w it h ou t i t. Power model 250 . G li der,15c. Idea i s wort h t h e money . E rns t E hbi nghaus. 316 E ast s3ra St. , New York .

I

12 POPULAR ME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

BOOKS AND PE RIODICALSGAS E ng ine T ro ubles and Inst a l l a ti on.C lot h ; flexi ble lea t h er . Aut omobi le Troubles and Bow t o Remedy T h em.

C lot h,

leat h er, E i g h t ot h e rp rac t ica l and rel i able mec h an ica l books.Send for c ircu la r. Chas. C . T h ompsonD ept . C . 1126 S . Wabas h Ave . C h icago.LE ARN to be a chautl

‘eur. An up to

d at e book whi ch tells in pla in language h owto opera t e. repai r a nd t ake care of a na u tomobi l e. Sample copy 't h i s nronrh

O

byma i l only 10 cts. P ike Pub. Co 80 . h er

wa lk . Con n.DON'T Buy t h a t book . We loan st andar d books by m ai l . You ca n buy er re

t urn t h em . We plan s h ort cou rses ofreading for you free. Self - h e lp ; business :h ea l t h ; house, h ome and fie ld : econom icand soci al p roblems : boo ks for w ri ters andspea kers ; rel igion : science, etc. L ist s andi i i - weekly Libra ry Cri ti c on req uest . Sta t esubjec t s in w h ic h int erested . Ori ent a lE so t er ic Li bra ry. 119, Was h ington. D . C.

FOX and Hound ~ Monthly M aga zineabou t Fox . Wol f. Coon , Possum . M ink andR abbi t Rounds : h a s Beag le Depa rtmen t ;$1 yea r. Sampl e free . Ask you r newsdea ler for a copy. Fox a nd B ound. DeskP . Deca tur. Ill.E NGINE E RS ’ quest ions and a nswers for

SE ND 50c fo r booklet How t o R unand I ns tall Gasol in e E ngi n es ." and yea r'ssubscript ion t o Gas E nergy . 28 M urraySr. , New York.STE E L Tempe ring Book for mec h an ics ,

and M ec h a nica l D igest one yea r. spec ia lotter, 25c. M ec h ani ca l D iges t . G ra nd Rapi ds. M i c h .FASCINATING Books : “Cleopat ra . 25c.

Stamp b rings ca t a logue. Pau l Dull . 2713M ozart . C h icago .I M M ORTALITY Cert a in . Swedenborg'sgrea t work on l ife after dea t h . 4 00 pages .(t een cen t s. post pa id . Pasto r Land enberger. Windso r Place. S t . Lou is, M o.N E W Book . Jane . 10c.

books and d en pic tures free.Co. . A 5. Col um bus. 0 .

M E TAL Spinni ng" is t h e n ame of theonly book publi s h ed on t h i s in teres ti ng a rt .A conc ise working manua l bot h fo r t h osew h o des i re to in meta l a s, an a rt rec reat ion and t o fo low t h is work a s a t rade.

Ca t a l og ofBond Pi t h .

80 pages. 33 i l lust ra t ions. Pr ice. 50 cent spost pai d . Popu la r M ec h anics Book Dept .

C h icago.GAS for power i s t aki ng t h e place ofst eam fo r reasons of economy . Learn al la bou t t h is grea t c h ange by reading our newnon - t ec h nica l book on t h is subjec t , wri t tenby a fi rst- c lams au t h ority for t h e pra ct ica lm an. 192 pages , profusely i l lust ra t ed .c lot h binding. Pr ice post a id . Popu la r M ec h an ics Book Dept . , (‘ h cago.M E CHANI CAL books. a l l ki nds.

l og fo r st amp . ‘ Crescen t Book Store.8 . Ha ls t ed . C h icago.TWO magazines for t h e pr ice of one.

Ca t a329

Take advan tage of ou r summer offers.Ca ta logue free . Norwal k Subsc ript ionAgency . N orwalk , Conn .BARGAIN l New V olumes. T h i rd E d i

t lon , Jos h ua Rose ’ s “ M ac h ine S h op Pract ice. " Low ra tes on M agazine Subscript i on s. Pot t s town M aga zine Agency , Pot tstown. Pa.SCIE NCE OF SUCCE SS."

2oc. Satisfac t ion guara nt eed .log free. Popu la r Inst i t ut ion.C h icago.382 VALUABLE secret s and formu las.

120 pages .Book ca taE nglewood.

l3o. Ca t a lo of Fa sc ina t ing Inst ruc t i vebooks fre e. te. Upland Place. Yonkers.New York.

TO MANUFACTUR E RSWANTE D rel iable Agenc ies for anyt h ing

su it able for the I sl and of C uba . BankCref

ugnces. B. Pri ce -Wil li ams. M a rianao.

CANADIAN agency proposit ions wan tedP. 0 . Box 981, Vic to ria. B. C.

E DUCATIONAL AND INSTRUCTIONS

HOW t o wri t e ca tc h y ' ads. Book 35c.

Tsed successfu l ly by Adverti ser's . S h owCard . S ign wri t e r’ s and M erc h ant ’ s. A .

N icodemus, 239 N . Sacrament o B lvd . , C iri0880 .

IN 4 weeks you can lea rn the wor ld'sfast est sy st em of s h ort h and wi t h ou t ateac h er . Ca n be u sed on any typewri t e r.Wri t es over 300 words a m in u t e. Text book .$1. Ren t a typewr it er and send l o st ampfor c i rcu la r. Tipretn S h ort h and Co Cclumbus . O.

CLAY M od el in g. plast e r cast ing, se l ftaug h t (bo t h sexes). Simple. advanced . te

prod ucing lessons a nd t oo ls compl et e.M od el ing clay . I l lust ra t ed c ircu lar sen t .Do t son Studio, Readi ng. Pa .FLE XIBLE Sandst one. grea t curlod tyIt bends—tin e spec im en . forty cent s stpa id. Al exander. Jeweler, As h evi ll e. 1R

O

C.

THAT M ast er Penman F rancis B . Cou rtney teac h es eff ect ive lyrapid , ti rel ess bus iness wri t ing by ma i . I l lu st ra t ed jou rn a lfree. Cou rtney ‘s Sch®l of Penmans h ip.

Box 4 92. De t roi t . Mic h .

LE ARN s h ow card wr i t ing. B ig demand.2t - iesson cou rse of inst ru ct ion a t reducedra t e. Pa rt icu lars free. Dell ti eld Co. . Box268, San Fe rnando. Ca l if.

22 COLORE D V iews of N i aga ra Fal l s,25c. N iaga ra Fa l ls N ove l ty Co . Box 705.N iaga ra Fa lls . N . Y .

R E AL p hotograp h s of beaut i fu l women .T h ree poses for 25c : 7, inc luding one xp h oto

,soc. Ca ta log of books and p c

gi re

hsf ree. Atoz Cc. . AS. West Jefferson .

11

15 FASCINATING p h otos of beau t ifulwomen 250. 5 for 100. R ea l good. Na

tional Nov. Co. . 4 21 K E ast 17th St. , New

York C it y.FR E E sampl e w i t h l i st send st amp.P h otograp h s

.Books . E tc. 16 sampl es 200.

H . ord Co Long Beac h . Ca l i f.ARTISTIC pict ures . Two fa sc ina t ing.

hewi tchlng not es of beau t ies 100 . S ix 250.

Grea t for dens. Li tholi t. 4 809 P rytania;

New Orlea ns.

IN connect ion w i t h you r clerica l work wes h ow you h ow t o ea rn $10 t o 815 per weeka nd hold our posi t ion bes ides . No ca nrassing. ’

e. as manufacturers of pa t ent edspec ia l t ies. h ave new easy ma i l order planst h a t ca n be ca rri ed on in you r own h omet o keep t h e fac tor ies busy. La rge p rofit s.Sma l l capit a l. If you a re one - of- t h e- wan tto - go - a h ead ki nd wr i t e today for ca t a logue(copyrig h t ed) plans a nd sworn sta temen t .J . M . Pease M fg. Co. . 553 Pease B ldg . .M ichigan St . , Bud alo. N . Y .

PLASTE R cast ing. s implified i nstruct ions and ou t fi t including model . mou l d.et c. $1: make wa l l decora t ions . take a cas tof your sweet h ea rt ‘s fac e. Un l imi t ed possibi llties. Wri t e for informa t ion . M a h ler .117 Russell St Brooklyn . New York.

BE ST S h ort h and Book for hom e st udy .T h ousa nds of successfu l st enograp h erslea rned from i t : so can you i Pi tman syst em complete. clot h bound . h andy s ize . fi nes t engraving . spec ia l ly a rranged for se lfinst ruct ion . Pric e. 81. E very book conta i ns coupon en t i t ling t h e pu rc h a se r to te

ceive one mon t h 's pract ica l inst ruct ion byma i l. Le ssons gi ven by t h e a ut h or. E ldonM ora n . our bes t kn own America n S h ort h a ndI nst ructor. St uden t s a re in t roduced andco rrespond wit h eac h ot h e r. The t ime tobegi n is Now. Young people succeed wel l .Book well wort h $1: bes ides . ma il lessonsworth 82 wi ll be received wi t h ou t ext racost . Book and lessons sen t im media t elyupon receipt of order . Address Popu la rM ec h an ics Bock Dept Chicago.BUSIN E SS corresponden ts ea rn fi ne lncomes . Demand increasing . An expeztw i l l t ra in you pe rsona l ly . Spec ia l proposition to fi rs t 100 st uden t s . A . Owen Penm y. 604 l l th S t reet . \Vashingi on. D . C.

LE ARN from t h ose w h o know . Cou rsescovering eve ry bra nc h of t h e bus iness wor ld .o r occupation . Wri t e Common Sense Business Sc h oo l . R ising Ci t y , N ebra ska .CROSS Rea l E sta t e Cou rse . 83.Winstel .O h io.

LE ARN boo kkeeping complet ely!

. t h oroug h ly . sc ient ifica l ly and pract ica y froman accou n tan t ’ s st andpo in t by doing 20thcent u ry act ua l work in fifteen lessons bym ail . req u i ri ng 30 days' st udy . Lessons 31payable a s you p roceed . Al l ma t er ia l free .M emori zing an t iqua t ed . use less forms en

tirely avo i ded . Knowl ed ge i s power. Bookkeeping p roperly unders tood increa sesportunities. Consider. Invest iga t e. Beg ittoday. Aus t in's Account ing Academy. Dept .3. Sea t t l e, U . S . A .

DRAI'GHTING . Indiv idua l inst ruct ion .

E lement a ry and advanced cou rses. S h ortcou rse for shop men . M . E . K l ine. 824

Humbo l t Ave Det roi t . M ic h .

Geo rge1624 P leasan t St reet . C incinna t i .

LE ARN to ope ra t e Au t omobi les.825 to 84 5 weekly. We teac h you a t h oni eor by ma i l t o D r ive . Repa i r or Assembleany Au tomobil e. Au t o M odel F ree toeve ry s tuden t . Bookl et f ree. Sci en t ificCol lege of M o tori ng. 3822- 24 W. N ort hAve. . C h icago.WANTE D : M en and Women ; for gov

ernm ent posi t ions. mon t h . Annua lvaca t ions. S h or t h ou rs . No

"l ayoffs. "Common educa t ion suff ic ien t . Over

appo intmen t s com ing. Influence tm neces

sa ry. Fa rmers e ligi bl e. Send post a l i mmedia tely for f ree l ist of posi t ions open .gran

Ykli n I ns t i tu t e. Dep't C 22. R oc h ester.

BE a n auto expe rt.E asy work. big pay.

E arn

Fine pos it ion s open .We teac h you at

h ome by c h a rt s. diag rams and model.H ig h est endorsemen t s . Sma l l paymen t t o“sta rt . Writ e fo r 1912 book—free . Pract ica l Aut o Sc h ool . 117 Pea rl St. . NewYork.AUTO M OBILE Sc h ool . You learn w it h

PAINTING . Decora t ing. Paper Bangi ngt aug h t by actua l ractice. F ree Ca ta logu e.C h icago Sc h ool 0 Pa in t i ng. 4 12 DearbomAve. . C h icago.LINOTYPE inst ruct ion : day. even ingcourses : twelve weeks. 880: t h i rty weeks .$5122.

E mpire Sc h ool, 4 19 Fi rst Ave. , New0

CHAUFF’E UR S—Before takin g S ta t e exam ina t ion send fift y cen t s for p ri nt edquest ions a nd answers . L. I. Lu t es . E xSt a t e E xami ner of C h auffeu rs. U t ica . N . Y .

A CO M PLE TE cou rse i n in t erior decorating in a l l it s bra nc h es. Pract ica l work .E n t er any t ime. Wri t e fo r fu rt h er informat ion. Ka lama zoo Sc h ool of In ter ior Decora t ion. Academy of M usic. Ka lamazoo.M ic h igan.

P ICTUR E S AN D POST CARDS

POSTCARD Col lec tors. 100 w i ll b ringou r maga zi ne and inse rt you r name in exc h ange l is t four mon t h s. C h icago views .mot to. flower. bi rt h day card s. l o eac h .Fol de r of 22 differen t C h icago vi ews We .

E l it e E xc h a nge, Dept . R2 3827 North 4 i thCou rt . C h i cago.BE ST Colored V iew Pos t Ca rds. B istorica l . scen ic , all ove r the world . 10 cen t s forsamples and catalogue. subjec t s.St anda rd Ca rd Co. . Haver h i l l . M a ss.FRA M E S for post ca rds , make t h emyou rse lf wi t h ou r ' ou t fi t . $1. U n lim itedcapac ity . simple opera t ion . h a l f cen t eac h .reta i l fi ni s h ed 15c apiece . Send for f reep h ot ograp h of frame . M a h ler. 11?Russe l lSt. , Brooklyn. New York.B E AUT IFUL Hand colored Sceni c Posta ls .Genu ine P h ot ograp h s. Sampl es 10c . Co

lonial Art Company. 1516 St. Loui s Ave. .S t . Lou is. M o.

POPULAR ME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION 13

ME MBE RS wan ted . M embers h ip l ist , cert ifica te and tire postcards all

10C. Postcard E xchange, Box 1013, Seneca ,

ARTISTIC Pictures . Two fasc ina t ing bew itc h ing Poses of beaut ies 10c. S ix 25c.

Great fo r Dens. Lithol it, 4309 P rytanlaSt. , New Or lea ns . La .RE CE I V

E pos t cards and let ters fromeveryw h ere, members h ip 10 cent s. T h omasHoward . 2305 C lark Are ,

Spokane . Was h .POSTCARDS—Wil d Game cardsno two a like . prepa i d , 25 ets. L. E . Web

ste r. San Fernando , Ca l if.SOME THING new , beau t ifu l quart eredoa k . m ission fi ni s h post card racks . h oldsabou t 4 00. Set on table o r s h e lf. Prepa i deac h

,000 . Two , $1. Sawyer Parker.Defiance. O .

S E ND twen ty - fi ve cent s for large p h ot ograp h of t h e ra ising of t h e ba t t les h ip“Ma ine . A . Se lraefer. 837 M ic h igan Sr. ,Brrfl

’

alo , N . Y .

J OIN t h e la rgest . best and m ost interes t ing Postca rd exc h a nge. New'plan .

M embers h ip . 10c . C . C. C lub. 393!J I\ Tracy .Kansas C i ty . M o .YOU'LL ge t ca rds from everyw h ere.

HIGH grade p h oto posta ls made fromyour pictu re. 350 doz. A . Bind . M aynard.M assac h uset t s .PHOTOGRAPHS of art ist s. models , ao

t resses.commerc ia l models. If you wan t

on ly t h e best . enclose stamp for p rices.

st at ing kind want ed . Davidson Photograp h er . Mc ckers T h ea ter . C h icago .E XCHANGE post - ca rds wit h people from

all pa rt s of t h e count ry . Name inserted .l is t ma i led you . one dime .Pos t Ca rd E xc h ange, 336 E .

fa lo . N . Y .

PHOTOS—Pret ty gi rls in

poses . 12 for 25c.-i for l Oc.

14 8 W. 73d St. , C h icago.POST (

‘ards of t h e grea t Ti tan ic. l ikese t post pa id . Macrinl . 70 M ot t St.

,New

York C ity .FIFTY beau t ifu l pos t cards .H . W. Boot h . U t ica . N . Y .

POST Ca rd Club , l argest in

Pregressirel‘i t h St.

, Buf

heu‘

lte lring(‘

urtls Co

25 cen ts.

Americaone of larges t in world . Not a " kidaffa i r. V ery selec t . T ri al 100: Worl dWide Club . Perry . Okla h oma .

RE AD t h e rest . t h en join the nest ! Sandl tle . G lobe Post ca rd E xc h ange. 5328Pra i ri e Ave . C h i cago .CAME RAS. PHOTO SUPPLIE S. E TC

F ILMS developer! . prin t ed .ment s,kodaks . suppl ies .Posta l s your p h oto on 500 dozen . I l lus

trated ca ta logue free . Samples 4 c. Agent swan t ed . West lake Co 4 15 Ga t es Ave .Brooklyn . N . Y .

E n la rgeP h otos copied .

8x10 PHOTOGRAPHIC E nlar ernents 250each nrad e from any si ze negat re or fi lm .A l l size 6 E xposu re Kodak F i lms developed ao a ro l l . 12 exposures l ite a rol l .Send for complet e price l ist a nd sampleprin t . Scarlet t Studio . 4 5 - 47- 4 9 No. 13th

PIL§i S Developed Free. V elox prin t s up"3 i x.) T hree Cent s . We Fin is h you rlxnd ak Pic tu res Bet t er. " Colon ia l Art

glom pany. 1518 St . Lou is Are. . S t . Lou is,o .KODAK Films Developed, 10c per rol l .

any si ze . . Prompt a t t en t ion given ma il orders . Prin t s 2%x3% t o 334 x4 54 . 3c : i x5t o 314 16 56 . 4 c. 1. M . Al arm ing . Box B .

1062 Thi rd Ave , New York C i ty.

S,

5x7 NO . 5 Kodak Rol l Fi lm or Pla tes .$15 . Box 478,

Jacksonv i lle . Fla .

prin t s,3c. E n largement s. Get B l ist .

(‘

aulkins P h oto Works . Oneont a . N . Y .

PRINTS up to “556 . 3e. Posta ls 3c .

Zad ig. P h o tograp h er. Long Island C ity .New York .

CE ME NT

CONCRE TE Bu i lding B lock M ac h inesand mou lds . Free catalogue. 5 M arket.St St . Lou is , M o.IF you wan t the bes t i nfom ration on ee

rnent and concrete const ruct ion . subsc r ibefor Concret e . leading cemen t and concret emont h ly . Sample copy 10 cent s . Yea rlysubscr ipt ion , ( oncrete. 135 Newh erry B ldg . . Det ro it . M ic h .

DUPLICATORS AND DE V lCE S

MAI.AI.AN E Dupl ica tors. Our Cap slze10x12 on ly Ask c i rcul a r. M ala lane .1222 Sout h ern Bou levard . New York.HOW t o get a Hektograplt th a t wi l l make

150 copies i n 10 m inu tes : let ter s ize ,Wri t e for c i rc u la r. Heyer Dupl ica tor Cc. .

118 No. La Sa ll e St. , Chicago.

BUSINE SS OPPORTUNITIE S

WE sta rt you in a permanent busi nessw i t h u s and fu rn is h everyt h ing. We havenew sasy sel l ing plans a nd seasonable leaders in t h e M a i l Order l ine to keep the factories busy. No canvass ing. Sma l l capital .La rg e profit s . Spare t ime onLv requ ired.Persona l assistance. Wri te today for (copyrlghted ) plans . posi t i ve proof and swornsta t ement s . J . M . Pease M fg. Cc. . 54 1Pease B ldg . M ic h igan St. , Buffa lo. N . Y .

AMATE UR p h otograp h ers a t ten t ion !Brownie fi lms, No. 1 a nd No. 2 developed .se per ro l l . V elox print s . So eac h . A l lot h er films 10c per ro l l . V elox p rin t s . 4 ceac h . Harold R . Parrnelee, 108 Ca l h ounSt Springfield . M ass .PHOTOGRAPHS Wan ted by publ is h ers.I 'l l find a buyer for a l l pri nt s I deemwort h y of publicat ion . Send you r nameon a post a l for Leaf le t of Instru c t ion . A .

S . Dudley . P h otograp h ic E xpert . Box 775G . P h i ladelp h ia . Pa .FILMS : “

Bri slan Double Inst anta neousNon -Curlahle orthochrom atlc. Bette r re

sults . longe r gua ran tee. G . Gennert. 2420 E as t 13th S t Dept . G , New York .GOING t o buy a camera? Post a l b ringsca t a log and fu l l informat ion . L. J . Pea

body. 278 Devons h i re Sr. , Boston .PHOTOGRAPH Post Ca rds . 850.

l .000 i t'll 12—30c. Samplefree from you r fi lms or pla tes . Cau lk insP h ot o Work-x nos Oneon ta , N . Y .

HIGH grade enla rgement s 230 eac h fromnega t ives. Developing and pr int ing equa l l ylow. Pronrpt serv ice . A l l work done andexam ined by expe rt s . D iamond's P hotoS h op . 4 10- 6tlr Ave . N . Y.

KODAK Developing , Prin t ing . E nlarging . Professiona l ten yea rs . I! . Wooding ,Long Beac h . Ca li fornia .

G E T my l ist of cameras . lens . guns .p h oto secret s. etc h ing. etc . Second h and .good orde r. and half pr ice. B . P. E nr ig h t . Perry . Okla h oma .GOOD.

paying studio. C h eap. For pa rticulars. wri t e Hoffman ’s S tudio. veni son.Texas

RE GULAR Reflex , condi t ion gua ran teed .$ 4 0. Da ni e l F lory . Peqnea Creek, Pa .F ILMS developed 10c per rol l . A l l si zes .Prin t s : 254 x354 . 305 2543x434 . 354 !

«154 . 4 0 : a nd 4 x5 .50 . On post

ca rds. 5c. Prompt ret urns . H ig h es t g radework . Send 2 nega t ives and wil l pr in t freeas sample. G . R . Hoke, 1500 E . 63rd StC h icago .H E ADQUARTE RS for exc h anging and

se ll ing second - h and cameras and lenses .Complet e l ine of Kodaks . Cen tury . P rerno

and G raflex Cameras and supplies . For 3c.in st amps we'l l send von i l lust ra t ed ca talogue and spec ia l barga in l ist . " P. Gloeck

ner N ewby, 171 Bro adway. New YorkC it y .F ILM developed . 10 cen t s per rol l . Al lsizes. Pr in t s : 214 31314 . to ; 3yzx3‘xiz .4 14 . 334 x4 14 . 314 x535 . 5c : 4x» ,

tie . Pos tCards . 75c dozen. B. W. Sm i t h , Jam esv i l le . Wis.

8x10 CAME RAcost $150. camera .

pod out fi t for $60Cave, N . Y .

KODAK Fi lms developed free.

wit h ext ension 11x14 ,lens, plateho ld ers. t r iJ. 0 . Reed, Howe

A l l prin t sto si ze, 4 00 per dozen . Postca rd ssame pr ice. Work gu a ran t eed . 20 yea rs'exper ience. Dav idson . 15 Mc ckers T h eat er . C h icago .

INDE PE NDE NCE an d fortune qu icklya t t a ined i n t h e M anufac tu ri ng M a il Orderbusiness . I furn is h Formu las . Manufact uring Processes a nd Trade Secrets in a l llrnes. Sold under posit ive guaran tee ; 18years' pract ica l expe rience. Revis ion andimprovemen t of Fo rmu las and Processesreduct ion of manufactur ing cos t—u t i li za t ionof wast e ma ter ia ls , etc. . a specia l ty. Booklet . Formu la L ist , and V a luabl e Informat ion F ree. W. L. Cumm ings . Ph. D .

, 127St anda rd Si . . Sy racuse, N Y.

MAKE m irrors a t Home. Bigwit h l it t le ou t lay . One 18x26 - ln .cost s 82 t o $5 . You can si lver a glasst h i s si ze for 20c. Send $1 in st amps ormoney order and we w i l l send you expl ic i tdirect ions h ow to do i t : a lso h ow to emh oss . grind . foi l , gold lea f, fros t . c h ip and

profi t sm irror

make im i ta t ion s ta ined gla ss . How t ot ransfer p h otos on glass

.bore ho les i nglass and cu t skyl ig h t s. Geo rge L . Pa tterson Co . . Dept . 3, Brooksvi l le. KY.

HOW I made ou t of an ideaand cas h capit a l of $50. You can do i t .A safe road to wea l t h . An in terest ingstory relat i ng t h e act ua l exper ience of ayoung man . Send for this book. p rice s5c .post pa id . I t te ll s h ow. Send moneyorde r or express order . No c h ecks o rst amps. Bank refe rences : Colon ia l Trus tCompa ny. Pi t t sburg. Pa . Addressl-‘ ra nk Lew i ston . Su i t e A 115 Bakewel lBui lding. Pit t sburg , Pa .

M E CHANICS . E lec tric ians . M anufacto rers. I h ave found a new met h od of bu i lding up t h e knur le d disk on tu rnbuckles .t h umbscrews . etc . A turnbrreklc t h a t costme 12c eac h I can make by t h is met h odfo r 1c. T h is met h od i s va luable a nd t h eproduc t is pa ten table. I w il l se l l t o t h eh ig h es t b idde r. If in t erested writ e toRaymond Carrol l . Orc h a rd Homes . Mi Svsou la . M ont .WANTE D—M an w it h

stock in l a rge .bus in ess . Stock wo rt hCompany incorpora t ednear M an buying t h i s stockget s good posi t ion w i t h company andst and s good c h ance become genera l uranager. E xcel len t opport un i ty fo r h ust l ingyoung married man wi t h abi li ty. Wri t efor fu l l pa rt icu lars B . L . Conne ll . Cinrarron , New M ex ico.PLAS

'I‘

E R cast ing, inst ruct ions and ou t.

can buygrow ing mercan t i letw ice ac tua l cost .

now wort h

fi t inc luding mode l mou l d.etc . . 81. Casting front l ife . Send for informa t ion . M odels for a l l pu rpo ses . M a h ler. 117 Russel l

St. , Brooklyn . N . Y .

STOP h ere ! Let me sta rt you i n a h omebusiness t h at w i l l br ing you money everyday . E xperi ence unnecessa ry . Spa re t ime.No ca nvass ing . I fu rn is h everyt h ing andgrrarantee success Send fo r proofs. V oorh ies . Desk C . R Oma h a . Neb.

LARGE and sma l l Business 0 portun i tiesin a l l loca t ions : profi table leg t ima t e i nvestmen t s our specia l ty ; le t us st a rt you i nbusi ness ; sta t e h ow muc h money you w is hto invest and in w h a t l ine : give references :no triflers. Addison . 2 Cril ly B l ock , Chicago.MAKE $50 to $150 a mont h .

ire lodge ma n in every l oca l i ty . To loint h is Soc iety . Carry it s sick . acci dent .dea t h Benefit s. Get. fr iends t o join . Spa ret ime. Wr it e. Box Il l - 293

. Covingt on . Ky.INV E NTORS desi ri ng to ma rket uter it o rtona pa ten ted a rt ic les of genera l demand add ress N a t iona l M fg . Sa les Co.398 N a t iona l U n ion bldg. , Toledo . O h i o .J E WE LRY St ore—For Sa l e. on ly one ingood fa rm ing a nd lumbering town. Reason , h aven ‘t money t o st ock u p. Art h urBeac h . Winc h est er. Ida h o.FORM a co rpora t ion—Congress Law for

D . C. and a l l Sta t es : c h eap . Ra ise moneyeasi ly . U . S. Lega l Corpora t ion , Was hlagtoh , D. C. Represen t ing

Wan t act.

14 POPULAR ME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

88 P E R day. You can make exact ly

FORTUNE S are made in proprieta rymed ica l and toi let goods. Formu la . 1a

be ls. advert ising originat ed . Sm al l capita l .wonderfu l profi t s. “e guarantee success .Writ e for proof. Frank McNew. C h em ist .

HOW to ra ise t h e fi nest edible frogs int h e world by t h e t h ousands in t h e c ity orcount ry . A proposit ion for t h e man wi t hl it t le capita l and sma l l income. Write forfree booklet . Frenc h Frog Fa rm , M ont e

Be you r own boss. St art ma i l orderbus iness . We t eac h you . 20 years established . E ve ryt h ing furnis h ed . “ Sta rter"free . Krueger Co . . Dept . 28 . 167 W.

Was h ington . C h icago.8 DOLLAR 8 Get t ing 3Secret s 8. 6 va luable Bus iness Bu i lders. 10 cent s. (Re

turnable i . Send D ime today and makenrore money. G . E dward Harr ison . Ba l t inrore.

OXY ACE ’I‘YLE NE Welding. M ake $5.000 pe r year welding Complete det a iledinst ruct ions for bu ild ing inexpensive weldl rrg plant ; frrl l inst ruct ions for use. making ma t eria ls . etc complet e and guaranteed . M a i l 81 t o J . M . Cr'owner. 113 So.Sc h uyler St Ot tumwa . Iowa .

GATHE RING informa t ion i n any commun it y pays good money . A ll or sparet ime . t ravel ing or a t h ome. E asy work .E i t h er sex. Booklet F ree. N a t iona l Iaforma t ion Bureau . St a ti on A12. Columbus .O h i o.I WILL start you earn ing $4 d ai ly a t

irom e i n spa re t ime . sllvering mino rs : nocapita l : send for free inst ruct ive booklet .giv ing plans of opera t ion . G . F . Red smond . Dept 306 Bost on , M a ss ,FRE E sample goes w i t h fi rst let ter.

Somet h ing new . E very fi rm want s i t . Or

ders from $1 t o 8100. N ice. pleasan t business. Big demand everyw h ere. Wri te at

once for free sample and part icula rs . M ctal l ic Sales Cc. . 4 06 N . Clark Si . , C h icago.HAV E you anyt h ing to advert ise? OurRat e Book t el ls you al l abou t advert isingmediums . rat es . c ircu la t ion . closing dat es .etc. Sen t for m e . Wort h dol lars . Folder

BE independent . Sta rt M oney M akingM a i l Order Business a t Home. New Plans .E veryt h ing furn is h ed . On ly sma l l capitalrequi red . F ree Booklet Pa rt icu lars tel lhow. W. P. M il ler Cc. . Box 251. M uske

PATE N'I'ABLE idea s wanted- Send for

3 free books . R ic h a rd B. Owen. 30 OwenB ldg. , Was h ington. D. 0.

MAKE M ore M oney ! Start M a i l Busiaces—opera t e S i len t Sa lesman systemcan be done in spare tim eh possibi l itles upto h und reds weekly . But don ’ t invest anymoney i n t h e M a ll Business un t i l you read"Booster" for “

T he Booster M agazinesta rt s you in busi ness for yourse lf—put syou next t o t h e best money making propositions on ea rt h—ones t h a t get You t h enrorrey. Get away. from wage slavery !Send N o for two mont h s' t ria l . Boost erMagazl

lr

lr

le , 360 Nort h western Bui lding. Ch icago.

3100 TO 8500 made mont h ly by anyone operatlrrg h onorable legi t ima t e busl oness prunesi tion. eit h er loca l ly or by ma i l .on $1 capit a l . Gua ranteed no “ fake" or“out fi t plan . ” Part icu lars free. AddressJ . K . Barr. Wel lsburg . New York .WE start you in business . furn is h ingeve ryt h ing : men and women , 830 t o $200weekly o

pera t ing our Or igi na l “

New Systenr Spec i ty Candy a nd Popcorn Cri snetteFactories ." h ome or smal l room anyw h ere.Opportun i ty l ifet ime : booklet free . W.Ragsdale Co E ast Orange . N . J .

WE Hel p Ra ise Capita l a t once to strut.you in ret ai l—m anufacturlng- pa t ent—rea lesta te—ma l l order or any legi t ima t e business by means of “Our Pract ica l M et h o dPart icu lars free . T h e Business A id Co

MAKE yoursel f independen t by si lvering m i rrors. Send for bo oklet . M . K .

SE LLknow ledgemont h ly .I nform a t ion System .

you r formulas . ideas , plans a ndby ma il . . Some makeInst ruct ive booklet for stamp .

271. M a riet ta . O h io.

SPE C IAL Off er ! New book c h rek fu l lof la tes t money - mak ing plans . sc h em es andbe st form u las for l oca l or m ai l business.Sa t isfact ion gua ran teed or money back .Regu la r pr ice. bu t for l im it ed t imeon ly . 25c . Address M.

'

H a11, Sarat oga .N ew York .

YE ARLY profi t from you r backyard . Com plete plan (170 pages). i l lustrate d. and a profi table ma il ‘ order propoait ion $2. Sen t for ti tle and six stampedenvelopes add ressed to mec h an ics . Pa rticulara f ree. Popula r Inst i tut ion . E aglewood , C h icago.

BOO Mcago offi ce a lso .makes i t very easyexpla ined for stamp .

your business by h aving a ChlOur ma i l service systemand Inexpens ive. Ful lyM odel Service Sys

tem . 538 S. Dearbonr St. , C h icago . I l l .

organ izec h ance . dreamers . o rPart icu la rs T h e Species Company.Box 112 S t . Roch. Quebec. Can .

INCORPORATE free ; pay expenses : wet ake stock for serv ices . Listed Secur i t iesCo . . E lm ira . N . Y .

WANTE D—Rel iable agent s t o trundle a nart icle designed for men . Notice KokomoBel t Co. ’3 ad . page 126.

AGE NTS WANT E D

AG E NTS are successfu la utoma t ic razor st roppe r—easyh andl ing ou rse l ler—satlsfactlon gua ran t eed . Ret ai ls gar. 50. Profi t1007“ Wr it e for terms. Auburn SupplyCo . . 774 0 Peoria Si . . C h icago.HUSTLE RS are making big money wi t ht h e Ful ler—t h e best and qu ickest sel l ingl ine of san ita ry h ouse h ol d brus h es made.Write now . Cata log free. Sample ou tfi t .Fu l ler Brus h (

‘o 33 Hoadley Place .Hart ford . ConnKansas.WANTE D—Agen t s to -se l l au tomobile and

West ern Braneh. Wic h ita .

furrrlture pol is h . Handsome profi t s. Wr it e{r

mfu‘ll

l pa rt icu la rs . Lowe l l Grieves. Lacou .no

LIV E proposit iontowns w h ere t h erep h ones . Four red stampsC l ifford Craven . 26 E ast 21

Copyrghted m

POPULARME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

taking order shouse numfrce. Brett.

Connect icut .

AG E NTS~ New P lan !Double Premi ums ! E norm ous

Double Money !Profit s !

AGE NTS—Sign Pa int ers . Cost 2c.sel l

250 . Somet h ing new : Guaran t eed S ig nLet ters mount ed w it h kerosene a nd rol ler.

AG E NTS—To sel l t h e newest e lect ricappli ance on t h e ma rket ; sol d everyw h eret h ere i s elec t r ici ty. i n t h e h ome and offi ce : l i bera l profit s ; sa les- dri v ing sample ,weig h s a pound . no exper ience or know ledge of e lect r ici ty requ i red : i t s h ows howt o use one l ig h t i nst ead of two and ge tt h e same resu l t s ; sel ls for and savesthe pu rc h ase r a n investment of $25 : wri t e

CALIFORNI A red wood clot h es c h est s .be t t er t ita n ceda r. cost . Beau ty 4feet long wi t h arms for w indow sea t . ceda rlzed , mot h proof, Keep fres h redwood bread box 50 cent s. Colonia l redwood candle st icks 25 cen t s , 0A gen t s sample , no spri ng no sc ra tc h .patent b room hold eir se lls rapidly 10cen t s . Ut i li ty Product s M fg. Co.

. Tropico.AG E N TS—At Once—Somet h ing N ew.

M odel Spring Winder. ” Makes springsa ny s ize from any ki nd of spr ing w ire .Rapid . effici en t and -powerfu l . Ind ispensabl e t o every fac tory . farm , s h op . garage .print ing office. A t t ac h es t o any workbenc h i n a. m inu t e. Sell one. makeprofi t . You ca n sel l 10 a day easy .l e t ’ s -get going . N at iona l M fg. Sa lesCc.

. 397 Huron St. , Toledo, 0 .

N E W sui t oil e r. Sem i name a nd addressfo r wonderfu l sui t on'e r and ou tfit t o start ,samples. sty les, etc . We wan t l i ve agen ts .Ca n make t o a yea r. A l lbusi ness your t err itory t u rn ed over t o you .We pay all express c h a rg es . Only one su itofi'er i n you r town. If you wan t a su it.

wri te qu ick before someone else gets thepr ize. Pa ragon Ta i loring C0 Dept 110Y,C h icago, I ll .AG E NTS on sa lary o r comm ission . T h egrea test. agen t 's sel ler eve r p roduced : eve ryuser of pen a nd ink buy s i t. on sig h t ; 200t o 500 pe r cen t profi t : one agen t ’ s sa lesamoun ted to $620 i n six days ; anot h er $32in two h ours. M onroe M fg. Co. . X , 6. LaCrosse. Wi s.

AGE NTS weekly : we m anufactn zethe bes t need le case made ; a wonderfu l sel ler ; 200 to 500 pe r cen t proti t ; ta lking unnecessa ry ; ou r copy r ig h t ed " Trust Sc h emeE nvelopes d o t h e wo rk ; general agent s can

make over $100 weekly ; send 10c for at 2SCsample con ta ini ng l ~l 5 needles : pa rt icu la rsfree ; buy di rec t from t h e factory a t w h olesale. l ’at y N eedle (

‘o 102 Un ion Sq. ,Somervi l le . M a ss.AGE NTS—Coun ty and S ta t e : m en a ndwomen everyw h ere to sel l t h e Pnrless C lot h esL itre ; a practica l labor saving invent ion .last s l ife - t ime. sel l s on s ig h t , gives pe rfectsat isfact ion . Agen t Su t ton of Georgia , so l dover m i l l ion feet : 10070 profit ; wr i te quickfo r exc lus ive terri tory ; informa t ion free :sampl e prepa i d 250 stamps. Pinless ClothesL ine Company , 520 Wi lcox B ldg . , Port land .Oregon .AG E NTS—Ladies o r gen t lemen . to sell

the h ig h est. grade t o i le t. goods . fla vor ings .etc d irect to fami l ies . H ig h c lass h ouse ;fa i r dea l ing ; repeat. orders sure ; l arg e cashcommi ss ions . Address i i ingham Bros , l ndiau-apoli s. Ind .

AG E NTS- Genera l Agen t s—G rea t WonderSumme r Se l le r. B igges t Summe r profi tmaker ever placed i n h ands of agen t s . Pa tented . Right i n sea son . Not sol d i n stores .

Free sam ple fo r demonst ra t ion . to

a day easi ly made . Get t err itoryqu ick. Va luable M oney M ak ing H int s"to agent s Free. Wr it e t oday, A . G . M cK in ley t ‘o McKi n ley B ldg 2376 OgdenAv C h icago . I ll .GRE AT Sui t Offe r. Wri t e as for st artl ing ot

‘fer on a sui t for you rsel f. and out fitof samples , st y les . etc . Only one su i t offe ri n your town . We wan t you for agen t sowe ca n t urn ove r a l l orders in ter ri tory toyou . You ge t big business and easy money .li ven new agent s make $4 0 a week. If youwant. grea t su i t ot‘l’er wr it e today or someone may ge t l n fi rst . American WoolenM i l l s Cu. . Dept 119 Y . C h icago.

BIG Profi ts—E asy M oney . stamping nam esand addresses on key c h ecks . umbrel l apla t es. wa tc h fobs . etc . B i g demand . We

se ll blank st ock and st amping out fit s. Send100 now for sample w i t h you r name on i t .and fu ll pa rt icu la rs . Ha rt M a nufact uringCo 303F . Deg raw St reet , Brooklyn . N . Y .

500% PROFIT. You r opport un i ty. Actnow. Buyers everyw h ere for ou r U . 8 .

Fi re E xt ingu is h er. Lowest cost . Qu icksa les . Ftvclnslve te rri tory given loca l agent sand S ta t e M anagers . Uni ted M fg . Co. . 1201

Jefferson . Toledo, 0 .

YOUR sa les gua ra nt eed . Sampl e free t ohUStlers.

o M en buy on sig h t . On ly devicet h a t scien t ifica l ly h ones and si rops any razor—ol d sty le o r sa fet y. G i ves correct d iagona l st roke. Famous Bubi rund um Honm g St rop i n every mac h ine. Sold on money- back guaran tee . 100% profi t . Writ equ ick for part icu la rs . Sales M anage r. 709V ict or B ldg . Can ton . O h io.AGE NTS a re ma king $50 a week sel l ingStee l M a n t le lam

pand la ntern bu rners .Sample burner ma led t o you r address fo r

25c. Paritculars free . St eel M ant le L ig h tCo .

.399 Huron St Toledo

, 0 .

YOU can make as ou r genera l o rloca l agen t . House h old necessi ty ; saves 80per cen t : perm an e nt business ; excl us ivet erri tory : sa la ry or comm iss ion : free sample ; cred it . J . Pi t kin , 113Redd St. , i

'ewark , N . Y.

AGE NTS—Ir you don ’ t make 84 profi t.t h e fi rst day se l l ing Ta t e ’s Dus t AbsorbingDust Clot h s, etc ret u rn Samples. M anyAgen t s m ade 825 . Writ e qu ick for particu lars . Dept. 13- 4 , Consum er

’

s Di rec t Supply Co. . Bost on. M a ss .AGE NTS Wanted z—M ec h a nics and s h opmen make over $100 a mon t h in spa re timese l l i ng t ra nspa ren t h andled novelt y kn ivesand ra zo rs . Big profit s. Sa les easil y made.Wr it e fo r t e rm s today. Novelty Cu t leryCo. . 67 Ba r St Cant on , 0 .

WAN'I'E D z—l e Ta il oringFa l l . 4 t st y les of woo lens. to

w h o lesa le. Fi t and workm ans h ipgua ra nteed . On ly t h ose w h o t ake a t leas tt en orders per season for made - to - measurec lot h es need apply. M y out fi t s are verye labora t e a nd stripped Wit h ou t expen se toyou . Hust lers make big money and est abl is h permanen t business . E xc lusi ve t e rritory. Wri t e to day . Harry Sawy er . M e tc h a nt. Ta i lor. 351 Wes t Qu incy St ree t , Chicago . I l l inois .M AKE profi t sel l ing ou r sign lett ers. We

‘

l l s h ow you hcw. 100 va r ieties .

Jo h nst on Qu incy , I l l .50002: PROFIT se l l ing ou r wonde rfu l sign

Ag en t s For

A TWO M inu te Demonst ra t ion . M akesl i very Ca l l a. Sa le. w i t h large. protits. Positi ve ly biggest agent s bonanza out. Freesample a nd part icu la rs. G . V . Sa les Co

AGE NTS—It cost s m e abou t t o secure you r n ame a nd s h ip sam ple mac h ine.bu t i t 's a dead sure way of convinci ng you

AG E NTS make big money sel l ing ournew go ld let ters for cfl ice w indows , storefront s and glass signs . Any one can not h em on . Wr it e today f0r free sample andfu l l part icu lars . M eta l l ic S ign Let t e r C04 06 N . C la rk St. , C h icago .AG E NTS—Gasol ine Filte r for au tumn

M a i l Dealersz—Spec ia l t ie st h at sell . B i g profi t s . E asy sel lers . No

c h ance p ropos it ion . Success certa in . Orde rpu l l ing c ircu la rs fu rn is h ed Wri te forsamples. A . S . Mankln 85 Co Al exandri a .V a .GR E ATE ST Sensa t ion of t h e Yea r ! Newinven t ion . Hemmet er Spark Gap posi t ivelyeli m ina tes a l l spa rk plug t rou bles : easy todemonst ra t e ; every au to owner buys ; agen tsmake 100% rofi t. Part icul ars free. Sample prepa id 1. Buckeye Au t o AccessoriesCo Tole do, 0 .

AG E NTS

E ARN $15 t o $25 a week or more as ou rM ai l Orde r Dea ler R ig h t from you r ownll tl i l le . Hol d you r [J OSi l i Ol l unt i l ent ire t imeis requ i red. We are manufactu rers andowners of pa t ented jus t - ln - season specia lt ies. I f you a re just sta rt ing a Mai l Orde rB l l S i IIGSS or if a lready establis h ed , youcan

't. afford not, t o h andle our Pa t ent edM oney - M aking Get ter-e. We sell exc lusively

t o ou r M a i l Ord er Dealers. We protectt h em . We ca rry stock and furn is h everyt h ing . No canvass ing. Sm all capi ta l . E x

peri ence unnecessa ry. Wr it e today for La test. Pa tent ed Leader a nd M anufac turers ’E asy Sel llng Mai l Order (copyrig h ted ) planbacked up by W h ole Tru t h . " Posi t iveProof and Sworn Sta t ement . J . M . PeaseMfg. Cu. . 539 l -‘ease Bldg. . M ic h iga n StBu tt a lo. X . Y

‘

POPULAR ME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

AGE NTS Wa nt ed—Sel l R ic h Looking.im po rt ed 36x68 rugs . $1 eac h . R . H . Ca rter. M i lan , Tenn . sol d 115 i n fou r days :his p rofi ts . $57. You can do as well . Wri t efor sample ofl er and un ique se ll ing planexclu sive t e rri tory. A . Condon . Bug 1mpo rt e r. Ston ingt on. M a ine.AGE NT S make week ly se ll in our

500 Randy House h old A rti cles : ca ta oguef ree. Sc h el'f Co . . 1137Well s St C h icago.WE gu aran tee large weekly income to

clever sa lesmen w h o ca n h andle new pat

ented dev ice for foun ta in s and bars . Suffi cient goods gi ven free . paying i ni t ia l cost .Gre a t es t caer made. E xc lusive terri t ory .{ima

m - Bell Company. 2 Rector St reet . New01

“

SALE SME N wan ted : A re l i able . permaneat. bus iness . se l l ing Koci h 'a Kom b inati cnKi t. t h e most wonderfu l tool ever i n ven ted . Six pa i rs d rop forged t ool st ee l jaws ,one pai r h a ndles makes pl iers . pincer-s.punc h es . wrenc h es , et c . Inva luable form ec h a n ic

,farmer, c h auffeu r. h a ndy man .

Cu r rier -Koeth M fg. Co. . 52 West S t reet .Couderspo rt , Pa .AGE NTS . Teac h ers . Studen t s. h ere's you r

oppo rtuni ty. San i ta ry dust less rugs. Gemi roni ng s h oes . M any new h ouse h old speci alties t h at sell in ev ery h ouse. da ilymade. Now i s the t ime to st a rt andget it on the ground floo r. For sam les

and particul a rs address Dext er Supply o. .

508 S. Dea rbo rn . C h icagoNEWE ST Pocket pen . Wri t es w i t h wa ter.Always ready . E asiest se l ler , a ent s bi gm flt. Sam pl e 25c. Wolff. 4309 m ani a .’

ew Orleans.

h andle Aut o spec ia l t ypa rt ienC h ick

AGE NTS : Tosel l s on si g h t. E nc lose st amp forl ars. Dept . M . Lew is B. Ba i ley.as h a , Okla h oma .

the l a rgest comm issions . makei nstant de ivery . Guaran t eed h osiery . yea rwea r shoes and s il k kn i t neckties. freesample plan . Cred it al lowed . T h e D i rectCompany. 11 Sou t h Si . , Bost on . M ass .ss—OUR gen eral and l oca l agent s make

m any dol la rs. House h o ld necess it y—Quickrepea t er—Permanen t bus iness—E xclusivete rri tory—Bl?3profi ts—F ree sample. LeePureet Co ox 552. Syracuse , N . Y.

"ALGA.

”the Vacuum

WE Pa

famous

G E N E RAL Agen t s , and lad ies in h ome(own s , the Frenc h egg heater a nd ba t t erb lende r : a fine si de l i ne o r spec ia l t y. bea t sand blends any m i xtu re . Sel l s on guar~

FRE E sample goes w i t h fi rst let t er.Somet h ing n ew . E v ery fi rm want s i t . Or

d e rs from $1 to $100. N ice . p leasan t bus iness. Big demand everyw h ere. Wri te atonce for free sampl e and pa rt icu la rs. M etall ic Sal es Co. . 4 06 N . C la rk S t C h icago.

AG E NTS—10004 , profi t and ea sy t o sel l .A spl endi d - opport un i ty fo r young men a ndwomen to ea rn o r mo re weekly. Ou rgoods sel l on sig h t , a nd ou can be sureof repeat orders. Li be ra proposi t ion toworkers. Wri t e now. Velvo ComplexionCo. . D ept. J , W heel ing. W. Va .AGE NT S—Handsome p rofi t s and rapi d

sa l es wi t h ou r brand new. seasonablehouse h old specialty. E very woman wan t ssev era l . Wr it e for pa rt icu la rs . Gra h amSa les Cc. . Bloom ington. Ill.

AGE NTS: Our Col umbi a Folding HandBag is t h e bes t proposi t ion on t h e market .Not so ld in st ores. B ig profit. Wr i t e forterms a nd ot h er big se l lers . 8. V. Di a

unnecessa ry. no t rouble t o t ake repea t orders. Ca t a log sen t. f ree. J no. B. Boyd.

us a card .Supply Co. .

a nd st anda rd a rt ic les . DropPart icu la rs free. HopkinsGreenvi lle . Pa .

to t ake o rders for men's t a i loring ; beau t ifu l

Iowa .

Brand new. M oneymaking. Part icu la rs100. Acme Sa l es System . 815 Summer AveN ewa rk, N . J .SE LF t h reading needl es. Me a pape r.Agen t s' samples and t erms free. La dl es'Art Co , Dept . 4 1, St . Lou is. M o.I WILL st art you ea rn ing 84 daily ath ome in spa re t ime, si lverlng m irro rs : nocapi t a l ; send for f ree i ns t ruc t i ve h ocaeli .giving plans o f opera t ions. G . F . Redmond . Dept . 306 . Boston . Ma ss.

Agent s—Wonderfu l a lum inum cook ing u t ens i l . ent i re ly new. Posi t ively saves u ser'st ime. labo r , money. M odera t e in cost .w i t h out compl ica t ions. E v ery h ome a prospect. Agent s ma king big incomes. Spec ialp ropos it ion t o t h ose w h o ca n represen t us.At t rac t ive sample easily ca rri ed. Wil ttrd

gflo

ging U ten si l Co Tu sco la Si . , Saginaw.

c O

SE E w h a t we say under Pa ten ts.Sw ift . Att orn ey. Was h ingt on . D . C .

AGE NTS. Is Sa nding" the rage i nyou r loca li ty yet ? Be t h e firs t t o int roduce i t . A branc h of the a rt s - c ra ft . A

pens ten t imes i t s cost . Sam ple 250. B igp ropos it ion t o agen t s . Wi l l iam M u l ler. Securi ty Bldg. , San F ranc isco.IT'S t h e grea test money make r i Ge t next

qu ick i"A Yard of K ids. ” E very womanwant one i E asiest seller. Reta i ls 25c.

Two samples fo r 250 (coin or st amps ).None free l V e ry low price by doze n ort h ousa nd. E xc lusi ve terri t ory . M eri t H .

Sa les Co 271 W. 125th St. , N . Y .

ANY agen t w i t h o rd ina ry abil i t y ca nmake 810 d a il y. New. a t t ract ive proposition. Wri t e fo r free pa rt icu la rs . F. H .M ont gomery . Burke , N . Y .

SPOTOLA . removes grea se spot s o r“ M on ey Back . 50c box for 3 dimes.agen t s wan t ed . Spotola Cc. . Box E .Georgetown

,I i i .

AGE NTS—Unusu a l sel lers . B ig profi tayers. N ove l ty jewel ry . pe rfumery, h osery. Price l is t . pa rt icula rs free . B lockBros . 417 E i g h t h Avenue

, New York.AGE NTS : Novel ty sign cards 5 i i ea sycas h . Adam F is h er Mfg. Co. . 1-7. St .Lou is. M o .AGE NTS—Port ra i t s 35c. F rames 15c.S h eet P ictu res 1c. St ereoscopes 25c. V iews

l o. 30 days ’ credi t . Sam plesoand ca ta logfree. Conso l ida ted Port ra i t Co. . Dept .119 Y . 1027 W. Adams St C h icago.P E RFE CTION Pocket Adding M ac h in e

,L ig h tn ing sel ler. Agent s wan t ed . C inci nna t i Spec ia lty M fg. Co Dep t . R . Cinc inna ti , O h io.AG E NTS per mont h . pe rmanen tbusiness . no i nves tment . We sup ly youw it h t h e bes t V acuum Cleaner eve r nvente dt o se ll a t a price a nyone can alf ord to pay .Set t le w it h us weekly for mac h ines so ld .One M a n t o a Coun ty . Wr it e a t once.Bra h am Compa ny , X 15

,C inc inna t i , O h io.

OTHE RS a re ea rn ing $5 t o $25 da i lyw it h our new spec ia l ty . w h y no t you?Sendfo r ou r booklet . Wa l l

. 224 Clark Ave. .

POPULAR ME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION 17

Big Money i n Sell i ng Used Ao tomobi les—No bus iness so easy t o learn . soproritable. so congeni a l . On $50 to $200i nvestment our agen t s make $50 to $100per week . We furnis h t h e cars a nd teac hyou how to dri ve, sel l an d repa i r thcnr.Wri t e today for partlcualrs and terr itory .T h e Automobile and Cyc le Company ofAmer ica. Dept . 1. 1769 - 1787 Broadway .New York Ci ty .

M AK E big money—b est opportun it ybust l ing agent s now wan ted t o se l l l ’aos.

BOYS ! Be you r own boss a nd make 825t o $30 a week se ll ing di rec t to owners ofAu tos. Launc h es and Ga rages ou r new1012 E lec t r ic Au to Launc h L ig h t . Sel ls a tsig h t. Bes ide t h e money you make sel l ingt h e goods . we are going to gi ve away a sprizes, B icyc les . Cameras . Howa rd l o ldWatc h es . Launc h es and Au tomobi les. Wil lyo u take one? Wri t e now for fu l l pa t ~ticui a rs. Don't wai t . T h e W. A . Fennert ‘o Providence , R . I .KE Y tag—German s i lver—marked w i t h

WANTE D—Li ve agent s to se l l T he

Ameri can Lady Fib re Broom on 1 year 'sgua ra n t ee. Does away wi t h corn brooms .E xc lusive te rr i tory ; free samples ; big. pe rmanent business ; 1 m un in every county.F. L. B urt ,

2255 S . St a t e St C h icago .PORTRAIT agen ts . 16x20 crayon . sepia .

pastel lne. b rom ide . 4 0 c ts . . big money i n

CUT otrt fads and fanc ies . Handl e asensible,guaran t eed l itre of new ly - pa tented

h ouse h o ld invent ions ; perma nen t employmen t . Send for ca ta logue and un ique sel ling plan. Lyon - E lwood M fg. Co E ast St.Lou is , Ill .

BOKARA D iamonds—Agen t s . everyone .to wea r and sel l our famous Bokartt l i lam cnd s. Wr i t e for sample oc r and ca talogue Free. Nort h western Jewel ry Co . . 52Nort h western B ldg . , C h icago ,LI V E agen t s are making big money sel ling our La test. C iga r Lig h t er—Why no tyou? Sell s on sig h t . Sample 350. P ur

tlcu iars free . Got t Sa les Company, 5727Lowe Ave . . Dept . C 4 8. C h icago .

AGE NTS—Tire money i s yours i f youg rab t h is w inner. It sel l s to eve rybody .No t a lking necessary . J us t s h ow i t andt h e sale is made. 10070 profi t . Tire w iseagent wi l l send for free pa rt icul a rs. (3.

AGE NTSt h e peroxide was h ingders. exc lusi ve terri tory .3e postage. T horeau M fg.

(ei t h er sex ) fo r l ’ar- oxo .h elpe r. Repea t o r

100 sample fo rCo. . 1062 W.

CONSIDE R t h e immense field for a fanmo to r ope ra t ing by gas o r ga so l ine and youragency appl ica t ion wi l l be sen t immedia tely. E ssex Sm i t h Co 8 Lock St Buf

AG E NTS make enormou s profi t h and lingou r qu ick - sel l ing imported Or ien ta l si n lesand novel t ies. N ever been advert ised . e

or'ders . E xCIUSive terri tory. Wri te for

AG E NTS wa nt ed in every coun t y to se l lRazorless S h aving Powder. From $75 t o$200 a trronth can be made . Send 250 fortwel ve s h aves and t erms. Secllg WadsE ASY $335. New specia lty . Needed everyh ome. Sel ls on sig h t . Bigges t profit s w i t h

Bud long’

s l ine. Bnd long. Box 157. Provid ence . R . I .ALU M INU M P lant or C lot h es Sprinkler.ti t s any common bot t le

.sam ple 15c. Pa r

rico le ra f ree. Hu bert . 8 M orris Crescent .LIVE agent s make 825 da i ly . Au t o owners buy at s ig h t. Send for pa rt icu la rs.Iroquoi s M fg. Co. . Dep t. 19, 202 M a in Si . ,Buffa l o, N . Y.

M ARI-Z m o ney. se l l our merc h andise.Send 27m for Cowboy F ob and Chant.

BRAND new agent s specia l ly. B ig sel ler.Send 10c qu ick fo r sam ple. Pa rt icu lars

AGE NTS t o sel lof Titan ic . Best d iscoun t

T h e Story and Wreckand terri tory .

LIVE agen ts—Don't be idle . make bigmoney : 25 excel len t proposi t ions . Ha l l

AGE NTS wan ted—l oofs profit se ll ingSafety Razors . Agen t s" outi it 50 cts.

J acobson Specia l ty Co . . N . Mai n St

J amestown . New York.HE LP WANT E D

E ARN $10 t o $15 a week and h ol d you rposi t ion besides . No canva ss ing. We . a smanufacturers of pa tented jus t - in - seuson

spec ia l t ies , h ave new easy ma i l order plansto keep factori es busy. We furn is h everyt h ing. La rge p rofi t s. Smal l capit a l . Iix

perience unnecessa ry . I f you are one oft h e wan t - t o~go - a h ead - kind , wr i t e for ourrrrost mode rn (copy rig h ted) plans. Swm -

n

sta tement . J . M . Pease M fg . Co 5 4 0

Pease B ldg. , M ic h igan St . , Buffa lo . N . Y .

ME N and wonren wa n ted for governmen tposi t ions. mon t h . T h ousands of ahpo i ntm ents com ing. Wri t e for free l is t ofposit ions open . Fra nkl in Inst i tu t e. Dept.(121,

Roc h es te r,N . Y .

YOU a re want ed Fo r Governmen t job.mon t h . Send postal for l is t of posit ions open . Fra nkl in Inst i t ut e. Dept C21.

B E a n elec t rica l m eternran—woo t oa year . N ew field . Demand forconrpetent nretennen grea ter t h a n supply .Persona l . prac t ica l ma i l inst ruc t ion nua l i ~ti es yort fo r splendid posi t ion . Graduat esa ssisted . Wri t e for part icu la rs . FortWayne Correspondence Sc h ools . Dept . 20.F0 rt Wayne , Ind .

BIG money writ ing songs. Hundreds ofdol lars h ave been made by wri t ers of successi n i words or musi c. Pas t experienceunnecessa ry . Send us your song poems.wi t h or w i t h ou t rnnsic. Or w ri te for freepa rt icu lars . Acceptance gua ra n teed i fava i lable. Was h ingt on on ly place to secu recopy rig h t . H . Klrkus Dugda le Co. . Dept .203, Was h ington , D. C.

WANT E D—M en and women : for governrrrent posi t ions . rnorrl lr. Annua lvacat ions . S h ort h ours . N o layoff s .Common educa t ion suff ic ien t . Over 12,000 appointment s com ing. I nfluence unnecessa ry . Fa rmers el igible. Send posta l i mrned lateiy for free l ist of posi t ions open .grar

i'ki ln Inst i t ut e. Dept . (

7

21. Roc h este rA 0

FRE E i l lust ra t ed book tel l s about overprotec t ed posi t ions in U . S . serv ‘ice. M ore t h a n vaca ncies every yea r.

T h e re i s a. big c h a nce h e re for you . sureand generous pay. l ifet ime eurpioynrent.E asy t o get . Jus t ask for booklet. A20.

i\

;o

girl igati on. E a r l Hopki ns. Was h ington ,

WANTE D. Agent s . M ac h in ist s. A t tent ion ! Inc rease sa la ry. new revised Sann ~tiers’ Hand -Book of Pract ica l M ec h a n ics .Best ever ready reference. T housands i nuse. Postpa i d clot h ;leat h er flap. B i g p rofi t s. E . H . Saunders .216 Pu rc h ase St. , Boston . M ass.UNCLE Sam is a l i bera l enrployer. Qual

iry fo r a. Government pos i t ion . We p rcpa re you by m ai l for any C iv i l ServiceE xami na t ion . Writ e today for free Bo oklct Capi tal C iv il Service Sc h ool , Was hlugton . D . C.

GO V E RN M E NT pos t office exam ina t ionseveryw h ere 800 11. Get prepa red by form eri i . S . C iv il Service E xam iner. Wri t e to~day for free booklet . Pat terson C iv il Service Sc h ool . Box 826 . Roc h est er. N . Y .

M AKE money wri t ing s h ort s tories. B igpay. Free book let te l ls h ow, U n i t ed PressSyndica t e . San Franci sco.R E PR E SE NTATI V E S wan t ed everyw h ere

- l i ere's you r c h ance. Don't let i t pass .E asy money

,easy work l ist ing names and

prope rty. A dime br ings pa rt icu la rs a ndcont ract . “

Na t iona l E xc h ange, BoxWa t er loo . Iowa .SALE SME N—T wo energet ic. c lean - cu t

0 113.Oi l Company .

Greases and Pa ints . T h e S ig~menC leveland , O h io.net

ME .’ and boys t o lea rn au tomobi le re

pa i r ing. d ri ving on up- to - da t e ca rs ; electrici ty. c ivi l engineer ing. survey ing. M et hods ruost p ract ica l . Booni and board w h ile

WANTE D—M en a t Los Arrgeles. Canlea rn t rade. Fa i r Wages aft er secondmont h . Automobi les . elec tr ici ty , plumbing.b ri cklay ing. Prac t ica l work on ac t ua l jobs .st udent s last fi ve yea rs . On ly fewmont h s requ ired . Un ited Trade Sc h ool .Los. Angeles .CASH for informa t ion . names . form u l as .a nd ideas . St eady . profi table h ome btrsiness. Inst ruc t ive booklet for st amp . I nformat ion Sys tem . 273. M a riet ta . O h io.WANTE D voung men . mec h an ica l ly in

cl lrred . to sell ou r Be lt O i l to factor iesand demonst ra t e it s effi c iency and newM et h od of applica t ion Sam ple ou t fit one

dol la r. King M fg. C h icago.WANTE D Dist ribu tors of Ad ver

tising M a t t er ev eryw h ere. American D ist ri but o r. M ount Pleasant . Pennsy lva n ia .

WANTE D one t h ousand c h auffeurs andrepa ir men . Our demand for au tomobi leengineers exceeds t h e supply . Ca l ls formen of i nte l l igence atrd mec h an ica l bentcapable of commanding tope r mon t h up on gradua t ion . Residen tcou rse t o Home Correspond ence course complet e d by p ract ica lroad a nd s h op work at. t h is sc h o ol . h ig h lysuccessfu l . Look thi s up. Aut o Sc h ools ofAmerica , Dept . T. 1600 M ic h iga n Ave. .C h icago.

AGE NTS Want ed—We wan t a li v e w ireagen t.ei t h er enginee r o r spec ia l t y sa lesman

in every town to furn is h l i st s of namesand take orders for Akron M eta l Gasket s .t h e most complet e l ine of meta l G asket smade. Wri te for ou r p roposi t ion. Ak r onMeta ll ic Ga sket Compa ny. Dept . P. MAkron . O h io.WANT E D By U . S. Governmen t : M ai lC le rks : Carriers ; Clerks in Pa tent Off ices :Ag ricu lt ure : Treasury ; Army ; N avy : a ndot h er department s at Was h ingt on . E xcellent sa la ries. N o

“ layoff s. S h ort h ours .Annua l vaca t ions. Posi t ion wou ld be yourafo r l i fe. E xam ina t ions everyw h ere soon .Common educa t ion sufl

’iclent. T h ousa nds

of appo in tmen t s com ing. Pu l l unneces

sa ry. Farmers el ig ible . Wr i t e immediat ely for sample qu est ions and larger i l lustrated book t el l ing dut ies a nd giv ing fu l lpart ictrlars. Fra nkl in Inst it u t e. Dept . C21,Roc h est er. N . Y .

SALE S M E N Wa n ted . To sel l the bes tl itre of L ig h t Fu rn i t u re and PianoBenches on t h e ma rket . on a com rrrission

basi s in M innesot a . Ken t ucky , N eb ra ska .Oklalrorrra . North and Sou t h Dakot a , Mi ssouri . Tennessee . A labama , Georgia andLoui si ana. Address A rt N ovel ty CoGos h en . Ind .STOP h ere ! Let rrre st a rt you irr a lronrebus iness t h a t wi l l bring you rrrorrey everyday. E xperience u nnecessa ry. Spare tinre.

No canvass ing. 1 furn is h everyt h ing andguarant ee success Send for p roofs. Voorirles, Desk C. It Oma h a . Neb .

GO V E RN M E NT wa n t s postot'fice c lerks

—carrlers. mont h . E xam inat ionsCoac h ing free. Frankl inC21. Roc h es ter. N . Y .

everyw h ere soon .Inst itutc, Dept .

I M ADE i n fi ve yea rs wi t h a.

smal l nrai l order business : bega n w it h 85 .Sem i for free booklet . Tel ls how. Heacock . 507-1 Lockport . N . Y .

WANTE D—Hust l ing man i tr eac h loca lit y . Jorn t h is Soci ety . S ick , acci dent .dea t h benefi t s. I nt roduce our M e m bers h ips.Spare t ime to sta rt . $50 to $300 a mon t h .Wri t e. Box J F - 203. Covirrgton, Ky .ME N and wohren wan ted for governmen tposit ions. mont h . S h ort h ours . Ahnua l vaca t ions. T h ousands of appoin tment scom ing. Wri t e for f ree l is t of posi t ion sopen . Fra nkl in Inst i tu t e, Dept . C21.Roc h est er , N . Y

18 POPULAR ME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

MACHINE RY. TOOLS. SUPPLI E SFOB Sa lk - 16 i n. Hori zon ta l Boring Mi l l ;Hen ley Pu l ley La t h e ; 20 i n . Barnes Uprig ht D ri l l : Delano Pu l ley Dr i l l ing Tapp ing M ac hine : Dbl. Head M il l ing M ac h ine ; Gou ld 43 in . Back Cut t ing M ac h ineA l lis C h almers “B" Stone Crus h er : SandPaperi ng M ac h ine : Dbl. Head E lec t rotype T rimmer : Wh i tewas h ing M ac h ine ;Hust ler As h S ifter ; 1% i n . Ga rdner Govem or. Wri te for desc r ipt ion a nd p rices.T he C h a l lenge M ac h i nery Compa ny . Grand500 HORSE POWE R t igl i t - i tand engines imple Cor l iss h eavy du t y frame . si ze . 21x

(8. com plete. inc luding flyw h ee l . 18 ft . d iamet er . grooved for 11 t urns 1% - i n. rope.Ameri can dr ive- st eam rece iver sepa ra tor.7- in. st eam pipe including one long radius

RE BUIL’

I‘ motors—We h ave a n umber ofsecond- h and mar ine engines of our owna nd ot h er m akes , complet ely rebu i l t atrdgua ran teed by us. As t h e bu i lders of“Butraios a re not in t h e second - h andengine bus in ess. we w i l l sel l t h em a t l esst h an fac tory cost t o make room . T h is isa rare opport un i ty to get t h e h ig h est gradeof e ngi nes—2 to 100- no.

—c h eap . Buri a loGaso li ne M ot or Co 1284 - 96 N iaga ra St . ,Buffa lo. N . Y .

BOWSH i-Iit i-‘

eed M i l ls—New No . 0.

M AN ITOU M ar ine M otors , 5 H . 802 ;10 B . P . . $101; 20 H . P . , 5180. Satisfact ion guara n t eed. Rough and M ac h ined

E NGINEgasol ine.

horse vert ica lT h ree h orse ma

cast ings , 1115ai rw oo led , $7.

FOR Sa le—Too l Cases fo r M ac h in i st s.Too l - makers and Dra ft smen a t a sacrifice.The O h io -N a t iona l M fg. Co Chi l i lco tlie. 0 .

FOR Sa le—Gaso li ne engi nes. au tomobiles.mar ine and st a t iona ry . also cast ings. Second - h and ones t aken in exc h ange and forsale. . App ly w i t h st amps . B . W. R ic h a rdson . R . No. 30, Peoria . I i i .FOB Sa l e—E ngine la t h e. str ings i n.

takes 25 i n. between cen ters. Complet ewit h full se t c h ange gears t o cu t al l si zet h reads. 3 t o 4 0 lu. z p rice on ly ,Address L. F. G ratnm es Sons. A l len

STE A M boi le r orztti ts. complet e :horse power. _

20" diam . . 51

" h ig h . $4 0.

Page Boi ler Company. 815 La rrabee St. ,C h icago.FOR Sa le - Rebu il t : T h rot t l ing. Aut oma t ic and t ‘or i iss engines . bo i lers . pumps .h ea t ers , m ac h ine too ls . tanks . saw m i l ls .and genera l mac h inery . a t ba rga in prices.Let u s know you r want s. Tire Randl e M a

c h inery Co 1761 Powers Sr. , C inc inna t i .O h io.AIR compressors. Sma l l a i r cooled com

M E CHANICS : Bu ild your own 2 h . p .wa t er cooled ga so l ine engine. Cast i ngs $7.

FOR Sale. Two American Saw - M i l l M ac h inery Co. 6 i nc h wat er t urbines. one

w it h a nd one wi t h ou t cast. i ron casing.Address F . E . L . 55 -10 Woodlawn Ave. .C h icago. Ill.

SIMPLE mec h an ical inven t ions wa nt edsend sket c h . Sanders, 20 Cr i l ly B lock .ChicaBO.

§ E ND 500 for bookle t “How to Run a ndInsta l l Gaso li ne E ngines .” a nd year ’ s subsc ri pti on to Gas E nergy. 28 M u rray St. ,New York.FOOT Lam b - Sc rew cut t ing—Reverseh ead—Compound rest -C h uck —Too is—Dogs—Suppi ies. Bear of 209 E . 6t h Ave . . (‘lncinnati . O h io.

c h inery Company . M inneapol is , M inn .VACUU M Cleaner Pa rt s . Pumps . Tools ,Hose . Tanks . etc. . a l l si zes . a t w h olesa leWri t e Koc h Vacuum M ac h ine Co. . An nArbor . M ic h .POLISH E D German S i lve r M ac h in ist s ’Pocket Ru les . gradua t edT h ree inc h 25c : fou r inc h 35c. Nobl eWest brook . Ha rt ford . Conn .BE FORE you buy. get ou r big ba rga inl ist of new and u sed gasol ine engines . 1t o 100 HP. Badge r M otor Co. . M i lwaukee.

V ERTICAL Bo i lers—1 and 196 H . P .

$28 and 838 complet e. Ha rri s M ac h ineryCompany . M i nneapo l is . M irth .

WE buy and sel l a l l k inds I ron Woodworking. Tinners' M ac h inery. M ot ors . et c.M ol i tor. 215 So . (‘i i nton St. , C h icago .

FOR Sa le—11 inc h E ngi ne La t h e o rt rade in Au tomob ile. Benjam i n Skoiaus.

LATH E For Sa le. Sc rew - Cut t ing Foo tPowe r. J ew. C h eap . 0x25". Hayes. Un ionB i rc h er. St. Lou is . M o.FOR Sale—12"xi 2" Harri sbtrrgh Idea lengine. 3275. 25 H . P . . four cyl inder . gasol ine mot or t ruck en gine. $150. Geo. J .Adams

.39 Sou t h St New York .

BARGAINS In rebu i l t Pa lmer ma ri negasol ine engi nes . Pa lmer Bros . . 31 E . 2 l s tS t. N ew York .FOR Sa le—C h eap . 1 20- h.

-p. New E ragaso l in e engine . in fi rst - c lass co ndit ion .T h e M ason Fence Co Leesbu rg . O h io .ME N. 10 t oo ls i n ou r h andle.pocket k i t for a l l u ses . 50cH ig h land Supply Co. . Box 4 84 .

i on . 8 .

PATTE RN makers ! A book devot ed to

the principles of pa t t ern and co re makinga nd mol ding. ‘Vri tten'

hy G . H . Wi l lard .a pract ica l pa t t e rn maker of years expe rtence . T h is book . just publ is h ed . t rea t s t h esubjec t in a muc h more simple. di rect a nd

Handypostpa i d .Burl ing

S E ltI E S of 7 l it h ograp h ic modelsSt eams h ip

,au tomobile . ga s engine . st eamengine. steam t u rbine . w ireless t elegrap h

and dynamo . S ize 8x14 inc h es. A l l part sof t h ese mac h ines a re s h own and numbered

CASTINGS fo r wood tam ing la t h e . mac h ined ready to a ssemble , includingmeta l bed . Sma l ler si ze .M u rray A l lender. 113 E as t Burl . St. ,

Fairfleld . Iowa .

200 BUNSE N Burners . specia l t ype.Hea t s H ig h ly effic ient . E ac hp repa id . Wa l lace Herm an, 112 Ai

berta . Dayt on , O h io .CAST INGS fo r V4 hp.

$8 M u rray 8: A l lender,S t Fai rfleld , Ia .FOR Sa le—15 i n .

marine engine .113 E as t Burl.

Sebast ian screw cu t

h orse marine engine113 E ast Bur lCASTINGS for 4

814 . M urray A l lender.l ogton Si . , Fairfi eld . Iowa .

LATH E S . $03. 8225 , $250; m i l let-s.

$125 tip; d r i l l s , punc h es . grinders . planers .gea r cu t te r, wood s h ape r . s ti ckers . 27"

DON'T keep t h at good idea i n you rli cod because you cannot deve lop i t . Myexper ience a nd mac h ine s h op ca n h elp you .

Drop me a l ine. S . M ason Fox. Germant own . P h i lade lp h ia . Pa .FLOUR. Cr. FE E D MILLING MACHINE RYSPE CIAL ba rga ins in second - b and : At

tirlton m i l l s. bu rr m il ls . crus h ers . cor-

n

s h el lers . bra n dust ers , dus t co l lec to rs. purifi ers . ree ls . double. s ingle . 2 and S- pa i rhig h ro ller m il ls . sieve 'bol ters . rece ivingsepa ra tors . scou rers . etc . Writ e for descript ion a nd prices . Sprou t . Wa ld ron 85

Cc . . P.

“

0 . Box 4 20. Muucy. Pa .BOATS AND LAUNCHE S

FOR Sa le. New Wa t erman 3 h p. boat.

CHART of a modern snbnrarine boats h ow ing a nd nam ing ove r 200 part s. S i ze.14x28 inc h es. Pr in ted on pla t e paper.S h ows c lear ly a nd d ist inc t ly a l l t h e l i tterior. M a i led i n a t ube for 250. Popu la rM ec h an ics Book Dept . . 318 W. Was h ingt on St. . C hicago.

MANUFACTURING MACHINE RYPUNCH E S . d ies, tools . models and ex

perim ental work . Invent ions perfect ed .Lig h t manufact u ring sol ic i ted . KirkuranD ie and Tool Works. 1809 M arke t . Derrver . Colo.

WE make d ies .pa rt s. a nd models.tttre inven t ions o nWr i t e for est ima t e .

tools. spec ia l mac h inePerfec t a nd m anufaco

con t rac t . Do pla t ingHagsrom Bros. M fg.

WE make j igs . fixt ures a nd t oo ls fo rmet a l st amping . cut t ing and form ing. MeCa l l M ac h ine Works . Roc h est e r. N . Y .

WANTE D—Good spec ia l t ies o r mac h ineryt o manufactu re. A. E . Bess. Ham il ton .A M E RICAN M odel and Too l Works. 617

03l W. Jackso n B lvd . C h icago. We makemo dels. tools. dies . molds. pa t terns andmodel pa r ts . E xpe rt gea r cu t t ing. Invent ion s developed and s impl ifi ed.'WE make working model s of a ny descri pt ion . a lso t ools . d ies , punc h - presswork . and spec ia l mac h inery. Send us

drawing or roug h model for est ima t e. Sendfor ca t a logu e of mode l supplies. TirePierce M ode l Works. 3105 P ierce Ave. .C h icago. I l l .

ME CHANICAL E NGINE E RSIN V E NTIONS developed . draw ings . patent s

.mac h inery designed . Irw in D .

G roak E ngineering Co . . M onadnock Bu i ldi ng. C h icago.M ACH IN E Designing.deve loped . Worki ng Draw ings . M ac hinery des igned t o order. (

‘ a ry L. Abbot t .M ec h an ica l E nginee r. 124 1 Un i ty B ldg.Inven tors’ ideas

M ACHINE des ign ing . ideas developed .H ig h c lass work a t lowest ra tes. E . B'

Stauil‘er. E p h rat a . Pa .

20 POPULARME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

FOR sa le, pa t en t s on t h e onlym e t er of v a lue eve r i nven t ed .c apital to m anufac tu re E .

exposu reWan t ed

M . Woo d

l .)l SH was h e r.c h eap. boome r. money mak er.G . K r iege r, Woost e r O h io .

FIND Ou t Fo r Yourse lf w h a t t o i nven tand h ow t o p ro t ec t it . M y book

.I n ven t

o rs' Uni versa l E duca t or. covers the ma tter from A t o 2 : a lso lves 000 M ec h ani ca l M ov emen t s a nd 50 erpetual M ot ions .Pr ic e postage free . M oney retu r nedi f not more t h a n sa t i sfact ory . F . 0 . D ie

i row t o c h oose an attorney. Best ban kand o t h er references. All busi ness st rict lyconfiden t i al. -Wri t e t od ay. i). Sw ift

IN V E NTIONS paten ted f ree : so l d oncomm ission . Fine invent ions for sa le.

PATE NTS w it h ou t advance a t torney'sfees. Send sket c h fo r free repo rt. Rooksfree. Ful le r F u ll er , Was h ington , l b. C .

PATE NT ATTORNE YS

PATE NTS obt a ined . t rade ma rks regi s

PATE NTS p rocu red a nd pos iti vely so l di f t h e idea has mer i t : al l co un t r ies : sat i sfied c li en t s m y bes t references ; a good i nvention properly p rot ec ted by pa t en t s h ou ldp rove very profi t able t o t h e inven tor ; protect you r bu sin es s aga i nst compe t i t ion bypa ten t in g a ny new ma nufact ure. process .form u la . o r a rt ic le a ssoc ia t ed w i th i t : capi taliZe you r i dea s . per fec t . pa ten t a nd ma rket your new i deas : send sketc h t oday .book f ree . H . Sa nde rs . 1 Cr il ly Bu i ld ing .PATE NTS a nd Pa ten t Poss i bi li t ies . i s

a 72 - page t rea t ise w h ic h t ell s all abouttents. w h at t o i nven t a nd w h ere to sel lt . It gi ves h onest advice t o i n ven tors . a ndi s fttl l of va luable a nd in te resting inform at ion . Wr i t e fo r i t t oday ! It is f ree . H .

18 . 137111, 905 McLachlen Bldg. , Wa s h ington .l .

M ONE Y i n good i dea s. My pa tents geti t for the inventor. Twen ty yea rs’ experience. Fees low—payment s l i be ral . “

TheTrut h About Pa t en ts" sen t fre e. J ae. R .

M ansfi el d . Dept A2Wa s h ington

!D . C .

M ONE Y In Id eas—My book “T h e Inven tors ’ A ssista n t ." tel l s how to get i t ou t .M a i led f ree. Hen ry N . Copp. Regist eredPa ten t A tt orn eys. 51 Was h i ngton . D . C.

PATE NT Books M a i led Free—s h ow ing100 mec h an ica l movemen t s inva luable to i n

PATE N TS Bring R ic h es w h en of va lue.Ou r free books cover t h e subject in a t h or

l ’ATE NTS—Herber t Jenner. pa ten t at

t o rney and mec h a n ical expert . 608 F . St. .Was h ingt on . I). (L, establ is h ed 1883. Imake a free exa m ina t ion a nd repo r t i f apa t ent ca n be had a nd exact ly w h at i tw i l l cost . Send for c ircul a r.PATE NTS of Va lue. Prompt and eff ic ien t service . No m is leading induce ment s .E xpe rt in M ec h an ics. Book of Adv ice a ndPa tent Office Rules f ree. C lemen t s

PATE NT books o n How to Obt ai n a ndSell Pa ten t s . con ta in ing ex h aus t i ve info rma t ion on t h ese subjec t s , w i t h 100 mechanical movemen t s. ma i l ed f ree on te

WANTE D—People w i t h o rigina l i deas.Idea s h a ve made fo rt unes . If you r i nvention h a s mer i t . prot ec t i i—t ur'n i t in t omoney. My free booklet te l ls how. Wr i t et oday. Wm . N . Roac h , J r. . 502 Metzerott

PATE NTS secured or fee returned.Send stretc h for F ree E xpert Searc h a ndRepo rt a s to pa ten tabi l it y . Books on tu

free . Free sea rch and con ti ngen t fees .M i lo B S tevens Co , est ab. 1804 . 685F S t Was h i ngton ; 353 M onadnock Blkn,C h icago. Guaran t eed by Ba nkers Regis

D ist ri c t of Columbi a .

PATE NTS t h at pro tect and pay. A dv iceand books free . Rates rea sonable—h ighest.refere nces : be st resu l t s. Wa t son E . Co leman . l ’a tent Lawy e r, 022 F St. , N . W

C. L. PARKE R . Pa tent A t t orn ey . 910G St. , Was h ington . D . C. Inven tor's h andbook Pro t ec t i ng , E xplo i t ing a nd Se l li ng

cuts a nd T h e i r (lost. S h ep h erd t’

arnpbe l l. Pa t ent A t torneys. 500A V ic to r B ldg . ,30 Owenfree books. R ic h a rd B . Owen ,

FR E E lega l pro t ect ion t il l pat ent ing. besides advan t ages otIered by bes t a t t orneys.M a i l desc ri t ion . E dward P. T hompson .M . 11 (re stered a s re l i able a nd co mpeten t i n U. S . Pa t ent. Orrice) 504 F . V ic tor

R E AL E STATE—FARM LANOS

WRZTE for desc ripti on and p rices ofover 65 im proved fa rm s and acresof wi l d l and in da i ry be l t of Wi sconsi n .L. R ivard. Tu rt l e Lake. Wis.

.

85 M ONTHLY Buys Subu rba n.Fa rm.

h ea r Houst on. Bal i m ad an d S h eli ' Bou leva rd. F ru i t . t ruck. o r go

ultry fa rms nea rsuburba n sta t ion. on ly 3 m i nu tes from theC i ty of Hou ston. nea r S h e l l Bou levard d irec t t o t h e ci ty. Bea u t ifu l loca ti on . ric hsoi l . plen t y of rai nfa l l , ti ne cl imate. twoa nd t h ree c rops a. yea r of po ta t oes. tomat oes , cabbage, a nd o t h e r vegeta bles w h ic hnet growers from 8100 to $300 pe r acre.Fine st rawber ry co un t ry. a lso i n ora ngea nd fig be l t . a nd is splendi d pou l try cou ntry. L ive w h e re you h ave a cas h ma rketi n the c i ty for eve ry t h in g you g row . tru lya few fi ve and t en acre fa rm s at $50 and$55 an acre . no in t erest. no t axes . -F ivea cres $5 ca s h and $5 mon thl y—ten ac res$10 cas h a nd $10 m on t h ly. Wr i te todaybefore all are sol d. Thi s is your chan cet o own a h ome . C. W. Ha h l 6: Cc. .

WANTE D—G ood mot orcycl e a s part payment on some splendid c h eap l and i nI ta sca Coun ty . M i n neso ta . Ca n loca te a

few h omes teade rs. R a lp h Ric h ards , DeerR iver . M i nn .

CASH for you r business o r rea l estate.I b r ing buye rs a nd sel lers t oge t h er. No

DE LAWAR E Farms. M oney maki ngfarm s t h roug h ou t t h e en ti re sta t e. $15 a na cre up : l ive - st ock . implemen t s and c ropso ften inc luded. We on’e r best ba rga ins .a nd pay buyer‘s ra i l roa d fa re. Ca ta l ogf ree. Ford R ei s. I nc. . D ept . 43, Wi l

WANTE D - M enfarm ers in E a ste rn

t o become indepen dentNorth Ca roli na . “

The

M AP—a nd all about Arkan sas , h om esteads. fa rm , fru i t la nds—15c. Hubert

Inm i les of ra i l road . Apply t o T h os.Car l ton . A rcadia . Fla.

DOGS—POULTRY—LIV E STOCK

POPULARME CHANICS anvsarrsm o SE CTION 21

HOUNDS . bea r. wol f. Deer . ca t . fox a ndblood h ounds. 50 page i l lust ra ted ca t a logue.fi ve- cen t. st amp . Rookwood Kennels. Lex

ri son Ave Ft . Sm i t h . A rk.FORMULAS

FOR M U LAS . new edi t ion and D iges t publ is h ing 100 form u las . etc mont hly. one year. 5oc. Diges t . Grand Rapids ,

FORMLLA for removing ink s t ai ns from

S E ND 350 s tamps—M organ ’ s book ofOver 500 va luabl e formu las, t rade secret s,etc . Tire M orga n Press. 1?Harva rd P lace.Bost on .200 FOR M ULAS and D igest publ is h ing

100 form ual s.etc . . mon t h ly . one yea r 250 .

500 VALUABLE formu las , 250. Process

FOR goodnes s sake gra b i t . Nea rly 4 00fo rmu la s sent post pa i d for 200. Absolu t esat isfact ion . Send a t once t o Jo h nsonCo. . Box 231. P h oen ix A riz.

HOLD “Eyou r t rousers w it h t h e L .

“

N . The 8: N . meet s t h e increa sing

WANTE D—Act ive man in every lodge.To jo in t h is Societ y . Ca rry i ts s ick . acc i

SAFE TY razor blades st eri l ized a nds h a rpened bet t er t h an new : 2 cent s eac h .Five years' success. Send for blade boxa nd ci rcu l ar. E lect ro S t ropping Co . . 134

M E N'S h ose ! Fou r pa i rs guaran teedholep roof fou r mon t h s $1. S i zes 054 t oi l l/é. Ba lck . navy, tan o r s la t e. KantTea r Hosiery Co Pot t st own . Pa .

PATE NT retort p ipe cleaner. I t rea l lyc leans you r pipe. Sample 150. Part ienl a rs free. Hubert . 8 M orri s Crescen t .“i onkers. N . Y .

PIANOS—MUSICAL INSTRUME NTSSTRADI VARIU S V iol in , excel len t toned .good how a nd ca se for sa le c h eap. Sen ton t ria l . Miss Bert h a M a rdes . Rou t e 5 .R oseda le. Kansas .

Conn B . flatPrice ,

FOR sa l e. Lat est mode lcom e t . s i lver pla ted. nea r ly new .

835. C. P. Taylor. N orwa lk . ConnFOR THE HOME

GAME S AND E NTE RTAl NME NTS

M AGICIAN ’S Ba rga ins M agician ’ sR ising Cards . 300 : M agic ia n ’ s T rick Deck .20c : M agic D ie T hroug h Ha t . 200 : V a nis hing Ca rds . 150 : Van is h ing Handkerc h ief.150 : 84 New Ca rd Tricks. 80 : 250 M agi cTricks

,60. I l lust ra ted Catal0gue f ree.

E agl e M agic Company . M inneapol is. M inn.W h olesa le and Reta i l .STINK T h em Ou t— I tc h ing Powder-Ruh

LE ARN ventril om ti sm a t h ome. Part ienla rs for stamp. M . Ba i ley. Box 253. S t .Pau l . Mi nn .

250 TR ICK S . M agic.t on A ve.

.C h icago, I l l .

RAR E COINS AND STAMPSSTA M PS free—8 diffe ren t Cost a R ica .or 3 d i ll

'erent Souda n (camel ). b ig starupl i st s. etc . . for 20 post age. If you col lec t

st amps. wri t e us. O ld col lec t ions boug h t .W. C . Phi l l i ps Co. . G l ast onbu ry . Conn .

PA ID fo r t h e ra re 1856 cen tfor the ra re s il ver dol la r of 1858.

Keep money da t ed before 1890, and send10 cents. for new coi n va lu e book . A . H.

Kra us , 209 Krat‘

ts B ldg M ilwaukee,Wis.

5225 Lexing

24 VAR IE TI E S Cuban s tamps 10 cen t s .L ist of l ow- pr iced stamps f ree .

PACKE T of 23 stamps :t r ies a l ike, 500 h inges . Set of 81U . S Rev. , a l l for 50. M iam iCo Toledo. O h io.

D0 TWO counand 82St amp

DO you wa nt you r songs publ is h ed freeby rel iabl e Publ is h ers? Wr i t e us for pa rt iculars. Impe ria l Ar r. Co . . Su i te 84 . NO.

25 W. 4 2nd St. . New York.SINGE RS : . 50 l a tes t songs w i t h mus ic.

100 : t o adve rt ise . Needharn M usic House .

61- 13, S t . Lou is . M o.THE Secret of Song Wri t ing. book

let ful l of u sefu l i nform a t ion by an expe rt . 250 post pa id . C h as. M etz, 306 E a st88th S i . . N ew York .POE TS . aut h ors :songs and s tories. Ge t cas h for you r

M us ic Sa les Co. . 61-4 .

NE W song h it s ! By- gone Days .Dream of Loved One . 150 eac h . E ffie

SONG poems wa nted . Cas h or roya l t yt o you . N eed h am M usic House. 61- 5 . S t .Lou is, M o.

C h icago.The Wrec k of theLATE ST song h i t .Macrini . 70 M ottTita n ic ." l 2o post pa id .St New York C ity .

ALL t h e favor ite o l d songs. Words a ndmusic complet e i n book form w i t h at

t ract ive cove r: s i ze 7%x9% inc h es : DOOdva lue. Pr ice 50 cen t s.post pa i d . Popula r

M ec h an ics Book Dept . . C h icago.

SE ND P hoto of C hi l d or any Home pet .Cat. Dog . Horse .

’ et c . . and w i l l returnbeau t i fu l Wat er Color sketc h of same fo r$2. Not a P h otog rap h ic enl argement . E x

am ine ! if plea sed send money . i f not ret urn sketc h t o W. C.

,ca re of J . E . Burck

h a rdt , Nept une Avenu e, Coney Isla nd, NewYork.M E TAL Work and E tc h ing—A 96-Dageh andbook for art meta l workers tel l in g h owto make a great var iety of useful ~and or

unment a l object s suc h as desk set s. a rt sc ra ft s jewel ry. etc. Pr ic e . 50c post pa id.Popula r M ec h a n ics Book Dept C h icago .BE AUTIFUL a rt s - craft s lamps—Any

one can make t h em ou t of pape r , carriboa rd and Wood . 16 desig ns. Inexpens iveyet a rt ist ic. Complet e book of inst ruct ions .Pr ice. 500 . post pa id . Popu l a r M ec h a ni csBook Dept . . C h icago.M AK E you r own m iss ion furn i tu re a t.t h e m inimum of expense. Our 2 book s" M ission Fu rn i tu re . How t o M ake I t ,Part s 1 and 2

,tel l i n plai n . s imple l an

guage just how t o m ake 50 differen t pieces .I-‘

ul l dimens ioned working draw ings andh a l f tones of fin is h ed a rt icles. Pri ce, 50

cen t s eac h o r for t h e two volumes .post pa id . Popu l a r M ec h an ics Book DeptC h icago.

Trembl ing Turt le. se. La t es t N ovel t ies Our»I.ake Sa l es Co Por t C l in ton . 0 .

LATE ST domest ic. an d im port ed novelties, jokers . magic t r icks . pu zzles, et c . Illus tra ted ca ta logue free. Josep h M a t h ieu .203 Cou rt St Brockton . M ass .M AGIC T ricks . Books Suppl ies.

La rges t l ine in t h e worl d . Ama t eurs suppl ied a s wel l as t h e G rea t Profess iona ls.E asy. Int e res ti ng. E n tert ai n ing. M ammot h

,i l lust ra ted. Professiona l ca ta l ogue ofclever t ricks for t h e pocket . pa rlo r andstage. pr ice t en cen t s . T h e o l d rel iable

fi rm . Read Covert . 821 E ast 43d St. ,C h icago . I ll inois.FR E E—1912 magic ca t a l ogue . 208 pages.

350 il lus t ra t ions . 800 t r icks. puzzles . i l lustone for par lor o r stage en terta inmen t .Send 60. stamKs fo r pa rt icul a rs and sample pocket t ri c Buy di rec t from t h e m an

ufacturer. c h eaper a nd bet te r appa ra t us.W h olesa le M ag ic Co. . 270 W. 39th St. ,New York .

STA M PS . 100. all differen t . free. Postage 2c. M en t ion pape r. Quaker S tampCo To ledo . O h io .STA M PS—105 C h ina . etc. . st am p d ic

tionary and l ist . 2c. Bul lard. S ta . A . Boston .FR E E ! 100 St amps for 2c pos tage a nd

2 col lect ors’ names. “Hawkin s" Baton,New M exico.1000 DIFFE RE NT st amps moun ted for

i erm ont Stamp Co. . Bra t t lebo ro.V e rmon t .M E XICAN Revenues—50 d ifl erent. 180

100, soe z 250. Hambu rger, 101 W.

80, New York .COINS—20 d itl

'erent foreign . 250 ; 5 differeat Confedera t e sta t e b i ll s. 150. Reta il

price li st s free. 150 page p rem ium coinbook . 2SC. F . L . Toupal Co. . C h icagoHe ig h t s , I l l .5 FRE NCH Co loni a l Stamps for nam es

of two col lect ors and 2 cen t postage. Ca tal ognes tree. Approva ls commissi on .Sample copy S t amp and Coi n Col lec to rfree. A . Kraus. 602 Kra us B l dg. , M i lwaukee . Wis.

OLD Co in s fo r Sa le—5 differen t .L. J . M a t h ewson . S . D .

DANDY St amps : 112. Japa n, em . 5c.

Guy D ustman . U rba na . I ndiana .COINS—E ig h t. d iffe ren t foreign . we : 20

differen t . 250. Robert Blakely. Presco t t .Arkansas .

we .

a bet te r asso rtment for l ess money t h anelsew h ere. wr i t e fo r ou r ca ta log. Sem ple’

aM us ic House , 204 Wes t Ave . . N o rw al k.Connec t icu t .POINT L ig h t M a rc hLa t es t i nst r umen ta l h i t . Ten cen t s. Robinson . Publi s h ers. Wa rren . Mai ne.

'ANY Popu lar S h eet M usi c you wa n t .

l\ o ma t te r w h ere publi s h ed,we w il l send

post pa i d fo r 15c per copy. Wil l is Woodward Co. . 1197 Broadway, New York.CARNATION Day. Just publ is h ed .

Dedica ted t o M iss Anna J a rvi s . founde rof M ot h er's Day: sui table for c h urc h andh ome. Good words, lea si ng music, ev erybody s h ou ld h ave t h s 7c copy. Robe rtBaxt er. 3227 Sansom St P h i ladelp h ia .

and Two S tep.

22

TE l. 5 8RAPHYT E LE G ltAPHY—M orse and w i reless

l tai iway. Accoun t ing (St at ion Agency)taug h t. qu ickly R . R . Dispa tc h es andWestern Un ion Wires and complet e Wireless Sta t ion in sc h ool . Splend id oppo r

tuni ties—gradua t es a ssist e d. Li t- ing - ex

penses low—may be earned . La rges t a ndo ldest scltoo lfl stabl ished 37 years. Investmen t Correspondence coursesa lso . Ca ta logue free . Dodge's TelegraphRai lway Inst i t u t e. 15th Sr. , Va lpa ra iso,I ndia na .

WORNOUT Dry Ba t ter ies M arie Be t t e rt ita n new for Sc. Ittstt'uctioIIS. 200. Wi l

rnagncto s , etc . Send t‘or c ircu la rs. E lec

structi m ts. 2se gua ra n t eed . C la rk . 2n::u

‘

l‘

roughton . S t . Josep h , M o.PRINTING AND E NGRAV l NG

PRINTING—500 e it h er envelopes . not ebeads. ca rds, 900 : ci rcu lars. ii5c ' 000 l inen fi n is h let t er h eads o renvelopes. t ypew ri t er let te rs. Samples. “T h e

PE RF E CTION Multigraphed form lett ers are perfect im it ations. $3, o r500. $2. I nc luding st ock , let t er . h eadd el i vere d i n U . S. Send for spec imens .

MULTIGRAPHING .

" Perfec t .t ypewri t ten let t ers . A l so postca rds .l ist s. not ice s, et c. Reasonablegenu inep riceprice s.

Samples free. R i versi de Press. Hackenaack. N . J .

Ba lt imore . M d .

apes and 100 ca rd s nea t ly p ri n ted t o you rorde r : prepa i d $1. Sample for stamp .U n ion Pu b. Co Dept . M . U n ionda le. I nd .

TYP EWRIT E RS AND SUPPLI E SG E NUINE typewri t er barga ins . no m at

t e r w h a t make. w i l l q uot e you lowest. pricesand easiest t erms . Wr it e for big barga inl ist. and ca t a logue 17. L. J . Peabod y . 278l bet‘onsb i re Si . , Boston .

—E very kind on the

market . Wri te t oday fo r best ba rga in youeve r secured . S h ippe d anyw h ere on approva l . $10 up. Fletc h e r Typew ri te r Co . .

’07 N . 7th S t . Lou is. M o.R E MINGTON t ypew ri t er. 4 12 : Cal lg rap h s. $6 : Ii am m oud s, Yos i . Densmores$10 ; Sm i t h Prem i ers a nd Jewet t s, $15 .Ol ivers. Unde rwoods . L. C . Sm it h a nd Roya l s. $25 . Fift een day s’ free t ria l a nd one

get our pr ice s . Har lem Typew ri t er E xc h ange. Dept . P . M. . No. 217 Wes t 12sthyear's gua ran tee ; don ’t pu rc h ase unt il youSt. , New York .TY i ’ i-IWRITE R r ibbon s for a ny ma ke ofmac h ine. four for $1. Carbon paper, $1pe r h u nd red . l uaranteed . Peerl ess R i bbon 217 West 125th Sr. , N . Y. C i ty.TYPE WRITE R Ba rgai ns. Al l makes .

$10 up . Ten days free t ria l . i uaranteed

two yea rs. E xpress prepa id. Pr ice l i stfree. Fra nk Payne Compa ny, Roseda leBra nc h . Ka nsa s C it y . Kansas.

STE NOG RA I'IJ E R must sel l h er Retu

ington t ypewr it e r. $9. M iss King, 22307th Ave. . N . Y . C i ty.TYPE ‘VRITE R—Sm it h Prem ier No . 2.goo d a s n ew. No fu rt h er use : $20. Barga in. J

'. S. . 4 203- 2sth Si . , Oakley . O h io.

TYPE WRIT E RS. Grea test sa l e i n hist ory. Bank rup t st ock . many l i ke b randnew . low a s $10. Writ e for spec i al p ricel ist No. 16. M ac h ines sen t for t r ia l ou r expense. Typewr it er I nspec t ion Co. . 235 W.

4 th. C inci nna ti .

ext raordi nary values. Sen t on ant tld rel iable. Conlrroya l . Wri t e today .

TYPE WRITE R—O l ive r, la t est model No.

3.l ike b rand new. Cost $100. w i l l se l l $35 .

Sent for tria l my expense . E . S. . 813Betta. C inc innat i . O h io.

MISCE LLANE OUSR E TAILE RS—I (

‘an Doubl e You r Bus iness. Fo rmer Advert ising M a nager N ewYork Corpo ra t ion w i l l wr i t e you two lett e rs t h at w i l l “ pu l l" orders fo rOne lette r. $3. I h ave sol ved hu ndred sof import an t sales problems : ca n sol veyours. Send out line. References on re

q uest . Add ress 11. A . Stern . Box No .

Mon t ice l lo . N . Y500 GINSE NG root s . seed.

ROOSTE R —T h e magaz ine you need lSend 100 for two mon t h s t ri a l . Bo ost erMagaz

in

le. 360 Northwestem Bu i lding. Ciri

cago . l .ANYBODY ca n make good cute w i th mysimpl e zi nc etc h ing p roc ess : p rice . $1:spec imens a nd pa rt i cu la rs for stamp T .

M . Day. Box M ,Windfa l l . Ind .

BAS E Ba ll cu rver , worn on t h e h and .ca n gi v e the ba l l a. s h arp tw ist t itus causing a w ide curve. I t is s o sma ll it. is

not not iced a nd t h ey a l l wonde r w h eret h ose awful curv es come from . Price 25cen t s. Cu rver Co. . Box 125 . Brady . N eb r.

AUSTRALIAN OPAL. For sal e 150

l a rge spec imens : p ri ce £ 50 lot. Sam plepiec es 10/0d post ed any address .Wri t e for i l lust ra t ed ca ta logue of beau t iful Black" Opa ls. N . H . Seward . 4 53Bou rke St. , M el bou rne. Aust ra l ia .

magaz in es—3 t im es and my money-maki ngmaga zine one yea r for only H .

La t z . A t lant ic Cit y, N . J.

POPULAR ME CHAN ICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

E ARN $15 t o $25 a week as ou r ma i lorde r dea lers. Rig h t front yo u r own hom e.Hold you r pos i ti on unt il en t i re tim e i s req u ire d. We a re manufac t urers and ownersof pa t ent ed j ust - i n - season . repeat orderspec ia lt ies . If you a re just st a rt ing a ma ilo rd er bus iness o r i f a lready establis h ed .you can ’ t afford not t o h andle ou r Pat en t edM oney M aking (l et t ers. We se l l a nd fu rnis h everyt h ing. No ca nva ss ing. Sma l lcapi t a l . E xpe rience unnecessa ry. Writetoday for La t es t Pa tent e d Leade r andM anufact u rers ’ E a sy Sel l i ng (copy ri g h t)Mai l Order P la n backed u p by "Wh ole

forms it t i l l to m ake c h ange. All lea t h er,best Russian ca lf. Post pai d 75 cen t s.Gua ran t eed . Am. Pu rse M fg. Co. . Bel l ingbam ,

Was hWANTE D—Ac ti ve m an in every l odge.To join thi s Soc ie ty. Ca rry i ts s ick. acc iden t . dea t h Benefi t s. Get fri ends t o jo in.Spa re t ime. $50 t o $150 a mon t h . Wri t e.l tox RQ- 293, (

‘

ovi ngtom Ky.

BROTHE R—Acc iden ta l ly di scovered roo ttr i l l cure tobacco h abit . G lad ly send pa rticulars. F S tokes . M o h awk, Fl or ida.BOW To Get P len ty. My l i t t le booklet . pr ice 10 cen t s. s h ows you h ow to ohtai n abunda nce of all good t h ings inl i fe, h ea l t h . pm speritY. It i s for You.P len t y Publi s h ing Co. . 174 9 La n ier PL.Was h in gt on . D. C.

TATTOO mac h ine i nk, and fu l l d irect ions . 500 s i lve r. Prof. Manufac

M OOS E h eads , $25 : E lk . $60: Buffa lo .$65 : Deer. $10. Taxide rmy in a l lb ra nc h es. Gua rant eed M ot h - proof. Onapp rova l . Brewer, 34 10 Grays Ferry Rd . .P h iladelp h ia .E VA Tanguay Penni es, 5 cen ts eac h .

E nclose 2 ce nt s ext ra fo r postage. Address1 T. N ovel ty Co. . 538 S. Dearbom St. ,C h icago . I ll .CO RPORATION S organ ized i n al l sta tes

PAY cas h l i bera l ly t o Doc t ors . Lawyers.‘ i ercltants. Mi n i st e rs a nd Fa rmers for someinforma t ion . Ask pa rt ic ula rs . Ba rnesPie rre. S. D.

BA M BOO Fis h ing Rod s ; fou r sec ti on :co rk_

gr it). St ee l—t h ree sec t ion s.Pre pa i d. Kem oirae Co. . Box 999.S t . Louis. M o.WATE R S t il l ! Pure Wa t e r fo r Househ ol d . l-Ilectri cal . M edi cina l or P h otograp h ic. pu rposes P rice Guaran t eed .T . Adams , 3935 Co lo rado Ave. . Chica go.M A ILING l ist s and l oca l i n forma t ion

co om y names a speci a lt y—at rea sonableprice s. Address. L is t a nd Inform at ionBureau

. Box 51, Clttrkesvi l le. Ga .BOYS ! Bu i l d you r own M oto r Bob

(Au tomobil e). Compl et e plans. 100. s il ver.1’ Ave ry . R i dgewood . N . J .ON E dol la r mout h buys t h i s insurance.T h ree t h ousa nd dol la rs acc iden ta l dea t h .Twen ty - five dol lars weekly. sickness o r acc iden t . Pau ley I nsu rance Agency. Buffa lo.New York.YOUR advert isemen t i n 100 maga zines .coveri ng Un i t ed S ta t es . a t 3c a word. W.

C rawford . Box 24 . To ron to. Canada.S E E w h a t We say u nde r “Pa tent s.Swi ft

.At torney . Was h ingt on , D . C .

GE T One ! Panama Pac ific E xpo. 1915

Wa tc h Fob . 500. C la i re. 232 Beacon .Sa n Ped ro , Cal .

T OBACCO cure. O ne box cures . Gua ra n t eed or money back. E s tabl is h ed 1891.

Wr it e for spec ia l offer. A l l en D i st r ibu t ingCo. . 319 Al tman B ldg . , Kan sa s Ci ty , M o.FIND and sel l genu ine pea rl s a nd baroques . L. V . Mapea. Indi ana Harbor.Indiana .PATE NTS secu red—C . L. Parke r. 910

G St. , Washi ngt on . D . C.

CANDY M a king cou rse. $1. E agleCo . .

“N" Qu incy . M ass.

TATTOOING. Improved elec t ric ta t t ooing mac h ine. eac h . Sold wi th aguaran tee. C h eapest a nd best l ine of Tattoo i ng Suppl ies on t h e ma rket. Send 151:

for 6 bea ut ifu l h and co lored Ta t t oo designs. Wr it e now for f ree p rice l ist . I .

Ba rbe r. 1019 V ine St. , C inci nna t i . O h io.

POPULAR ME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

20111 century cigar- s h aped pipe . T h eonly pipe made t h a t cannot be to ld f rom a

fine cigar. Coo l smoker. h old ing big pipefu l l of tobacco : w i l l last years. Sam lo.inc luding beau t ifu l mou t h piec e and ca ta og.10 cent s. M oney back i f dissa t isfied . Josixii h M ath ieu . 203 Cou rt St Brockton,ass

TOO LAT E TO CLASSIFYE NGINE E R'S Tra ns i ts- For sa le : and

l eve ls ; a l l - kinds ; second- h and W. F .

Sprengnether, 203 N . 10th St. St. Lou is.M issour i .AN i ncome for l ife . 10 acres in Flor i d aw i l l p rov ide “

an i ncome for l ife for you .

We can t el l you h ow to be successfu l andi ndepend ent on ten acres of good l and i nt h is beau t ifu l coun try at I larwood . Flori da .the new c i ty on t h e east coast ; glor iousc l ima te ; no snow i n t h is "3- crop -a—year"count ry . You can be out on your landevery day in t h e yea r and grow crops co n

tinuously. Pou l t ry is a money make r"h ere , c h ickens run out doors al l t h e yea r.Wr it e today for booklet and inform a t ion .America n Land Company . W. A . F r idmore. Pres t Harwood. Fla . P lease men

acre ; l ive stock . tool s and crew. ofteninc luded to set t le es ta tes quickly . M amm ot h I l lus t ra ted Ca ta logue No . 35 . free .E . A . St rou t Fa rm Agency . Sta t ion 3043.4 0 Wes t 34 th St. . New York .COLL E G E and H ig h Sc h oo l Fel lows :Wan t an easy. pleasa n t iOb for vaca t iont h a t pays bi g money? Let te r w indowsand make glas s sign s w i t h Attracto

"

ready- made let ters . V e ry l i t t le capita land no previous expe r ience needed .

a nd t rade secre ts furn is h ed for a ny produc t .Wr i te me. Liscombe M i l ler . E vak C h em

na in a profi table ma i l order bus iness , one

TOOLS—Rel iabl e second - h and equ ipment.at lowest poss ible pr ices . L ibera l credi tt erms a rranged i f des i red . Tr ia ls a l l owed .Sa t i sfac t ion gua ran t eed . Fol low ing a reb a rga ins—Foot power la t h e ; Scarrett benc hl a t h e ; Lod ge and Shiply engine l a t h e :wood t urn ing speed l a t h e : Ba rnes dr il lpress : Pos t dri l l : M i l l ing mac h ine : SbaperSaw t able : Gra i n U n i versa l woodworkerForge ; G as engines 2. 5 a nd 10 h p , Wr it ea t once . s ta t ing exact ly w h a t you ca n use.S tua rt. Duncan , O ld Sout h Bu il ding. Bos‘fDon

’t E N VY a

good com plexion .

Use Pom pet‘

an

PE E RLE SS Four Cy l inder Ti re Pum p :C lamps on runn ing board : t urns w i t hcrank ; weig h s 9 pounds ; Inflates 4 inc hti re in 4 m inu tes . Pr ice $15 . de l ivered .Waban Webbing Bul let t Proof Rel inerspreven t punc tu res and bl ow - ou ts ; 3231356 .

34x4 , de l ivered . O t h er s izesi n p roport ion . Pamp h le t free. Autom o

bi le Ti re Vu lcan izing Works . 624 E .

H i ll Si . , Kansa s C ity , M o. D ist r ibu torsYOU are looking for more long green .

You doubt less deserve i t . and w il l ing t owork for i t. Our soap and toi let ar t ic lecombina t ions h ave every ea r ma rk of being t h e rea l Coin Get ters . We can provet h at t h ey a re just w h a t you a re afte r. We

year ly addi t iona l from n ewspaper correspond ence. M y book tel ls w h at's news .h ow to get i t . w h ere t o sel l . N ewspaperd irectory inc luded . No correspondenceschool expense ; on ly 50 cen ts . Fi rst sal eret urn s inves tmen t . M orr i s W h it e . St a t ion

w i th ba rn and ou t bu i ld ings . excell ent flowing wa ter and 160 acres of improved landnear A rt esia , New M exico . in t h e famous

respondence Bureau . Was h ington . D . C .

SA V E 65% t o 85% on a. gua ran t eedtypew rit er . any make : Ollvers . L . C .

Sm i t h s . l lem ingtons and U nderwoods sol don two - years guaran t ee . C h oice of 300mac h ines $10 to $15 . Send for Spec ia lPri ce L ist today. Un iversa l Typewr i terD ist ri bu t o rs . 0802 B is h op St. , C h icago .FOR Sa leh - S ix h orse h ori zon ta l . $4 5 ;t en h orse vert ica l engine. 800, governora nd lubricaior incl uded . Bot h engines

BE COME i ndependen t t h roug h one h und red agen t s. Paten t ed h a rdware specia l ty.One dol la r o r t en t h ousand w i l l s t ar t you .Ideal for m ai l order. For de ta iled lnforma t ion address P. 0 . Box 283. Aurora ,

you des ire or s h ow you h ow t o st art a

c lea n , legit ima t e. wel l paying ma i l orderbus iness : qu ickly . inexpens ively , sensiblyand above reproac h . M a i l s t amp for freepa rt icu la rs and address : E xpe rt . Hom eBank . Bal t imore . M d .B E a bandenti’ king : make b ig money on

the st age ; al l vaudev i l le c i rcu i ts pay from$50 per week up. I t eac h everyt h ing i n

Clark .P laza St reet, Brooklyn . N . Y .

a n dHA VE one .

M a tch l e ss P o ck e t L i gh te r

SCHILLERMFG. C0, Dept 102. SchillerBuilding, Chicago

23

TOLE DO au tom atic com pu ti ng grocersca le. gol d fin is h . 13 lb. Cost $95. Wi l lsel l c h eap . Wri te for pa rt icu la rs. Ind ri k

FIFTY new foreign membe rs in ur M ayl is t from Ho l land, M exico. I nd a. e tc .M embers h ip l Oc. Trave le rs ’ Pos t CardClub. 3508 Car ro l l Ave. . C h i cago. Il l .

MA IL Order Business . I s t a rt you free.no investmen t. but pos tage and s tationa ry.{ll‘

finclose s tamp . ) P. N ewn h am . Wa ukega n .no s .

AGE NTS a, day. all yea r round . demonstrating t o h ousekeepers. Send for l a t es tca ta log and prem ium l is t . T he R idgewayHome Supply Co. . 2354 So. R i dgeway Ave. .C h icago. I ll .

$1 STARTS h om e bus iness.

for pa rt icu la rs . Hoba rt . 3738 PennS tampAre

WATE R mo tors , fans .m agnet w inders . Spec ia l ar t ic les to or

der. Invent ions developed . C leveland Specialty M a nufac t ur ing Co. . Cleveland .

tapping mac h ines .

CANADIAN Pa ten t , 134 076. Fric t ion

S E ND s tamp for ba rgai n l ist ; Guns .

THRE E L ine Rubbe r S tamp—name . business , add ress—250 . Pads l Oc. Da t ers

WATE R Fi lte rs. cost ing 2c. sells l 5cagen ts make 815 per day sample se

wri te for t err it ory. NOSplash Company,STAGE Beau t ies. Scores of

’ em inbeau t ifu l magazine. S ta rs . s h ow gi rls . e tc .100 copy : 81 year : 2se t h ree mon t h s t ria l .S tage Pictor ia l M agazine. 14 93 Broadway.HOW ca n I t o the bes t advan t age u t i l izewa terpower t h a t w il l p roduce 50 hp. . locoted in east ern Pen nsylvan ia . N . E .

Kelc h ner. Fleetwood . Pa .

S t . C h icago .

POPULARME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

AGreatOpportunity!

Every E ssential Stein wood -working is given in the book

Wo o d -Wo r k i ng fo r

Am ateur Craftsm en

By IRA S. GRIFFITH, A.B.

The chapters d eal ing. with m aking special articles

bring out every cut. pm t and process used m th e

im portant trad e, and e proper use and care of tools,working up of m aterials, etc . , are t reated thoroughlyand plain ly.

CONTE NTS

M aking Out a StOck Bill—Laying Out Roug h Stock—Hand SawsSawin g wi t h Hand Saws P lanes : How to Set and Adjust the Irons—Squarin g Up M il l Pinned Stock—Squaring Up Roug h StockW h etti ng Plane Iro ns and C h isels—G ri nding Plane I rons and ChiselsM aking a Bird Box M aking a Taboupet How to M ake anUmbrella Stand M aking a M agaz ine Stand M aking a TableM aking a Cabinet i n m 125 Illustrations si r cm .

PRICE 50 CE NTS POSTPAID

Ord er of your d ealer or

.

POPULAR ME CHANICS BOOK DE PT.

318W. Washin gto n St.

W e are o f fer in g d o r a l i m i te d ti m e . a co m plete course i n sh owcard a n d S i gn wr i tin g to those purc h as i ng our assortm ent of

Mission FurnitureHOW TO MAKE IT

What one m an accom plishedwith the aid of these books:

Popula r Mechan ic s Co. .

Wri tten so I ca n u nd ersta nd i t.” I have a. busi ness of

m y own .

TWO V O LUM E SPART O N E PART TWO

21Designs. 96 Pages . 32 Designs. 128Pages.

POPULAR ME CHANICS BOOK DE PT .

318 W . Wash in gto n Str ee t. CH ICAGO

POPULAR ME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

eBig Buz’

zaool'l’

4 GreatBooks in One Large Volum e

a

o

1. TheCom plete Cam per’

sManual0r, Ilow to Cam p0ut and WhatTo Do

TheCom plete Fisherm an’sandAngler’s

Manual—or. now to Catch Fish4 . The Com plete Big-Gam e Hunter’s

Manual—or, The Riflem an’

s Guide

H IS book . now t h oroughl y revised. was used and e nd orsedby Pres id ents Roo se v el t a nd C l ev eland . War Co rre spo ndents Arch iba ld and Ri chard Harding D av is . Ge n e r a l Sir

Ro be rt Bad en Pow e l l a nd a l l the bi g a u t h o r it ies o n o utd oo rsports. I t

,te l l s m ore about Cam p in g. B u nt i n T r app i ng.

l i s h o ry C raft. etc. , t h a n an

yone boo k e ve r pub ished . It is

so a r ran ged a nd c l ass i fi ed t a t i t i s as n ecessa ry to the spo rtsm an ot toda as r ifle, te nt. rod o r s h ot-gun . It is the Sta nda rdRe fere nce Book for Lo vers o f Outdo o r L i fe. The Au t h ors .F ran c i sK. Buzzaco tt. a nd his fat h e r. Buzsacott. Se n i o r. h a v ebee n known for t h re e g e n e ra t i on s as am o n g Ame r i ca ’ s m ostexperi e n ce d gu i des. h unters . t r a i l ers. and t rap pers o f bi g and

sum gam e.

Now and Alw the Standard—Over Copies $2 00have been Sent postpai d on rece ipt 0! price.

PopularMechanics Book Dept , chicago

AbsolutelyIl se—ExpressPrem

’

dThe com p le t e s even vo lumes , no t a sample vo lume , wil l

be s en t . exp ress p repa i d . fors eve n days ’ free exam i na ti onre tu rnable a t our expense if the books do n o t con tain thei nfo rma ti o n yo u wa n t: If

goo kee the books,

'

pays eve n da after rece i pt a n t h e n 2.00 a mon th u nti youhave pai the sp ec ia l i n tr od uc t o ry p rice o fJ us t fi ll i n . a nd m a i l the con o n . I t w on't cos t you a

cent to exam i n e the bo oks. e know they’ll be wo r thm any times th e i r c o st t o y o u . Ma i l the coupon now andyou wi ll rece i v e y our books pr om p tly.

the boo ks subjectyou r ord er. Title not to passhi ll y paid.

0 0

o o o o o s s s e s s o s e s s s a O Q OOC s e s ss e~o r ss e s s e ssen

P lease Mention Popular Mechanics

S e v e n

E l e c tr i c a l E xee rtsHere is a set of electri cal books publ ished

especiallyforthe student,workerand expert—7every chapter written by an expert in hisspecial line—every subject brought down todate—an absolute authority on everythingelectrical from wiring to alternating current

m achinery—from m otors to power stations,

etc. Read table of im portant subjects below.

The Am erican Scho o l’s Cycloped ia of

App l i e d E le c tr i c i tyis com p i led fr om the i ns truction pa used in the regularco rr es nd ence work o f the schoo 3con tain s pages :

ull pageo

i l lustrations, d i agram s, form ulas , etc. , Wi tha specia l c ross tnder for q u ick r efe r ence . The seve n la rgev o lume s a r e bound i n half m orocco and a r e p rinted in la rge.

c l ear type on speci al qua li ty pape r.

26 POPULAR ME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

h i n‘

gs T h a t a

o y C a n M a k e

l llu stra ti o n s Tha t

THE handsom e set of four books Mechan ics for Young Am

Th e Id e a l Bo o k s fo r th e W i d e -Aw ak e A m e ri ca n Bo y

Besides telling how to m ake scores of things useful about the house,full and com plete d irections are given on constructing the followingand hundred s of others things which appeal to the heart of every boy.

"

Eachbooksold singlyat25cpostpaid orthecom pletesetlor

PO PU LARM E CHA NICS BO OKD E PARTM E NT3l 8 W . W a sh in gto n Stre e t. CH ICA G O

P lease Mention Popular Mechanics

POPULAR ME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

It does’

not m atter how you are situated or the nature,of your

occupation . If you are am bitious and want us to helpyou , we wi ll start you

in this m oney m aking business. Do not let anything interfere wi th yourcom m encing now. In a few m onths tim e you should have a m on ey m aki ngb u sin e ss o f your own .

'

All the m en who com m encewith us and who follow our instructions ar e su cc e ssfu l . If you wan t a store o f your own , co m m e n c e n ow .

We h ave taught hundred s o f m en who are now m ak ing this the ir l ife work

siaese for him self and in a very short tim e

H ere i s in d eed the opportun i ty of a

l ife tim e for an am bitious m an. The m en westart in business are fort ified wi th a knowledgethat m akes their business a success.

who are not afraid towe HelpMC“try and w i th the kee n .

personal inte re st we take in each of our stude ntpartners. success is assured from the very start.

We have shown these m en how to bui ld up the ir bus iness and m ake m oney

Write today for wholesale catalog and full particulars.

Learn m ore about this grand opportuni ty for yoursell .

POPULAR ME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

14 60Wood land Ave ..KANSAS CITY, MOE xperi enced chauffeurs. repair m en. truck d rivers and d em o nstra tors furn is h ed .

Autom obileSchool—Sum m erRatesSpec ia l Low Rates for J u ly an d August. Wr i te us tod ay. StaffofInstructors and E quipm ent the best of any Schoo l in U . 8.

Big d em and for ourGrad uates . Largest School in the wo rld .

BIG CATA LO G U E FR E E

AUTOMOBILE TRAININGSCHOOL, 1185 locust St Kansas City. Mo.

P lease Mention Papn lm' Mechanics

29

30 POPULAR ME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

LEARNP IANOTUNINGATHONElearn uiclri and easily b devoting r'spare time to the s tudy of3:3n ” sgence

ys tem. Our

ywond erfuzi nvention. the Tuneos P h one.ives t h e exact number of beats t h at s h ould occu r in the tes t in tervals . Wit h

It the s tudent knows w h a t t h e resul t s h ould be . I t el iminates esswork .Our graduates ea rn 35 to 010 a day the ear round. We turn is ful l-si zedaction model and necessary too ls. Wri te or valuable book runs.Nilosiirysntseliool ofPianotuning, 47PinsArtsBldg., Battleun cann y“ .

L E ARN WATCHMAKINGrefined ..

grofi table labor—Com petent m en always in d em and .

We teac it thoronz'

hiy In as m any m onths as it form erlytookyears. Does away with tedious apprenticeshi

p. Money

earned while studying. Positions secured Send or catalog .

St. Lo u isWatchm ak ing Schoo l, St. Lo u is, Mo .

NATIONALBUREAU’

OFADVICE AND EDUCATION. 527M in d Block. CHICAGO

BE A D E T E CT IV EE arn from tor m onth ; travel over the world . Write

C . T . LU lp)e

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POPULAR ME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

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31

Se nd at

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- 32 POPULARME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

BE COME an Av ia t o r . BE COME a n A ero nau tica lE n gin ee r. BE COME an A e ro nau tica l M o to r E xp e rt.BE COME a Fly ing Instru ct o r.FORTUNES have be en m ad e in a se ason .

WE ARE THE RE ALWE STE RN PIONE ERS

L E A RN J E W E L E R S’E N G R A V IN G

A hi h sa laried and e as ily learned trad e . taught tho roughly by m ai l We w illtone th e begi nne r be t te r e ngravin‘r than be can gai n in ears o f rig id appre nticeahip. We W i ll also i m pro ve the sk i l orany e ng rave r . end for our ca talogT he E n gra v in g Sc h o o l . i i) Pag e Bld g . , M ic h i gan A v e . . C h ica g o . Ill .B E A N E N G R A V ,

'

E R.

L E ARN AT H O M E —E A RN $ 25 to $ 5 0 W E E KLY . We

ivo pe rs o n a l i natrucrion s an d fu r n i s h n ec essa ry t oo l s FRE E .

e rm s re a so n a b l e . Com pl e t e pa rt i cu l a rs by m a i l .Chicago E ngraving School. Dept. 20. 110W. ChicagoAve. . Chicago

TO COMPE TE NT GRADUATE S WE FURNISH A

Standard Type Aeroplane PracticallyWithout CostW e Te a ch c NU IN E C U RT ISS

F ly i n g o n [G E N U IN E BLE R IO'r iMa ch ?“

Hm PLANE Saeroplanes and m ake 21 Spec ialty o f

We are book ing N OW E x h ibiti on Fli g h ts at Fa i rs and M e em . Ae ria l Adv e rt isin gStu n tn i o r Me rchan ti an d M an u fa ctu re rs . SP E C IAL HO ME -ST UDY C O URS E

tor out -o l - town students . C ompe te n t Av iato rs earn from $ 100 a w eek UPWARD .

Adam im m ed iately(orparticulars : Department lie. 20

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POPULAR ME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

L E ARN TO WR IT E E ARN ”am 10 0A W E

OE KADV E RT | S E ME NT S We can positively show you by m ai l

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6

P lease Menti on Popu lar Mechanics

POPULAR ME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

P a lm e r Scho o l o f Ch i ropracti cH o m e S t u d y D e p a r t m e n t

"Chiropractic Foun ta i n Head

"

D avenpo rt, Iowa , U . S . A .

M E N W AN T E D !SO UN D ME N—21to 4 0 years o ld—wan ted at once for E l ectr i cR a i lwn M o to r m e n an d Co n d u cto rs in every state.Wa ge s$60 to $ 100 a M o n th . E xperi ence U nnecessary. Perm anen t em ploym en t. no stri ke. Wri te i m m ed i aw fo r Ap l iest i on Blan k. No co lored m en hi red . Ad d ressM a n a ge r E m p o ym en t D epa rtm e n t. Room 880 Dwi ght Bldg.,Kan sas C i ty.M o .

Se n d tod ay 2c s tam p for parti cu lars an d pre e l .

0. A. sum . Room 1)44 . 828Bigelow Si., PEORIA. ILL.

They Started!

E venTheyworked side by side in the sam e

shop. Onew asam bitious—grasped the opportunity—succeed ed . He stud ied Chiropractic !

H e i s n ow in d epen d e n t.

The other was contented - he still works for m a

ch in i st'swages- his fam i ly knows what h igh cost of l iving m eans.

Here’

s s great ongortun ity for every m an orwom an to entera

d ign i fi ed . h ighl pa i pro fess ion. Ch i ropract ic, the new sciencewhi ch. without rugs or surgery. adjunto the causes of hum an i l ls.

Take the case ofChas. F . Mccorm ick—s year ago heworkedfor $2 a d ay. He stud ied Ch iropract i c and in less than a year bu i l tup a pract ice pa ing h i m $150a week .

“Mac's”ne ighborshonor him

for he accepted is chance: he m ad e good !

So can you- yo n can learn Chiro raetic athom e throuthourhom e study course—250 lessons and pho to s fro m l i fe . Startnow. We cou ld place 1200 grad uates to d ay . i t we had them an d thed em and for them is growi ng fast !

Learn about thi s rea l opportun ity to get out of the sm allinco m e rut. Wri te tod ay.

36 POPULAR ME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

can Th i s‘

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i llustrator or cartoonist. My pract ical system ofpersonal individ ual lessons by m ail will d evelopyour talent . F itteen years successful work fornewsm pera and m agazines qual ifies m e to teach

you . Send m e your sketch 0! Presid ent Taitwith 6c. in stam ps and l will sa id you a test

lesson plate. also collection 0! drawings show

nfnmm “

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that assures you a good incom e and po si tion for li fe .

For seventeen years we have successfully taught

PH O T O G RA PHYOur grad uates earn ”0 toM a week . We assist ti» . ta assure

these posi ti on . Learn how yo u can becom e su ccessfu l. T erm s

easy l iving inexpensive. Wri te for catalogue—NOW lMINOISm (if m orom m . 999W !“ M il .

in the Real E state, sw i m a s Insurance

Our system is a positive success. We willteach you by m ai l, appoint you a

Spe c ia l Re pre se n tativein your town of the oldest and largest cQ

-operative realty and brokerage com pany in theworld, start

amyou in a profitstable business of

your own, an help you to m ake m oney fromthe beginning.

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2 736 Man ha ttan Bu i l d ing. Chicago .“I.

soslcLessonsi-‘

IlE arenafor our Book let It how to learn to

mplayP iano. Or

gan, V iol i n. Mando l i n. etc . Beg inn ers cr ed)

van ced pupi ls.

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St. Lo u is T ra d e s Sch o o l4 4 30 O live St. ST . LOUIS. MO .

‘

POPULARME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

No books in existence contain in so sm all space as m uch inform ation about the trad es and pro

fessions ofwhich they treat as d o these Handbooks. They are little giant encycloped ias of practical

knowledge giving d ata and inform ation that is hard to find in ord inary books . These Hand books

have been prepared by the well -known textbook wri ters of the International Correspond ence

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sciences ever published . These Hand books are consul ting experts of the highest rank . and are the

m ost powerful force in the world for the prom otion of am bi tious m en . They are an ind ispensablehelp to quicker and better work that wi ll com m and ad vancem ent. They are printed on a high

grade book paper in clear type. and d urably and hand som ely bound in clothwi th gi lt titles;containon an average of364 pages and 175 illustrations and are regularly sold for each.

SPE CIAL OFFE R—We are selling these Handbooks, durably bound in cloth wi th gilt ti tles, ata special price for each Hand bo ok of 60 cents .

E lectri cal E ngineer’s

Mechanics: electricity ; electricaluni ts;sym bo ls and

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Im an tities ;phys

ical and electric properti es ofm etals and alloys;wire gauges;m agnetism ; d ynam os and m otors ; elec

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per's llandbosk

o

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P lease Mention P opular Mechanics

Plum bers and Fi tters’

Arithm etic; involution andevolution ; powers. roo ts, andreciprocals; circles; d ec i m als;geo m etrical d rawing: We ightsand m easures; form ula5 °

m en'sa ra tion ; m echan ics ; li yd rom echan ics; bui ld ing construe

tion ’ hea ting and venti lation ;gas-fitting; plum bing; etc.

arin 9_ _ Lo gar i thm s:M ers

trigonom etry;navigation : terrestria l navigation ; celestial navigati on ; or

gan ization of a m an of warnaval ord nance ; explosivestorped oes zshi bui ld ing ;speedtonnage. and uel consum ptionropes; wind and weathersignals; nautical m em orand a

POPULARME CHANICS ADVE RTISING SE CTION

Sham s j ustwhere tofi nd thatparticula rhelpyou

CarpentryCem ent, Concrete,

'

etc.

DesigningDies

Dyeing

E lectric Railways

E lectri city

E lectroplatingE nam elingE ngineeringE stim ating

Fishing

Foundry Work

Gas E ngines

Hand Forging

Heating

Hunting

Industrial Progress

InventionsLathe Practice

Lettering

Locom otiveE ngineer’

g

96 Pages—V est Pocket Size—indexed—Handy to Keep - Handy to Refer to

This catalog is not a hit or m iss collection ofbook titles, author’

s nam es and prices, but consists of intelligently

prepared descriptions of good books. In m anyinstances, com plete lists of contentsare given the aim being to tell

enough about a volum e to enable anyone to determ ine whether or not it contains the inform ation he is seeking.

Popular‘Mechanics Book Dept , 318 W. Washington St., Chicago

achine ShepWork

asonry

Mechanics

fiMcchanical Drawm g

7‘Mctal Working

MillwrightingMission FurnitureMaking

Motorcycle

Painting

Pattern Making

Plum bing

WRITTE N SO YO U C AN UN D E RSTAND IT

Vol. 18 JULY,1912 No. 1

Passenger Uses Aeroplane to Overtake L iner

Belated Steam ship Passenger Leaving theHyd ro -Aeroplan eW hich Mad e It Possiblefor H im to Catch a Ship That had Sa i leda Ha lf Hou r Prev iously

Cofi'

yn’

s H yd ro~A eroplan e Hove ring O ver a

T ran satlan t ic L i n er to W hich H e Bro ught

a Passenge rW ho had Missed the Steam er

at the Dock

Photos Copyr ight by Internationa l News Service

A E ROPLAN E S have not yet beenl isted as part of the dock equip

m ent of the big steam ship com pan ies—to be used to catch depart ing vessel sby be lated passengers— bu t there m aycom e a t im e when such a m eans of

transportat ion w i l l be provided . At

any rate the i dea is not a w i ld im aginary schem e

,as i t has been actual ly

tried . A belated passenger in New

York recent ly chased and overtook a

steam er sai l ing for E urope and was

put aboard,the aeroplane be ing the

veh icle w i th wh ich he accom pl ished hispurpose.

The th ing was done on ly a shorttim e ago . The passenger was not

real ly be lated,

as he cou l d.have

reached the steam er in'

t im e for thesai ling i f he had no t m ade arrangem ents to rem ain a l itt le longer ashore .

Th irty m inu tes after the boat left itsdock the passenger and Frank Cofi yn ,

the airm an,set out in pursu i t in the

latter’

s hydro - aeroplane. The flyingm ach ine caught the steam ship in a

very few m inutes after m aking a rec

ord trip down New York Harbor abou t500 ft . from the surface . After circ l ingthe sh ip tw ice the hydro - areoplane

2 PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

dropped to the water and a boat was

put OE from the steam er for the pas

senger. When the passenger had beentaken from his m ach ine Cofi yn rose in

the air again and returned to hi s start

LIFE - SAV ING MOTORFIRE TRUCK

The latest acqu isi t ion of the Springfield

,Mass ,

fi re departm ent,which is

a p ioneer in the use of m otor fi re ap

T he Spec i a l L iYe - Sa v in g Mo t o r T ru ck o f the Sp r in g fi e l d ,Ma ss . ,

F ire Depa rtm ent

paratus,is a l i fe- saving m otor truck .

In the cen ter of the body,between the

long side seats,is a l i fe net, fo lded in

so“

com pact a form that i t does not in

terfere w ith the carrying capac ity of

the m achine . Three scal ing laddersare carried on m etal - rod supportsabove the l i fe net. The o ther devicesinc luded in the equ ipm ent are a sm okehelm et

,an oxygen respirator for use

in cases of partial suffocat ion , and a

m edical outfi t .

N E W NON -CORROSIV E

ALLOY

A patent has recen t ly been given to

the representat ive of a m etal co m panyin Ph i ladelph ia on a n ew white , non

corro sive,and m al leable al loy of iron ,

n ickel and copper. It is said that th isal loy m ay be ro l led in to sheet , rods or

bars,or drawn into w ire , and m ay also

be cast in sand .

ing po in t . This is the first t im e th isfeat has ever been accom pl ished , ai

though once before an aeroplane was

sen t in pursu it of a steam sh ip to d e

l iver a package to a passenger aboard.

E L E CTRIC LIGHT WITHOUTH E AT

A flam e that w i l l not give ofi heatis claim ed to have been derived by a

French inven tor, M. Dussaud ,

fro melectric energy . No d e

tai ls are given regardingthis invent ion

,however.

M. Dussaud declares he

has succeeded in com »

m un icating to a po int of

m etal p laced in a vacuuman e lectric in ten si ty wh ichhe could not obtain w i ththe fi lam en t of ordinaryburners. This co ld l ightcan be placed w i thou t dan

ger in close proxim i ty '

to

reflectors, conden sers or

d iffusers,so that an apart

m en t “

can be i l lum inatedby an electric battery or

box o f accum u lators,the e lectrici ty

used be ing 200 t im es less than w i ththe ordinary l ight.

A t iny po int of co ld l ight , given byan electric battery of on ly 30 watts,sufli ced to replace a m oving- picturelantern

,and cel lu lo i d fi lm s can thus be

used w i thout danger. Ow ing to thesm al lness of the battery necessary,there is a great future for the

“co l dl ight” for stage purposes

,a boy . or

girl being able to carry th is t iny battery anywhere . It w i l l also prove use

ful for m edical purposes,claim s the in

ventor,for when the lam p i s placed in

the hand,the blue ve in s are shown d is

tinctly against the rose- co lored background . Thus it wi l l be possib le to

i l lum inate the lungs by the use of th i sinven t ion .

(IThe word lens com es fro m the Lat inword for lent i l seeds wh ich have a

double convex shape l ike a lens.

PLAYING GOLF IN ARMOR

In the se

c o m p a n ying i l lustrat ion is

shown a wel l - knownE ngl ish bari tone .

'

who

has been appearing ina London product ionas St. George, the pa

tron saint o i E ngland ,

pract ic ing go l f strokesin his fu l l stage su i tof iron arm or. On St.

George’

s D a y 11 e

played a n ine- ho lem atch on the Bushey

Hal l gol f l inks;th is be ing thefirst t im e thatt h e D r a g o n

slayer ever en tered the l i st—o r ratherthe l inks—o i go l f.

TE STS PROV E BACILLI NOT

N E CE SSARY TO LIFE

In interest ing experim en ts at the

Pasteur Inst itu te , D r . Cohendy has

shown that bac i l l i are not necessary tothe l i fe of vertebrates (the d iv ision of

the an im al k ingdom com prising an i

m als hav ing a backbone of bony or

cart i laginous vertebrae). By usingch ickens for his exper im ents he dem on

strated that i t is possible for vertebrates

,norm al ly r ich in bac i l l i , to l ive

w i thou t these o rgan ism s.

In these experim ents he steri l i zedthe eggs the d ay before the ch ickens

Dr. Cohend y of the Pasteur In stitute, Steri l i zing E ggs

a bay before the Chicks w ere Due

P O PU L AR M E CHAN ICS

The Chicks i n the Baci ll i -Free Apparatus in W hichThey Thrived for Six Week s

hours the ir organs were invaded bym num erable bac i l l i

,and no i l l resul ts

were sufl’ered .

were due,placed them in a bronze in

cubator, and put th is in a herm et ical lysealed casing

,tho roughly steri l i zed .

After the ch icks were hatched out theywere able to walk about insi de the

glass part of the apparatus,under con

d itions as nearly no rm al as possib le,but w i th the sand

,the

'

air,the fresh

water,and the food all rendered free

from baci l l i . The ch icks were keptsteri l i zed for six weeks and grew as

v igorously as o thers l iv ing under thecustom ary cond it ions. They were thenrem oved and perm i tted to l ive the

usual existence,and in less than '

24

ANTICS OF PE T ANTS

.AMUSE PARIS

The latest fash ionable past im e in

Paris is watch ing ants work . The in

sec ts are placed in a sm al l quant ityof earth

,under a glass cover, and i t is

qui te in terest ing to see them instal lthe ir new hom e. A fter a t im e a few

strange ants are in troduced into the

co lony , and then the original dwe l lersm ob i l ize to rece ive the invaders,

'

clos

ing up their subterranean passage to

preven t attack,wh i le warfare is car

ried on by a cho sen arm y . Thisfad has becom e qu i te popu lar, sincefirst brought to the no t ice o f societyby a Parisian actress

,and the new

gam e is hai led w i th del ight .

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS 5

Wreck of Seattle Dock after''

It had b een Dem o l ished by Ste am er. Pi le Drive r at Right Mark s E n dof Pi er before Acci d en t

BIG‘

SHIP

A striking‘

i llustration of the forceo f a steam sh ip under way is affo rdedby a recent acciden t at Seatt le,in wh ich the stee l steam ship “

Ala

m eda,”

a vessel of gross tons,through m isin terpretation ‘

o f engineroom signals, cut clean through a

clock 60 ft . w ide, am putat ing the outerend as neatly as a kn i fe cuts cheese.

Passing on through the dock the steelsteam sh ip cut an

8- ft. gash hal fway through the

wooden sternwhee l steam boat“T e l e g r a p h ,

”

s ink ing her i m

m ediately .

The surprisingpart of the accident , from the

m echan ical v iewpo in t

,is that the

steam ship h a dbarely got underheadway . T h e“Alam eda was

Ske tch o f the Pi er W hen Acci d en t Occu rred , Show i ngHow the Telegraph

”w asRam m ed by the Alam ed a”

CUTS THROUGH DOCK AND SINKS V E SSE L

l igh t and was being warped in to a sl ipway. The capta in rang for hal f speedastern

,and an assistan t engineer threw

the gear into fu l l speed ahead . \V i thabout hal f her length in wh ich to get

under way,the steam sh ip bore down

upon the next dock ,and despite the

dropping of the starboard anchor,plowed clean through and deep intothe wooden steam boat on the o ther

side of the dock ,

carrying it acrossthe sl ipway be

f o r e headwaywas checkedIt a pp e a r e d

that the engineswere not at ful lspeed ahead

'

for

m ore than a. cou

ple of m inutes .be

fore the error

was rectified-and

the signal “fu l lastern” answered .

The Alam eda”

backed out of the

6 PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

wreck alm o st un injured,w i th a b ig

wooden clock tower wh ich had stoodon the dock draped over her bows.

When one considers how d ifficu l ti t was to check the headway of th issteam sh ip , 314 ft . long, i t gives a

clearer i dea of the d iffi cul ty of stopp ing a steam sh ip the si ze of the

wrecked “Titan ic, i f i t were go ingat ful l speed ,

in t im e to preven t i thi tt ing an iceberg sighted a quarterof a m i le ahead .

A Com plete V i ew of the Wheeled Greenhou se, Which Covers an‘

Area of Alm ost Square F eet

A GRE E NHOUSE ON WH E E LS

Ordinari ly,carnat ion plan ts raised

in the open during the sum m er m onthsm ust be transplanted in a greenhousefor w inter product ion ,

but one growerhas deve loped a plan of transplan t inghis greenhouse instead of the plan ts.

Five l ight tracks,placed on concrete

foundat ions, were laid lengthw ise of

the carnat ion . beds,and a greenhouse

174 ft . long by 35 ft . w ide , consist ingof four bays and covering a to talground space of sq. ft . , was

bu i l t on wheels. P lants are set out in

On e E n d of the T ravel ing Greenhou se , Show i ng the

Method of Draw ing It over the C arnat ion Bed s in

the F all of the Year

the carnat ion beds in the spring and

the travel ing greenhouse is m oved intoposi t ion over them in the

'

fal l , thusal low ing the grow ing process to con

tinue w i thou t in terruption .

E ach bay of the wheeled greenhouseis supported by pipe posts, and the

roo f fram ework is securely trussed bym eans o f stee l T - i ron and rod s. Al l

the heat ing pipes are carried overhead ,

and arrangem ents are m ade at eachend for connect ion w i th the pipe l inesleading from the heat ing plant .

HOW NAV Y GUNN E RS USE

TH E TE LE PHON E

The ord inary laym an who canno thear what is be ing said over the telephone

,if a heavy truck or a tro l ley car

happens to be passing when he is trying to carry on a conversat ion overthe w ire , looks rather incredulouswhen he is to l d that orders to gunnersin the navy and arm y are tran sm i ttedby telephone from the observat ionplatform at the top of one of the sh ip

’

s

skeleton m asts or the observer'

s

tower in a fort ificat ion . How can the

gunner hear what the spo tter has to

say in the terrible d in of batt le pract ice

,he natural ly asks. That is sim

ple enough when explained .

’

The

telephones u sed are very d i fferen tfrom those put in houses, in that they

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS 7

The Observation Platform at the Top of the Skeleton Mast of a Mod ern Battleship. .Show i ng the Telephon e

Rece ivers an d T ransm itter on the Man W ho Sights the Target, by Means of W hich He G ives the

E xact Posi t ion to be F i red Upon

have diaphragm s constructed to m ag ter i s eou ipped w i th a special ly con

n ify sound and the rece ivers are hel d structed transm itter wh ich is so hungclose to the ears of the m an

_taking over his shoulders that the m outh

the sight from the observer. The lat p iece is clo se to his l ips at all t im es.

Photos Copyright by E nrique Mul ler

A Deck Gun Station on a Mod ern Battlesh ip Show i ng Gunner Receiving Inform ation i s;to the Target from the

Observer on the Sk eleton Mast, the Long Cable Trai ling behin d Hi m Convey ing he Telephone W i res

8 PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

Rece i vers, wh ich are bound w ith flexibl‘e rubber

,are clam ped tightly to the

ears of bo th the gunner and the oh

server and the w ires runn ing from

T ALKING MONKE YS ANDTE ACH E R

Dr. Wi l l iam Furness,who is ac

know ledged to be a trained psycho log i st

,ski l led in m odern cri t ical tech

n ique,has

,after two years of work in

Dr. Furness w ith H is Tw o Talking Monkeys

the experim ental departm en t of the

U n iversi ty of Pennsylvan ia, succeededin teach ing two b ig African chim pan

zees to converse w i th a l im i ted num

ber of word s over and above the ir na

t ive and phylogenet ic (racial) sounds.

In o ther wo rds the in st inct ive cal ls o f

the hordes and fam i l ies, tribes‘

and in

d iv iduals,have been d efin itely and

posi t ive ly excluded,

and these two

ch im panzees “have been successful lyeducated to the po in t where they ex

b ib i t all of the earm arks of im agery ,

m em ory,and elem ental conceptions.

Further than th is,Dr Furness has

im ported two o ther Borneo m onkeyso f the sam e species

,wh ich he intends

to breed to the educated m onkeys, andto teach the o ffspring,

thus seeking todiscover the relat ive faci l i t ies of the

younger and o ld er'

ones in acqu iring a

vocabulary independen t of inst inct iveno ises and jargons.

the form er’

s headpiece are incased inheavi ly arm ored cables of such lengththat the gunn er can m ove about

,drag

ging the cable after him .

(IThe Un i ted States and its dependenc ies produce one - tenth of the to talam oun t of sugar m anu factured in the

ent ire world .

In his work Dr. Furness has usedm any of the newer psycho logicalm ethods

,m any of them discovered by

Dr. John Watson o f Johns Hopk insUn i versi ty

,o f defin i tely associat ing a

given im age or object w i th a corre

spond ing sim ple sound , d ifi erent from ,

yet as sim ple as the nat ive i nst inct ivecal ls and speeches o f the m onkey fami ly . A l though the two ch im panzeeshave no large vocabu lary

,they have so

far been successfu l ly taught abou t 20indubitable sounds that are object ive lyand exclusively associated w ith certainth ings.

Thus gob m eans food,

eechm eans water t rh

”m eans jum p or run

o r walk , rrgrrr”

m eans m irror,“sssrrr

”m eans box

,and so on. Dr.

Furness was carefu l to approach as

close to the inst inct ive rac ial cal l s as

possible,though never qu i te do ing so .

It i s po ssible,acco rd ing to Leo n ard

H irschberg, of Johns Hopk ins Un i

versi ty, for even a ch i l d to no te the

d ifferences in qual i ty ,p itch and t im bre

of the two sounds, speech and inst inctcal ls.

Dr. Furness,l ike o ther psycholo

gists,says that no one can ever take

the so - cal led m onkey language of Pro

fessor Garner and o thers who l ive w i ththe an im als and in terpret m erely the

an im al m eans o f no t i fying each o therof fear

,l ove

,danger

,food , drink ,

etc .,

as serious or scien t ific attem pts at d e

veloping an im al speech . The m ethodm ust be the

'

hum an pedagogical one .

The an im al m ust show curiosi ty to

ward an object , and then m ust alwaysbe given a strictly and exclusively as

sociational vocal no ise upon see ing or

wan t ing the sam e object .

P ractica l Proofs of Stream l in e Theory

By VICTOR LOUGHE E D

Such w i d espread attention w as attract ed am ong stu d ents of avi ation sci ence, by the arti cles inthe Decem ber and Janu ary num bers of Popu lar Mechan ics Magazi ne, in w hich the re w ere m ad e

publ ic for the fi rst ti m e the facts concern ing certa in phenom ena of the stream l in e form i n aeroplaned esign ing, that it afford s us m u ch pleasu re to publ ish herew ith the vi si ble evi d ence of the

sound ness of Mr. L ougheed's conclu sions wh ich i s fu rn i shed i n the acco m pany ing photog raphs

'

secu red at F ren ch avi ati on fi eld s. It w i ll be rem em bered that the m ost i m portant new d i scoveryi n the L oughee d researches w as the d efi n i te propel l i ng effect exerte d on the rear porti on of a

stream line form’by the co m presse d m asses of a i r ad jacent to the form . Thi s effect, apt ly term ed

by its d i sco verer the“reacti on i m pu lse .

"invo lves on e of the fu n d am ental pri nciples i n fl ight eng i

neeri ng, an d accord ingly is to b e com m en d ed to the m ost cri tical consi d eration of al l who are

interested i n the subject —TH E E DITOR.

Fig. l—N ieu port 20-hp. m onoplane on the grOu nd , shcw

i ng tau tness of the bo d y fabri c w hen the m achine isa t rest, thu s provi ng ,

by contrast w i th the sam e

m achine in the ai r, the real ity of the reacti on

im pu lse .

"

F ig. 2—The reaction im pu lse m ad e v i sible on a N i euport 20-hp. m on oplan e i n the air,w i ththe bod y fabri c d eeplysagged un der the pressure that is the heretofore und iscovered secret of the eflici ency,

of the stream l ine form .

10

st i l l , in an ac tual ly operat ive m ach ine ,

the absolute quan t itat ive effect of

these qual i tat ive differences is to po ssess a type of know ledge that reaches

PO PU LAR ME CHAN ICS

upon the poorer form s that have beenexperim ented w i th for aeroplane elem ents is due to a retarding suct ion ,

suppo sed to m an i fest itsel f,i f the air

( 4 DIRECTION OF MOV E ME NT

l 9 . 80

per u n i t of

projecte d area . show n

in a vary ing scale thatm ak e s the m a ll o f the

som e actual resi st

ance . The t re m e n

d ously superior efli .

ciency of the b et t e r

stream l ine form s, d ue

to the react ion i m pu i se .

”as

con trasted w ith the resistance o f

square, round an d other poor

sections. i s m ad e m ost evident . It is to

be noted that B and E , C and D , and F

an d G are al ike sim ply turn ed in opposite

d i recti ons.

the average m ind w i th an explanatoryforce, who l ly lacking in text dissertat ions or tabu lar presentations o f the

sam e facts.

The w ri ter recent ly publ ished a

c laim to have discovered that the t e

m arkable efficiency of stream l ineform s and sect ion s is due to a pro

pel l ing pressure,exerted on the ta

pered rear port ions of these bodies byadjacen t m asses of air that are , for

the m om ent— as a resu l t of the ir in it ialgseparat ion by the front port ion of‘

the‘

object— in a condit ion of dynam icand rapidly d issipat ing

,but neverthe

l ess very real and m easurable pressure . In con tradict ion o i th is c laimi t has b een asserted that the greaterretarding effect of the atm osphere

stream s are not al lowed

tapering surfaces.

A com plete qu ietus is p lacedupon these opin i ons by Figs. 1

and 2, herew i th , wh ich are reproduced from unretouched pho tographs of an early type of N ieut m onoplane w i th wh ich a speed

o i 60 m i les an hour was readi ly realized w i th a 20- hp. m o tor

,despite an

unusual bl‘untne-ss in the bodyThe feature of spec ial in terest in

these'

views,however

,is

'

the tautnesso f the body fabric o f the m ach in e as

i t stands on the ground , Fig. 1, ascon trasted w ith the obvious evidenceof heavy pressure act ing upon the

body of the sam e m achine in the air,Fig. 2, in wh ich the body fabric i s

clearly shown by the cam era to be

deeply sagged between the d ifferen te lem en ts o f the wooden fram ing be

neath it ; Since the fabric is verystout

,and is t ightly stretched in ap

plying,as is ev ident ia the flat and un i

form appearance presented when the

m ach ine is on the ground , i t is cer

tain that the dished - in appearance inthe air can be due to noth ing e lse thanthe dynam ic pressure prev iously re

ferred to,thus v isibly act ing on the

wedge- l ike rear of the body .

Concern ing the quest ion of suct ion ,

as const itut ing a retarding influenceupon the m ovem en t of any objectthrough the air

,i t seem s incredible

that,in v iew of the triv ial inert ia and

extrem e m ob il ity of m asses of air, itis in any,

way possible to create a m eas

urable vacuum in a free atm osphere .

12 PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

in con junc t ion w i th his aeroplane ex

perim ents in E ngland in 1893,and by

him publ ished—w i th a seem ingly um

accoun table fai lure to em phasi ze theirfu l l im portance—fi n pages 53- 55 of his

book “Art ificial and Natural Fl ight .”

Accord ingly , the num erals appendedto the different sec

t ions,from A to I

inclusive,show the

re lat ive resistancesof t h e s e d ifferen tform s

,w i thou t any

change from Max

im’

s data,but the es

sential d ifference between th is d iagramand ones previouslypubl ished con sists inthe reproduct ion of

the d ifferen t sect ionson a

'

relat ive scalethat is in inverseproport ion to the

relat ive resistancesso that the various sect ions

,w i th the

si zes as shown,have all the sam e re

sistance . So in th is presentat ion therei s m ade m o st p lain the trem endous importance of design ing every part of anaeroplane

,even includ ing the struts

and stay w ires,in the m ost perfect

stream l ine sect ions po ssible.

In Fig. 4 is

shown an in terest ing and heretofore neglected d ist inct ion that i t isn ecessary to m akebetween streaml ine sections and

stream l ine form s.

surface.

F ig . 7—Unsym m etrical stream line bo d y and w ingsect ion s, the fi rst b e ing the bod y of a N ieuportm onoplane , the secon d the sect ion of a pel ican

's

w i ng, an d the thi rd an aeroplane support ing

in to m easurable com pression by the

passage of the two objects extendsfrom

“

c to d , a d istance of two inches,then

'

a m o st interest ing cond i t ion re

sults. This is because in the case of

A the air is d isplaced by the form ra

d ially,in all d irect ion s

,into the annu

lar space ee,wh ich

— because of the

geom etrical law thatthe areas of circlesincrease w i th the

squares of the ir d im ension s— is a spacethree t im es as greatas that occup ied bythe form . In the

case of B,however,

the air is not d is

placed rad ial ly bythe stru t

,but

,be

cause o i th is be ingo f a n indefin itelength

,is m oved di

rectly up and down

in to the space ff, of an area and con

sequen t vo lum e On ly as large as thatoccupied by the form .

T o sum up,i t is now clear that the

passage of the stream l ine form com

presses the four vo lum es or1g1nallyincluded in the larger circle at A in toa space three- quarters as large as that

they original ly 0c .

cupied , w h ile in

the case of B the

passage of the

stream l ine sect ionco m presses fourvo lum es of

'

air

into a space on lyone- hal f as great

In th is diagram, A

is a fron t v iew of

a stream l ine body,

points of the vert ical and as that original lyoccupied by them .

zontal ru d d er su rface in an

nary cruci form aeroplane

or form,com ing

towards the oh

server,wh i le B i s an edge- ou view of

a strut of stream l ine sec t ion ,sim i larly

m ov ing toward the observer. Now ,

assum ing that the d im en sion ab—the

diam eter of the stream l ine form in the

case of A and the m axim um th icknessof the strut in the case of B— is one

inch and that the zone of air thrown .

show i ng the analogy betw een the fi l l eti ng requ i red as

the resu lt of the i n terfering m ovem ent of ai r, c d , w i thThe

.

lneV 1tab1e

the abrupt en largem ent at cf in a bird’s w i ng . conclus1on

,then ,

0

is that the pas

sage o i a stream l ine strut of a givensect ion m ust

,at a given speed of m ove

m en t,produce a m ore posi t i ve dy

nam ie pressure than can be real i zed bythe passage of a sim i lar stream l ineform

,because the latter wedges a less

am ount of air into a larger space. And

to secure equ ivalen t - com pressions and

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS 13‘

react ions from stream l ine form s andstream l ine struts

,the form s m u st

be m ade m aterial ly shorter and m ore

abrupt in their curvatures,as is sug

gested at A and B,Fig. 5 ,

so that theabrupter displacem en t o f the air in

the first case w i l l com pensate for thelower com pression it o therw ise tendsto produce .

Moreover,to have recourse again to

nature for the evidence w i th which to

support a conclusion,i t is to be no ted

that whereas the w ings of birds are of

considerably e longated stream l ine sec

t ions,of th icknesses ranging from

to 110 of the chord dim ension s

,the

bodies of birds are relat ively m uchshorter

,of m ajor transverse d im en

sions ranging from to of the irlength .

Another curious bearing of the

stream l ine princ ip le and o f the reac

t ion im pu lse” i t invo lves is suggestedat A,

Fig. 6, in wh ichthe construct ion is intended to suggest a

plural i ty o f stream

l ine form s ranged one

beh ind ano ther l ikeb eads on a string. In

such a case there is

first the penetrat iono f the air by the po in t a, w ith the con

sequen t com pression to ,b, fo l lowed bythe

“react ion im pu l se to c,

— fron1wh ich po in t there wou l d seem reason

ably to take place a recom pression to

d, w i th another react ion to e, recom

pression'

to f, react ion to 9, etc. Inc iden tal ly i t is to be no ted that

,since

the“react ion im pu l se” never can be

100 per cent effi c ient,there m ust be a

sl ight loss each t im e,so that the log

ical way to com pensate for th is lo ss isby the exped ien t o f m aking the suc

cessive form s each som ewhat largerthan the one preceding.

To progress from the theory to its

appl icat ion,i t does no t requ ire m ore

than the m o st casual considerat ion to

real i ze that there are m any birds and

flying an im als in wh ich the head and

body con st itute the first two elem en tsof such a system of tandem stream l inefo rm s. This i s part icu larly eviden t in

F ig. 9—At A i s show n a stream li ne bo d ytapering l ike a w ed ge , w hi le at B i s show n

a cone- l ike bod y tapering to a po in t

the body of the extinc t pterodactyl ,sketched at B

,Fig. 6 .

O ther exam ples of adaptat ion o f the

stream l ine principle to special cases aresuggested in Fig . 7, in wh ich there isshown first the body of a N ieuportm onoplane and below i t the sectionso f a pelican

'

s and of an aeroplanew ing . The first of these is an unsym

m etrical stream l ine form ,and the

o thers are unsym m etrical stream l inesect ion s. The reason for the first woul dappear to be in som e way related to

the fact that when an aeroplane is infl ight the air adjacent to the top sur

faces is in a cond it ion of lower com

pression than that underneath,wh ich

is loaded w i th the we ight of the m a

ch ine . Consequen t ly it is not l ikelythat a given react ion effect wou ld besecured w ith the sam e curves and con

tours above as below,wherefore the

unsym m etrical construct ion ,wh ich in

th is m ach ine is an

adaptat ion of the b irdbody fo rm , seem s

com pletely just ified .

In the case o f the

w ing sect ions, i t is

here a necessary con

dit ion of operat ionthat the air be low the

w ing shou ld be com pressed as inten se lyas possible , wh ile that above is com

pressed very l i ttle—preferably not at

all. In considerat ion o f these po ints,it w i l l be now real ized that a w1ng sec

t ion is virtual ly a stream l ine sect ionben t into an un sym m etrical curve to

produce an unsym m etrical effect .Figure 8 is a sketch intended to ii

lustrate the cond it ions that'

apply in

the angles where vert ical and hori zontal rear- rudder surfaces of the com m on

cruci fo rm types co m e together. In

th is,the fact that the air m oved by the

surface A in the direct ion c m ust inevi tably im p inge against that m ovedby B in the direct ion d , resu l ts in an

interact ion increasing the com pressionabove norm al in the corners where thesurfaces jo in together. Th is presumably can best be al lowed for in an

aeroplane struc ture by a m od ificat iono f the fi lleting at the junct ion po int,

14 PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

m uch as is suggested by the sim i larm odificat ion in the w ing- sect ioncurves at ef in the b ird w ing C.

Ano ther po in t that aeroplane dc.

signers m ust take in to considerat ion isthe fac t that a stream l ine form m ayterm inate in ei ther a wedge as at A or

in a po in t as at B,Fig. 9. Wh i le the

tapering to a po in t is probably the

i deal,the tapering to a wedge has cer

tain prac t ical advan tages,not the least

of wh ich is found in the superior se

curity i t al lows for the m eans of rud

d er attachm en t . And what is lo st inthe

“react ion im pu lse” sidew ise prob

ably is largely regained by the greaterarea expo sed to the “

react ion im pulse”

above and below .

An evidence,accessible to m ost ob

servers,

“

and'

wh ich proves not m erelythe existence, but also suggests the

quan t i tat ive value Of the “react ion im

pu lse,”is f ound in the way in wh ich

b irds w hen not in fl ight are affected byw ind . It m ay plausibly be argued ,and has been so argued

,that ‘ the re

sistances of the bird to m ovem ent infl ight are h igh

,and are sim ply fought

aga in st by an am oun t o f en ergy ex .

pended,wh ich is presum ed to be very

great for the size of the an im al . But,in w inds so strong that they w i l l com

pel a m an to lean heavi ly into themto keep from be ing blown over

,i t is a

fact that sm al l b irds on the streets,or

larger birds perched on expo sed places,wh i le they invariably w i l l take care to

hop and m ove abou t so as always to

face the w ind,w i l l rarely be observed

to lean into the w ind,or to be blown

off the ir feet or out of their posi t ionby the im pact of even the m o st v io len tgusts. The explanat ion of th is phenom enon of the bird form ,

under a

condit ion that bears no direct relat ionship to fl ight condit ions, can exi st innoth ing but the “

react ion im pulse , of

an effi ciency so h igh as to nu l l i fy the“head resistance alm o st com pletely.

In conclusion,to refer again to the

part icu lar exam ple of the 20- hp. N ieuport m onoplane

,w i th its hereto fore

alm ost m yst i fying effi ciency,i t is cal

culated that the total pro jected area of

the . body is just about 10 sq. ft .

Against this,by accepted tables of

w ind pressures,the resistance at 60

m i les an hour is about 170 l b . Wi than area in the rear po rt ions of the bodyto tal ing about ~ 100 sq. ft.

,at an aver

age slan t of about one in eight, a sim

ple ari thm et ical appl icat ion of the par

allelogram of forces gives a pressureof about I31A3 lb . to the square footon the rear body surface

,as the

am oun t necessary to nu l l i fy com

pletely the head resistance .

As a m atter of fact there can be no

such th ing as a 100 per cen t efficien tnullification of the head resistance, sothe actual pressure on the rear body of

the sm al l N ieuport m ust be less thanthe figure stated—probably no m ore

than 10 l b. to the square foo t,wh ich

wou l d correspond in th is case to a

recovery of about 75 per cen t of the

energy invo lved in overcom ing the

head resistance.

A po in t of especial in terest in con

nection w i th the subject under d iscussion is found in the fact that a certaindegree of bluntness in a body forminstead of be ing as detrim en tal as

m ight be supposed,in com parison

w i th the m ore sp indl ing shapes thatare w idely preferred— is o f positiveaerodynam ic advan tage ; This is because it affords a suffi cien t abruptnessof angle to real ize effi ciently the t eac

t ion im pu l se,wh ich w i th a flatter

wedge acts less effect ively to force out

the body from between the opposedpressures, just as i t is found w i thslanted so l i d surfaces pressing togetherthat there are angles so flat—below the“frict ion angle”—

'

that lateral m ovem en t canno t occur.

In the cases of the best fliers am ongthe bi rds

,in stead of an effi c iency of

on ly 75 per cent in the react ion im

pu lse, the accuracy of the form,its

perfect adjustm ent to the speed,and

the exceed ingly sm al l m agn i tude of the

skin frict ion—of the air flow ing overthe feathers—all com bine to producean effi ciency of probably as h igh as

per cent or per cen t , i f re

cent carefu l invest igat ion s are anycri teria.

0

From all of wh ich it m ust Si m ply

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS 15

and conc lusively appear that the r ightroad to effi c iency in flying m ust l ie

,not

in the d irect ion of the i l l - advised and

too- com m on fl im sy structures that bytheir sm al l edge and proj ected areas

reduce head resistance,but

,on the con

trary,is to be found in the use o f

AE RONAUTICAL E NGIN E E RS

WANT A NAME

Som e of the m en who are attem pting to so lve the m ysteries of the air

are m uch exercised over finding a t itleby wh ich their particu lar cal l ing shal lbe known . There are all sorts of techn ical nam es for other kinds of engin eers

,but none has yet been deve l

oped for the m an who deals w i th aero

n au tics.

There have been num erous d is

cussions o f the subj ect and the

cho ice now appears to l ie between“aeronautician

”

and“aeron ician .

”

A erotechn ician has al so been suggested , and m eets w ith favo r when appl ied to the purely techn ical m an .

“A irm an sti l l seem st o be m o re popu

lar for the m an who actual ly runs a m a

ch ine than “aviator,

”the first term

em ployed . Fl ight engineer” has the

m eri t of be ing plain E ngl ish , though itis scarcely as brief as m ight be d e

sirable .

FISH TINTE D TO SU ITBUYE R’

S FANCY

A large trade in go l dfish is now be

ing carried on in Sici ly ,the co loring

being obtained by keeping Si lverfishin water contain ing certain chem ical s,in the form o f peat , chalk and iron .

A fter a co uple o f w eeks in th is m ix

ture” the fi sh are tran sferred to an

o ther bath com po sed of iron and tan ,

wh ich has the effect of co lo ring themred

,o r black and red

,or black , red and

si lver— acco rding to the length of t im e

they are left in the so lut ions. Thesefi sh fetch a better price than the or

d inary Si lverfish found in large quant i t ies in that reg1ou , but i t is rem arkedthat so far they di e young.

th ick and substan t ial sect ions— l iketho se of the bird w ing and bird bodyin wh ich there is the al together m ore

essent ial prov ision of a type of formthat efficient ly recovers m ost of the en

ergy expended in overcom ing head re

sistance.

NON - SPILLABLE FLOWE RVASE FOR TH E WAIST

A11 ingen ious l i ttle flower vase, designed to be worn at the waist, hasbeen inven ted by a flower- lovm g

F re n chw o m an . Its pu rpo se.

i s to pro

v ide water for flowers during the t im e

they are worn,and i t is so constructed

that the water w i l l not spi l l , eventhough the wearer s

’

hou l d bend as

m uch as 90 d eg. from an upright posit ion . The open end of the vase hasa construct ion sim i lar to that of a

non - spi l lable ink we l l , and the re

cessed Central port ion of the vase alsoa ids to preven t any outflow of wateri

16 PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

WORKING MOD E L OF

PANAMA LOCKS

Com plete working m odels of the

Panam a Canal were recen t ly set up in

the Com m ercial Museum ,Philad el

A W orking Mod el of the Panam a Canal Locks W hich Show s theOperation of the Big Gates

phia . The purpose of the - m odel herei l lustrated is to show the way the biglock gates are worked . This m ode l ison a scale o f hal f an inch to the footand is com plete to the sm al lest detai l .It is worked exact ly as the b ig gatesw i l l be . worked in the canal locks,wh ich w i l l be opened and c losed byelectrici ty . The m in iature electricalm ach inery w ith in the

.

wal ls of the

m odel can be seen in act ion .

BE D E QUIPPE D WITH

E LE CTRICITY

A brass bed , especial ly equ ippedw i th e lectrici ty

,has been bu i l t by a

Cleveland m anufacturing com pany .

The tops of all four po sts carry an

electricf l ight bulb , an electric fan is

m oun ted on one of the posts, an electric heating pad is plugged into a

special out let,and o ther outlets are

arranged for the connect ing up of d e

vices such as a water heater and

toaster. Sw i tches for ‘ contro l of the

devices are arranged on one of the

bedposts.

CANNON D E SIGN E D FOR

USE ON AE ROPLANE S

A gun that weigh s 150 lb . and is so

del icately adjusted that i t w i l l not

show an appreciable vibrat ion thoughm ounted on the m ost d elicate stee l springs, has

been inven ted by Com

m ander Cleland Davis of

the U . S. Navy for use

on a eroplanes. The new

gun is 12 ft . long, i s m adeof steel , and fires a 33- lb .

pro ject i le that has a.

m uzz le veloc i ty of m ore

than ft . per second .

This is the largest gunthat has ever been m adefor use on an aeroplaneand seem s to giVe to the

airm an another advan

tage over his foe on the

ground . Hereto fore i thas been im possib le to

nse'

a gun in the air,‘

ex

cept the ordinary -.rifle

,2 for the -j ea

son that the reco i l wou l d b e so ggwerful as to cause

“

the capsiz ingJ-

a’

iffji hem ach ine

,whenever i t shou l d he

" "

d ischarged . Com m ander Davis has d e

voted considerable t im e'

to“

the developm ent of art i l lery . In a test t hatwas m ade the gun was m ounted on

del icate si cel springs and when d is

charged had no reco i l that . cou l d bem easured by special instrum en ts.

cd E qu ipped w i th E lectri c Bulbs on E ach Post, an

E lectric Fan, and a Heat ing Pad

SOME FARM IMPL E ME NTS OF FRE NCH DE SIGN

l—A Farm Tractor of the Caterpi llar Type . z—Plow w i th Single Row o i'

B lad es. S—A 30-Hp. Machine W hich

w i l l Plow A bou t 30 Acres a Day . 4—A Harrow or Cu lt iv ator of E xcept i onal ly E ffi ci ent Type . S- Revo lvi ngHarrow That Breaks Up a Strip of G round 3F t. i n W i d th an d is Operated w ith a Gnom e Motor, 6—De ep

Cutti ng Motor P low for Subso il W ork , bu t Which'can Also be Used for Other Purposes

For m anyyears the United States has been the unquestioned leader in the m anufacture of farm

i m plem ents, but France has entered into com petition on m otor farm im plem ents, and som e of the

m achines produced hy the French m anufacturers are shown above .

18 P O PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

ARMOR FOR MOTOR TRUCKDUAL TIRE S

An autom obile accessories concernin Cleveland is m anu facturing an

arm or which is d esigned to take the

wear off so l i dt ires and at the

sam e t im e pro

vide a good tract ion surface on

the tread. Ar

ranged for dualt ires

,the arm or

con sists of a

series of stee lp lates w i th an

indent ion in the

m iddle w h i c hfi ts the space between the two treads.

The plates are hel d in place by a bandwh ich passes around the circum ference of the wheel

,resting in the d e

pression between the treads.

TH E FLORAL -LOOP NOV E LTY

An interest ing jewelry novel ty for

even ing w ear i s shown in the aecompanying 1llustration in the form of a

The F loral Loop is an i nteresting N ovelty in Jew elry

floral jewelry loop arrangem en t . A

n eat go l d chain is looped from a ringon the l i ttle finger to an arm brace let,and a l i tt le bouquet is cl ipped to the

center of the chain .

ODD BE HAV IOR OF ME TALLIC

FILAME NT LAMPS

No doubt everyone who has had

occasion to turn on m etal l ic- fi lam ent

lam ps,has observed that the lum inos

i ty of the fi lam ent , at first, seem s

stronger than later on . The explanat ion wh ich first suggests i tsel f as a

so lut ion of th i s phenom enon i s that thefi lam en t has a m uch less resi stance at

low than at h igh tem peratures, so that,at first

,m ore curren t wou ld flow

through the fi lam en t and cause a higherdegree of incandescence. If th is ex

planat ion be accepted , i t wou ld fo l lowthat the tem perature of the fi lam en tadjusts i tsel f m ore rap idly than the re

sistance, or, in other words,that there

is a lag in the change of the resistancebehind that of the tem perature . Thisdoes not seem probable, however, andtherefore attem pts have been m ade to

explain the phenom enon in som e o therway.

It was suggested , at first , that thepup i l of the eye fai led to adjust i tselfproperly. The . pupi l of the eye .

.con

tracts when the l ight is turned on, and .

m ore l ight is rece ived at first before thepupi l has had t im e to respond than a

m om en t later. E xperim en ts m adew ithpho tograph ic apparatus showed , however

,that th is cou ld not be the correct

explanat ion .

Ano ther explanat ion , wh ich seem s

to be m ore sat isfactory, is that the truecause l ies in the connect ion s that are

fused in the lam p bu lb . It is suggestedthat the tem perature of these leadsrises m ore slow ly than that of the fi lam en t

,and for a very short t im e

, at the

instan t of l ight ing the lam p , tends to

decrease the total resistance, and thuscause an increased curren t . St i l l an

o ther suggested explanat ion is thatthe residual gas in the globe is the

cause. The vacuum in the lam p is

som ewhat h igher when the lam p is co l dbecause the glass wal ls of the lam pabsorb som e of the gas. Wi th an in

crease in heat , the gas expands and

d iffuses toward the cen ter of the globethus increasing the loss of heat by con

duct ion .

20'

P O PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

w ires,wh i le 167- ft. towers support a

600- ft. span across a river.

'

In hanging the conductors

,each conductor be

ing hel d to its crossarm by a stringof ten 10- in . disk insulators, a dynam om eter was used

,and a pul l o f about

l b . m ade on each , wh ich al lowedapproxim ately a 12- ft. sag in eachspan .

It i s interest ing to no te that thereis a rise in e lectrical pressure along

IMPROV E D MOTION -PICTURESOUND MAKE R

The assem bl ing together in one

apparatus of the m any m echan ism s

requ ired to produce real ist ic im i ta

An Ingen ious Sou n d -Mak ing Machine for Motion

Pictu re Theaters

t ion s of all the sounds used in giv ingl i fe” to m ot ion p ictures has been ia

gen iously accom pl ished in the m ach inehere shown . The sounds i t can reproduce inc lude the cries of a baby, thescreech of pro ject i les fired from can

non,the warbl ing of a bird , the ring

of the anv i l,the rust l ing of leaves, the

crash ing of fal l ing m asses of m etal or

th is transm ission l ine,wh ich is due to

a property of the l ine cal led its con

densive reactance, and am ounts in

th is case to about vo l ts. It

m ust be understood that the above isnot a characterist ic of th is l ine alone,but of all

,h igh - tension transm ission

l ines,nor does th is ri se in vo l tage rep

resent a gain in energy . The effec t ofcond en sive reactance in this

'

case ex

ceed s that of any other l ine on record .

(IA Berl in nerve special ist has reachedthe conc lusion that kn i tt ing in bed is

an excel lent an t ido te for t ired nerves,and has secured m ost sat isfactory re

sults by prescrib ing a course of kn itt ing for worn - out society wom en o f

the Germ an cap ital .

wood,the engine no ises of autom ob i les

and m otorcycles,the patter o f rain ,

the rum bl ing of trains, the sound ofwaves

,w ind

,hai l

,the puff of a rai lway

locom o t ive,the breaking of crockery ,

the to l l ing of bel ls, the clang of fi re

bel ls,the clatter o f ho rses

'hoo fs

,the

bark of a dog,the h issing and sp itt ing

of cats,the t inkle of sleigh bel ls

, the“honk” of autom obi le horns, qu ick - fir

ing guns in act ion ,the clash of duel ing

swo rds,and the ratt le of fetters.

The claim is m ade that desp ite itsm any funct ion s i t is very sim ple to

handle .

WAR AE ROPLAN E S AS“DOV E S OF PE ACE

Unusual and rem arkable as i t m ayseem

,the Ital ian war aeroplanes that

have been alm ost con stan t ly flyingover the enem y ’

s cam ps in Tripo l i haverecently

'

been vary ing the diet of

bo m bs by dropping pam ph lets prin tedin Arabic. These pam ph lets

,ad

dressed to the Turkish so l d iers and

the ir Arab al l ies, and to the inhab itan ts of Tripol i , Bengaz i

,Derna,

Tobruk,and Fe

'

zzan,deal w i th the

state of the war, tel l ing of Ital ian v ic

tories and advising the laying down of

arm s.

H OW A CAT T URN S OV E R

A Man Fal ling from a Balloon Cou ld Do the Sam e Thing,

and Our“

Latitud e Cou ld Be Changed by the Sam e Method

By FORE ST RAY MOULTON .

Um'

uersfly 07 Chicago

IT IS a com m on sayingthat i f a cat i s dropped in

any way whatever, i t w i l la lways al ight on its feet .Since a m an canno t l i fth im sel f by his boo t- straps,or a boat cannot propel itsel f through the water ex

cept by pressing again st thewater in som e way, one

m ay wel l wonder whether“

th is is not one of the com

.

m on sayings wh ich is fal

lacions The general principles i nvo l ved are of suchin terest that the quest ionwas taken up a few yearsago for considerat ion at a

session of a French scien

t ihe soc iety .

It is a fact that i t is dynam ically po ssible for a cat

to turn over no m atter howdropped, and experim entshave shown that they actual ly do it.

- If a bal loon ist ,or airm an

,shoul d fal l from

'

a great height and shou ldfind . that he were descending so as to strike on his

head,he coul d turn h im sel f

over so as to strike upon hisfeet

,i f he knew the proper

m ean s of accom pl ish ing it .

But the distance he wou l dhave to fal l in o rder to havet im e to turn over wou l d beso great that he cou l d haveo n ly an academ ic in terest instrik ing on his feet ratherthan on his head ,

for the

final resu l t to him wou ld bethe sam e in e ither case .

In order to m ake the principles which are invo lvedperfectly clear

,suppo se A

B C D (Fig . 1)i s a portion of

a whee l supported at O ,and

that i t is m ounted so that

i t can be turned around 0as an axis w i thout any frict ion . Suppo se A B C D is

in a hori zon tal p lane, and

that on i t two m ice l ive and

have thei r nest . Supposethey find that the ir nest isexposed to the north w indand that they w ish to turnthe port ion of the wheel onwh ich it rests around so

that i t w i l l be pro tectedfro m the w in try blasts and

w i l l be open to the_

s,

un’

s

rays from the south . Supposew i thchan i

v of that,

portionon wh ich they l ive is 10 lb

‘

or 160

“ Nowthe m ice beingwiseWil l start at O and one w i l lwalk g toward .A a nd the

o ther toward Ci

So a s to

keep a balance . Their. t1.'av

e l ing along a rad ius o f . thewheel w i l l have .

no effectupon it and w i ll .not turn i t .After arriv ing at A and C

they w i l l walk toward B

and D'

respect ively . The

way the m ouse gets forwardis by pu sh ing back on the

surface on wh ich he is walking,

just as a skater, in

order to get forward on the

ice,pushes back w i th the

sharp edge of one skate as

he m akes the stroke w i ththe o ther. This is a un i

versal princip le and is i l lustrated by a locom ot ive pu l ling a train . If the track is

22 PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

sl ippery so that the d rivewheels can

not push back upon it, the train canno tstartw In order to secure the n eces

sary'fniction

,the engineer puts sand

on the track .

“(hen the m ice were walk ing fromO to A and C they were push ing backin opposi te direct ions. But when theywalk from A and C toward B and D

respect ively , they bo th push on the

whee l in the sam e d irect ion . Sincethe wheel can m ove w ithout frict ion

,i t

w i l l m ove back a l itt le in th is d irect ion . The am oun t i t m oves dependsupon the force w i th wh ich the m icepush back . Since the wheel we ighs160 t im es as m uch as the m ice , i t w i l lbe pushed back as far as they goforward

“

. (Th is isreal ly under the

t h a tis all

WhenB and

has

backd is

im

portan t for the und erstand ing of the

subj ect to no t iceone or two th ings.

The m om en tum of

the m ice forwardis always exactlyequal to the m om en tum (techn ical lym om en t of m o m entum ) o f the whee lbackward . \Vhen they arrive at B

and D they m ust stop befo re they can

go toward 0 . In o rder to stop theym ust have som e friction w ith the

wheel , and in stopp ing they push on

the wheel in the opposi te d irect ion to

that wh ich they pushed wh ile theywere walk ing . In stopp ing themsel ves they w i l l push ou the whee lexactly enough to stop i t . H ence

they start at A and C w i th the whee lat rest

,and they end at B and D w ith

i t at rest . It has had no m o t ion ex

cept in the d irect ion opposi te to thatin wh ich they trave led

,and therefore

it has ro tated backward som ewhat .The center of gravity of the two por

F ig. l—Tw o Mice w ou ld be Able to Slow ly Push a

Broken'

Whee l Around by Runn ing in Opposi teD i rections along the Ri m Sections and Thus Changethe Locat ion of Their N est

t ions of the rim and the m ice has not

changed ; and since the m ice havegone forward from A to B and fromC to D the center of grav ity of the

parts AB and CD have m oved backcorrespondingly . The wheel m ovedon ly when the m ice m oved , and

stopped when they stopped . If the

wheel were original ly spinn ing roundand round

,the walk ing of the m ice

wou ld change its posi t ion , but not its

m otion,after they stopped ,

precisely as

is done when i t i s in it ial ly at rest .

After the m ice arrive at B and D

and stop , they go back to 0 . Thenthey go to A and C and repeat the who leprocess. By do ing th is a few score

t im es,they can turn the wheel around

180 degrees and .

secure the resu l tsthey desire .

Now suppo se a

m an were standing over the po int .

0 . Under t h e

sam e cond it ionsas to the absenceo f frict ion . he

cou ld turn h im sel f “

around by m ov'

ing his arm s. He

woul d extend hishands to A and C :

and then sw ingthem around to Band D . By do ing

th is,he wou l d turn h im se l f and the

whee l on wh ich he stood a l i tt le in theoppo site direct ion . He wou l d thenpul l in his arm s to his body and put

them out again in the direct ion AC,

wh ich wou ld not turn the whee l . Re

peating the process,he coul d turn the

wheel as m uch as he w ished .

Now suppo se a m an were fal l ingfrom a great he ight . He wou ld be

perfectly free to turn in any direct ion ,

except for the sl ight resistance of the

air to rotat ion , wh ich can be neglected . If he . were fal l ing w i thoutturn ing over

,he cou l d work his arm s

so as to turn h im sel f in any d irect ionhe desired ,

and the m ethod wh ich hewoul d use is clear from the princ ip leswh ich have been explained . It has

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS 23

been found by careful observat ions of

cats that they u se the ir legs and headprecise ly in th is m anner to turn overwhen they are dropped . It is not

,of

course,to be supposed that the cats

have any understanding of the m e

chan ics of the problem ; but that , byan inst inct acqu ired by the cat fam i lyduring thousands of generat ions, theynatural ly do what secures the resu l ts.

E veryone knows that our cl im atedepends to a large extent upon our

d istance from the north po le. A

glance at a m ap of North Am ericashows that a large part of i t is northof Ch icago where som et im es for daysand weeks the w intry blasts si ft thesnow through the streets. As the Vastregions of Can

ada becom e m ore

densely popu latedthe rigors of its

w in ters w i l l be

m ore and m ore

deplored . T h e

quest ion ariseswhether i t is not

possible to t ipthe earth over so

that the lat i tudeof

'

Canada w i l l beless.

" T h is wou l dbring Siberia and

Ch ina nearer the

p o l e, . and the

w ind - swept a n d

barren '

wastes of N orthern Asia wou l dbecom e even m ore deso late than theyare at presen t . Tipp ing the earth overi s

,of course

,a bo l d proposi t ion ; but

science has had so m any and so re

m arkable trium ph s in the last hundredyears that no problem seem s too bigfor i t to undertake . It is not al together a w i l d dream that . m an w i l lsom et im e con tro l the great forces of

nature, and even direct the cosm icprocesses.

A sm al l change in the lat itude of

North Am erica m ight have a great influence on its cl im ate by changing theatm ospheric and ocean currents. Suppose it is proposed to change its - lat itude one degree; For sim pl ic i ty

,sup

pose the earth is not rotat ing and that

F ig

. z—The E arth m ight be T ipped E nou gh to E ffect ahange in L ati tu d e , i f It w ere Possib le to Ru n a

Train around i t Rapid ly, along a Meri d ian betw een

the N orth an d South Po les

i t is possible to run a train around itfrom po le to po le along a m eri d ian

(Fig . Suppose the track runs fromthe south po le to the north -po lethrough North Am erica and back to

the south po le through Asia on the op

posite side of the earth . If the trainshou l d pass northward on the Am erican side

,its wheels, push ing backward ,

wou ld push th is si de of the earth awayfrom the north po le ; and , go ing southward on the Asiat ic si de, wou l d shovethat part of the earth toward the northpo le. If the train shou l d go round and

round the earth enough tim es, the

earth wou l d be t ipped over as far as

m ight be desired .

Instead of be ing st i l l , the earth is

ro tat ing ; but th i sw i l l no t al ter the

effect of the trainfor, accord ing to

the p r i n c i p l e swh ich w e r e ex

p lained in connect ion w i th the m iceon the whee l , a

rotat ion of t h e

who le m ass doesnot c h a n g e the

effect of a bodym oving on i t , andafter the ~

m ovingb o d y stops, its

r o t a t i o n i sunchanged . Con

sequent ly,the train alters the rotat ion

of the earth on ly wh i le i t is m oving.

In the second place,i t wou l d not be

possible to bu i ld a rai lroad trackaround the earth from po le to pole,

'

but the d i fference in resu l ts wou l dbe sl igh t i f i t were turned off to the

east or west in h igh lat i tudes. For

long d istances the trains wou l d haveto be carried by boats, but th is wou l dhave the sam e effects on the earth , forthe boats push back on the water as

the trains do on the rai lroad tracks.

Now the quest ion is whether so

large a m ass as the earth can be

changed sensib ly by the m eans avai lable to m an . The seriousness of the

p roposit ion becom es eviden t when we

fi nd that the total m ass of the earth is

24 PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

six thousand b il l ion b i l l ion tons. Thisnum ber is 6 w i th 21 c iphers after i t .Com putat ion shows that i f a hundredtrains of tons’ weight

,including

the load,were run a thousand m i les

each day in the m anner described,i t

woul d requ ire m i l l ion years tochange the lat i tude of North Am erica

AUTOMATIC TRACK SCALE

A new type of autom at ic sel f- registering track scale

,wh ich m ay be oper

An Au tom at ic Track . Scale Which In d icates the N et

Weight of E ach Load , the T otal of All the N et

Weights, and Counts the Load s

ated by the m ovem ent of a hand levero r wheel , but preferably by a sm al l

ctric m o tor,is be ing bui l t by a scale

com pany of Mi lwaukee , Wis. The

scale is fitted w i th three counters, one

one degree. Consequen tly , i t seem s

that even though scient ific m en are

bo ld , th is is an undertaking wh ichthey canno t accom pl ish . There is

m ore hope that , l ike the b irds, weshal l som etim e be able to fly from the

shores of the Arct ic Ocean to the Car.

ibbean w ith the change of the seasons.

MOTOR CAR.FOR HORSE

TRANSPORTATION

A wel l - known fox hun ter of Bri dlington ,

E ng.,has had a special m o tor

car constructed for the tran sportat ion

Th e Mou n ts of a F ox H u n te r

in E ng lan d a re T ak en to the

Meet i n a Spec ia l Mo tor Car

of his hunt ing horses to ScarboroughHal l

,near - Beverley

,for the m eet of

the Holderness Hun t ."

The car aeco m

o f wh ich indicates the net we ight of

each load,the second records the to tal

o f all the net we ights passed overthe m ach ine , and the th ird coun ts thenum ber of loads.

The act ion of the loaded truck com

ing upon the scale platform starts thewe igh ing and recording m echan i sm byclosing a clutch

,causing a worm

wh ich is part of the steelyard to re

vo lve and carry the po ise we ight unt i li t reaches the balancing po in t . The

instan t the beam drops th i s we ightstops travel ing

,and thus the net

we igh t of the load is instan t ly and ac

curately recorded . The po ise weightreturns at h igh speed to the zero posi t iou as soon as the load is rem oved ,and the scale is ready to rece i ve a new

load .

P O PU LAR M E CHAN ICS 25

m odates th ree horses. Part of one of

the side wal ls is dropped down,and

,

suppo rted by wooden legs, serves as

the gang- plank by m eans o f wh ich the

horses en ter and leave the car.

TH E LARGE ST WATE RTURBIN E S

The largest and m ost powerful hyd raulic turbines in the worl d are

'

operated by the Pacific Coast Power Co . , of

Seatt le, in the hydroelectric developm ent of the Wh ite River. E ach tur

bine was designed to deve lophp . at 360 revo lut ion s per m inute nu

d er 4 4 0 ft . effect ive head , and

hp . at the sam e speed w i th a m axim um h ead of 4 80 ft . In actual operat ion

,however, the turbines are each

The Largest Water Turbine in the W orld . An i d eae

l

f;i t

;MSize m ay be Gained by Com paring It w i th

t e an

carrying hp . under 4 4 0 ft . effect ive head . From a dead short c ircu i tto no load , Wh ich requ ires a ful l gatem ot ion by the governor from W ideopen to closed

,the m axim um speed

does not exceed 395 revo lut ions per

m inute,or about

,10 per cen t above

norm al .

GE RMAN ARMORE DAE ROPLAN E

One of the in teresting arm ored war

aeroplanes shown at the recent aviat ion exh ib it ion in Berl in is of the“seagul l type . The interest ing fea

ture of th is m ach ine is the arm oredcyl inder provided to house and pro

teet the m ach ine’s m echan ism , the

pi lot and the “fighting airm an ,

”or

,in

One o i'

the Arm ored Aeroplanes Developed in Germ anyan d E xhibi ted at the Recen t Aeroplane Show inBerlin

other words,the officer whose duty

°

isto operate the fightm g m echan1sm s

,.of

the m achm e. The arm ored cyl indertapers to a po in t in front. .

A MachineWhich Turns U and Fin ishes the Rim s, andBores an d F in ishes the uba of W ood en W hee ls

MACH IN E FOR TURN ING AND

BOXING.

WOODE N WHE E LS,

An E ngl ish m anufacturing concern

has recently placed upon the m arketan

'

in terest ing m achine,espec ial ly

,

d e

signed for turn ing up and fin ishingthe rim s

“

,and for boring or boxing the

hubs of wooden wheels. It w i l l hand le wheels up to 6 ft. in d iam eter.

Two com pound sl ide rests are pro

vid ed,one for turn ing up the r im s and

faces of the wheels, and the o ther for

26 PO PU LAR ME CHAN ICS

Shi fting a 212-F t. Span , Double -T rack Rai lw ay B rid ge to a N ew L ocat ion on the Passa ic River,N ew Jersey . Servi ce Over the Bri d ge w as Interrupted On ly One Day

boring and fin ishing the hubs. The

co lum ns wh ich carry these sl ide restscan be clam ped in various posi t ionson the bedplate

,wh ich is attached to

the m ain standard of the m ach ine .

They can be easi ly adjusted and

locked in po sition s su ited for wheelso f differen t d iam eters.

H IGH E ST-VOLTAGE DIRE CT

CURRE NT LOCOMOTIV E

There has recen tly been bu i l t, byo ne of the large e lectrical m anufactur

ing com pan ies, a num ber o f h igh vo l tage direct curren t locom o t ives, whichw i l l operate 011 a traction road iii SouthCaro l ina. These locom o t ives w i l l besuppl ied w ith power from a - vo l t ,d irect- curren t circu i t

,wh ich is said to

be the h ighest direct - curren t vo ltageu sed by any electric rai lway in the

U n i ted States. The locom ot ives we ighapproxim ately 55 tons each , and are

equ ipped w i th four 750- vo l t m otorswh ich have a rat ing of 180 hp . Two

m otors w i l l be connected in series, andthe com binat ion then connected to the

- vo l t circu i t . It is claim ed eachlocom o t ive w i l l be able to hau l 4 0loaded freight cars on a straight , leve ltrack at a speed of 20 m i les per hour.

AN UNUSUAL BRIDGE -MOV INGOPE RATION

Recen t changes in the l ine of theCen tral Rai lroad of New Jersey be

tween Jersey Ci ty and Newark 1n

cluded the sh i ft ing of a 212- ft. span ,

double- track bridge,crossing the Pas

saic River,to a new location about 185

ft“

. d istant . When the new p ivot p ierand approaches were ready for thespan , preparat ion s were m ade for theshi ft and Sunday was decided upon forthe work

,there be ing less nav igat ion in

the river and fewer. trains on th is day.

The contractor’s forces arrived on

the scene at two o’

clock in the m orning,

and pul led out about 30 p i leswh ich interfered w i th the m ovem ent ofthe two 650- ton scows o n which the

span was to be m oved . The scows,

fi l led w i th abou t 5 ft . o f water ballast ,were then floated under the

‘ bridge,m arks on the cribb ing indicat ing the

exac t locat ion necessary. Then the

12 sets of blocking were bu i l t up,

and the water was pum ped out of the

scows,which

,

'

with a r ising t ide , l i ftedthe bridge c lear of its foundat ionsw i th in a very few m inutes. Signaland in terlocking system s were restoredand trafl‘ic was resum ed at six o

’

clockin the afternoon .

The T itan i c w as E qu ipped wi th More Davi ts than Boats. i n This Il lustrati on is Shown a Schem e for

Provid ing Tw o Boats for E ach Set of Davits

The w ickerwork l i feboat is one of

severa l ca rri e d by the Batavi er III,"

of on e of the Du tch l i n es . It w e ighs

abo ut as m uch as the o rd inary w oo d en

l i feboat , and carrie335 people . The ou ter

shell of w ickerw ork preven ts i n ju ryshould the boat strike heavi ly aga in st

the s i d e of the vessel when be i ng

low ered i n to a rough sea . Insid e the

w ickerw ork i s a w ood en shel l con sist

i ng of thre e laye rs o fw ood w i th canv as

b etw een .

It is suggeste d that tw o launch ing

t ubes be constructed , on e on each si d e

o f the stern of the v essel , for the l aunch

i ng ofco m pletely cove red ,m otor- d riven

l i feboats o f the type show n i n the

i l lu strat ion . A l l the boats w ou l d b e

d isposed on t rack s lead ing a long the

d eck to the entrance of the tu bes .

Copyright. 1012. G . V . Buck, Wash i ngton.

The superdreadnought Texas, the m ostpowerful battleship of the world yet launched , was slid

i nto the water at Newport News, Va on May l8th. She has a length of 565 ft. . a beam of 95 ft. 3in . ,

a d isplacem ent of tons, and a contfact speed of 21knots m i les an hour). Her m ain batteryw i ll consist of ten l 4- in . guns. and the secondary battery is com posed of twenty

- one 5 - in. guns.

N E o f the greatest v irtues o f the

m otorboat is that alm o st anyonecan own one . A m o torboat is not an

indication o f an ungovernably large incom e . If a

'

m an canno t afford to buy a

m ahogany- skinned racer,w i th 200

horsepower stuffed into its narrow

thorax;he can p ick up a second - handrunabout , w i th an o ld four- cyl inder en

gine wh ich counts one and skips twount i l it has run a few m i les and is thoroughly hot. If th is is beyond him ,

he

can pick up a hom em ade boat w i th twocyl inders

,a

’

cast- iron propel ler and a

steering whee l m ade out of an old slat .If - even th is is too m uch luxury

,he

can beg or bo rrow a rowboat and in

stal l in i t a m ai l - o rder engine whichcosts and on which he can lav

i sh just as m uch care and exert ion and

ingenu ity and hoarse,

reverberat ingpro fan i ty as i f it had co stw ere bu i lt o f alum inum an d vanad iumsteel .

‘

I was to l d the very best way to get

a m o torboat is to buy i t second - hand .

There are m any reason s. In the firstp lace the price of a m o torboat d ecreases m uch faster than its effi ciency .

-

’

hen a m an has run a thousand - do l larm otorboat a year, he has co rrectedm ost o f its fau lts and has d iscoveredall of the pecu l iar kinks in the d ispo sit ion o f the engine . The boat i s

_

real ly

worth m ore than it was when he

bought i t , but you can general ly coaxit. away from him fo r $4 00. A m an

who bu i lds a boat h im sel f—puts $50worth of lum ber

, $300 worth of engineand wo rth o f t im e and brainsinto it— w i l l se l l i t w i th the u tm ost

cheerfu lness fo r $250 just as soon as

he has figured out a change of designwh ich m akes i t im perat i ve that heshou l d bu i ld a new boat w i th a biggerengine . O ften ,

too, you can discover

som e m an who w i l l never learn to run

a m o torboat because his brain . wasn’t

m ade to focus 0 11 the subject. H e is

forever starting off w ith the waterd rained out o f his engine , or w ith weakbatteries, o r w ith no gaso l ine ,

or w ithout rem em bering to turn on the lubri

cat ing o il . He cranks his engine fo rtwo hours befo re he rem em bers to

prim e i t . He spends a sum m er takingfriends out to ride

,and l isten ing to

their com m en ts and jeers wh i le he

struggles w ith his stat ionary boat .

There are t im es during the sum m er

when he w i l l se l l that boat fo r $50 andw i l l th ink w ith grati tude of the m an

who buys i t . It is wel l,therefore , to

seek out these m en and to l inger near

them‘

w ith an expectan t eye l ike an

undertaker attending an autom obi lerace.

It is even possible to obtain a boat

P O PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

w ithout any cost at all. But this isdangerous and the. givee shou l d be

ware. I m ysel f was presen ted w i th a

boat once. It hadn ’t cost all ofthat in the beginn ing, but the owner

had spen t that m uch m oney on i t . He

did not l ike m e, so he

'

gave m e the boat .I was inexperienced and accepted i t .

I traveled n ine m i les in i t that sum m er

at an average cost of $5 a m i le, wh i le

the form er owner‘

sat on the bank and

watched m e w i th a grim,but happy

sm i le. He said,the on ly pleasure he

ever had out of that boat was watching m e try to run i t . In the case of

boats you shou l d look gift- horses inthe crankshaft

,the flywheel

,the

clutch,the com m utator and the stuff

ing box,before accepting them .

Right in m y own town another m an

has been trying,for three years

,to

give away a 4 8- ft. speed hu l l , bu i l tm agn ificen t ly o f oak t im bers, w i th a

2 by 6 oak coam ing,and ribs about as

th ick as corset steels. But he has

m ade no headway,though he swears

that i t does not sag m ore than 6 in . in

the m iddle w ith an engine in ,an d that

the report that he had to feed i t gasol ine w i th a force pum p is sheer slander.

Suppose you have reached that stagewhere l i fe is no longer attract ive nu

less you can soak i t in gaso l ine, lubricat ing o il and ri ver water, and you

have determ ined to buy a m o torboat .have $250 i n cash . Can you sat

isfy your yearn ing w i th th is am oun t?E asi ly . But don ’t rush into the business recklessly . Buying a boat is m ore

of a job than buying an autom obi le,or an aeroplane

,or a house and lot.

It requ ires caut ion . There are diplom at ic po ssib i l i t ies to i t . There are

al so other possib i l it ies. You can veryeasi ly buy a $125 boat for

'

$250. Lo tsof people do i t . It doesn ’t take anypract ice at all on your part . Deal ingw i th a boat owner is l ike deal ing w iththe proprietor of a wal l- eyed Connecticut horse. Cash 15 on ly the last i temin the transact ion . Conversat ion ,

and

a plen ty of i t,com es first .

To begin w i th,don

’t buy the boatyoursel f. Find a friend who is a boatexpert and let him do the nego t iat ingfor you,

wh i le you stand by w i th yourcheckbook h idden ,

but instantly avai lable, ready to pu l l i t out at the psychological m om en t , buy the boat and go

away w i th i t before the owner getslonesom e for i t and refuses to carryout his bargain— for there are few

boats wh ich,w i th all the ir faults,

aren’t loved by the owners. Mo re

than one m an has so l d his boat and

has bought i t back eagerly for $50m ore the next week ,

after trying un

successfu l ly to w in the love o f a

strange and su l len engine in a new

boat .My first boat was a nervous l i ttle

sl im -waisted affair wh ich I, togetherw i th ano ther landlubber, bought froma m an who had bu i l t her him sel f. H e

had bu i lt her in his cel lar and ow ing toa sl igh t inadvertence in fai l ing to m akethe boat flexible

,he had had to jack

the house up off its foundat ionsin order to get her out. He wantedto sel l the

t!

hoat in order to bu i l dlarger en

ad decked

3G P O P U LAR M E CHAN ICS

By th is tim eQ -we two realbuyers were locking nervouslyfor a . street car. We d idn ’twan t a death trap . We were

gratefu l to Green,but we

wanted to go away. The owner

m ight try to give us the boatand we m ight be tem pted to

take i t .“She stands m e in seven

hundred,

not counting m yt im e ,

"said the owner.

"I

wou ldn’

t sel l her for anyth ing,

but a fel low has given m e a

big engine and I want to bu i lda speed boat . I

'

ll take $300cash

,and I

’

ll paint her up firstclass.

”

“Three hundred ! yel ledGreen . Three hundred for

that ark ’ -’hy,

i t wou l d co stthat m uch to put her in shapeso that she cou l d beat a duckin a fair race .

The owner was pained .

D ing i t ! Man,she’s in perfect

shape ,

"he pro tested .

“I'

ve

just overhau led her. She’

s go t

brand new cork cush ions, too ,

and a searchl ight .”“She

'

s got to be cau lked and thatrudder gear wouldn

'

t‘

be safe to use

on a butter boat , sai d Green .

“A m an o ffered m e four hundred fo r

her last w eek,

”said the owner

,

“but he

wanted to use her fo r tow ing sandharges and I wou ldn

't let her go for

no such purpo se . She s a bargain at

three hundred . She’

s got a ful l chargein her storage battery and a n ice flag.

“That gaso l ine tank ’

s tin .

”

The feed pipe’

s lead .

”

She’s hogged in the m iddle .

I just put a new rudder on her,too;

“

;I’

ll give you $150, and no t a cent

m ote, said Green .

“We couldn’

t use

her to run w i th , but we m ight getsom e salvage out o f her brass.

“

“Two - seven ty- five

’

s m y bo ttom figure. There

'

s a fel low from Pekinwan ts her for three hundred , and he

’

s

com ing tom orrow . She’s got copper

pain t on her bottom .

“Yes

,and that ’s about all the bo ttom

H e had bu i lt her i n his ce l lar, an d , ow i ng to a sl ighthad to jack the hou se up o ff i ts

Copyrghted m ater

she’

s got, sai d Green .

'

I'

ll give you$225 .

Done , sai d the m an w ith paralyzing sw i ftness.

“I’

ve go t a blank b i l l o fsale right here .

We watched proceedings som ewhatdazed and m ade out the check as Green

o rdered . Then we shook hands overthe bargain

,and after he had left we

took Green by the throat and asked '

him why he had bought a preh i storicdeath trap for us?”“She’s a peach o f a boat , sa i d Green ,

joyfu l ly .

“She

'

s worth $4 00 at the

least .”“But she leaks

,and her engine

'

s no

good,and she ’s got no bo ttom !

”I oh

jected .

“Shucks said Green . She

'

s the

best bargam on the river. But i f you’

dbel ieved all he sai d you

'

d have had to

pay $500;Gradual ly Green

’

s m ethod dawnedon us and we were properly jubi lant .

“VVe

’

ve got $75 left to run her on th is

PO PU LA R M E CH AN ICS

inad verten ce o ln fall ing to m ak e the boat flexibl e ,he

fou nd at ions b o rd er to get her out.”

sum m er, I declared joyfu l ly .

'

\Ve

intended to spend $300 on that boat .”“So you '

w i l l ,”

sai d Green m enacingly.

“That ’s just about what she

w i l l cost you .

Later we found that he cam e w i th infive do l lars of the truth . For when wewent to get the boat we found that theowner had art fu l ly rem oved suchth ings as had not been m entioned inthe bargain ing,

~ includ ing all the too ls,the acetylene tank

,the batteries, the

anchor, the side l ights and the l i fepreservers— and al so that the boat hadno propel ler, and that the t im er was a

broken reed . But asi de from that she

was a very good boat and we en joyedher frabjously .

It is astound ing how m uch boat canoccas ional ly be bought for a l ittlem oney . Later

‘

on,m y partner and I

bought a 30- ft. cabin boat w i th a good ,heavy-d uty 8- hp. engine in i t , m agneto ,

storage batteries and kitchen ou tfitfor $200; The bu i lder had put oak .

fram es and mess screws all

through it , and had bu i l t i t toram batt lesh ips. But she was

not m alaria proo f,so he so l d

her to a friend for $600. Thisfriend

,who was em inently

fitted for buying o ld m astersand cost ly books, tried all one

sum m er to m ake the enginerun w i th a d isconnected w ire ,and W111not

,even now,

al lowus to m en t ion the boat in hispresence . We have since run

the boat upward of

m i les during two seasons, at

a to tal cost for repairs, dockage, im provem en ts

,and gaso

l ine,of $300.

That works out at the rateof 20 cen ts a m i le , wh ich i s not

exact ly cheap travel ing. But

there is one com fort . You can

trave l all day in a boat of th issort and not use up m ore than60 m i les of the - and bythe t im e you have towed the

boat in from her anchorage,have m ade necessary repairs,have coaxed the engine out of

the dum ps,and have run five

joyous,sea- Splashed m i les

, you haveput in a very pleasant afternoon for

two,or four or six people—wh ich is

cheaper than go ing to vaudev il le or

basebal l . \Ve always figure on fourm i les for each gal lon of gasol ine— ittakes m ore power to plow throughwater than to run over land— and on

long trips we al low our guests to payfor the gaso l ine, and also to carry i tdown to the river from the supply sta

tion s. It gives them a‘

sense of respon

sibil ity and personal in terest and is

real ly a favo r to them .

The cheapness of second - hand boats,however

,is on ly equaled by the hide

ous co st of engine repairs. I havelearned to look at engine experts w i thfear and to shudder apprehen siv‘e‘lywhenever m y engine develops any af

fection wh ich m ay cal l for an operat ion . A year ago we wan ted to havethe bearings of the Siwash engineoverhau led . The proprietor o f a m a

ch ine shop cam e up w i th a helper and

38

a hors separate i temof the cen ts an hour— and took the engine away to his

lair. We‘ tr ied several t im es to rescue

i t,but unsuccessful ly . It had been

d ism em bered and for a m onth it layaround the m achine shop in fragm ents,wh i le at odd t im es, when business wasslack

,the proprietor, or his assistan t ,

or the draym an,or the del ivery boy

wou l d go . and do or or

or worth of work on i t .When i t cam e back the bearings hadbeen t ightened ,

the flywhee l loosened ,

the spark plugs po l ished,the crank

draw fi led,the piston rings replaced

,

the gaso l ine connect ion lost , and the

t im er m anicured . The bi l l was

and when the th ing refused to run the

proprietor decl ined to com e up and

COMPULSORY DATING OF

AUTOMOBIL E TIRE S

Bi l ls have been passed,or are pend

ing,in several of the state legislatures,

no tably those of Minneso ta,Georgia

angl N ew York,to m ake the dating of

autom obi le t ires com pu lsory. The principal clause of the N ew Yo rk bi l l re

qu ires that “no person o r co rpo rat ion

shal l m anufacture,sel l

,offer

,or ex

pose for sale a t ire for use on a m otorveh ic le

,un less the date when such t ire

was m anufactured shal l be im pressedor branded upon the m aterial whereo f

PO PU LAR ME CHAN ICS

such t ire is constructed , or o therw iseindicated by label securely attachedthereto . E very person or co rporat ionv io lat ing th is sect ion

‘

shal l be l iable toa penal ty of $50 for each v io lat ion .

”

An am endm en t tacked on to the bi l l ,however

,m ade the bi l l a joke

,accord

ing to som e crit ics. This am endm en trel ieves the m anu facturer from anyresponsib i l i ty for the dat ing of the

t ires and places i t upon the retai ldealer

,who has no m eans of know ing

the date of m anufacture. This am endm en t al so al lows the dealer to applythe date w i th a rubber stam p .

Copyriqhted m at

look at the corpse for less than ‘

60

cen ts an hour. He knocked ofi‘

the

20 cen ts as a concession to o ld cus

tom ers.

Since then we have m ade our own

repa irs and we have adhered r igidlyto one rule . We do not repair the en

gine as long as i t w i l l run . When i tceases to run and m akes funny no isesin its abdom en

,and spi ts blue sm oke

and flam es at us, and final ly becom es

co l d and dead and l im p in the crankshaft

,we reluctantly ho ld a post - m or

tem and al low an expert to en ter theboat

,under heavy guard , and w i th the

threat that i f he attem pts to repai r thewater l ine

,and the hor izon

,and the

flag staff,over and above the specified

job,death on the spot shal l b e his

port ion .

4 0 POPU LAR M E CH AN ICS

ABILL was introduced in Congress the other day which confirm s the

growingbelief that what this country needs in its legislative halls is fewer

politicians and m ore m en of practical business experience. The bill referred

to is for the appropriation of One Hundred Thousand Dollarswith which the Secretary ofthe Navy is to

“

ascertainwhetherthe target practice of warsh ips and the use of explosives'

dropped from airships”m ay supply a m eans of destroying

'

icebergs. E ven the freshest recruit on board ship m ightreasonably be expected to hit the April ice field which wasreported to be 12 m i les wide and 65 m i les long ;butwith

such a target as that the best gunners and the heaviest shot could effect aboutas m uch dam age as a sm all boy with . a bean blower. However the bill tobom bard '

bergs had not advanced to the point of burning powder when theselines were written.

THE report of the Senate Com m ittee on the Titanic disaster is satisfyingto our own people . It should cause those British journals which have

sought to pour rid icule upon the investigation, and especially upon Chairm an

Senator Sm ith , to realize how chi ld ishly they have acted .

The report does not hesitate to place prim e responsibilitywhere it belongs

—upon the unfortunate Captain Sm ith

but does it in no resentful or carping m anner. The tenor ofthe report is to so present facts, based on und isputed testim ony, that

'

hereafter the passenger on Atlantic liners shallbe safeguarded to the fullest extent possible .

The British investigation , which is sti ll in progress, started out with the

evident intention to m inim ize responsibi lityand to whitewash the m anagem ent .officers and crew. The results of the investigation on this side had , however,been published in E ngland , and public Opinion so strongly insisted on havingthe truth that after a few days of nibbling at the edges, the court ventured on

fairly thorough work. It is evident , however, that in the absence of public

inform ation, m ade possible only byour Senate investigation , the full m easure

of incom petence , unpreparedness. and utter disregard of the rudim ental lawsof safetywould never have been revealed .

The insults heaped upon Senator Sm ith by the British press serve but toem phasize the service he has done hum an ity in exposing cond itions littledream ed of, and which , now known, wi ll result in great reform s.

H E inestim able service which the wire less rendered in the rescue of the"Titanic” survivors is alone sufficient to im m ortalize the nam e of

Marconi ; in the confusion and excitem ent of events the dai lypress paid scantpraise to the great inventor, who alreadyhas saved nearly

lives. It is very apparent , however, that the continuedem ploym ent of beard less youths in the wireless station of

passenger liners m ust cease . Positions involving so m om en

tousresponsibi litiesare not in the nature of things fullyrealizedbyboys in their teens. This is one of the reform s interna

tional conference m ust secure , and should require not only

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

4 2 PO PU LAR .ME CHAN ICS

ship com pany has also announced its intention to proceed at once with theerection of three tower stations which will connect our Gulf coast with SouthAm erica, thus furnishing com m unication with land stations there , for the firsttim e . In a fewyears all the continents and the m ore im portant islands ofthesea wi ll be linked with an invisible network of com m unication. What a storyof scientific and m echanical progress has been written from the days of the

Spaniard Salva. who in 1795 dream ed of a subm arine te legraph , to those ofMorse in 1866 . and nowto the realization of a world -wide wireless system l

ACE RTAIN new depot , recently com pleted in Ch icago , is a wonderfulexem plification of painstaking study to provide the traveling public with

every possible convenience . Room y elevators toss the passengers swiftlyfrom street to train floor, - bureaus of inform ation supply an

end less fund of knowledge, electric lights on stairway landingsprevent stum bling, and of course restaurants, te lephones,

telegraphs. cabs, drug store . news stands and the like are

convenient and am ple . E ven the large space set apart forim m igrant passengers traveling second class m ust appear likea palace to these people . with its white ti ling everywhere .

and rest room s, restaurant , baths , laundry, hospital, and , in fact, no reasonablewant unprovided .

But the thing which m ost im pressed m e was not the m agnificence of

the build ing which cost a lot of m i ll ions nor the beautiful m arble , nor the

high arched waiting room . It was a plain m ahogany box, fastened to the .

wall where everyone who goes in or out can see it. And on this box arethe significant words

‘

TO PLE ASE TH E PUBLIC

Drop your suggestions in this box.

Having supplied everything that the best engineers and bui lders ln

Am erica and E urope could suggest , or m oney can buy, there is provided thissim ple , d ignified invitation to its m i llions of travelers each year. this last

'

word of invitation to suggest som e im provem ent unthought of by its own

officers and em ployes.

What a contrast the littlem ahogany box of today offers to the expressedpolicy of the greatest railroad owner of 4 0 years ago , who said ,

“ The Publice Well , you know what.

H . H . WINDSOR

4 4 PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

AN UMBRE LLA CARRIE R

An ingen iofi s'

carrier for unbrellas

and paraso ls, designed to preven t theloss of th is o ften forgo tten art icle, has

been invented by an

E ngl ish wom an . It

is a hanger m ade of

c o r d desi gned to

be passed around ones h o u l d er

,and the

um brel la or paraso li s h u n g from i t insom ewhat the sam e

m anner as a sword .

A RE SOURCE FUL“E NGIN E E R

”

The f o l l o w i n gstory has been takenfrom E lectrical E n

gineering,and is said

to have been sen t bya corresponden t in

Austral ia : There is

a l i tt le town of

eople, away back inthe bush of N ew

South W a l e s,wh ich can boastof an ant iquatede lectric- l ight sta

t ion,under the charge of a

“ch ief elec

trical engineer,”appo inted by the al

derm en of the d istrict,and sim u l tane

SNAIL WALKS SAFE LY OV E R

RAZOR’

S E DGE

That snai ls can pass over such sharpim plem en ts as a razor

’

s edge w i thoutthe sl ightest harm has been dem on

A Snai l Craw l ing Over the Sharp E dge of a RazorW i thout Cu tti ng i tsel f

ously perform ing the dut ies of stoker,w irem an

,and engine driver. He is

also the leading and on ly electr icalcontractor in the town , and for som e

years past has reaped a very handsom e incom e by sel l ing m etal - fi lam ent

lam ps to the farm ers and other con

sum ers at about 65 . each .

It happened not long ago that one of

the farm ers cam e to town , and was

very-m uch struck at the ri d iculouslylow price for wh ich he cou l d obtainm etal - fi lam ent lam ps in the c i ty

,and

on his advice the enterprising concern

from wh ich he obtained his lam ps sen ta traveler up to his town ,

and,in the

absence of the previously m ent ionedchief electrical engineer, d i spo sed of

som e few hundred lam ps' at the ord inary se l l ing price .

When our friend returned to his of

ficial dut ies,he real i zed that the sale

of his expensive lam ps had been con

siderably hand icapped . But he was

previously a m arine engineer, and weall know that m arine engineers are not

to be easi ly cornered . The sam e evening,

therefore,he thought i t advisable

to boost up his vo l tage, un t i l everylam p in the town popped off . The nextm orn ing he took a push cart aroundt o w n h e avi ly laden w i th his own

lam ps,and to l d the poo r farm ers that

i f they wou l d specu late on these inferior cheap Germ an lam ps they wou l dhave to stand the con sequences.

strated by a French scien t ist in'

thecourse of his study of these creatures,wh ich are so wel l equ ipped for trave lthat they can m ove over surfacesexceptional ly dangerous to seem inglybetter protected an im als.

The snai l walks w i th the who le undersurface of its body ,

'

and is prov idedw i th m eans

,to lubricate the road on

wh ich i t travels. A pecul iarly com

plex system of m usc les enables i t tocl ing in any posi t ion to the sm oo thestobjects. In l i ft ing itsel f over the

razor’s edge i t cl ings w ith the h ind part‘

of its walkinfg'

surface to'

one side of

the blade, and extends the fore partand bends i t down onto the other side

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS 4 5

w i thout touch ing the edge , thus ac .

com pl i sh ing w ithou t harm what wou l dnatural ly seem im possible .

CONCRE TE ARCH E S FORMBASE FOR TOMBSTON E S

An unusual and interest ing appl icat ion of concrete has been adopted in

the old cem etery at Portsm outh , N . H . ,

to m ake a m arshy sect ion of groundavai lable for graves. A sect ion of the

eastern edge of the cem etery , wh ich isnot far from a salt m arsh thatstretches in from the sea, was recent lypurchased by the trustees of the Hom e

for the Aged . Th is land had long beenconsidered too low and w et for burialpurposes

,but the trustees m ade it

avai lable by sinking concrete co lum ns

to bedrock and rest ing concretearches upon them

,there being n ine

rows,and n ine arches to each row . At

the lowest po in t of the slope the archesrose to a height of 6 ft . above the sur

TH E MOTOR CAR

Probably the m ost rem arkabledem onstration of an autom obi le to a

prospect ive purchaser of the m ach inewas m ade by GordonKe l ly

, a Lo s Angelesm o tor enthusiast , to a

S o u t h e r n Cal i forn iaranch owner. The lat

ter was interested in

cars,

and Mr. Kel lytook one out to his

Row s of Concrete Arches E rec ted in L ow'

Groun d ofan Ol d Cem etery at Portsm outh, N . H . , as Gravestone F oun d ations

AS‘

A COW PONY

face ,requ iring a considerable earth

‘

fi ll

to raise the ground leve l to a height of6 in . above the row s o f arches. The

arches w i l l be used as foundat ionsupon wh ich the gravestones w i l l restas needed

,and i t is calcu lated that the

foundat ions so constructed are of suf

fi cient depth and we ight to w i thstandupheaval bv the frost .

ranch to show what i t cou ld_do . Wh i le

driv ing. it over the land, the rancher

sudden ly no t iced that one of hishal f-wi ld c o w s h a dstrayed from the herd andwas m aking for the h i l ls.

None o f the cowboyshappened to be in sigh tand the owner

,Mr. A . V .

Jones, was annoyed at

see ing his an im al escape .

“

4 6‘

P O PU'

LAR ME CHAN ICS

The m otOr salesm an was equali

to the

em ergency.

“I w i l l help you get that

cow,

”he said

,

“i f you w i l l handle therope . As Jones was a lariat expert ,and happened to have a co i l of rope inthe car

,he agreed . The autom ob ile

was speeded up and bum ped over the

rough ground at a pace too great forany w i l d cow . The an im al was overtaken

,and Jones wh irled his noo se in

true cowboy style, catch ing the creature by the neck . Mr. Kel ly, at the

wheel,d id his part l ike a veteran cow4

puncher and brought the car around at

the proper m om en t to throw the an i

m al,wh ich

,once subdued , returned

qu iet ly to the herd .

Natural ly the rancher was del ightedat th is exh ib it ion of the car

’

s adaptabi l i ty to ranch l i fe

, an d prom ptlym ade out his check

,thus becom ing the

owner of the first “gaso l ine broncho”

on record .

TIGE R’

S H E AD OUTLINE D IN

CIRCASSIAN WALNUT

A piece of Circassian walnut veneer,the natural m arkings o f wh ich showedone- hal f of a t iger

’

s head , was recen t lyd iscovered in a New York veneerplan t . A long search was m ade to find

A T i ger’s n

'

eéd in the

'

N'

atu'ral Mark ings of Circassian

Walnut V eneer

(lAcco rd ing to - the law,as dec ided by

the courts, an o il com pany'

can post alocation notice on a tom bstone in Californ ia,

’

and sink an o il wel l w i th in 20

ft. o i even - t hough the landbe patent .

the du’pl icate,but on ly a near dupl icate

of the perfect ly sym m etrical veneercou l d be found . The two p ieces were

m oun ted as shown and placed in a

w indow . It has attracted m uch attent ion as a freak of nature

,and an offer

was m ade for i t by a m an who in tendedpresent ing it to Tam m any Hal l .

NE W TYPE OF BLOCK SIGNAL

FOR COLD WE ATHE R

During last w in ter the var ious rai lroads experienced considerable d iffi

cu l ty in o perat ing the ir block signalsw ith any degree of accuracy , on ac

coun t o i the accum u lations of ice and

fro st on the signal lam ps. An interurban electric rai lway com pany,

operat ing in northern Oh io , claim s to. haveovercom e the d ifficu l ty and so lved theproblem of operat ing block system s in

co l d weather by the use o f a new typeo f si gnal .This new signal is arranged to be

l ighted by a 25 -watt tungsten lam p ,wh ich in th is part icu lar case was sup

;

plied w ith e lectrical energy from the

tro lley w ire , a su itable resistance beingconnected in series w ith i t . The

sw i tch - contro l l ing m echan ism i s operated' by a sm al l m o tor, wh ich al so d erivesfits energy from the tro l ley w ire,and

,

is so designed that i t w i l l operatesafelythrough a w i de variat ion of l inepressures. The heat generated in the

lam p and the resistance in series‘

w i thit

,are am ple to preven t the accum u la

t ion of ice on the lenses of the lam p and

the sw i tch - operat ing m echan ism . Of

course, in the case of a steam road , i twou l d be n ecessary to in stal l batteriesof considerable capaci ty at d ifferentpo ints along the road to supply energyto the lam p ; and to prov ide sufii cient

resistance to bring about the desiredresul ts.

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS 4 7

FAMOUS SAINT MARK’

S CAMPAN ILE RE STORE D

The fam ous Cam pan i leSt. Mark ’

s, V en ice, whi

fel l to the ground in 1902

crushing w ith it the Sansov ine Loggia

,is now restored

after 10 years of work . The

new Cam pan i le is in everydetai l of appearance l ike theo ld

,but

'

is con structed in

the l ight o f m odern scienceand possib ly w i th m ore en

during ski l l .The old Cam pan i le d i SanMarco

,l ike o thersof

'

its kind ,was the work of m any generations, having been startedin the year 888, added to in94 8 and 114 8, and co m pletedto the platform in 1170. Its

foundat ion was a rectangu

lar base of Istrian stone ,

and its brick wal l s taperedgen t ly up to aheight of 200ft:, in a series ofe ight storiesp ierced w i th w i n d o w s.

Above the platform rose an

open loggia of m arble, 50 ft .

h igh,be ing the actual belfry,

where in hung fivegreat bel ls of bronze .

T h e F a m o u s

Cam pan i le of St .

Mark’s, V en ice,

as It Appeareda Short T i m e

P rev iou s to the

The h igh - p itched roo f of thebe l fry was surm oun ted bythe m etal figure of an ange l ,16 ft . h igh , the to tal he igh tthus be ing brought to 825 ft .

AN UNUSUAL HOTE LANN E X

An apartm en t ho te l whichstands on the top o f a steephi l l in Los Angeles is to

have an annex , the con

struct ion of which turnsord inary construct ion m ethod s t o p s y- t u r v e y. The

presen t bu i ld ing is fourstor ies h igh and is reachedby steps w inding up a m as

sive stone retain ing wal l . Inthe addit ion of an annex theretain ing wal l is to be re

m oved, a section of the h il l ,52 ft . w ide by 4 0 ft . in

depth , is to be cut out,

and in the space thus cre

ated w i l l be erected a five

story bu i lding that w i l l justreach and part ial ly supportthe second floor of the

original bu i l d ing. From the

fron t the com pleted struc

ture w i l l presen t the eleva

4 8 PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

t ion of an eight .- story bu i ld ing,

w i ththe upper stori es set back som e d is

tance from the corn ice level . The

roof of the addit ion,

w i l l const i tute an

open terrace in fron t of what w i l l bethe sixth story

CURIOUS FRE AK OF

A BULLE T

In shooting w ith a 38- cal iber‘

autom at ic revo lver at a target m ade of

,

a

block of wood, 10 in . th ick , the bu l l’

s

e y e o f whichwas a tin

'

bu tton ,

such as is usedi n f a s t e n i n g

tarred paper roofing,one Of the m arks

m en succeeded 1n hi tting a sh ingle nai l ,wh ich was used to fasten the button ,

alm ost exact ly in the cen ter.

spl itt ing the block of wood to recoverthe bu l lets

,i t was found that the bu l let

wh ich h i t the bull ’s- eye had penetrated1n . into the wood

,and

,in i ts course ,

had enveloped the sh ingle nai l and ;taken i t w i th i t . The m anner in wh ichthe bul let enveloped the nai l is shownin the i l lustrat ion .

WHOLE CITY TO BE

’

HE A'

TE D

BY E LE CTRICITY

P lans are being form u lated to heate lectrical ly the dwel l ings and business

'

houses of Stavanger,‘

in Norway, andthe ofli cials of the electric plan t at thatp lace have appl ied to the ci ty counci l

Copyright. 1912. Dai ri es a Detro i t

Upon

in the i l lustrat ion when the cam era

started and as soon as the lens hadpassed him he sprinted a round back of

the Cam eram and zwas'

stand ing at the

A UniqucfPhotb'

graph'

of the Detro it E asésai i

for perm ission to carry out the ir proposed undertaking. The popu lat ionof Stavanger is about 30,000 and thereare am ple water- power faci l i t ies avai lable to develop at least hp . for

e lectrical purposes . As i t is plann edat present , no custom er w i l l be al loweda greater con sum ption than 100 hpand ow ing to the exceedinglylowcostof product ion ,

the pri ce per hersepower for one yearwi l l be on ly aboutseven do l lars. The ci ty o fficial s are

also considering the advisabil i ty of

heat ing the publ ic bu i ld ings by m eans

of electrici ty .

TY COBB TWICE ; A UNIQU EPHOTOGRAPH

'

The,photograph of the . Detro it

Tigers here reproduced . has createdm uch Com m en t

,in that Ty Cobb ,

con

sidered one o f the greatest, i f not thegreatest basebal l p layer inathe worldtoday

,appears tw i ce. The way i n

wh ich he succeeded 1n appearing tw ice,however, is a very. sim ple m atter. The

cam era used to take. the picture was

of the .panoram a type, which was m adeto revo lve slow ly from left to right ,

P O PU LAR M E CHAN ICS 4 9

The E psom Race ; after a Painting by Géricault

right of the l ine before the cam era

reached the end of the p icture.

Som e of the basebal l fan s surm i sethat he did not l ike the serious expression of his face when the cam era firstcaught him and sprinted around to the

o ther end to get his sm i le into the pic

ture . O thers rem ark that he is m ost o f

the team anyway and in ful l justicem ight have been taken four or five

t im es instead of on ly tw ice.

MOTION IN ART AND IN

RE ALITY

How far the m ean s of v isual i z ingsw i ft m ot ion u sual ly adopted bv

painters d iffers from the actual perform ance in real i ty is wel l dem on

strated in the accom panying i l lustrat ions. One o f these is from a painting of the E psom Race

,one of the

fam ous annual racing classics of E ngland

,painted by Gericau l t . It cannot

i n Which Ty Cobb Makes His Appearance Twi ce

be den ied that th is paint ing conveysan im pression of speed

, yet there is

not one att i tude of the ho rse as shown

Motion Pictu re of a Gal loping Horse

by the m ot ion pictures that is anywhere near l ike that of any of the

horses in the paint ing.

50 P O PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

A JACKDAW THAT GO E S TO SCHOOL

An unu sual com pan ionsh ip between

sm al l and a jackdaw exists

N E TTLE A SUBSTITUTE FOR

COTTON

The Jackd aw in Hi s Mast er’s Arm s

v i l lage o f U pton , Berksh ire , E ng.

The boy is Jo seph Butler, aged 12, and

Perched on the Desk and L ook ing W i se W h ile H isMaster Recites

the jackdaw,wh ich is

'

now two yearsold ,

and wh ich was found by him afterfal l ing from its nest wh i le young

,is

never sat isfied to let him out of sight .The bird is so fond of the boy that itgoes to schoo l and to church w i th him ,

peeks o ther boys who fight- him

,sits

by him at m eals,and sets up a m ourn

ful caw ing when kept away from him .

For over a year now the bird has goneto schoo l w i th its young m aster

,sit

t ing qu ietly ou his desk . The teacheral lows the bird in the schoo l

,since

,i f

she kept i t out,its caws as i t flut

tered around the schoo l house wou l ddisturb the other chi ldren .

In the last few years a great m any ex

perim ents have been m ade on variousm aterial s in an effort to find a su i tablesubst itute for cotton . The m ostprom ising plan t , on accoun t of the

strength of its fiber and its readygrow th under very adverse condit ion stogether w ith its large yiel d per acre,

is the com m on nettle,and by a recently

inven ted m ethod of treatm en t wh ichseem s to have so lved the problem , i tnow gives us a fair subst itute for cot

ton in m any of its uses.

In the new treatm en t the dried nettlestem s are first bo i led for a sho rt t im e

in di lute soda lye, wh ich loosen s the

fibers from the woody stem s. The

fibers are then separated from the

woody port ions by m eans of brushesin a special m ach ine and subjected al

ternately to bo i l ings in di lute lye and

tho rough wash ings. The'

resu l t ingproduct i s a yel low ish m ass of fine

fibers, wh ich are ent irely free from

gum an d m ay be bleached , com bed and

spun in to yarn . This yarn i s claim edto have the sm oo thness and so ftness of

flax,and a strength greater than that

of hem p ; m ay be woven into dam ask ,

or used,alone or in com b inat ion w ith

other'

threads,in m aking ribbons, up

holsteries,and num erous other fabrics.

PO PU LA R M E CHAN I CS

E xperi m ental Apparatus and Case Mad e by Stud ents W hen School Authorities Decl ined to Purchase Outfi t

o ther equ ipm en t,and a case for the ex

perim ental apparatus, wh ile the girls

prepared the de l icate parts and didm ost of the in tricate m oun t ing . The

case,when open

,has a work ing space

of 30 by 88 in . It con tains a sink con

nected w i th a reservo ir from wh ich theWater is raised by a force pum p . The

equ ipm en t is com plete,be ing sufficien t

to perform all experim ents necessaryfor co l lege- en trance requ irem en ts. The

co st o f the ent ire outfit did no t exceedtwenty dol lars.

Interesting L ittle Motorcycle - E ngined Autom obi le Bu i lt

A PUSHMOBILE AUTOMOBILE

Two Ph i ladelph ia boys have com

bined a . m o torcycle engine w i th a“pushm ob i le” wagon and m ade preparation s for an endurance run to Atlant ic Ci ty . The i l lustrat ion showsthe l it tle m ach ine in detai l . The own

Philad elphia Boys

54 PO PU LA R M E CHAN ICS

ers claim a speed of 18 m i les an hourw ithout m uch effort on the part of thel i ttle m otor. The m ach ine is startedw i th a push . One boy sets i t go ing ,

jum ps in,and away they go .

AIR-PROPE LLE R ALARMFOR AUTOMOBILE S

An ingen ious propel ler- driven alarmhell for autom obi les has m ade its ap

pearance in Paris. The shaft on wh ichthe prope l ler is m ounted passes

An Au tom obi le Alarm Be ll Ru n : by an Aeri al Propel ler

Driven by the Resistance i t Ofl'ers to the Rush of A ir

Aga in st 11 Runn ing Car

through the bel ls and has ham m ers

m oun ted upon i t in such m anner as to

keep striking as,

the shaft revo lves.

The outfit is m oun ted on an autom o

bile so that,when the chauffeur ope

rates the m echan ism wh ich releasesthe shaft

,the propel ler is wh irled by

the resistance i t offers to the rush of

air. The propel ler wh irls and the be l lrings unt i l the chauffeur operates them echan ism locking the shaft again

TAXICAB TE L E PHON E SYSTE MIn . a great m any cases, l ivery com

pan ics are unable to use their conveyance

'

s to the best advan tage , ow ing to

the'

fact that i t is im possib le to com

m un icate w i th the drivers after theyhaxe started out w i th a fare . It qu i tefrequent ly happens that a driver is

sen t to som e rem o te part of the c i tyw i th a fare and then m ust returnem pty

,wh i le ano ther driver m ay be

sent to a ne ighboring sect ion for a

fare , and m ust go out em pty . If, how

ever, som e m eans were prov ided for

com m un icat ing w i th the first driverhe m ight not need to return

'

em pty ,

nor wou l d,perhaps, the second driver

have to leave the stat ion . This wou l dresul t in a considerable saving in whatis now known as

“dead m i leage . For

th is reason a P i ttsburg taxicab com

pany is instal l ing a telephone system ,

w i th telephone boxes p laced at variouspo in ts throughout the ci ty

, so that thedriver of the taxicab m ay com m un icatew i th the com pany’

s cen tral offi ce before return ing, in order to ascertainwhether ano ther fare m ay be picked upon the way back , thus e l im inat ing thenecessi ty of send ing a second m achineto the sam e neighborhood .

STRE E T-CROSSING KIOSKSFOR POLICE ME N

Street traffi c in Paris has been con

tro l led by po l icem en placed at crossingsand provided w i th wh istles, as has becom e the customin several of thelargest ci t ies in

Am erica, but a

n e W signal ingsystem is now

be ing tried out

wh ich m akes use

0 f a n o r n a

m e n t a l k iosk ,

the roo f of whichis equ ipped w i ths i g n al boards.

T h e s e kio sks,wh ich are placedat the crossings,a r e glass- cov

ered,and the po

l icem an takes his stand on an elevat ion inside the structure

,from wh ich

he has an unobstructed view of the

traffic ways. Above the roo f, m ountedon a shaft

,is a cube- shaped , box- l ike

afi air,painted wh ite

,wh ich is provided

w i th two w ing- l ike exten sion s. The

shaft is turned by a wheel insi de the

kiosk,and the direction

“

in wh ich the

w ings face ind icates to traffic whetherto stop or proceed .

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS 55

STATE COLL E GE HAS POULTRY HOSPITAL

The Rhode Island E xperi m e n t Station has establ ished , at the pou l try d e

partm ent of the Rhode Island State Co l lege , the m ostunusual inst i tut ion for the

treatm en t of the d iseaseso f poul try yet establ ished .

It is cal led the pou ltryho spital” and owes its

nam e to the fact that i t isprim ari ly an insti tut ion forthe curing of pou l try d is

eases,just as m uch as our

own hospi tals are for the

advancem en t of sc ience incuring the hum an

ai lm ents. T h i shospital consistsof a house of m od

e s t appearance,where the pat ientsare treated

,and

an extensive cagedarea where the pat i e n t s

”m ay be

turned out”for

‘

ex_

ercise and“

sun

sh ine - Q Th is pro

vid e‘

s‘ fo

'

r observaé

t iori of the d is

eased inm ates ‘

of

the as

The San itary -Pen Room of the Pou ltry Hospi tal

m Pou ltry Hospi tal

at the Rho d e i slan d

E xperim en t Station

On Left—The Operat ingRoom

nearly under nor

m al cond i t ion s as

possible .

The h o s p i t a lbuild ing

‘

is a sm al lone- story bu i ld ingand wou l d scarce

ly attract the at

ten t ion any m ore

than the o t h e rbu i ld ings of the

p o u l t r y plan t .Yet

,i t is m ost in

teresting in the u ses to

which it is put. It i s div id ed in to four room s, an

o ffi ce,a laboratory

,an oper

at ing room,and a

“pat ients’

w a r d ,”

or san i tary-

pen

roo m . In the o fli ce the

head of the bio logical d epartm ent of the experim en tstat ion

,Dr. Phi l ip B. Had

ley,conducts the work of

the in stitution . Here the

data of the di seased pat ien tsare com pi led together w i ththe resu lts wh ich m ay be

valuable in com bat ing the

diseases invest igated . The

56 fl“

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

laboratory. i s equ ipped w ith variouskinds of apparatus for the bacterio logical invest igat ions

,and here is where

all the cu l tures of the diseases invest igated are kept and experim ented w ith .

Of course,i t m ust be taken into con

siderat ion that the work of the in stitu

t ion is m ore for the prevent ion and cure

o f diseases than for the cure of the in

d ividual fow ls afli icted . Yet the Out

of- town pat ien ts are rather num erous,

for feathered pat ients are o ften sent tothe ho sp ital to have the ir ailm ents d i

agnosed . In th is way the in st itut ionis of great value to the state and

'

aidsin the suppression of pou l try d iseases,wh ich wou l d o therw ise great ly handicap th is m o st im portant New E nglandindustry . Besides the usual equ ipm ent the laborato ry is provided w ithsteri l i zers

,and workbenches offering

fac i l it ies which,

are usual ly found on lyin the best bacterio logical workroom s.

The operat ing room is painted in wh iteenam el and is wel l l ighted for any Operation s on or inocu lat ion s of the feathered pat ients. As in in st itut ions forhum an s

,m ost of the furn ish ings are

fin i shed in enam e l,an d the operating

tables are glass or porcelain - topped in

RAILWAY ON

Passenger coaches that float aboveand between gu ide rai ls

,w ith noth ing

touch ing except the brushes that contro l the electrical current

,is the dream

o f a Franco -Am erican inven tor of

Mount V ernon,N ew York

,who has

succeeded in obtain ing resu l ts w i th a

m odel apparatus.

In th is apparatus,the Foucaul t or

eddy curren ts induced in a p iece of

m etal placed in '

ah al ternat ing m ag

WHICH"

CARS FLOAT ABOV E RAILS

net ic field are ut i l ized to sustain,or

,in

o ther words,to m ake the car float be‘

tween the guide rai ls. At frequentintervals upon the m ode l roadbed are

placed large e lectrom agnets,

so ar

1anged that an alternat ing current m aybe passed through them . On ly thosem agnets that are adjacen t to the car

are energized,the current being con

tro l led by brushes attached to the car

and m aking connect ion by touch ing the

One of the Cyl in d rical Mo del Cars in Position over the E lectrom agnets

order to m in im i ze the possib i l i ty of

in fect ion . A special apparatus has beendevised to ho ld the fow ls during theoperat ions

,and as anesthet ics are used ,

the pat ien ts suffer l i tt le or no pain .

The instrum en ts are kept in a glasscase and as carefu l ly steri l i zed as in

the best ci ty hosp itals,and during op

erations the attendants are obl iged to

wear the sam e san i tary cloak and ob

serve the sam e precautions as requ iredin hosp itals for hum an be ings.

In that departm en t which m ight becal led the ward room ,

”are a num ber

of san itary pen s where pat ien ts m aybe kept . This room is fin ished in con

crete and has a concrete floor, m akingit as nearly ant iseptic as possible. Here

suspected or innocuous pat ients are

kept wh ile be ing invest igated for d ifferent d iseases.

It is bel ieved that m uch good m ayaccrue from the invest igat ion s con

ducted by th is additi on to the stat ion,

wh ich is at presen t the on ly one of its

kind in the Un i ted States, i f not in the

world . The departm en t is at presentdevot ing its efforts to the discovery of

m ean s by wh ich cho lera am ong po u ltrym ay be prevented or cured .

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

The Roadw ay, Show ing the Single L ine of E lectrom agnets D i rectly Above W hich the Car F loats an dis D raw n Along, and On e of the Propell ing So leno i d s

guide rai ls. In addit ion to m aking thee lectric connection these brushes al soserve as gu ides to keep the car directly

.o ver '

the electrom agnets.

Two m odel roads have been con'

structed,one of wh ich has the electro

m agnets in a l ine directly in the cen

ter of the roadbed,wh i le the o ther has

two rows,runn ing paral lel

,above and

between wh ich the car is sustained .

\V ith the fi rst- m ent ioned type o f roadw ay the large alum inum plate wh ichplays such an im portan t part in the

un ique invention form s the base of the

car,wh ile in the second type the car

i s provided w ith tw o alum inum plates,arranged one on each side o f the car,

so that each l ine of e lectrom agnets w i l lhave a plate directly above i t . Whenthe electrom agnets are energized byan alternat ing

13

current,the alum inum

plate 0 1’ plates are in a Strong alter“

Thi s Il lustration Show s the Type in W hich a Doublenat ing m agnet ic field

,wh ich resu lts 111 Row of E lectrom agn ets i s U ti l ized . The Chi l d i s

ed dy currents being induced in the Seated i n a Cha ir P laced on

.

an i S—F pot Mo d el Car,

plate There eddy c rre tc react upon

the ln agnetic fi eld and Produce the Tops of the E lectrom agnets and the Alum inum Plates

Copyrghted m ateraI

58 PO PU LAR M E CHAN I CS

force tending to raise and float the car.

In addi t ion to the single or doublel ine of electrom agnets

,so leno ids are

located at regu lar in tervals,the pur

pose of wh ich is to prov ide propulsionfor the Car. As the iron car ap

prOaches, these so leno i ds becom e ener

gized and draw i t toward them,and

the in stan t the car reaches a neutralposi t ion w i th in them

,the m agnet ic

effect is reversed,the succeeding so le

no id s in the l ine in’

turn exert ing the

attract ive force .

The inven tor of th is schem e claim s

that enorm ous velocities m ay be at

tained as the on ly frict ion to overcom e is that o f the air and the l i ttlefric tion

'

due to the brushes on the rai ls.

He proposes to reduce the frict ion of

the air by m ak ing the ends of the car

body con ical i n shape and the m ainport i on cyl indrical and very sm oo th .

The dev ice m ay appear to pract ical lye l im inate m echan ical frict ion ,

but i t isreduced at an enorm ous cost . The in

ventor claim s he can l i ft a we igh t

AUTOMOBILE PUMPS W AT E R

The owner of a ranch in Cal i forn iarecen t ly bu i l t a large storage reservo irfor irrigat ion purposes, and adopted a

nove l schem e for pum ping in to i t . He

runs his autom obi le i n to posi t ion as

shown in the i l lustrat ion , and m akes abe l t Connect ion w i th a rotary pum p by

m eans of a large band whee l attachedto the driv ing axle outsid e one of. the

"

rear wheels. The statem ent is m adethat water is pum ped at the rate Of250. gal . per m inute by th is arrangem ent . The storage reservo ir w i l l ho ld

ga1. .

An Autom obile -Driven Rotary Pump Used to F i ll an irrigati on Reservoir on a Cali forn ia Ranch

of about 12 lb . w i th one ki lowatt ‘

of

power. Neglect ing the weight of the

car and assum ing there are 50 passengers in each car and each we ighs 150lb . we have a to tal of lb . If one

ki lowatt w i l l l i ft 12 lb .,625 ki lowatts

w i l l be requ ired to l i ft the abovepassenger load , wh ich neglects the

weight of the car,the propel l ing power

requ ired , etc. An electric locom ot ivethat .w i l l develop about hp . w i llhau l a five - car passenger train up to a

speed of at least 70 m i les per hour.

There wou l d be killowatts or

about hp . requ ired to l ift 250passengers

,or the power requ ired to

m erely l i ft the passengers in five cars

woul d be about tw ice the power re.

qu ired to hau l the ent ire train On an

ordinary electric road . The gain in

speed seem s to be the greatest advantage possessed by the new schem e

,but

i t m ust be rem em bered that air frict ionis not overcom e and that th is varies asthe square of the speed

,so i t soon be

com es exceed ingly large .

64 PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

Com -way the Motor World

Placi ng a Te lephon e Pol e i n Posi ti on by the Old Setting a Telephone Pole in Place by Means of a

Metho d Motor Truck

MOTOR TRUCKS AS POL E E RE CTORS

The pract icab i l ity of the m otor Com pany . The accom panying il luso truck as an engine for the erection of trations show the old way Of erect ingtelephone po les has been c learly dem the po les

,and the m odern m ethod of

on strated by the New York Telephone perform ing the sam e task .

FE E DING SUFFRAGE TT E S THROUGH THE NOSE

(IThe growth of the autom obi le business in the last 14 years is shown bythe fact that in 1898 there were 25

concerns cap ital i zed . at m ak

Coum 6 m m Lon doning m otor cars wh i le in 1912 there are

F eed ing a susre'

gen e through the N ose : the Plan 300 concern s and the capital investedAmiga,

Pm?” “W WW “ 8 m “ t“m the bus1ness 15 over

The accom panying i l lustrat ion ,all

external ind icat ions to the contrary,does not show a treatm en t for ad e

no id s,but

'

the forcible feed irig throughthe nose of an E ngl ish sufi ragette

who refused to partake of food . Thisrem arkable system of feeding is praet iced by the E ngl ish prison authori t ies

,ow ing to the suffragettes adopt

ing the“hunger strike” as a possible

m eans of gain ing the ir dem ands. The

refusal to eat is not a protest againstim prisonm en t

,but an endeavor to oh

tain the treatm en t previously accordedto po l it ical prisoners.

people are asham ed to be seen rid ingin one . The i l lustrat ion shows one of

the new serviceable , yet good - looking,

sight - see ing cars described as‘

re

fined .

”It is bu i l t to closely resem ble

the touring- car type of m achine , em

com fortably accom m odate 16 people .

The first of th is type of car fin ishedwas sh ipped to Seatt le, where i t isbe ing used in conduct ing part iesthrough the fam ous Rain ier Nat ionalPark .

P O PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

ING ON HORSE BACK

ing on horseback is a new sporty wh ich was recen tly intro

Germ any by a Germ an o i

Boxing on Horseback'

is a New Sport N oveltyRecent ly Introd uced i n G erm any

ficer who was a pup i l of the AngloAm erican Boxing Club of Berl in .

The m en shown in the i l lustrat ion are

J oe E dwards,a form er wel terwe ight

cham pion of E ngland , and BobbyDobbs

,at on e t im e a wel l - known co l

o red fighter in the Un ited States, andnow 53wars o ld . They are bothconnected

, w i th the boxing club in

Berl in,wh ich has had m uch to d o w ith

popu lari z ing boxing in Germ any .

TRANSPARE NT GLASS OF

GRE AT STRE NGTH

A French m anu facturer has suc

ceed ed in producing a perfect ly tran sparen t glass of extraordinary strength ,desi gn ed especial ly for use in autom obi le w indshields, for w indows in

rai lroad cars, and other purposeswhere glass m ay be subjected to sud

d en shocks. Tests are claim ed to showthat even w ire- re in forced glass has farless resi stance than th is new glass, theform er having been com pletely shat

A SKYSCRAPE R FOR TH E DE AD

The accom panying i l lustrat ion shows

an unusual idea in a com m un i ty m au

so leum . It is a propo sed skyscraperm auso leum having 10 stories, each o f

wh ich has a w ide balcony. Accordingto the plans i t w i l l contain 532 private

Proposed Skyscraper Com m un ity Mausoleum

tered by shocks wh ich on ly succeededin cracking the latter.The new glass con sists of two lays

ers of glass having a transparent sheetofcel lu lo id between them . The processof m anu facture is a rather del icate one,as the two layers of glass have to be

attached to ei ther side of the cel lulo idsheet by m eans of a spec ial adhesi vesubstance

,the who le be ing then passed

through a hydraul ic press.

MOV ING PICTURE S OF THE

AURORA BORE AL IS

A new cam era for pho tograph ing theaurora boreal is has just been con

structed for Pro fessor Carl Sto rm er,

of the Chri st ian ia Un iversi ty.

'The apparatus w i l l be used to m easure the

relat ive brightness of the NorthernL ights at d ifferen t periods

,and to en

able a c inem atograph reproduct ion of

the phenom enon to be m ade afterward .

The p ictures are to be taken at n ight ,and w i l l consequent ly requ ire a longexpo sure

,wh ich w i l l extend from two

and a half t o e ight m inutes each . Itis expected that the resu l ts w i l l proveo f the greatest scien t ific value .

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

Seven teen Palm s Spring, Sou thern Cal iforn i a, W hich Has Been a W elcom e Sight to Many a Tiredand Thirsty P ioneer

of us'who know on ly the east w i th its

m u l t i tude of water suppl ies, and who

wou l d deem i t an alm ost unbearablehardsh ip to trave l afoo t fo r a singleday w i thout water. But to .tho se whohave gone two days and n ights, or po ssibly three

,w i th no water and under

a brazen sun and a m ercury at 120 or

PORTE -COCH E RE AUTO

GARAGE

An ingen ious idea in autom ob ile garages has - been worked out by Dr. H .

Lesl ie Moore,o f Dal las, Texas. H is

garage is attached to the si de of the

house in the posi t ion that a porte

Porte-Cochere Garage of a Dallas, Texas,Physician

worse in the shade , the Seven teenPalm s Spring is l i fe i tsel f. The palm s

wh ich have given the place its nam e ,

seem to eke out but a precarious existence, and there are -no longer 17 o f

them , som e hav ing died . Yet,sickly as

they appear,they are a welcom e sigh t

to m an and beast who trave l th is route .

cochere woul d occupy i f provided , andin appearance i t very m uch resem blesthe latter. The insi de doo r of the garage opens in to a sm al l hal l lead inginto the rest of the house, and the doctor m ay Step from i t d irectly in to hism ach ine.

SIGNAL DISKS PLANN E D To

STOP JOY-RIDING

The assistan t m anager of a New

York detect ive agency has recen tlytaken out a paten t on a device intendedto check joy- rid ing. It consists of a

copper plate, wh ich m ay be fastenedto any part of the car where i t w i l l bec learly v isib le to the po l ice. On th isplate is a h inged m etal d isk , the h ingebeing bo l ted to the m iddle of the plate

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

in a substant ial m anner. When the

owner of an autom obile or his authorized agen t is in charge of the car, the

disk i s turned down and locked in

p lace, and in th is position displays a

black enam eled c ircle . When the

owner is through w i th the car and doesnot w ish anyone to use it , he un locksthe padlock ,

turn s up the disk unt i l i tl ies flat ly again st the plate, and relocksi t,the plate show ing two bright red

spots when in th i s posi t ion . The planis to no t i fy the po l ice or others en

gaged in preserving the peace thatthere is som ething wrong when a car

appears on the street w i th two red

d isks show ing.

TE NTE D “CITY ON HOTE L

ROOF

The m anagem en t of one of the bighotels at San D iego , Cal . , has so lvedthe problem of hotel congest ion and

sat isfied the outdoor- air enthusiasts byerect ing 22 large tents on the roo f.E ach ten t con tains a bed , washstand ,

dresser,wardrobe

,and a chair. Many

of the guests prefer the tents to the

m ost luxurious roo m s of the ho tel .

Tw enty-Tw o Sleeping Tents on the Roof

COMBIN E D FLOOR SE T , NAIL

SE T AND SHIE LD

An ingen ious dev ice , design ed to

fac i l i tate the laying of hardwoodfloors

,was recently paten ted by an

A Device W hich Materi a lly A i d s i n the Lay ingof F loors

inventor of Lawrence, Kansas. It

m akes possible an accurate set of the

boards, an accurate driving of the

nai ls at the correct angle, and alsopro tects the floor from be ing bru isedduring the operat ion of driv ing the

nai l s through the ho les .

(lThe co st of stopp ing an ordinarytrain of passenger cars that is m ov ingat the rate of 50 m i les an hour is sa idto be $1, the t im e lost be ing estim atedat 14 5 seconds.

Big Hotels D iego,

Copyrghted m ateral

70 PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

L ieutenant Bousqu et in H is Biplane . The Offi cer W ho Drops Bom bs i s Protected by a W ind shi el d ,an d on E ach Si de of H im are Am m un i tion Boxes

FRE NCH WAR AE ROPLAN E

Aeroplane tests are being conducted The accom panying i l lustrat ions showby the French arm y on the h istoric an interest ing aerial bom b - dropp ingdri l l ground at Chalons in an endeavor equ ipm ent wh ich was designed byto determ ine to what exten t aero L ieutenan t Bousquet of the Frenchplanes can be used as flying art i l lery . arm y.

Bom b -Throw i ng Apparatus , Show A Close V iew of the Seat ing Arrangem ent, Show ing the Casesi ng Tw o Bom bs Just Discharged Contain ing the Bom bs Arranged along Both Si d es

The Opening of Mod ern W aterw orks in Jerusalem w as Attend ed w i th E laborate Cerem on i es Participated

in by A ll Classes of the City’s People

Power - Driven Threshing Machines and Harves ting Apparatus are Com m on Sights on the Plains ofSharon , betw een Jafi

'a an d Jerusalem

7-4 PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

the spring,there were subm i tted to i t

plans for the construct ion of no fewerthan m i les of rai lroad

,w i th m in

eral and o il rights in the Asiatic dom in ions of the Su l tan ,

to show the

rapid developm en t now go ing on in

this’

part of the world . The l ines of

the Hedjaz Rai lroad are to be carriedw ith all speed acro ss the 285 m i leso f desert between Medina and Mecca.

Starting from Dam ascu s,th is l ine runs

alm o st due south“

through w i l d and

steri le country for m ore than 820 m i lesto Medina

,the burial p lace o fMoham

m ed . It is principal ly u sed for carrying Moham m edan pi lgrim s. At m anyo f its m ore im portan t stations one can

now send telegram s in any E uropeanlanguage to all parts of the wo rld . Um

t i l qu ite recent ly they had to be wri tten in e ither the Turkish or the Arabiclanguage .

This,of course

,is by no m eans the

on ly rai lroad in Palest ine . The first tobe opened was that wh ich connectsthe seaport of Jafta w i th Jerusalem .

Then fo l lowed one from Be irut, on the

coast,to Dam ascus, and m ore recent ly ,

L E TTE R SE AL ING AND

STAMPING MACH IN E

Thi s m ach ine,wh ich is but

.l i tt le

larger than a standard typewriter and

w e igh s on ly 50 lh.,is claim ed to seal

A Machine That W i l l Seal , Stam p and Cou nt

eral Thousand Letters per Hour

stam p and coun t as m any asI7,000 let

ters per hour, handl ing envelopes o f

various si ze and th ickness W i thout ad .

(IVVhen the Panam a Canal is fin ished ,i t w i l l be the greatest coal ing stat ionin the world ,

i t being est im ated thatthe coal and o il trafii c alone shou l dam ount to annual ly .

the l ine from Hai fa,also on the coast ,

round the southern end of the Sea of

Gal i lee to Dam ascus. Of the l ines yetto be bu i l t in Asiat ic Turkey , one w i l lextend from Sam soon

,on the Black

Sea,in a southeasterly d irect ion to a

po in t near the Persian border. Ah

o ther w i l l start from som e port on the

Mediterranean,not yet determ ined , and

stretch in a northeasterly d irect ion to

Lake V an,

crossing the other l ine .

When the fam ous Bagdad . Ra i lroadhas progressed ano ther 200 m i les

,w i th

the Bo sphorus spanned by a bridge,and the Hedjaz en terprise com pleted ,Mecca w i l l be in direct rai lroad com

m un ication w ith Con stantinople,and

also w ith the great centers of E urope .

When the other l ines now pro jected are

com pleted , Persia w i l l be connectedw ith the Medi terranean Sea,

and N ineveh

,the ancien t cap ital o f Sennacherib ,

w i l l be a hal fway stat ion between a

reform ed k ingdom of the Shah and a

Palest ine wh ich has been qu ickened tom odern l i fe by steel rai ls

,telegraphs,

telephones and western businessm ethods.

‘

justm ent. The letters are inserted ,

flaps down,in the box on the fron t of

the m achine,and a reciprocat ing feed

ing blade ,from which the m o i sture for

the envelope flap is taken ,m oves for

ward between the flap and the envelopeproper

,carrying the enve lope forward

to the so ft- rubber seal ing ro l l s. Dur

ing th is operat ion the stam p is fed forward from the ro l l of stam ps in the

fo re part of the m ach ine,where the

stam p is m o istened , then cut off and

carried to the m ov ing envelope ,where

the process o f stam p appl icat ion and

letter s eal ing is autom at ical ly com

pleted . The m ach ine i l lustrated is

driven by a hand Whee l , but powerm ay be subst ituted .

76 P O PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

were l ined w i th in trenchm ents pro

teet ing thousands of Russian riflem en ,

wh i le from e i ther side the neighboringforts cou l d pour shot and shel l in toany attack ing force. For a few daysthe Japanese assaul ts were sim plyslaughters. At length Nogi obtaineda footho l d at the base, and slow ly, dayby day and by n ight as wel l , he

worked his way up wh i le Russians and hundreds of guns pouredthe ir fi re into him . Final ly .he

gained the sum m i t,bu i l t a sm al l bom b

proo f and left there—two m en and a

telephone i

That was all, but i t was a ll heneeded . Thousands of Japanese sol

d iers protected these two from Russian attacks

,wh ich cont inued cease

lessly,for tho se two m en w i th the tele

phone cou l d do m ore j harm than all

the rest of the Japanese arm y. Theirtelephone l ine ran down the h i l l and ,thence

,to the great “

O saka bab ies.

”

At a signal from the m an at the phone,

great shel ls were flung over the h il lstoward Port Arthur. The m en on the

AUTOMOBILE USE D TO LIGHT

A TRAIN'

One of the special train s used as a

hote l during the autom obi le races re

cently hel d in Savannah , Ga developed troubles in its electric generat

ing m echan ism,thus interfering w i th

its l ight ing system . The difficul ty wasrem ed ied by ren t ing an electric autom obi le and connect ing its batteries

An E lectric Autom ob i le F urn ishing Current to L ight a SpecialTrain , Si d e-T racked at the Savannah Autom ob i le Races

by th is m ethod during the t im e the

train was si de- tracked at’

the race

course .

V IOLINS WITHSTAND. H E AV Y

STRAINS

Few v io l in ists give any thought'to

the am oun t of pressure exerted on the

top of a vio l in by the bri dge,and the

am ount of ten sion of vio l instrings

, yet‘

both are veryconsiderable. The totalpressure on .the bri dge,and thus on the top of

'

the

v io l in,is

,a ccord ing to the

V io l in ist,nearly 25 lb .

,and

i t takes a pu l l ing force at

the pegs of nearly 64 lb . to

bring the strings to internat ional” p itch . The down ,

ward pressure on the E

string si de of the bri dge isw i th the l ight ing circu i t o f the train a trifle over 11 lb .

, and that of the Gby cable. All l ights were furn ished string side

,nearly 10 lb . Thi s tension

,

’

h i l l watched the ir landing throughfiel d glasses ; then they telephoned that

gun No . 1 had struck too far right or

left of som e batt leship or arsenal .Thus corrected

,the next shots dropped

c loser ; the telephone m an again cor

rected the gunner. And so ,through

that single w ire,the m an at the phone

d irected the fi re of the great guns unt i lthe Russian fleet

,batteries, and arsen

als,powerless against such an enem y,

were abandoned .

The fate of Port Arthur was decidedby the m an at the phone . But i t hadcost dearly . What the Russian lo sswas

is not exact ly known,but the Japanese

lost k i l led and wounded , ex

pended hundreds o i thousands of

rounds of am m un i t ion ,besides the

t im e and energy of a great arm y for aperiod of m ore than a fortn igh t , in run

n ing that last m i le of w ire’

to the topof the h i l l . It is therefore safe to saythat the cost of no o ther m i le of w ireever even approached such a trem en

dous sum . But, from the Japanesepo int of v iew

,i t was wo rth it .

PO P U LAR M E CHAN ICS 77

or pul l on the string, is supported byfour sm al l pegs of wood re lying on

fric t ion for the ir st icking qual it ies.

This fr ict ion ho l d m ust exceed an average of 15 1b . for each peg,

i f the stringi s to ho ld . Yet the vio l in i s consideredto be the m ost del icate of m usical instrum ents.

DE FLATE D -TIRE ALARMFOR AUTOMOBILE S

A French dev ice that in form s.

the

dri ver of an au tom obi le when a t irebecom es deflated beyond a certain de

gree,is shown in

operat ive posi t ion inthe accom panyingdraw ing. It is at .

tached to the whee lrim , the vert icalm em ber being ad

justable to any d e

sired depth . Whena t ire becom es de

flated to such an extent that th is ver

t ical m em ber touches the ground,i t

strikes again st a p iece of spring steel ,causing th is to v ibrate v io lent ly and

produce a strident alarm sound once

in each revo lut ion of the wheel .

A N E W OUTDOOR- INDOOR BE D

Beginn ing w i th the bungalow,

Southern Cal i forn ia hom e bu i ldershave becam e noted for the innovat ionsthey have m ade in dwe l l ing- housearch itecture and bu i l t - in interior ci

The Movable Half-Dom e , Which m ay be Low ered Over the Outer Sid e of the

feets. The very latest of the latter isa bed wh ich

,at the w i l l o f the oc

cupant, m ay be e i ther in the room or

The Bed inclosure, Appearing from the E xteri or as

a Balcony

Bed , or Over the Inner

Si d e the L atter A rrangem ent P lacing the Sleeper E nt irely Outsi d e the Room . The Appearance Insid e

i s That of a Davenport

outside in the open air, yet, paradoxical

as i t m ay seem,rem ain in the sam e

place. This is accom pl ished by bui l ding the bed inclo sure in the ou ter wal lof the house or apartm en t , the in

closure,when the bed is closed , ap

pearing as a davenport , inside the

room , and from the exterior as a

balcony. The inclo sure pro jects, out

side,from 30 to 36 in . from the wal l .

Over the bed is a m ovable hal f- dom e

wh ich m ay be lowered e i ther over theoutside end of the bed , effectual ly shutt ing off the outer air

,rain or dust ; or

over the in side part , thus plac ing the

sleeper ent irely outsi de the room in the

open air. From a“ hygien ic stand

po int,th is new bed far surpasses the

outdoor sleep ing- porch bed , for the

reason that when ret iring to his sleeping cham ber

,the occupant takes w i th

78 PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

him a vo lum e of warm air from the

room and thus experiences a gradualchange of tem perature

,instead of the

sudden transi t ion from a warm room

to a co l d porch . In case of storm,the

dom e can be swung over com pletelyto shut out the rain .

Another advan tage of th is bed is thesaving in space

,for the inside projec

t ion is ut i l i zed as a

'

d avenport and, as

com pared w i th the sleep ing porch,

there is a large saving in space outsi de .

The bed m ay be e i ther instal led ina house already com pleted , or bu i l t inwh i le i t is be ing erected .

MAKING A CLOCKRUN A YE AR

The attachm en t of a sm al l dev icerecen t ly perfected by a Ch icago clockexpert w i l l

,i f i t accom pl ishes what is

claim ed for i t , turn an ordinary e ightday c lock of standard m ake in to a

clock that w i l l run m ore than a year

The Clock That Runs a Full Year w i thout Stopping,

Show i ng, J ust und er the Hand s of the Clock F ace , theGovernor w hich Does the W ork. A Si d e V i ew of

the Governor i s Below

w i thout rew ind ing. Not on ly is i tclaim ed that the c lock w i l l run a year,but i t is also stated that its power

plan t - its springs and the whee ls that

tran sm i t the ir act ion to the works of

the c lock—can be used to operateo ther m echan ical devices that are

m ade to run w i th clockworks. The

device that accom pl ishes all th is i s

cal led a“governor, and its use con

verts the clock into what is term ed a“differen t ial c lock ,

” because i t perm i tsthe operat ion of o ther pieces of m echan ism besides the t im e- m easuringm ach inery .

The governor is a sm al l steel shafton wh ich is m ounted a hel ical spring.

The shaft is so constructed that a port ion of i t can be expanded so that theam oun t of power from the hel icalspring can be regu lated , and no m ore

suppl ied to the m echan i sm ac tuat ingthe t im e- m easuring part of the clockthan is abso lutely necessary . The

clock springs are so adjusted to the

governor that when the shaft has beenexpanded and all the power in the un

expanded sect ion has been used,these

springs autom at ical ly turn the hel icalspring to give i t addit ional power. In

th is m anner the c lock spr ings properare cal led in to act ion for t im e m easur

ing on ly when the hel ical spring ex

hausts i tsel f, and,therefore, w i l l keep

the clock go ing for a m uch longer period than w i thou t such a dev ice as the

governor. A clock equipped w i th a

governor has actual ly run 4 18 daysw i thout rew inding. The tension of

the hel ical spring is adjusted w i th a

setscrew and i t can be adapted praet ical ly to all standard m akes of clocks.

H IGH - E FFICIE NCY WATE RWH E E LS

The perform ance of three low - headwater wheels designed by Pro f. S. J .

Zowski,of the Un iversi ty ofMich igan

,

far surpasses the h ighest power of anyo ther wheels given a recorded test .

The whee l which previously hel d the

record,was 28 in . in d iam eter

,and

,in

the Ho lyoke test ing flum e,its best efli

ciency was per cen t , at revolut ions per m inute

,and hp.

,under

l - ft. head .

The wheels designed by Pro fessorZow ski

,all of wh ich Were 30 in . in

P O P U LAR M E CHAN ICS

B E L T T R A N SM I S S I O N

AROUND A CORNE R

A bel t transm ission that turns a

corner is shown in the accom panyingi l lustrat ion . It connects up two shaftswh ich are set a considerable distance

GRE AT BRITAIN ORGANIZE S

AIR NAV Y

Great Br i tain,at last real iz ing that

an efficien t navy of the air is no lessurgent in her case than in that of theo ther great m i l itary and naval powers

of E urope,has com m enced

the organ izat ion of an acre .

naut ic service on com prehen sive l ines. W ith the issu ing o i a

“White- Paper”

from the War Office re

cently, the Royal FlyingCorps” takes its place d efin itely as a fight ing arm .

Not on ly is a reserve of

flying m en,wh ich m ay be

drawn on in an em ergency,to be provided ,

but a forceof “regu lars” is to be or

gan ized . Aerodrom es, landing places and sheds are to

Interesting Belt Transm i ssion betw een Tw o

.

Shafi s Set at Alm ost . be COI‘

l Stl’

UCted at intervalsRight Angles and at D i fferent E levati ons from the Floor

apart at differen t elevat ions from the

floor and at pract ical ly right angles toeach other. It is claim ed that a m in im um obstruct ion of space and the freeuse of the doorway are thus obtained .

The latt ice work guard around one of

the pul leys and the iron bracketsdriven into the wal l near the otherpu l ley are safety provisions designedto catch the bel t shou l d i t break .

LOSS OF QU E U E S CAU SE S

D E MAND FOR HATS

The who lesale cutt ing off of queues,which was a consequence of the revolution in Ch ina, coo led the heads

, at

least in a l i teral sen se,of the Chinese

to such a degree that there arose an

enorm ous and unprecedented dem andfor head covering. The nat ive hat ihdustry, be ing but l i tt le deve loped, wasunable to keep up w i th the dem andm ade by the shears and Japan , wherethe industry is flour1shing,

was floodedw ith orders. The Japanese factorieshave been working n ight and day for

m on ths to fi l l the unexpected need of

the new republ ican s.

throughout the coun try,convert ing E ngland into one vast air

way system w ith fixed stat ions ; underthe auspices of the governm ent , a

schoo l is to be opened on Sal isburyP lain ,

and 37 aeroplanes have alreadybeen ordered .

The air navy,as in i t ial ly planned ,

w i l l con sist of 364 m en , seven air

squadrons, each squadron com prising12 - aeroplanes ; one airsh ip squadron ,

and one kite squadron .

The course of the Sal isbury P lainSchoo l w i l l include progressive instruct ion in the art of flying ; instruct ion inthe general princip les of m echan ics andthe construct ion of engines and aero

planes ; instruct ion in m eteoro logy ;train ing in observat ion from the air ;instruct ion in navigat ion and flyingby com pass ; train ing in cross- countryfl ights ; photography from aeroplanes ;signal ing by all m ethods

,and instruc

t ion in types of warsh ips of all nat ions.

A frank adm ission of in feriori ty is

included in the govem m ent’

s,

an

nouncem ent of the organ izat ion of the

air corps. The governm en t has beenim pressed by the state of aerial navigat ion in th is coun try

,com pared w ith

the progress m ade by o ther great nava l

Copyrghted m atera

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

and m i l i tary powers. The effic iencyof the aeroplane for purposes of m i l itary reconno issance has been provedboth in foreign m aneuvers and in

actual warfare in Tripo l i .”

E IGHT-WH E E LE D E LE CTRIC

MOTOR TRUCK

A new type of e lectric m otor truck ,

hav ing e ight wheels, each“

prov idedw i th an individual m o tor receiv ingpower from a gaso l ine- electric gen

crat ing plant,and w i th rear wheels

that turn autom at ical ly w i th the

An E xcept ional ly L arge Gasol in e E lectri c T ruck Havi ng E ight Steeri ng and Drive W heels .

E ach W heel Has Its Ow n Motor, Located on the Steeri ng Knuck le

front wheel s in steering ,has been d e

signed by a Minneapo l is, Minn . , ih

ventor. The m o tor for each wheel islocated on the steering knuckle so thati t sw ings w i th the wheel , thus do ingaway w i th the necessi ty of the un iversal jo int and d ifferen t ial gear.

GUNPOWDE R USE D AS

FE RTILIZE R

Gunpowder for raising crops is thelatest th ing under test in Washington ,

two great arm s of the governm ent , theNavy Departm ent and the Departm entof Agricu l ture ,

be ing in terested in the

experim ent . It all cam e about qui teaccidental ly and was not the resul t -of

81

a long series of heavy sc ient ific investigations.

The Navy Departm en t found i tse l fpossessed of a lot of o ld brown powderat the Indian Head factory ,

down the

Potom ac River,a short d istance from

Washington . It was of a kind thatwas used several years ago and m adea lot of sm oke. It is known as cocoa

powder” because of its co lor and alsobecause in its m anufacture shreddedcocoanut husk was used as a binder.

.

The navy people tried to trade i toff to a big South Am erican fi rm for

n i trate to be used in m aking the new

sm okeless powder,but the Ch i lean im

porters cou ld not see i t even thoughrevo lut ions in that part of the worldare not infrequent and m ost any kindof powder w ill serve for a hast i lyhatched uprising . A bright youngnava l oflfi cer determ ined to get rid o f

the powder. There was a m i l l ion anda hal f pounds o f i t on hand and i t co n ~

tained about 80 per cen t po tassiumn i trate

,a m ost valuable fert i l izer con

stituent.

The offi cer wen t to the Departm entof Agricul ture and oflered them the

explosive . The sc ientists there saidthat theoret ical ly such powder wasgood fert i l izer

,but that they real ly d id

not care to try i t at their experim en t

82 P O P U LAR M E CHAN ICS

farm s, powder be ing decidedly out of

their peacefu l l ine of business. How

ever,they were deeply in terested and

wou l d l ike to see som e of i t tried on

crops, suggest ing Indian Head and

som e of the arm y posts as the m o stappropriate places for the trials.

So the navy fo lk m ixed up a lot of

the stuff w i th Po tom ac River water,fresh from the end of the wharf at

Indian Head,and saturated the truck

garden wh ich is m aintained there forthe benefit of the officers and the irfam i l ies. The resu lts were aston ishing according to the Indian Headpeople . They grew vegetables wh ichthey declare v ied in co lor and perfec

t ion w i th the cho icest l ithographedspecim en s wh ich adorn the seed catalognes.

This year the experim en t is be ingtried on a larger scale and w i th equalsuccess on the gardens and lawns at

Fort Hun t and Fort Wash ington,two

of VVashingt on’

s defen ses down the

Po tom ac. NVhat m ight happen i f of

ficers shoul d sm oke on the paradegrounds treated w ith the powder so lut ion can on ly be guessed , but no one

seem s to be worrying about i t . Mean

whi le the con servat ive Agricu l turalDepartm en t looks on and applauds

, but

so_

far there has been no requ isit ion on

Indian Head for old powder for the

experim ent stat ions.

AIR-COOLE D SPARK PLUGS

A spark plug described as“air

coo led” has,recently been placed on

the m arket in Germ any . Al though differing l i ttle from the convent ional pat

Air-Cooled Spark Plug Being Mark eted in Germ any

tern,th is plug incorporates a dist inct

innovat ion ,the cen tral m etal spindle,

which carries the curren t to the in teriorof the cyl in der

,be ing bored for about

three- quarters of its length,wh ile at

(lRussian laws deal ing w i th falsewe ights are so severe that in one province m erchants who vio late the law are

proh ib ited from part ic ipat ing in any .

kind of trade.

the po in t where the ho le term inates aretwo sm al l perforat ions wh ich extendto the outside . These sm al l ho les prov ide an escape for the air wh ich is

drawn through the sp indle. A checkvalve

,housed in the brass cap of the

plug,perm its the free ingress of a cer

tain am ount of air on the suct ionstroke of the m otor, but closes t ightlyto preven t the escape of gas during theworking stroke . It is claim ed that theair so adm i tted m ain tains the plug at a

tem perature con sid efably'

below thatof the ordinary plug .

BU ILDING STON E MAD E OF

BLAST- FURNACE SLAG

An industry now assum ing consid

crable im portance in Germ any is the

m anu facture of bu i ld ing stone fromblast- furnace slag. According to The

E ngineer,London

,the process is not

patented,and is very sim ple in detai ls.

Pract ical ly all blast- furnace slag is

su itable for stone m aking, but i t m ustbe in a granu lated state

,be ing unsu i t

able after i t has been al lowed to

harden . A ll attem pts to ut il ize slagthat has been crushed or ground , afterhaving been once hardened ,

have fai ledto produce a good so l id stone .

In the process here referred to,the

slag is granu lated by the addit ion of

water as i t flow s hot from the furnace .

The granu lated slag is then,after be

ing thoroughly m ixed w i th the re

qu ired proport ion o f l im e, al lowed to

stand one hour before being put

through the form ing press. Afterbeing pressed the stones are slackedin the open air

,and , after three or four

weeks,according to the weather

,they

are ready for use. Under low tem perature they harden slow ly, and i f sub

jected to fro st before thoroughly harden ing,

they crum ble and are ru ined .

O therw ise,the stones grow constantly

harder w i th t im e.

PO PULARME CHAN ICS

CALCULATING THE CIRCUMFE RE NCEOF TH E UNIV E RSE

By FORE ST RAY MOULTON

The diam eter of the part of the physical un iverse wh ich has been penetrated by the m ost powerful telescopesOf m odern t im es is about the d istancel ight travels in years. Now

l ight travels m i les per second ,there are seconds in a day, and

there are 36514 days in a'

year. If

the diam eter of the un iverse were ex.

actly known,woul d m athem at ic ians

be ab le to com pute its ci rcum ferencew ith an accuracy m eet ing all requ irem ents?For exam ple

,cou ld they com

pute i t w i th in 1/100,000th of an inch ,

so that the error in thei r resul ts cou l dnot be detec ted w ith the m ost powerful m icroscopes in existence?The approxim ate length of the cir

cum ference of a ci rc le is obtained bym u l t ip lying its d iam eter by 3 Thisresu l t is a l i ttle larger than the truevalue. A m o re nearly correct resul tis Obtained by m ul t iplying the diameter by Wh i le th is resu l t i sexac t enough for m ost engineering and

o ther pract ical problem s,the error

wou l d be im portan t in com put ing thecircum ference Of the un i verse . A st i l lm ore nearly correc t value of the m ul

tiplier is 314 159265 , wh ich is accurate'

enough for all ord inary sc ient ific purposes O i the presen t t im e, but the re

resul ts are not abso lutely correct .One m ay ask

,then

,what num ber

should be used in order to get the ex

act c ircum ference when the d iam eteris given . Mathem at ic ians have provedthat

,un fortunately

,the exact num ber

can not be expressed by a fin i te num

ber of figures,e ither as a decim al or

as an ordinary fract ion . If the num

ber - were expressible as an ordinaryfrac t ion

,then

,when i t. is reduced to

the dec im al form ,i t wou l d be found

that the sam e figures repeat themselves in the sam e order over and overagain . For instance

,i f the num ber

were in the decim al form i twou l d be wri tten where the

om i tted part consists of the figures

14 2857 repeated over and over indefin itely. In a sim i lar m anner

,every

other num ber Wh ich can be expressedas an ordinary fract ion goes into a

dec im al wh ich contains a sim i lar cyc le,general ly of fewer figures. The num

ber goes in to a dec im al whose re

peating cycle is sim ply 0. Now, the

num ber to be used to com pute exact lythe

‘

circum ference of a c ircle canno t beexpressed as an ordinary fract ion or

as a dec im al wh ich repeats in the m an

ner indicated . Such num bers are cal ledby m athem at ic ians “transcendentalnum bers, and m ust be com puted indetai l as

,far as they are desired .

The num ber wh ich m ust be used infinding the c ircum ference of a c irc lefrom its d iam eter has been the objec tof m uch attent ion on the part of m athem aticians and com puters. It has beenm ost exact ly determ ined byW. Shanks,an E ngl ishm an

, who com puted it to707 dec im al p laces. Th is i s n ot on lyfar beyond the actual requ irem ents ofall science at the presen t t im e

,but i t

seem s certain that i t w i l l always te

m ain so ; for, i t is found that i f i t wereknown on ly to 30 decim al p laces

,the

circum ference of the un iverse coul d becom puted w i th an accuracy so greatthat the error cou l d not be detectedw i th a m icroscope. Not on ly has thenum ber been com puted qu i te far

enough,but m athem at icians have

wasted an enorm ous am oun t Of t im e

in gett ing the last 677 places.

(lHead less safety m atches have beenm anu factured for som e t im e by a

Dan ish m atch concern . One end Of

the l i ttle st icks Of wood are dipped intoa so lut ion of chem icals for hal f a m in

ute and then into water for a quarterof a m inute. L ike other safetym atches, they cannot be ign i ted byfrict ion in any way except against a

special ly prepared surface . The pre

pared end of the m atch is dist ingu ishedby be ing co lored .

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

AN E LE VATING DE V ICE FOR operat ion . Cables,dr iven by a m otor,

draw a car at a t im e onto the turntable,UNLOADING CARSthe turntable is given a quarter turn ,

A car especial ly designed to elevateand dum p .cars loaded w i th coal

,gravel

,

and l ike m aterials,is being used in

Germ any. It com prises a flatcar of

especial ly strong construct ion , on

which is m ounted a turntable bearingrai ls. This turntable is capable Of

being swung com pletely around and

can be t ipped to an angle of 4 5 deg.

Norm al ly i t is inc l ined at an angle Of

30 deg ,so as to form an unbroken l ine

A Car Incl ined by the E levator and D ischargingIts L oad

A Car for E levating an d Unload ing

,

Gond ola Cars

wi th the approaches on wh ich the carsare drawn Onto the turntable for unloading and are run from i t after the

PUMP DE SIGN E D SPE CIALLY FOR SE WAGE

One of the greatest d iffi cu l t ies en ever,.

a pum phas been inven ted by an

countered in pum ping sewage arises E nghsh engm eer,wh i ch , i t i s c lai m ed ,

from the fact that great quant i t ies of W i l l handle unscreened sewage of a

so l id m atter find theirway in to drain con sistency that wou l d choke anyo ther type Of pum p . It is a

A Pu m p Capable of special form of cen tri fugal“m m “ SW ‘" pum p described as

“an

Containing Mat t e r

W hichw ould Chok e eater of so l i ds. It 15owing" pm ”

claim ed to have an ci

ficiency approxim at ingthat of the o rd inary cen

trifugal .pum p . From the

i l lustrat ion i t m ay be seen

that the pum p consists of

a centri fugal w ith a con icalim pel ler

,the discharge be

ing from a wh irlpoo lcham ber of gradual ly in

age system s,th is m atter o ften be ing of creasing si ze

,as is usual . The im

such nature as to interfere w i th the pel ler is provided w i th a n um ber of

working. of the ordinary rec iprocat ing sp iral b lades runn ing out of the topand cen tri fugal pum ps. Recéntly, how of the cone

,and is carried on a hor

Copyrghted m ateraI

its incl inat ion is increased from 30 to

4 5 d eg.,and the load is al lowed to d is

charge from the end Of the car. Thenthe turn table is lowered again to the

30- deg. incl inat ion , turned anotherquarter- revo lut ion

,and the em pty car

run off the table on a second set of approach rai ls. The operat ion Of the

turntable is executed by m eans of a

second m o to r.The idea is to provide each long coal

trainw i th an un loading device . It w i l lelevate and un load six to e ight cars an

hour w ith ease .

86 PO PULAR ME CHAN ICSizontal shaft provided w i th a longbearing

,and also w i th the necessary

thrust bearing. Un l ike the outflowfrom the ordinary centri fugal , the flu id

L E TTE RS STAMPE D‘WITH INK

INSTE AD OF STAMPS

The latest type Of slo t m ach ine forstam ping letters to be tried in Londondoes not st ick the ord inary postage

An E ngl ish Postage Slot Machine W hich Stam ps a

L etter w i th Ink Instead of Sticking the Usual

Postage Stam p Upon It

stam p on the letter but stam ps the letter in the sam e m anner as the stam ping m ach ines used in a postoffice to

cancel stam ps. That is,when the

sender inserts his letter in the m ach ine,and places a penny in the slot , the en

velope is im pressed w i th a circle Of

red bearing the words London ,1d .

[one penny! po stage paid ,”

and alsow i th the num erals designat ing the sec

t ion Of London in wh ich the letter wasstam ped .

(IThe river Am azon , according to the

Un i ted States Geo logical Survey,car

ries to the At lant ic Oceantons of so lut ion and sedim en t , traces Ofwhich can be Observed 100 m i les fromland.

forced through the pum p does not

leave the im pel ler at right angles to thesp indle

,but in a direct ion correspond

ing to the taper of the con ical im pel ler.

N E W GE RMAN CANAL

PROPOSE D

A num ber Of the Cham bers Of Com

m erce and influent ial m anufacturersof Germ any are advocat ing the con

struct ion Of a canal through Germ an terri tory from the Rh ine to a

Germ an port on the North Sea. Thecom m ission wh ich has been intrustedw i th the ‘

negotiations and . plans proposes

'

that the canal start from theRhine at Wesel , thence run in a northerly d irect ion between the Netherlands .

front ier and the r iver E m s and final lyjo in th is r iver opposite the town of

Leer, a few m i les from the m outh .

The length of such a canal would beabout 120 m i les. In addit ion to the

great advantage to Germ an sh ippingand the im m ense strategical value

, thecanal wou ld also faci l itate the cu l t ivat ion of the fens through w h ich it

wou ld pass.

ABSORPTION BY GLASS IN

X-RAY PHOTOGRAPHY

One Of the ch ief reasons why X - rayphotographs have poorly defined out

l ines is that the glass ord inarily'

usedin X - ray apparatus absorbs as h igh as

52 to 70 per cent of the rays, according to its th ickness. Sir J . J . Thom son ,

the noted Bri t ish scien t ist, has ad

vanced the theory that the abso rptionis directly proport ional to the atom icweights of the substances enteringinto ‘

the com posi t ion of the'

glass.

Working upon th is basis, Germ an

chem ists have now produced a glasswhich absorbs on ly 10 to 15 per cen tof the X - rays

,scarcely becom es heated

or fluorescent,and produces no - sec

ondary rays. The X - ray pho tographstaken w i th apparatus in wh ich tubesof th is glass were used

,are said to~ be

very clear and distinct . Also , m uchshorter expo sures are needed .

ME TAL W ORKBy J OHN D. ADAMS

PART X—H inges

TH E m aking of arts- and - crafts furn i ture 15 now an im portant i tem

in all m anual training courses, and is

probably one Of the

m o s t popular Of

handicrafts am ongam ateurs in general .This c lass Of furn i

H inge Patterns an d Stages of Construction

ture dem ands a d is

ia the absence of the

ware is about the

The accom panying

tinctive s t y l e Of

usual m ach ine- m ade

on ly added decora fi 3

i l lustrat ions m ay serve to po in t out

hardware. In fact, d! l [b

o rnam en ts,the hard

t ive feature .

what can be done in the way Of sw inging hal f.

h inges—e i ther real or im itat ion .

latter,used in connect ion w i th butt

The

h inges,

are m erelyplates of brass or

copper appropriatelyshaped and attachedw i t h large- headednai ls. In m akingthe real h inge, we

m ust first m ake an

accurate f u l l - s i z edraw ing

,show ing

the pattern and the

pro ject ing lugs as in

the working drawing. As a ru le,three of these are in

tegral w ith the sta

tionary port ion,and

the rem ain ing two form a part Of the

PO PU LAR ME CHAN ICS

VVith thin m etal,say, NO . 20 gauge,

the piece m ay be cut out w ith the tinsn ips

,but f o r

the heavier gaugesthe saw m ust beused . Where port ion s are to be cut

from the in terior,a ho le m ust firstbe dri l led so thatthe saw blade can

be . inserted. A

short p i e c e of

board 3 in . w ide,w i th a notch in

the end,shou l d b e

nai led or clam pedto the bench , so

as to overhangabout 4 or 5 in .

This w i l l prove a

great conven iencewhen saw ing

,as

i t w i l l firm ly support the m etalwhi le the saw is

m o v e d up and

down through theslot . P lace the

saw in the fram e

so as to cut on the down stroke . On

the larger h inges and where the shapew i l l perm i t

,the edges shou l d be bent

over sl ightly w ith the ham m er, so as

to give the appearance Of th ickness.

When the pro ject ing lugs are all

fi led up square and properly fi tted ,

the bending shou ld be done . The various stages are indicatedi n the draw ing. Afterstage two has beenreached

,a straight w ire

nai l‘

shou ld be insertedan d the p iece ham m eredclo se ly around i t . Som e

further fi l ing w i l l thenbe necessary in order to

get the two sides to fi t

properly together. Thisaccom pl ished

,however,

noth ing m o r e rem ains

Des igns for Draw er Pu lls

nai l used in form ing the lugs m ay Serveas a pin,

provided i t is perfectlystraight and the

head is cut Off.

The e t ch 1n gprocess i s rarelyappl ied to h inges,but the severalco loring so lut ions,h e r e t 0 f O r e

described,m ay be

appl ied accordingto the effect d e

sired . P lain lem on

brass and ham .

m ered copper are

popu lar fin i shes.

Lacquer is usedin all cases.

Drawer Pulls

There.

is probably n 0 art iclew ith in the scopeOf hom e m etalwork

,in the m ak

ing Of wh ich the

efforts of the am a

teur Show up to

better advan tagethan in the case Of arts- and - craftsdrawer pu l l s From the i l lustrat ion of

n i ne specim en s som e idea m ay be

gained Of the variety obtainable ; and ,

as both brass and copper are avai lable ,and these in various fin ishes, the ar

tistic po ssib il i t ies w i l l be evident . A

p iece of m ission furn iture of pleasingA lesign,

though m ade byan am ateur and from p inelum ber

,w i l l , when prop

erly stained and fittedw ith th is handm ade hardware

,presen t an attract

ive appearance .

The gauge Of the m etalm ay be about NO . 16 for

average s1zes. When i tis . desired to keep the

piece perfect ly flat,

all

the cutt ing shou l d be

than to fit in the pin and Show,“ Consum e .done w i th the m etal saw .

trim Off its ends,wh ich

should then be sl ightly burred to

preven t i t from fal l ing out. The w ire

tion of Draw er Pu ll s In terior open ings requ irethe dri l l ing of a ho le for the insert ionof the saw blade

,the end of wh ich is

"O

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

then'

reconnected to its fram e. The

handles are Of brass or copper rod , ben tover wood and using a wooden m al let ,so as to avo i d m arring them . Theseare connected to the plate by ei ther ofthree m ethods, as shown . In the

first m ethod,the

'

m etal strip is firstsnugly ben t around the handle and

then the two ends are inserted into thesm al l rectangu lar open ing in the plate,where the ends are bent over and hamm ered flat. In the second m ethod , a

E LE CTRIC WAX ME LTE RAND DROPPE R

An '

electric dev ice for m el t ing and

d ropping the wax used in seal ing letters or packages is be ing m arketed byan electrical concern in Buffalo , N . Y .

W axMelter and Dropper for Putting Seals on Letters

an d Packages

It is designed espec ial ly for banks, ex .

press Ofli ces and sh ippers Of largenum bers o f packages that requ ire a

wax seal, and is m uch' c leaner and

qu icker than the o ld m ethods.

"5.

COATING IRON PIPE S

'

WITH

LE AD

An E ngl ish invento r has developeda new and cheap process by m eans of

wh ich a coat ing Of lead of any th ickness desired m ay be appl ied to iron .

The we ight Of lead deposi ted can be

varied from a fraction Of an ounce

to any we ight up to‘

several pounds

per foo t Of surface . H is process en

ables the coat ing -to be appl ied to a

variety of purposes, such as the l in ingO f iron pipes

,inside

,outside , o r both ,

used for the conveyance of corrosive

l iqu ids ; the l in ing of pum ps, chem ical

vessels,etc

’

.

H i therto the coat ing of iron andsteel surfaces w i th lead has been aim ost exclusive ly confined to

“

the pro

duct ion of terneplate,as the th ickness

Of lead wh ich cou ld be appl ied wasw i th in narrow l im i ts.

(I The long- distance bal loon recordhas been awarded by the Aero Club ofFrance to E m i le Dubonnet , for a fl igh tof m i les.

plain r i veted strap is used . In the

th ird,the strap is closely fi tted around

the handle and the two ends spreadapart and dri l led for the rivets. Wherethe si ze and pattern perm i t

, the edgesof the plate are to be beve led overw i th the m al let so as to give the platethe appearance of having considerableth ickness. If the pul ls are to be usedin connecti on w i th the h inges previously described

,the fin ish and m etal

shou ld, of course, be the sam e.

C OALING BARGE MIXE S TH E

COAL AUTOMATICALLYE conom y in the steam sh ip consum p

t ion of coal O ften - requ ires that twokinds Of coal be m ixed in a certainfixed proport ion

,and to expedite coal

ing under such requ irem ents a con

cern in L i verpoo l,E ngland , has con

structed several”

autom at ic coal ingbarges wh ich m ix two c lasses of coalin differen t propo rt ions as requ ired .

In these barges an endless chain of

buckets runs over and under the coalcom partm ents, receiv ing coal as theypass under the com partm ents. The

doors in the bottom of the com partm ents through wh ich the coal dropsinto the buckets can be opened or shutinstantaneously by operat ion from the

deck . The coal undergoes an autom at ic m ix ing process in its progressthrough the com partm ents to the

doors, and then the m ix ing process ism ade com plete as the coal from

'

thebuckets passes through the chutes intoa steam ship ’

s bunkers.

92

that i t inhab its, appears a t iny eye

spot that seem s to be the hum ble beginn ing of an organ designed for

v i sion alone. It is the fi rst step on the

way to th’

e developm en t Of a sense thatgives to the l iv ing worl d the facu l tyOf sight .NO one knows how m any ages, how

m any cyc les Of t im e, elapsed beforethe hum an eye w i th its m arvelouslens and m ag i c ret ina m ade possiblethe glories Of the rainbow, thewondrous co lors Of a sun

set,

and all the o therbeaut i fu l phenom ena at

tendan t upon the t inyether waves known as

l ight .It is qu i te probable that

all eyeless an im als havethe power Of dist ingu i shing l ight from darkness.

The m aggots from wh icht h e com m on houseflyoriginates w i l l wriggleaway from l ight and seekrefuge in the darkestcrann ies. T h e hydra(Fig. a t iny,

green or

yel low,fresh -water po lyp ,

i f placed in a black bo tt lefi l led w i th water, w i l l attach i tsel f to any part of

the glass where the l ightm ay fi l ter through . E vena plan t w i l l turn towardthe l ight

,as everyone“

knows who has Observeda po tato or geran iumgrow i ng in a cel lar w in. 2 The Hy d ra, Low Form

Life Turni ng tow ard L ightdow . This,however, i s

not v ision . A pictii reform ing eye m ust have a lens in or

d er that the l ight rays m ay be con

centrated . Som e form Of nerve tis

sue is also needed in order that thel ight ’s t iny qu iverings

'

m ay be per

ceived .

The crayfish,com m on ly known as

the“crawfi sh,

”has a wonderfu l ly com

plex v isual equ ipm ent . The two eyespo ssessed by th is hum ble invertebrate,are real ly com pound eyes. Figure 3represents a vert ical sect ion of the eye

stalk of the crayfish , and Fig. 4 , a

F ig. l—E uglen s , MicroscopicAn i m al w ith E ye Spot

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

h ighly m agn ified port ion of the sam e

stalk,show ing the cones

, sp indles, andoptic nerve . E ach Of the paddleshaped crystal l ine cones is an eye in it

sel f,separated from all the o ther eyes

by a dark zone of pigm en t . Thesecones are not ho l low tubes. On the

con trary,they are so l i d rods Of h igh re

fractive power. As m any im ages are

borne to the cen tral nervous system of

the crayfish as there are ind iv idualv isual rods. Does the crayfish , there

fore,

see m u l t i p l i e dim ages o f a n Object?When an enem y or friendapproaches, does i t see a

legion of its acquaintanecs

,and is its whole

hori zon taken up w i tht iny pictures Of its casualcal lers?When we consi der that

the com m on ant has 100

such eyes ; the houseflyand the dragonfly ,

the quest ion of

com pound vi sion is interest ing

,to say the least .

NO wonder that a fly is so

elusive w i th its trem em

dous battery of eyes, giving a range Of v isionthrough a very w ide an

gle .

It is qu i te l ikely,

as

dem on strated by Johannes Mii ller

,that com

pound eyes do not playthe part Of sim ple eyes.

E ach Of the im agesor p ictures form ed by thefacets Of a housefly

’

s eyesis not an im age Of an en t ire Object

,but

on ly Of a part . These parts are fi ttedtogether in som ewhat the sam e m anner

as the . irregu lar bits of co lored glassand stone are harm on i zed

‘ into the

beaut i fu l m osaic p ictures of m ed iaevalItaly . Figure 7 show s very clearlythe princ ip le Of m o saic vision . On lya few rays Of l igh t from any po in t onan Object can reach the Opt ic n erve,and these rays m ust en ter perpend icularly to the cornea. H ence, there isl i tt le or no con fusion of im ages, and

‘

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

each po int in an Obj ect occupies thesam e relat ive posit ion in the m osaicim age thus form ed .

The hum an eye , Fig. 8, wh i le i t appears to be qu i te different from the

com pound eye Of the crayfish,has a

fundam en tal resem blance to it, as Hux

ley has po in ted out. In order that we

m ay understand what is real ly a closere lat ionship ,

let us review, briefly,the

structure Of the vertebrate eye , especially that Of m an .

A hum an eye is l ike a cam era . It

has'a lens to gather the

l ight rays to a focus. It

has an. adjustable screen ,

o r iris,for regu lat ing the

am oun t of l ight that shal lenter. It has a sensi t ivefi lm affected by the physical or

'

chem ical act ion Of

the l ight ._L ike the cam

era and all o ther opticalinstrum en ts

,its in terio r

is dark and l ined w ithb lack

,in o rder that there

m ay be no unwan ted ihternal reflect ion sconsequen t m u l t ipl ied images. Again

,un l ike the cam

era,the eye does not depend

upon the lens alone for its l ightconcentrat ion ,

for the th in ,

transparen t sk in wh ich coversthe pupi l

,and is known as the

cornea,has also the power o f

refract ion . Furtherm ore,two

flui ds in the eye, one in the

fron t,known as the aqueous

hum or,and one in the m ain

cham ber,known as the v it

reous hum or and occupying about fourfi fths Of the bul k of the eye , have l ikew ise the power Of bending the l ightrays that pass through them . All Of

these refract ive m edia work in con

junction,w i th each o ther and w i th the

various m uscles and n erves,to produce

a sharp,

clean - cut im age upon the

ret ina.

The ret ina,shown in cross sect ion in

Fig. 9, is, perhaps, the m ost co m pl icated

,the m ost m arve lous, Of all Of

nature’s handiwork . It is the apex Of

the pyram id Of creat ion . The ret ina of

of Crayfi sh

F ig . 3(Upper V i ew ) Magn i fi e d

V ert ical Section of E ye Stalk

W i t h F ig . 4 (Low erV i ew) -H ighlyMagn ified Portion of Sam e Sta lk ,

Show ing Cones and Spind les

the hum an eye, al though i t is but onee ight ieth Of an inch in th ickness, ism ade up Of 10 dist inct layers, each Of

wh ich ! has som e dist inc t funct ion in thebusiness Of the eye

— that Of rece ivingthe rays Of l ight; perm i tt ing them to

m ake certain,

probably , chem icalchanges

,and transm i tt ing the effect to

the brain ,

“’h i le physio logists are not Of one

accord as to the effect of l ight wavesupon the ret ina

,i t is general ly adm i tted

that the n in th layer,wh ich is m ade up

of rods and cones, has a

m o st im portant part in

the m echan ics Of v ision .

The ret ina is real ly a net

work Of alm ost im m eas

urably sm al l branches O f

the Opt ic nerve . It is

m ade up o f del icate nervefibers, num bering no lessthan For eachfiber there are sevencones

,100 rods

,and seven

pigm ent cel ls. Let the

reader m u l t iply the num

bers Of fibers,cones, rods,

and p igm ent cel ls,

and

cal l to m ind that th is m yriado f co m plex structures are

packed in to a space less thanone - fivehund red th part Of an

inch in th ickness, and he w i l lgain som e idea of the wonderfu l ly intricate construct ion Of

the apparatus wh ich servesthe price less gift of sight .To gain a better conception

of the rods and cones, and

the ir funct ions, let us quo tefrom Pro fessor Bidwe l l

,an E ngl ish

scient ist O f no te : “Im agine a sm al l

port ion O f the inner surface o f the eye

bal l,on e - ten th O f an inch square ,

to

be m agn ified d iam eters (four m ill ion t im es), and let the en larged area

be represented by .a floor Of a room , 17

ft. square .Procure a quan t i ty Of cedar

penci ls, and set them on the floor inan upright po si t ion an d very clo se to

one another. It w i l l be found that thenum ber o f penci ls requ ired to fi l l thespace w i l l be about hal f a m i l l ion . TO

m ake the analogy m ore co m plete,let

P O PU LAR M E CHAN I CS

som e Of the penc i ls be sharpened to a

long tapering po in t at the ir lower ends ,

the greater num ber rem ain ing uncut ,just as rece ived from the m anufactur

ers. N eglect ing detai ls,wh ich m ay be

regarded as im m ate

rial for our presen tpurpo se

,we m ay con

sider the uncut po in tsas represen t ing

,upon

an enorm ously m agn ified scale

,the rods

Of the ret ina, and the

po in ted o n e s, the

cones. The flat upperends Of the pen

ci ls m ay be pain ted in d ifferen t un iform co lors

,and

arranged so as to

form a large pic

ture in m osaic ; i fth is is looked at

from such a d is

tance that its im

F ig. S—Magn ifi ed V iew of Section of Si m pleE ye of Jellyfi sh

in to electrical energy,and that the

visual st im u lus is electrical . O thersbel ieve in the photo - m echan ical theory,

according to wh ich the p igm ented cel lsin the ret ina, forced out of the ir shape

and vo lum e by the

m echan ical act ion Of

l ight,press upon the

rods and cones,thus

produc ing a st im u lat ion .

The m ost probabletheory

,however

,is

that wh ich is knownas the pho to - chem ical .

Accord ing to th istheory the l ightwaves produce a

chem ical changein the rods and

cones,causing im

pulses w h i c hascend the opticnerve to the brain .

There is,in the

ret ina,a pecu l iar

substance knownage is a tenth Of

an inch squareF ig. G—E ye Stalks of a Decapo d . The Com pou nd E ye

on the Right has been Lost, an d i n Its Place the

An i m al has Regenerated an Antenna—Afler Herbst(which w i l l be thecase when the picture is abou t4 0 yd . away), all possib i l i tyOf dist ingu ish ing the separatee lem ents wh ich com pri se i tw i l l be lost

,and the p icture

w i l l seem to be a perfect lycon t inuous one .

A l thoughthe l ight wh ich en ters the eye

canno t reach the rods and

cones un t i l i t has traversedall the o ther layers Of the

ret ina, yet these"

intervem nglayers, be ing transparen t , of

fer l i tt le Obstruct ion to 1ts

passage ,and i t can hardly be

doubted that the rods and

cones are the special organs

upon wh ich l ight exerts its ac

t ion,the p icture focused

upon'

1th

‘

e ir ends being in

truth an exceedingly fi ne

m o saic.

”

There are various theories concern

ing what takes place when the etherwaves enter the rods and cones. Som e

scient i sts ho l d the opin ion that the en

ergy Of the l igh t waves is transform ed

F ig . 1—D iagram Show

i n : the Theor

yo

cf)Mc

gaic143103. f f h 1Pract ically On y n e ay o g t . I1 1 I

'IS

from Any Poi nt m ay E nter thell Ct 011 O t C 1311 p e

V i sual Rod s,W hich are Supposed

to be Hol low Tu bes

as rhodopsin or

visual purple .

”It bleaches

under the influence Of strongl ight , but is regenerated qu i terap idly . Bo l l

,its d iscoverer,

claim ed that th is v ision pur

ple furn ishes abso lute proo fOf the pho to - chem ical theoryOf v ision . The elabo rate t e

searches of Kiihne h a v eweakened th is bel ief considerably . The funct ion Of the

purple seem s t o be that Of

rendering the eye sensi t ive tovery faint l ight . All nocturnalan im als, w i th the except ionof the bat, possess th is pe

culiar com pound to -

a‘

m arkeddegree.

T h e photo - chem ical

shown in Fig. 10. If the

strong l ight from a barredw indow is perm itted to fal l upon the

ret ina o f a rabbit , the eye qu ickly re

m oved,and the ret ina “fixed” w i th a

so lut ion of alum ,the purple w i l l Show

the barred effect portrayed in the ii

96 P O P U LAR M E CHAN ICS

F ig . IZ—These L i nes are A ll of the Sam e F ig . Iii—Irregu lar A stigm at ism . This P ecu l iar E ffect m ay be Perce ivedDegree of Blackness. They Do n ot by Looking at a L ight through a Min u te Circu lar Hole i n a PieceAppear so to an E ye A ffl icted w i th of T info i lAst igm at ism

cornea is shaped m ore or less l ike thebon d Of a spoon ,

its curvature beinggreater vert ical ly than hori zontal ly .

As a resu l t the eye is unable to bringto a sharp focus all the parts of two

l ines crossing each other at right an

gles; One l ine general ly appears to

be heavy and d ist inct , wh ile the otherhas a sl ightly hazy appearance . Thisform Of ast igm at ism as revealed by Fig.

F ig. 15

F ig. 14 F ar Sight,” Due to F latten i ng of Crystall ine

L ens. The Low er Draw ing Show s How Thi s Defect

m ay be Rem ed ied w ith the Lens of E yeglasses

F ig . 15 Short Sight , Du e to E xtrem e Curvatu re of

Crystall ine Lens . The L ow er Draw ing Show s How

This Defect m ay be Rem e d i ed w i th Convex- L ens

E yeglasses

12 m ay be corrected by the use Of cyl ind rical glasses.

There is another form of astigm a

tism,however, that cannot be cor

rected . It is known as“irregular

”

ast igm at ism, and pract ical ly every

m an,wom an

,and ch i ld is a v ict im Of

i t . Fortunately,i t is not Of m uch im

portance and bothers no one, un less i tis very m arked. It is usual ly due to

the pecu l iar construct ion Of t he Crystall ine lens

,in that th is im portan t .part

Of the eye is not Of the sam e densitythroughout

,but is m ade up of a num

ber of separate port ions Of d ifferen tden si t ies

,pieced together. In o ther

cases i t m ay depend upon irregu lari t iesin the curvature Of the cornea. The

dem onstrat ion of irregu lar astigm at ismis a very sim ple m atter. W ith a fine

n eedle,pierce a sm al l , circu lar hole in

a bit Of tin fo i l . Close one eye , and w iththe other

,look at a brigh t l ight through

the ho le in the fo i l,keeping the fo i l

about ten inches from the eye. The

hole w i l l not appear to be circu lar, butjagged and uneven . If you bring the

fo i l an inch or two nearer, the ho lew i l l appear to be star- l ike in form ,

as

shown in Fig. 13. Irregu lar astigm a

tism is responsible for the“star- l ike”

appearance of the stars in the heavens,as w ith perfect v i sion ,

the stars wou ld'

be sim ply lum inous po ints,devo id Of

the“rays” that appear to em anate from

them .

O ther defects Of v ision are the fa

m i l iar “far- sight” an d

“short- sight .

”

They are general ly ascribed to a

congen i tal shorten ing Of the who leeyebal l , in the case of farsightedn ess in young people

,and an elonga

t ion of the who le eyebal l in m yopes.

Far- sight,in Old people ,

again i s

ascribed to flatten ing o f the lens,

P O PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

caused by harden ing and con tractionthereo f ; which phenom enon al so takesplace in m yopic people

,so that the far

sighted requ ire convex len ses Of in

creasing strength,wh ile m yopes re

qu ire concave lenses O f decreasingstrength

,and som et im es

,in old age ,

have to use convex lenses. The appl i

cat ion Of su itable lenses for the correc~

Beautifu l Plaza Design Planned for N ew York E n d o f Manhattan Bri dge , Conn ecting N ew York

City Proper w ith Brook lyn

TH E PLAZA PLANN E D FOR MANHATTAN BRIDG E

The plan for the Manhattan Bridgeplaza

, New Yo rk,is probably the m o st

art ist ic treatm ent of a bridge en trancethat has yet been attem pted on th iscont inent . In E urope such plazashave been given a great deal o f attent ion ,

but up to the presen t t im e . w ithfew exception s

,such art ist ic features

have been neglected in Am erica. The

archway is som ewhat sim i lar to the

arch at Porte St. Den is,Paris, and the

treatm ent Of i t suggests the Arc d e

Triom phe . The el l iptical effect w i l l t em ind tho se who have been in Ro m e O f

the co lonnade at St. Peter’

s.

The detai ls Of the plan cal l for sidewalks laid out w ith warm - co lored

m osaics and crossings l ined Off in sim

i lar m anner,wh ich w i l l ad d m uch to

the appearance Of the plaza. The

plaza parks are planned to be raisedabove the adjo in ing streets to a heightof from 5 to 8 ft .

,surrounded by

gran ite wal l s w ith gran ite balustrades.

Steps w i l l lead up to the park space at

several po ints. The m ain walksthrough the parks to the en trance Of

the bridge w i l l be Of bluestone flagging and the pathways o f wh ite pehbles.

The transportat ion faci l i t ies O f the

plaza were m ade the subject Of m uchstudy the arch itects and the engineers constan tly coOperating. Subway

t ion of these defects is shown in Figs.

14 and 15 .

Let us hope that in spi te of the Oh

vious m isuse Of our eyes, and the tend ency to over- l ight our hom es w i th theadven t Of cheaper and m ore powerfu lart ificial i l lum inat ion , the com ing m an

w i l l take better care Of the“w indows

Of his'

sou l .

98 PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

trains com ing Off the bridge on the

lower four tracks will pass directly un

der the'

plaza and directly under thearch .

,

The surface cars, wh ich are

shown on the easterly or upstreamside Of the bridge, pass around the

colonnade to the east and are taken to

Canal Street ; The i l lustrat ion shows

the westerly or downstream tracks

E LE CTRIC-

TRUCK AS STRE E T

LIGHTING DE MONSTRATOR

That the electric truck can be usedw i th success as a dem onstrator Of

street electric l ight ing has been shownby the con tract departm en t Of the electric com pany furn ish ing Dayton , Oh io ,w i th i l lum inat ion . A lso

,i t puts street

i l lum inat ion in the sam e class as

com m odit ies that are d irect ly de

m onstrable .

Tro twood, Oh io ,a l i ttle ci ty eight

m i les north of Dayton , becam e in terested in electric street l ight ing, and the

Dayton com pany,on learn ing th is,

planned a dem onstrat ion to show the

E lectric T ruck F eed ing a Street

.

L am p‘w i th Current

as a Means of Dem onstrati ng E lectric Street L ight

i ng to an Ohio Com m unity

placed on the upper deck devoted to

elevated- train service. This is m erelyan al ternat ive treatm ent to show howth is connect ion can be m ade . The original p lan showed a term inal bu i ld inghere for the Brooklyn surface l ines,and the plaza has been treated so thati t w i l l be in harm ony w i th e i therschem e.

people Of the com m un i ty just how thepropo sed i l lum inat ion wou l d look . A

standard 60- cp. , 75-watt ser ies tungsten lam p was hung from a com er

span rigged up for the purpose,and

one of the com pany ’

s electric truckswas driven over to Trotwood and its

batteries were connected up to the

lam p . Th is ingen ious dem onstrat ionproved so successfu l that the Daytoncom pany received a 25- year franch ise,a 10- year street- l ight ing con tract , and

a pum p ing con tract .

E LE CTRICALLY OPE RATE D

GAS ME TE R

One of the large electrical m anufac

turing com pan ies is m aking a gas

m eter,based on a princ ip le qu i te di f

ferent from that Of the ordinary m eter.

In th is m eter the gas passing throughi t is heated , by an electrical heat ingun i t

,through a fixed sm al l tem perature

range , usual ly about 2 d eg. Fahr. ,

and the electrical energy requ ired to

produce the change in tem peratureprovides a m easurem en t of the flow Of

gas through the m eter.The difference in tem perature Of the

gas, before and after i t passes the heating elem en t, is contro l led and keptconstant by m eans of two resistancetherm om eter screens wh ich are placedon opposi te sides Of the heat ing ele

m ent . The electrical energy requ iredto raise the tem perature of the gas a

predeterm ined value is direct ly pro

port ional to the m ass of gas flow ingthrough the m eter, regardless Of its

tem perature, pressure or vo lum e. The

energy input to the heat ing e lem en t isrecorded on a watt- hour m eter, or anysu i table watt- m eter

,wh ich can be cal i

100 PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

TH E ADV E RTISING DUCK

Shoppers on Broadway, Los Angeles,were am used recently by the appear

ance of a duckwalking down the

m iddle Of the sidew a l k, clad in

bright s c a r l e tovercoat. Manyturned and sm i led

,

a num ber Of chi ldren fo l lowed itdown the street,and one stout per.

son wearing a

purple necktie and

a checkered vest

An Ad v erti sing Du ck on a Lo s Ange les Street

was Observed to c lutch at a lam p- post ,exc laim ing

,

“Go t "e

‘

m again . A duckin a scarlet overcoat is bound to at

tract atten t ion,and that is what the

local business m an wanted when he

put the l i ttle boy’

s pet to u se by placing his advert isem ent on the garm en t .The fow l is devo ted to its youngm aster and fol lows him everywherew ithout a leading string .

RAILROAD TO BE BU ILT OF

PANAMA CANAL MATE RIAL

Secretary of the Interior Fisher hassuggested that

,

when the Panam a

Canal is com pleted , the construct ionm atefial used in that undertaking beut i l ized in bu i l d ing a

‘

rai lroad in Alaskafrom Seward to the Matanuska coalfields. There were abou t 375 m i les Of

rai ls and t ies, about 4 0 locom o t ives,and 700 flatcars used in the con struc

t ion of the canal . This m aterial w i l lall be of no use to the governm en t

HANDCUFF KING” E SCAP E SFROM DIV ING SUIT

when the canal is com pleted , andwou l d no doubt be so l d at a sacrifice,m aking am ple al lowance for depreciat ion . The cars that are used in the

canal work coul d be converted intocoal cars very easi ly

, but the gauge ofthe cars and engines is 5 ft . instead of4 ft . 8 in .

,wh ich is the standard

, andsom e difficul ty m ight 'be experiencedin trying to change the gauge. Thereis no doubt

,as Secretary Fisher po ints

out, that i f the proposed road be con

structed , i t woul d open up a vast territory for developm ent .

When Harry Houdin i,known as the

Handcuff King,

”was exhibit ing t e

cently in Norfo lk, V a.

, he rece ived a

chal lenge f r 0 111

m em bers of t h esubm arine flot i l laa t t h e Norfo lkNavy Yard to at

tem pt an escapef r O m a n a v yd e ep- sea d ivingsu i t. The chall e n g e was se

cepted , and m en

se lected from the

crews placed the

su i t on Houdin i .H is bodywas enc a s e d i n t h eh e a v y, h i g h

pressure, water

p r O O f garm ent ,w h i c h inclosedthe entire bodyf r

‘

o m the neck ,

down to and in

cluding the feet ,the copper breasta n d neck platewas put on and fastened to the lowergarm en t w ith bo l ts

,the brass and stee l

d iver’s helm et was placed over his headand secured w i th the usual brass w ingbo l ts and nuts

,and then his feet were

chained and his hands handcuffed . He

escaped in 4 9 m inutes.

STRE E T OF ABUNDANCE IN ANCIE NT POMP E II

E xterior of Pom pe ian W ine Shop Recently Un covered , Show ing the Counter an d V essels Used for W in es

Archeologists have m ade a series of rem arkable finds in the ruins of Pom peii wi thin the lastyear.

The m ost interesting d iscoverywas the body of a m an found in such a position that the scientists are

convinced he was attem pting to escape the rain of ashes and lava by clim bing a tree when the city wasd estroyed years ago . The street which has just been uncovered has been called the Street ofAbundance .

”A wine shop was found wi th m any of the vessels intact and som e unusual signs and

frescoes were also d iscovered .

A F ram e of Cage for Horseshoe ing i n Zeeland

RE MARKABLY PROPORTION E D

GUM TRE E

One Of the m ost fam ous and unusualtrees grow ing in Lo s Angeles is th isrem arkable gum tree o f the

lem on - scented gum variety ,

the fo l iage Of wh ich is as fra

gran t as that Of the lem on

scen ted verbena. P lan ted 17

years ago in the ci ty salesyard

Of a Los Angeles nursery ,i t

has grown to a height of 130ft.

,has a diam eter of on ly

in . at its base,and has a tuft

Of branches wh ich begin s 120ft . from the ground . The ex

trem ely th in trunk sways as

m uch as 50 ft . from the per

pend icular in a h igh w ind .

The i l lustrat ion shows a

steeplejack cl im b ingthe tree to cut Off a

few straggl ing l im bs,a calm

.

day havingbeen chosen for the

operat ion .

ALGE RIAN GRASS

FOR PAP E R

MAKING

In . Al geria theregrows t o d a y over

acres Of a

grass wh ich is saidw ith a

at the B ase .

Cli m bing the Tu e

A L o s An eles Gu m T re e 130F eet in H eight,Trunk bu t 11V; Inches i n D i am eter

A Ste epl e-Jack is Show n

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

A DUTCH HORSE SHO E ING

CAGE

A horseshoe ing scene in Zeeland ,the Netherlands

,is shown in the ac

com panying i l lustrat ion . The horse isdriven in to a cage or fram e

,designed

to keep the an im al from breakingaway or kicking during the operat ion .

(IA Cal i forn ia farm er works his farm24 hours Of the day,

his farm handsbeing em ployed in regular e igh t- hoursh ifts

,and his plows and o ther m a

ch inery Of that sort being equ ippedw i th search l ights for use at n ight .

The expense of pu lping the g r a s s . is

to be dest ined to great ly cheapen the

product ion of fi rst- class paper throughout the entire world . It i s espartograss, and has never been grown in

th is coun try. In Algeria i t is usedm ostly for weaving baskets,ropes

,cords

,etc.

,and i t was

left'

tO the E ngl ish to d iscoverits paper- m aking po ssib i l i t ies.

A l though on ly im ported intoE ngland a short t im e ago ,

m ore than tons Of it

was absorbed there last year.

It was used in 50 per cent Ofthe E ngl i sh paper m i l ls,bringing down the prices, i tis claim ed

,Of the finest grades

Of paper to one hal f.It is not necessary to cut

up the esparto grass in the

process Of convert ing i t intopaper p u l p

,b u t

m erely to_

bo i l the

who le plan t in lye forabout five h o u r s .

This disso l ves the balsam s

,resins and col

oring m atter,

a n d

then the fibers are re

m oved to the wash inga n d bleach ing m a

chines,wh ich convert

P O PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

N E W GE RMAN TYPE OF

AUTOMOBILE BODYA new stream l ine autom obi le body

of Germ an m ake; provid ing an exceptionally sm oo th blending of hood and

dashj in its l ines, wh ich is a m arkedcon trast to the abrupt angles and pro

jections Of the usual autom ob i le body,is shown in the accom panying i l lustrat ion . Other features are the placingo f the steering wheel and the driver

’

s

seat in the center,where the

dri ver’s body w i l l not preven t aclear v iew of the road aheadfrom the rear seats ; and the

deeply upho lstered arm chairssubst ituted for the usual singlew ide seat . The two auxi l iaryseats in the passenger sect ionof the m ach ine are also Of the

arm -chair variety,and are ar

ranged to sw ivel in order to

faci l itate entrance and exit .

The single seat located cen

trally in the driver’

s com partm en t seem s logical

,as the

extra seat beside the dr iveris se ldom occupied by a pas

senger in a l im ousine typeOf car.

E FF E CT OF PAINT ON

CORROSION OF IRON

According to the rathersurprising resu l ts Obtainedby two Germ an chem i sts,M. L iebre ich and L . Sp itzer,Of Berl in ,

who were experi

m enting w ith pain t as a pre

ventive Of the corro sion Of

iron,i t seem s that one coat

Of good pain t or varn ish is m uch superior to two o r m ore coats. In the irexperim ents a second or th ird coatproved abso lutely detrim ental .The experim en ts con sisted in paint

ing wel l po l ished steel bars w ith one Or

m ore coats and suspending the barsover bo i l ing water for four days. Hal fOf the coat ing was then rem oved and

the bared m etal wel l covered w ithvasel ine to prevent oxidat ion . In

each case where on ly one coat of paint

partm en t

N ew Germ anMod el Hav ingInterest i ng L in es, an d a

Single. Cen tra l ly Locate d

Seat in the Driver's Com

AE ROPLANE S SUFFE RSTRAIN FROMABOV E

Unt i l L ieutenant Sevelle fe l lto his death recently in Francei t was not adm i tted that thew ings of aeroplanes cou ld be

subjected to breaking strainfro m above, but th is provedconclusively that such is thecase. It has, according to

Lou is Bleriot , in L’Aero ,

Paris,explained a who le series

of h itherto not wel l . understood acciden ts, includ ingthose in wh ich Chavez , thenBlanchard

,Lan theaum e an d

Ducourneau lost the ir l ives.

Wi tnesses Of the Chavez ac

e ident did say that the

w ings of his m ach ine had

broken and dropped down

ward,but th is was thought

to be a m istake or an opticali l lusion . However

,th is ac

cid ent led constructors to

strengthen the w ings, and

the strengthen ing was st i l lm ore increased after the

subsequent a c c i d e n t s to

Blanchard and Lantheaum e . But i twas in a m ach ine w i th the latest typeOf re in forced w ings that Sevelle m adehis fatal fl ight

,and all four upper guy

w ires were found broken as i f cut byshears.

All the accidents referred to oc

curred under sim i lar condit ions and

natural ly led to the suggest ion thatthe w ings were subm itted to forcesfrom above, wh ich they were not

equ ipped to w ithstand;There is no

had been appl ied the bars rem ained as

bri l l ian t and rust- free as before the

test,but in the case of two or m ore

coats,co rro sion had taken place .

The invest igators would not com m i tthem se lves as to the explanation of

this,but the French scientific m agaz ine

La Nature suggests i t m ay be thata coat ing of several layers provides a

less flexible cover, m ore l iable to

crack,thus al low ing oxidiz ing agents

to penetrate to the m etal surface.

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

room for doubt that the accidents werecaused by the breaking of the upperw ires

,and not

,as was h itherto as

sum ed,to the breaking of w ings which

had successful ly w i th stood resistancetests from below.

“It wou l d seem necessary , there

fore, says Lou is Bleriot,

“also to test

the resistance of w ings against strain sfrom above

,in order to obtain upper

w iring Of suffic ien t strength . The re

lation between the strengths of the up

per .

and under w iring shoul d ,in m y

est im ation , be about as How

ever,as the inert ia Of an aeroplane is

increased as the square of its speed , i fone assum es a coefficient Of safety Of

5 as suffic ient for a m ach ine flying at

60 m i les an hour,th is coeffi cien t shou l d

be increased to 20 in an apparatus flying w i th tw ice that speed .

It m ust also be con sidered , saysBleriot

,

“whether the airm an

’

s bodycan resist the shocks that w i l l be the

consequence Of such coefficients. I be

l ieve that the body Of a seated m an

cou l d not sustain a shock from aboveof m ore than tw ice his own weightw i thout being thrown out of his seat ,nor that i t coul d resist a shock in the

opposi te direct ion Of m ore than thatcorresponding to a coefficient Of 5 or 6,

w ithout having his in ternal organ sdangerously d isplaced . There i s,

therefore,no reason to insi st on exag

gerated values Of these coefficien ts Of

safety . Their values m ust always bel im i ted by the resistance Of the air

m an’

s body .

“From the further study Of thesecondit ions, he conc ludes, m uchshou ld resu l t that w i l l tend to increasethe safety in fl ight .”

BU ILT - IN IRON IN G BOARD

In the accom panying il lustrat ion is

shown one end Of the kitchen Of a

bungalow in Los Angeles,Cal . , one of

the kitchen - cabinet features Of wh ichis an iron ing board that fo lds up intoa cabinet in the wal l . When the ironing is fin ished

,all that is necessary is

to push the board upward , the innerend being h inged to the bottom board

105

The Cab inet-Kitchen of a Los Angeles Bungalow w itha Special Cab inet for the Iron ing Board

Of the cabinet . The leg natural ly fo ldsup against the board . The electriciron m ay be qu ickly detached from .the

wal l socket and placed in the cabinetw i th the board . The arrangem en t Of

the num erous cupboards,drawers and

cabinets of th is kitchen is also interesting.

DE TE CTING THUNDE R STORMSBY WIRE LE SS

By m ean s o f a m od ified w ireless set

recently instal led in the Observatoryin Lyons, France , M. F lajo let has beenable to note atm ospheric electrical d isturbances at a long distance . Irrsom e

instances thunder storm s have beendetected when m ore than 300 m i lesaway . A m ineral detector is used inthe set instead of an electro lyt ic d etector, as the latter was found to be

unsat isfactory for th is kind Of work,in

which i t had to be in c ircu i t cont inuou sly and wou l d get out of order.

106 PO PU LAR ME CHAN ICS

TRANSFORMING THE PANAMA DRE AM INTO A RE ALITY

The latest photographs of the Panam a Canal show how closely the engineers have gauged the irabi li ty in prom ising the com ple tion of the b ig d i tch by next year. This picture of one o f the Gatun

Locks was m ade a few weeks ago , and there seem s to be little m ore to be done to i tbeyond rem oving the

scaffoldi ng and other construction aids , and m aterial . This particular point along the canal wi ll be one

of the busiest on the isthm us when the canal is finished . N inety- eight e lectric m otors wi ll be in operation

twice during each lockage at the Gatun Locks . in raising a ship through a vertical d istance of85 ft. fromthe sea leve l to the level of the lake . These m otors are used in lowering fender chai ns, opening andclosing six pairs of gate valves, 30 cylindrical valves, and sixpairs of gates .

AE ROPLAN E BOMB T E STS W ITH RE AL BOMBS

A program of events of pract ical ly and abroad in the past year or two

every aviat ion m eet in th is country has included bom b - dropping com pet i O

The Aero-Target U sed in the Bom b -Dropping T est for the Michel in Prize

108 P O P U LAR M E CHAN ICS

tation l ine inven ted the sandal , wh ichis sim ply a th in wooden so le w i th tapet ies. It can be qu ickly t ied beneaththe so le of the heavy boo t , and the

passenger can c lum p about w i th som e

d egree of com fort .Ticket agents are be ing suppl ied

w i th stacks of the sandals. As theysel l a t icket they scrut in i ze the pas

senger’

s boo ts,and i f he wears the

h igh - topped calked boo t of the loggingcam ps

,he is handed a pair of sandals

w i th his t icket . The im m ediate causefor the introduct ion of the sandals isthat the com pany

’

s boats have recent lybeen refitted w i th carpets, and the

floors varn ished and repaired ; and theowners d id not care to take anychances of cont inuous dam age.

PAWNSHOPS IN CHINA

Pawn shops . in Ch ina are of greatan t iqu i ty, possib ly an tedat ing the

Christ ian era. As a ru le they are qu i tesim i lar in appearance in the coun tryd istricts be ing alm ost i nvariably in theform of a square tower about fourstories h igh . They are the m ostprom inen t obj ects in the landscape,loom ing up l ike the churches in the

French Canad ian ham lets of Quebec .

A d ist ingu ish ing feature is the lack of

The Ind ivi dual Architectural Characteristics of

Chinese Paw nshope

w indows, part icu larly on the lowerfloors, so as to offer as l i tt le opportu

n ity as possib le for forcing an en trance .

It frequen t ly happens in the coun try ,

after a bad harvest,that the people are

‘

on the verge of a fam ine,and after hav

ing pledged everyth ing they possessthat is pawnable, they storm the

pawnbroker i n his c i tadel .Through experience the broker has

learned to take precaut ions against a

sudden attack or siege so that as soon

as danger threatens,he barr icades him

sel f w i th in,and all business, hence

forth,is carr ied on from the roo f or

one of the upperm o st w indows bym eans of a basket lowered by a str ing.

If the needy shou l d actual lyybe dyingof starvat ion ,

custom prescribes thatthe pawnbroker m ust com e to the ir assistance— experience probably havingtaught him

,in the course of ages

,that

,

were his cl ientele to d ie off he woul dhave to go out of business.

The i l lustrat ion shows a shop on one

of the princ ipal tho rough fares of

Shanghai . As the c i ty is under foreigncontro l and effic ien t ly po l iced , an

am ple doorway fac ing the street hasbeen provi ded . This bu i l d ing i s not as

h igh as those in the coun try a nd lacksthe sm al l w indows in the upper floors,probably for the reason that there are

no quarters. The doorway can be effi

ciently barricaded at a m om en t ’s no

t ice ; but over and above th is, furtherprecaut ion is taken . The interior isfenced off by a heavy wooden gri l l ,just back of wh ich r ises a structurenot un l ike a judge’s bench , but h igher.

At th is si ts a clerk w i th several assistants to whom the cl ien t m ust pass uphis pledge for exam inat ion.The bookkeep ing is so wel l system

atized that even in case a t icket islost , the ful l part icu lars concern ing thepledge can be at once determ ined .

The rate of in terest varies,but for

sm al l loans i s usual ly about one per

cent a m onth . Fo reigners frequentlypawn the ir furs for safe keep ing duri ng the sum m er m on ths. E xcel len tcare is taken of them at very nom inalexpen se as the loan m ay be a lm o st as

sm al l as desired ,

ACTUAL USE OF DIRIGIBLE S IN TURKO- ITALIAN WAR

One of the l tal ian D i rigibles Ready for a F l ight over the Turk ish L ines

An i tal ian Dirigible Returning after an Aerial Bo m bard m ent of One of the E nem y's Cam ps

i llustrations have been previouslypublished in this m agazine showing how Italy is utilizing aero

planes for actual service in the war with Turkey. She is also the first country to dem onstrate the

possibilities of the d irigible i n war, and is now using a num ber of them . Two of Italy’

s m i litaryd irigiblesm ade recent flights over the enem y

's encam pm ent at Zavia , dropping 25 bom bs from a height of

ft. , causing slaughter and confusion .

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

THE TROUBLE S 01?TH EPATE NT OFFICE

From basem en t to att ic, in room s

and gal leries,alo ng corridors and nu

d er the steps of the Paten t Offi ce bu i l d

Patent Docum en ts on F i le in U . S. Patent Offi ce w ou ldStretch Three T i m es aroun d the World , or w ou ldF orm a Mass 15 F eet Square, as H igh as W ashi ngtonMonum ent

ing,the storage o f paten t docum en ts

has con t inued un t i l there are now overtwo m i les of cases

,n ine shel ves high .

If all the copies o f paten ts stored in

the bu i ld ing were laid end to end,they

wou l d form a strip m i les long,

wh ich wou l d reach three t im es aroundthe earth . P laced i n a p i le

,they wou ld

form a m ass 15 ft . square and as h igh'as

‘

the Wash ington m onum en t , and , i f"

placed on one con t inuous shel f, a shel f19 m i les long woul d be requ ired .

The quan t i ty of the m aterial , however

,is not the on ly feature that

troubles the departm en t . The dust accum u lates faster than i t can be cleanedofl‘

,and the great quan t ity of paper and

wooden shel ves m akes the danger of a

d isastrous fire always im m inent .

An average o f 800 patents are

gran ted each week.

'An est im ate of

has been . subm i tted to Con

gress for an appropriat ion for the con

struct ion of an addit ional w ing .

CONV E RTING FLYWH E E LINTO FAN

(ICh i n a’

s firsttrial by j u r ytook place in Shanghai , March 25 of

th is year,under a new code of laws

prepared byDr. Wu Ting Fang

,Min

i ster to the Un i ted States of the Chi

nese Republ ic .

LOADE D CARS LIFTE D BODILY

BY E LE CTRIC HO IST

The fre ight cars carrying m aterialto be used in the construct ion of the

approaches to the new St. Lou i s m u

n icipal bridge across the Mississipp iRiver, were l i fted by m eans of powerful electric ho ists

,load and all

,from

the m ain track to the level of the approach , 112 ft . above

,and "

a"

sw i tchengine then pushed them to the po in twhere they were to be un loaded .

Ordinary flatcars were hand led in th isway, the ir trucks be ing cha in ed to thecar- body before they were raised

'

from

the lower tracks. The we ight of thecar and its . load o ften exceeded

'

75 tons.

The object of handl ing the cars in th ism anner was to save t im e

,the cars be

ing deposi ted at the po in t where theycou l d be un loaded a p iece at a t im e ,

and the necessity o f handl ing the loadtw ice thus el im inated .

At least one concern in the autom o

bi le industry is m aking an attem ptto do away w i tht h e regu lat ionfan for coo l ingt h e e n g i n e .

They fi t the flywheel w i th per

ipheral b l a d es,thus coo l ing the

e n g i n e d irectf r o m t h e flywheel .

112

recen t Germ an work wh ich is pub

lished for the so le purpose of furn ishing new pattern and ornam en tat ion designs for various arts and crafts.

Im agine for instance the beauty of

a cut- glass d ish in the pattern shownin one of the i l lustrat ions, and of the

MOTORBOAT WRE CKE D IN

A CITY STRE E T“

During a m otorboat exh ib it ion re

cently in Mon treal , Canada, a truckwh ich was tran sporting a 4 0- ft. raisedcabin cru iser co l lapsed and the boat

A Motorboat Strand ed in a Montreal Street by the Col lapse

of a W agon Axle

was p itched on to its side, hal f on the

pavem en t and hal f on the si dewalk .

The on ly apparent dam age was som e

broken ch ina and glassware in the

cabin , and a scratch ing and rubb ingwh ich requ ired noth ing

‘

m ore than a

new coat of pain t on one side.

(IThough Ph i ladelph ia is noted as be

ing a ci ty of sober,abstem ious people,

the c i ty directory just printed showsthe nam es of a num ber o f ci t izens thatbel ie th is reputat ion

,as there are 8

Drinkhouses, 275 Bars, 9 Rum m ers,

7 Drinkers,1 Drunk

,10 Drinkwaters,

9 Wets,1 Dry,

5 Brews,20 Beers, 9

Wines,1Gin ,

255 Steins and 53Seidelsrepresen ted in the long l i st .

PO PU LAR ME CHAN ICS

o ther,for instance

,in co lors in a m ajol

ica vase. The designs thus obtainedby photograph ing a drop of chem icalunder the m icroscope are just as avai lable for design s in wal lpaper , m etalwork

,pressed leather

,glass pain t ing,

texti les,etc.

N E W USE S FOR TUNGSTE N

AND MOLYBDE NUM

There were on ly two pract ical appl icat ion s

'

o i the two m etals tungsten and

m o lybdenum previous to their product ion in a duct i le form : in steel m aking

,

and in electric lam ps, thetungsten be ing used for fi lam ents and the m o lybdenum for fi lam en t supports.

The drawn tungsten fi lam ent , being of greaterstrength , however, alm ost

ent ire ly replaced the earl ierform s.

The electric f u r n a c e

wound w i th tungsten or

m o lybdenum w ire has beenfoun d superior to the fur

nace wound w i th plat inumw ire, both because of the

h igher tem peratures and

qu icker heat ing attained,and because these m etalsare cheaper than plat inum .

They both serve as goodsubst itutes for such m etals as platinum

,plat inum - irid ium and irid ium , in

m ake- and - break devices for electric circu i ts.

On accoun t of its h igher m el t ingpo int , as com pared w i th plat inum ,

tungsten affords an alm ost indestructible target

,upon which the cathode

rays in the Rontgen tube m ay be m ore

closely focused,which w i l l resu l t in a

sharper defin it ion and shorter exposure .

Carefu l considerat ion is be ing givenat the presen t t im e to the possibi l i ty of

using wrought tungsten for pro ject i les.

It has a h igh spec ific gravi ty which w i l lgive i t a longer range, and its hardnessand great tensi le strength shoul d givei t a better penetrat ing power than the

POP U LAR ME CHAN ICS 113

m aterials now used . It is suggested ,

however, , that the sm al l tungsten bu l let

o f the sam e we ight as the ones now in

use wou ld have the disadvan tage of not“

producing as disastrous resu lts to the

vict im ,un less i t shou ld h it a vital spo t .

SANITARY TOOTHBRUSHHOLDE R

, Th is san itary toothbrush ho lder,wh ich is of E uropean origin ,

con si stss i m p l y of a glass tube of

sufficien t diam eter to adm itan ordinary too thbrush ,

the

of the tube tern a cup

- shapedreceptacle contain ing an an

These Transform ers, Placed on'

a Float , Stepped thetl SCpt tablet WhICh g“CS.V o l tage of a H igh-Tension Li ne for the Operati on

ofl’ m icrobe- destroying va of an E lectri c Dred ge

pors,or a wad of cotton kept

saturated w ith som e kind of

ant iseptic l iquid .

(IAn E ngl ish e lectrical au

thority announces that whi lethe cost o f cooking to a

given degree woul d be the

sam e w ith electricity as w ith

gas, in order to obtain 12 lb .

of -

cooked m eat i t would benecessary to put 17 lb . 2 oz .

into the oven of a gas stove ,

w h ile but 13 lb . 10 oz . wou ld be re

qu ired by an electric oven , the difference be ing the am oun t of m o isture ,

e tc.,that would be extracted from the

m eat in the process of cooking .

TRANSFORME RS PLACE D.ON A

FLOAT

An in terest ing instal lation of out

door tran sform ers used in the con

Stru'ction o f the Los Ange les aqueduct,

is shown in the acco m panying i llustrat ion . The tran sform ers were placedon a float and were towed from placeto place as the work progressed , con

nection be ing m ade to an adjacent Tab Afford s Means of Read ily Rem oving Metal

h igh - tension l ine . The h igh vo l tage E °m ° c”

was stepped down by these transform m oval,but th is cap is provided w ith a

ers for use on an electrical ly operated m etal tab which,when l ightly pul led

dredge . in the fi ngers, tears the rim of the

The outdoor type-

of transform er is cap off .

a com paratively recen t developm ent inthe electrical field

,its special purpose

being to d istribute electric power fromh igh - vo ltage l ines for use in industrialplants and sm al l towns where the

sm al l am ount o f power so ld wou l d not

m ake the instal lation of a regular sub

station econom ical ly feasible .

NE W BOTTLE CAP

A French concern is m anufacturinga new type of bottle cap

'

or stopper,the feature of wh ich is the ease w ithwhich it m ay be rem oved from the bot

tle . The m etal cap in general use o n

beer bottles,and the l ike

,in Am erica

requ ires som e kind of opener for re

POPU LAR ME CHAN ICS

The Cow led“Monk

’s Head

”of Cooney Can yon ,

N ew Mexico

NATURE AS A SCULPTOR

Alm ost every western state has one

or m ore natural statues ; som e are

carved so perfectly by the act iono f the e lem en ts as to be startl ing in the ir expression s. One o f the

m ost strik ing is the Monk’

s Head ,in Cooney Canyon , New Mexico , a

freak of na ture wh ich brings out in

clear rel ief a m an’

s face , the head appearing to be hooded . The figure is of

gian t proport ion s and at a distance ,

sharply ou tl ined against the sky, i tseem s im possible that i t is not the

work of som e ancien t people who m ayhave wrought upon i t w i th crude too l s,yet obtain ing a singularly strong and

viri le expression of countenance .

E xceptionally Large Touring Autom obi le Used by the Chief Inspector of F rench F i nances

LARGE ST TOURING

AUTOMOBILE

The autom obi le recently del iveredby a French com pany to the ch ief inspector of the finances of France is

claim ed to be the biggest touring car

ever turned out. It i s a six- cyl inderm odel develop ing 160 hp.

,and has a

wheel base of 198 in . It has an e ightpassenger l im ousine body, the rear

wheels are fi tted w ith tw in t ires, and

its l ighting equ ipm en t includes electrichead and side lam ps and a powerful ' acetylene search l igh t p ivo tal ly

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

Kingsfo rd D iscov

ered How to Mak e

Cornstarch When

H is W i fe

T h r e w

Lye i nto

a G a r

b a g e

P a i l

m el t . The two ingots were then re

m oved from the furnace, slowly coo ledand p ickled

,cleaned and ro l led to the

desired th ickness. The resul t was a

plate of copper m ore or . less th in lycovered w ith si lver on one side . Thiswas the first Sheffiel d plate . For 50

years fol low ing,the copper was plated

on one side on ly, and the cut edgesshowed the copper. Later, the process was so perfected that no copperwas left exposed . A ll the si lverplateof the worl d was m ade by th is process,unt i l electroplat ing was discovered and

m ade com m ercial .The m any techn ical processes of

the ancien ts were‘

w ithoutdoubt of acciden ta l origin .

Unti l com parat ively r e c e n tt im es there was no groundwork o i theory in e i ther m etallurgy or chem istry

,and intel

l igent invest igat ion , planned if

to accom pl ish a certain resul t ,canno t e x i s t w i thout th isgroundwork . The on ly oppor

tun ity for techn ical progresswas that afforded .by chance incon junct ion w ith a keen and in

qu iring observer; For in

stance,the Rom ans knew noth

ing of the m etal zi nc. But som e obServing Rom an . m echan ic had foundthat when stones of a

“

certain kindwere

,

heated w ith copper, a hard , yellow m etal was obtained . Thus .brasswas discovered and in th is m anner i twas m ade for

'

centuries. We knownow that the

,stones wh ich possessed

these curious propert ies were the m in

erals calam ine and sm ithson i te, the

si l icate and carbonate of z inc t e

spectively. They occurred together i n

m ines, wh ich were, at that t im e,

worked for the i ron ores.

V i truvius is our authori ty for the

statem ent that the m anufacture of red

lead was the resul t of an accidental fi re.

He also te l ls us that red lead m ade bycalcin ing white lead in a furnace wasm uch superior to that obtained directlyfrom the m ines.

This is sim i lar,in a way, to the leg

endary story of the d iscovery o f glassby the Phoen icians. . The tale runs in

th is way : Certain of the ir m erchants,return ing from Africa in a ship loadedw i th natron (crude m ineral soda ash),found it necessary on accoun t of bad

weather to seek harbor. They foundthem se lves on a sandy plain near

Mount Carm el . They b It fires on thesand and placed the ir t les over thefires on lum ps of nati on . The heatfused the sand and natron together,form ing the first glass. Whether or

not the story be true in its detai ls as

handed down , the essence of i t is

certain , viz . , that glass was d iscov

ered in th is m anner,probably at di f

ferent t im es by m en of differen t na

Accord i ng to a

L egend , G lassw as Acci d enta l l y D i scovered by Phoen i cians W h oP laced Lu m ps

of N atron

o n F i r e s

PO PU LAR M E CH ANJ CS

tionalities, as itsm anu facture was

known by m anypeople a t a n

early period .

V i truv ius'

againtel ls us that inSpain were foundcertain s t o n e s

which,after hav

ing been pun

i shed” (beaten)w i th iron rods

,for

a sufficien t lengthof tim e

,began to

“perspire,”

a n dthe

“persp irat ion”

w a s m ercury .

Certain ly, i t was

a crude m anner

o f reduc ing the

m ercuric ore,cin T he D iscovery o f

That W on d erfu lnab‘

ar,

.

WIth m eA i d to Sc ience , the X-Ray ,

.

talllc Iron,

but W as D u e to a F ortunate

A id ts u r e l y feas1ble.

e"

H e fai ls to tel l , and one cannot but

wonder,by what happy acciden t thi s

m ethod was discovered . Cou l d i t bethat ham m ering stone was an ofli cial

pun ishm en t then as i t ' is now ?

In sett ing or m ordanting certaindyes

,the saltéb f tin are indispensable.

The origin of the ir use is but l ittleknown . Cornel ius Drebbel , about theyear 1610

,was do ing som e work w i th

cochineal . On a she l f overhead was a

bo tt le of aqua regia, a m ixture of n i tricand m uriatic ac ids. This bo ttle was

broken and the acid trickled down a

w indow fram e and part of i t ran intoanother bottle con tain ing an extract ofcoch ineal . A bri l l iant scarlet resu l ted .

Drebbel later attem pted to repeat theexperim en t “ by adding aqua regia to ex

tract of coch ineal but there was no

change of co lor. A fter very carefu lstudy,

he no t iced that a part of the

w indow fram e down which the acidfirst ran was covered w ith tin . It ap

peared that tin was the act ive e lem ent,

and further experim en t confirm ed th isconclusion . As a resu l t Drebbel ownedthe secret of m aking a dye havingm any new and valuable qual i t ies, andtoday th is is an im portan t use o f tin .

11-7

Roentgen was

not looking for Xrays but

,after an

experim ent on an

en t irely differentsubject

,he not iced

that som e photographic p l a t e s

,

wh ich had beenleft near by

,were

f o g g e d . H e

sought the reason

and his great Xray

’

d iscovery wasthe resu l t.In 1884 , Dr.

Reusen was conduct ing an extensive research «intoa certain fam i ly of

Coal - tar derivatives. One of hisstudents w a s a

Germ an,

nam edFahlberg. T h i s

young m an,one even ing after return

ing to his boarding house,ate his d in

ner w i thout having washed his hands.

During the course of the m eal in som e

m anner he becam e aware that he hadso m e extrem ely sweet substance on li isfingers. He at once returned to the

laboratory and tasted of every so lut ionthere . In a certa in beaker he foundthe source of that sweetness.

H e gave the new substance a com

m erc1a1 n i cknam e,

saccharin, and i t

was a w ise act ion because its realnam e was o rthobenzosulphon im 1de .

”

\'Vhether the fortune he m ade was due

to a lucky acciden t or his boardinghouse train ing

,rem ain s a m oo t po in t

am ong his contem poraries. It is alsocurious to note

,in th is connection ,

that after m ore than 25 years of general use by diabetic su fferers as a

harm less subst i tute for sugar,th is

substance has recen t ly been put underthe ban by the Chem istry Bureau of

the agricul tural departm en t . It is

now forbidden not on ly to the sick ,

who consum ed great quant it ies of it ,but to the wel l who have unknowingly

'

eaten the ir share under the

gu ise of table syrups.

PQPU LAR M E CHAN ICS

The pages of science are repletew i th sim i lar instances

, and that is'

one

o f the reasons why the hard and

dreary out l ines of techn ical researchare softened and rendered al luring :

PE CULIAR SANDSTONE

FORMATION

In the region of the Black Buttes of

Wyom ing is found a large stretch of

m ost pecul iar sandstone form at ion .

Sand stone Form ati on Resem bles Sand Blow n i ntoRipples by the W ind

Approaching it,the traveler assum es i t

to be,of course

,sand

,blown into ripple

m arks by the w ind . It was,in truth ,

so form ed by the w ind , but m any thousands of years ago ,

for i t is hard sandstone . . So deep and clearly cut are the

ridges and trenches that i t seem s as

though the stone m ust have been art ifi cially chiseled by som e hum an m a

ch inery .

It is in such sandstone fqrm ations

that the fossi l bones of m any speciesof an ted i luvian an im als are found ,

som et im es alm ost perfect ly preserved .

In very m any parts“

of the worl d— the

O ld Worl d ,as wel l as Am erica— the

sandstone has proven a m ost efficientpreserver of fo ssi l s and also of the

The chance of the great d iscovery,the possib i l ity of great fortune or t e

nown , the glam our, the ent ic ing glamour that leads the studen t d igging deepfor nature ’s secrets eve r on and on .

tracks of the various creatures wh ichroam ed the earth before the first hum an

beings,or were co ntem poraneous w i th

the early cave m an with his crude clubor stone axe.

A L ight Germ an Mi l itary Autom ob i le DesigneE special ly for Arm y Couri ers

through considerat ion of the fact thatsuch cars wou ld have to

'

do m uch workin difficu l t roadless coun try .

(IAn Am erican actress, who is working her way around the world on a

wager,states she found i t harder to

obtain em ploym en t in,London , E ng ,

than in any other ci ty she v isi ted .

SPE CIAL COURIE R AUTOSFOR GE RMAN ARMY

One of the latest types of m i l itaryautom obi les developed in Germ any isa l ight car espec ial ly designed for the '

use of' couriers in carrying d ispatches.

The engine develops. 16 hp.

, which issuffi cien t to drive the l i tt le car at a

high speed . The rather h igh wheel s,w ide whee l base, etc. , com pared w iththe si ze of the body, were adopted

120

head. Its neck and tai l were short .L ike the stegosaurus

,i t l ived by eat ing

succu len t herbs. It had powerfu l legs,10 ft . or so in length .

The d iplodocus specim en in the Car

negie Museum is the on ly com pleteone ever found and has attractedworl d-w ide attent ion . Repl icas of i t

AUTO FURNISH E S POWE R FOR

PN E UMATIC TOOL

The accom panying i l lustrat ion showsan im provised , portable pneum at icgran i te - cu tt ing plant devi sed by a

m onum en t m aker forlettering stones afterthey are set in

the cem etery . H e

m oun ted an air com pressor on the backo f his auto and connected i t w ith

’

the

engine of his m achine wh ich furn ishesam ple power for operat ing the carvingtoo l . Because of rough treatm en t givenm em orial stones in sh ipm ent , the inventor thought i t a better i dea to letteror inscribe the m em orial after i t wasplaced in the cem etery .

AUTOMOBILE IN SIAME SE

(IThe Siam ese word for autom obilewhen prin ted in the form of a sign hasall the appearance of an ad for the

black art or som e o ther such m yst icperform ance . The sign usual ly is

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

have been presen ted to hal f '

a'

dozen

nat ions. The diplodocus m easured 70ft . long, had an im m en se body

,power

ful legs,and an enorm ously long tai l ,

and long neck,but a sm al l head . It

l ived in swam ps and ate waterweeds.

Its rem ains have on ly been found on

the slopes of the Rocky Moun tains.

(EAll horse- drawn carriages. used inBurm a

,India,

are equ ipped w i th rub

ber t ires and have bel ls operated bythe driver

’

s foot to give warn ing of

approach .

TH E UTILIZATION OF IRON

FILINGS AND SHAV INGS

The iron sweepings from shop floo rs,

not long ago al lowed to go to waste,are responsib le for a new industry in

Germ any , represen ted by25331332135 about a dozen plan ts,

wh ich has fo r its so le purpose the shaping of iron fi lings, shav ings, etc.

,into

briquettes. The briquettesgo back to the furnaces tobe converted again intocom m ercial form s of iron .

Nearly all the plants of

the steel industry in Germ any send the sweep ingsfrom the shop floors to thebriquett ing plan ts, an d the

con signm ents fro m the va

rious concerns are kept as carefu l lyseparate as the assayer o f go ld andsi lver keeps the sweepings and fi l ingsfrom m anufacturing jewe lers.

The sweep ings are first passedthrough a strong draft o f air

,

'

wh ichfrees them from dust

,including m uch

of the graph ite part icles contained incast- iron shavings. Then the sweepings go to the m agnet ic separator,where brass and bronze part icles

,as

wel l as the heav ier dirt, are rem oved .

After these two clean ing processes, the

m aterial arrives'

at the hopper abovethe briquett ing press

,floWs down into

the em pty form s,and is pressed into

bricks, wh ich are carried to the loading wagons by a bel t conveyor.

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

Draw ing Circles of Large D iam eters

The shop carpenter frequently has

occasion to draw curves hav ing a longradius

,such as a form for a street -

paw

ing crown . These are usual ly drawn

by the use of po les, but on a longradius i t is not easy to fasten the polestogether to get the length . To do

away w ith the need of a po le, I use

the attachm en t taken from a tram m elon a steel tape as shown in the sketch .

The steel po in t of the tram m el Awas rem oved and a V - shaped notchfi led in the fron t part . A sm al l wood

T ram m el - Po in t Part an d Mann er o f Apply ing i t

to a Steel T ape

block was then fitted as shown and a

penci l inserted .

Take the tape and set the V - notchat the desired d istance

,then drive a

nai l at the po in t the radius cal l s forand proceed to draw the arc.

I have found th is a great help and

saving o f tim e in m y work . An arc

can be qu ickly drawn and the l ine w i l lbe a true curve and not wavy as whendrawn w ith the aid of a po le — Con tributed by H . J . E ccleston ,

Norw ich,New

Jersey .

(IThe jaws on a chuck shou ld be“eased up before taking the fin ishing

cut.

121

A Carpenter’s Door Ho lder

When hanging a door I m ake a

clam p by using a 6- in . strap h inge at

tached to two pieces of 2 by 4‘

- in . m a

terial,each abou t 6 in . long,

wh ich

Truck for Spoo l Fence W ire

In the accom panying i l lustrat ion is

shown a handy rig for carrying a spoo lof barbed w ire when putt ing up a

F ence - W i re T ruck , Si m i lar to a Baggage T ru ck

w i th a Ro d b etw een the H an d les for the Spool

fence . The m anner o f con struction isobv1ous. The spoo l o f w1re can be

easi ly handled by one m an w i th th isdevice.

The W e ight of the Door Cau ses the Hold er to Gripthe E dge F i rm ly

are sl ightly raised by cleats nai led to

the under side . The h inge is so at

tached to the p ieces that a space is

left between them equal to the w idthof the door. When the door is placedin the open ing

,its

'

we ight w i l l cause

the pieces to grip the edge and ho l dthe door firm ly whi le i t is be ingplaned — Contributed by E ugene O t is,Chase

,B. C.

122

A Sm al l -Needle Dri ll

A hand dri l l fo r very sm al l work inm etal can rarely be obtained at the

hardware or too l - dealer’s sto re,and

,

'

if

ually very expen

fficient dri l l,that

is easi ly m ade and

costs but l itt le ,can be constructed

in the fo l low ing m anner :

First take a bar of roundsteel

,

14 in . in d iam eter andin . long

,taper one end

sl ightly as shown,

and

thread i t for a distance of

1% in . Cut two slo ts inth is end to a depth of

in . ,as shown at B,

w i

th in hacksaw blade. The

slo ts m ust cro ss each o therat right angles. A shou ld er is fi led at the o ther

end of the bar,at C,

to rece ive the

crank . An iron or brass nut, D ,is

screwed on the threaded end and

so ldered in place .

Procure a brass or iron tube,E

,1

in . long and fitt ing loosely on the'

shaftA . O ne end o f th is tube i s swagedw i th a l ight ham m er un t i l i t is too

sm al l to pass over the shaft , and the

o ther end is firm ly so l dered to a brassor iron nut

,F

,so that when this

‘

nut

is screwed upward on_

the threadedpart of the shaft

,the swaged end of

the tube w i l l force the jaws B t ightlytogether, thus form ing the chuck thatw i l l ho l d d ifferen t - si zed dri l l s firm ly .

Sl ip a washer,G

,over the other end

of the shaft . Procure a p iece of brasstub ing, H ,

about in . long,wh ich ,

w i l l fit the shaft loosely enough to

al low the latter to turn freely . Sl ipth is on the shaft down to the washerG .

Th is shou l d bring the top of the‘tube even w ith the shou lder C . An

o rdinary darn ing- co tton spoo l , I, is

now forced tightly on th is tube to

form the pressure handle .

The crank, J , i s m ade of a piece of

iron or brass, in . by 153; in .

,and 2 in .

long. A sm al l wood handle is rivetedto one end and a ho le is cut in the

o ther end to fit over the end of the

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

Spi d er in the E n d o f a Cyl in d er w i th the Brace

in Posi ti on to Take the E nd Thrust

trued up by adjust ing the setscrewsin or out

,as the case m ay be . The

work can be m ore qu ickly trued up,i f

the spider is set approxim ate ly truebefore runn ing the tai lstock center

shaft C. This can be m ade secure byso ldering

,taking care to keep the

flow ing m etal away fro m the tube H ,

so i t wi l l be free .

The dri l l po ints are easi ly m ade of

different- sized needles. Break off the

eye, and the po int where i t starts totaper. Heat and flatten one end unt i li t spreads out on e i ther side ,

but do

not m ake i t too th in . Th is end is thenpo in ted and sharpened the sam e as

any ordinary flat dri l l . The shankm ay be left round

,but w i l l be hel d

m ore firm ly in the chuck,i f i t is m ade

square. The dri lls shoul d be tem peredbefore using and care shou l d

‘

be takento sl ightly draw the tem per from the

shank to keep them from snapp ing off .

at th is po int . When dri l l ing,do not

exert too m uch pressure , as th is hasa tendency to m ake the dri l l bendtoward one side or the o ther.

—Contributed by F . L . Matter

,Port land

,0 .

A Sp ider for Lathe Work

In turn ing, cutt ing off,thread ing ,

etc. , on large p ipes '

or cyl indricalwork o f a l ike nature

,. the free end

m ust be suppo rted un less the p iece i svery short . An o ld as we l l as a sim

ple way to ho l d the end is by m eans

of a sp ider or cast ing shaped l ike a

Greek cro ss,wh ich is tapped at the

end of the arm s for setscrews and

dri l led in the cen ter for the'

lathe cen

ter. All th is is shown in the sketch ,

whigh also i l lustrates the sp ider in

actual service inside a length of pipe .

The other en d of the p ipe is grippedin the jaws of the chuck .

After sett ing the tai lstock cen ter inthe ho le of the spider, the work is

124

To Prevent the Bind ing of

Mast Hoops

The con t inual b inding of m ast hoopsagainst the m astwhen . ho ist ing a

sai l m ay be pre

vented in the follow ing m annerA stou t cord is

attached to the

gafl jaws and

extended downt h e m a s t as

shown by A in

the sketch . E achring is t ied to

the cord at its

respect ive d i stance to ho ld i t horizon tal .—Con tributed by A . L . Chetlain , Ch icago .

Whett ing P lane IronsThe accom panying sketch shows a

device for obtain ing a perfect cutt ingedge on plane irons or Ch i sels

,wh ich

is alm ost im possi b le to secure by them ost experienced m echan ic in theusual way of sharpen ing by hand w i thout a gu i de.

The device is very sim ple and m aybe easi ly m ade by anyone w i th l i ttleexperience,

'

it sim ply consist ing of a

p iece of pine board, A, of the sam e

th ickness as the stone B,and a p ine

block cut at any desired angle or bevelin wh ich a wood screw w ith a washeris placed to ho l d the plane iron. Ach isel can be hel d w i th a screw on eachsi de of the blade . A l i tt le paraffi n used

Plane Iron on a Block Hav i ng the Proper Slope forthe Ang le of the E dge

'

on the two rubbing surfaces of thewood parts w i l l give good act ion w i thout frict ion .

When the fine feather shows on thecutt ing edge of a too l treated on th isdevice, i t is better to use a sm al l hand

PO PU LAR ME CHAN ICS

Tw o Grooves in a Cork, On e for the V ent an d On efor the F lu i d

upon the character of the l iqu i d in the

bo ttle. Alcoho l ic and l ight aqueousso lut ions . requ ire very sm al l grooves,wh ile for syrups and o i ls they m ust bem ade som ewhat larger.

-Con tr ibutedby W. C. Lane, N .

'Wilkesboro , N . C.

Repairing a Crack in Cast- Iron P ipe

A crack in a cast- iron p ipe or a gasol ine- engine cyl inder, caused by freezing,

can be repaired in the fo l low ingm anner, i f the p ressure the part has tow ithstand is not too great . Procure

som e sulphate of copper, com m on lyknown as bluestone

,and disso lve i t

in water. Clean the edges of the crackwel l w i th a fi le or sandpaper. Pain tthe

“

iron w i th the so lut ion several t im es

un t i l there is a coat of copper on i t .The copper surface can be easily softsol dered , wh ich w i l l produce a sat isfactory repair in m any cases—Contributed by Wm . W. Gran t, Calgary, Can .

stone or a sm ooth steel instrum ent toturn i t back than to attem pt to reversethe whole block w i th too l attached , i tbe ing rather awkward to handle. The

form er m ethod “

also el im inates the

danger of rounding off the straigh tedge of the too l m ore or less—Contri buted by Herm an L indenberg

, Ir. ,

W. Hoboken,N . J .

Sim ple Med1c1ne Dropper

When a m edic ine dropper is not at

hand or when i t is desirable for anyreason to drop the m ed icine d irectlyfrom the bottle

,a very effi cient drop

per m ay be m ade from an ord inarycork stopper in the fo l low ing m anner :Cut two sm al l grooves lengthw ise of

the cork opposi te to each other. Whenusing

,ho l d the bott le in such a way

that the air w i l l enter one of the

grooves, A,and the m ed ic ine w i l l drop

out of the other, B.

The si ze of the grooves w i l l depend

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS 125

Measu ring W ater W ithou t a Meter

The am oun t of feed water pum pedi n to a bo i ler is a po in t of in terest tothe engineer,

'

says Power. If there isa water m eter in the p ipe l ine, th ism ay be determ ined , but such an in stru

m en t is never correct and the read ingm ust be m u l t ipl ied w i th a certain co

éfl‘icient in order to give the actualflow of water. To render the si tuat ionst i l l m ore d ifli cult, th is coeffi cien tvaries w i th the speed o f the m eter andalso w i th its age .

Assum e that a 50- ft. p ipe l ine is

supplying a bo i ler w i th water. The

am ount of water flow ing through the

p ipe m ay be determ ined in the fo l lowing m anner : Attach a —in . iron p ipein the far end of the supply p ipe

,as

shown in the sketch by the sm al l pressure pipe . Run th i s sm al l p ipe alongthe larger one to any conven ien t po intnear the bo i ler or other out let , and

connect i t to a U - tube having a scale

graduated in inches. Also connect theoppo si te end o f the U - tube to the sup

!

ply pipe and fi l l the bend hal f ful l ofm ercury .

When water is flow ing in the supplyp ipe there w i l l be a difference in pressure between the po in ts where the

sm al l pressure p ipe is connected to thesupply pipe

,causing the m ercury to

be elevated in one leg of the U - tube'

an d depressed in the o ther. Th is pressure d ifl erence varies w i th the ve loci tyo f flow

,and i t is th is fact wh ich m akes

84ALL PRE SSURE PIPE

LAR PIPE

wh ich m eans m ain tain ing the difference in pressures constant for a d efi

n ite period,say 10 m in .

,during wh ich

t im e the water is co l lected in a barre land afterward w e ighed . For th is pur

I. 2 l. 6

GALLONS PE R MINUTE

Curve D iagram

pose cut in at som e po int in the supplyp ipe back of the U - shaped tube and

put in a tee as shown . This tem poraryconnect ion is suppl ied w i th a three?way valve wh ich is used so that

,wh i le

the desired d ifference in pressure is

be ing obtained,the water m ay be flow

ing through on e open ing o f the threeway val ve and in to the sewer. Whenthe desired pressures are secured

,the

RY .CONNE CTION

DURING CALIBRATION

Pressu re G auge on P ipe L i ne

i t po ssible to determ ine the vo lum e o f

w ater passing through the p ipe .

The arrangem ent m ust be cal ibrated,

handle o f the three - way val ve m ay be

turned and the stream discharged intothe em pty barrel wh ich has been pre

126 PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

viously we ighed . At the end of the

10- m in . interval,the three-way

- val vehandle is again turn ed , and the streamd irected into the sewer. In th is waya num ber of different pressures are

taken and the water co l lected for each .

The resul ts shou l d be plotted as shownin the curve diagram .

Such an arrangem ent is not only inexpensive

,but has

,besi des

,the great

advantage that , when once cal ibrated ,i t m ay be depended upon for accuracyat all t im es. Another feature is thati t is not affected by hot o r d irty water

,

or by chem icals. The d istance betweenthe po ints of connection of the sm al lpressure p ipe on the supply p ipe shou l dnot be less than 25 ft. , but need not

n’

ecessari ly be straight .

Ad justable Horse for the Shop

Two necessary po ints in the con

st ruct ion of an adjustable horse are theease of adjustm en t and the rigid i ty of

the base . In m ost cases one is sacr ificed

‘

for the other. The accom panying sketch show s the construct ion of

'

about as handy an arrangem ent forgeneral use as can be m ade for a Woodwork ing shop . There are no partsw i thsetscrews to

.com e loose and al low the

work to fal l . The jack i s instant ly set

and,because of the extent of the base,

Rolk r w i th Ad justable Legsi t rem ains where set under a load , re

gard less of the tendency to t ip as the

work is m oved e ither way over thero l ler.

—Con tributed by F. W. Ben tly,Huron

, S. D .

Tem pering Sm al l Articles E ven ly

It is qu i te d iffi cu l t to tem per a lot

of sm al l springs or other sm al l art ic les and have the tem per equal in all

parts of each p iece. The fo l low ingprocess w i l l be found to give an equaltem per in every part of each art icle :Obtain a sm al l cup wh ich is pressed

from one p iece of m etal or a pi ecedCup w i th hard - so ldered seam s. Part lyfi l l the cup w i th som e an im al or fi sho il. Petro leum products are not goodon accoun t of thei r vo lat i l i ty.

The art icles are heated to the usualcolor and plunged into the cup,

wh ichis to have suffi c ient oil in i t to coverthem . After being thus hardened , thecup w i th the o il and the art icles ishel d over the fi re un t i l the o il takes fireand burns. After the tem per has beendrawn suffi cien t ly

,the cup is rem oved

from the heat‘

and a cover placed overi t to quench the flam es. When coo l ,the art ic les are rem oved . The art ic lesw i l l be found even ly tem pered .

In tem pering springs I usual ly al lowthe o il to burn about six m inutes before quench ing. A s the o i l can be

heated to on ly a certain tem perature,the art icles rece ive a perfectly evenheat . If the o il is burned off from the

art icle wh ile i t is on ly sm eared w i tho il

,som e parts w i l l be heated m ore

than others. If a spring is m ade of

piano w ire,i t w i l l be greatly st iffened

and im proved by heat ing it to an evenblue after i t is form ed . The reason for

th is is that when the w ire is co i ledthe m etal is fu l l of strains wh ich the

heat rem oves—Con tributed by J . H .

Beebee,Rochester, N . Y .

Gasol ine Spray for Clean ingMachinery Parts

In clean ing and repairing the m a

ch inery of an autom ob i le,gaso l ine is

used to cut out the th ick and di rtylubricat ing o i ls in bearings. It is o ftend iffi cu l t to get the gaso l ine in to cer

tain places to be c leaned ,and th is has

brought but a syringe device for use

in such places.

Whi le c lean ing som e com put ing

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

Fastener for Window Screens

An ordinary wood screw does not

m ake a good fastenm g for screens,

bl inds,shutters and storm w indows,

as the woodaround t h e

threads w i l l becom e worn as

the screw is

rem oved and re

placed . A goodho ld ing device ism ade of a shortwood screw hav

ing a large d iam eter into wh ich a ho le15 d ri l led and tapped to take a thum bscrew of standard threads.

The wood screw is turned per

m anently into the w indow or doorfacing. The ho les in the fram e are

bored to co incide w i th the threadedho les in the wood screws. It is an

easy m atter to turn the thum bscrewin place— Con tributed by W. C.

Terry,Boston

,Mass.

Rem oving Inner Band on TruckWheels

Mo tor- truck bu i l ders and blacksm i th s

,in rebui l d ing truck wheels that

have two bands,w i l l find i t a d iffi

cul t m atter to rem ove the inner bandby heat ing, as both bands w i l l ex

pand al ike,causing them to rem ain

t ightly together.

If i t is desired to use one of thesehand s after the wheel is rebu i lt, i t w i l lbe a very easy m atter to rem ove the

inner band by dr iv ing a wedge be

tween the two as shown in Fig. 1,

m aking the open ing the sam e all the

F16 2

Driving the W ed ge betw een the Ban d s, and Locati onfor Striki ng the Inner On e

way through . Stand the hand s up and

leave the we dge between them and

strike the m etal at A A w ith the peenend of a sledge ham m er. A few blows

w i l l cause the inner band to com e loose.

The band can then be heated and

straightened .—Contributed by Jam es

E . Roy, Ph i ladelph ia,Pa .

Spring Cl ips U sed on a Board to Hold Draw ingPaper of Un iform Siz e

C w i th two screws. A pressure of the

finger on the under side of the c l ipraises i t for the insert ion of the paper.

-Contributed by Chester E . Warner,

Kalam azoo,Mich .

Copyrighted m ateraI

Subst i tu te for Thum b Tacks

In m aking patent draw ings, or whena num ber of sm al l draw ings of the

sam e size are to be m ade,I have found

the attachm en t shown in the sketch tobe a splendid subst itute for thum btacks. A draw ing board on whichthum b tacks are used soon gets fu l lof ho les and becom es useless.

The ben t end A of the spring cl ipclam ps the paper B by the pressure of

the spring. The spring is fastened to

the under side of the draw ing board

Preserv ing Surplus Stain when

Staining Sh ingles

It is alm ost im possible to stainsh ingles w i thout waste of stain ing l iqu id . To reduce th is waste as m uch as

possible,we used an old clo thes

wringer,attached to a tub

,for press

ing out all surplus stain at the t im e

the sh ingles were dipped . As our

wash ing m ach ine and wringer weredriven by electri c m otor, the latter wasbel ted to the o ld wringer to drive i t,wh i le the sh ingles were fed in to the

ro l ls. A better job resu l ted when the

large end of the sh ingles were startedin fi rst—Contributed by Geo . L indsay,Man itou Springs, Co lo .

PO PU LAR M E CHAN I CS 129

T i l e Sew e r C o n s tru c t i o n

By GE ORGE M. PE TE RSE N

PART I

The construct ion of the differen tk inds of m un icipal im provem en ts

,such

as sewers,streets

,cu lverts

,h ighway

bridges,etc .

,are but vaguely under

stood by the average m an . It is the

purpo se of th is description to givefacts from a pract ical v iew po in t so

that such of the younger generat ionthat are so incl ined m ay obtain a goodknow ledge o f the proper m ethods o f

do ing th is work,and be enabled to jo in

the arm y of construct ion m en w i th an

am ount of pract ical know ledge wh ichis seldom attained except by experi

ence .

T i le Sewers

In m odern sewer construction thereare several d ifferent classes o f m aterial used ; the principal ones be ingbrick

,stone and concrete ,

for trunksewers

,wh i le t i le is used for branch

o r service con struct ion . Tile is,how

ever,general ly used ou sm al l trunk

sewers up to or 3ft. in d iam eter.

For large trunk sewers,brick is the

m ost com m on m aterial, the wal ls be

ing bu i l t up of two courses. Stone

inverts or bottom s and brick archesare

,also used on large trunks whi le

re in forced concrete is used for shortdrainage sewers and cu lverts. As i ti s the object of th is art icle to deal on ly

STRAIGi- fl

CONNE CTION

F ou r Form s of Sew er T i le for Lay ing Stra ight Ma ins,Turn ing Corners and Mak ing Hou se Connecti ons

w ith the construct ion of t i le sewers,a few po in ts bearing on the t i le m aynot com e am iss. Tile sewers have a

carrying capac ity of 100 per cen t m o re

than brick sewers of the sam e si ze ,and the table herew ith show s the rateof d isc harge fo r the various si zed t i leat d ifferent grades. Sewer t i le is m adein si zes from 3in . to 36 in . in diam eterand in

“standard” and

“double

130

strength . The standard is usual for t i leup to 15 in . in diam eter

,and double

strength for larger sizes. Under ex

trem e condit ions double strength i s

orrss-r 7

'- o'(ALWAvs

TO CE NT E R or E XCAVAT ION)

F16 2

The Layou t Show ing Depth of Cut Mad e by an

E ngineering Crew for a Street Sew er

som et im es used throughout . Sewer

t i le is m ade 1n form s, known as“straight ,

”curves

,connect1ons and

Y’

s, and shown in Fig. 1. O thershapes are m ade

,but are sel dom used .

Layi ng Out the G rad e

The first step in the construct ion of

any sewer i s to obtain the grade, or

fal l . The m ethod of determ in ing th isis as fo l lows : The engineering crew

first lays out the center l ine for the

sewer and drives stakes at an“offset .

”

The offset is usual ly from 5 ft . to 10

ft . from the edge of the proposedtrench

,al though all offsets are figured

from the center. Triangu lar stakesare usual ly used to m ark the offset l ineand locate the grade

'

plugs. Whenturn ing co rners the stakes and plugsare set at the angles w i thout regard tothe d istance, but on a straight run the

stakes are placed on the even 100 ft.E ach stake driven i s cal led a stat ionand m arked as fo l lows : 0 27, whichm ean s 27 ft . from the start

,1 89

m eans 189 ft . from the start,etc. ; the

num ber preceding the plus sign ind icat ing hundreds

,and the num ber fol

low ing, the od d feet . After the stakesand grade plugs are driven ,

the m an

ho les are lai d out, and a square stakem arked M-H is driven in the center

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

F163

The Sight Rod , w ith Shoe and Crosspi ece, U sed forLeveling T i le in Starti ng a Run

the deepest cut in the l ist is at stat ion5 O the rod m ust be m ade accordingly. The cut being . 9 ft. 3 in .

,the

rod shoul d be about 5 or 6 ft . longer,and a crosspi ece fastened at the 13- ft.

m ark after the shoe is attached. N exta stake is driven into the earth di

of . the m anho le.

7As the locat ion can

never be exactly r ight, a few inches or

even 1 or 2 ft . change in locat ion w i l lnot cause any trouble . The layout ofthe sewer wou l d appear as shown in

Fig. 2.

The grade plug is usual ly a - in .

round iron rod about l 1c ft . in lengthand i s driven in n early flush w ith the

surface of the ground about 2 in . in

front of the triangular stake. After all

these stakes and plugs are placed,the

levelm an takes a leve l of all the plugs.

The engineers then figure out the

grade of the sewer and m ake up a l istof

“cuts” to be m ade at each stat ion

or

'

plug. A l ist of cuts wou l d appearas shown in the fo l low ing table :Stat ion 0 0 Cut 8 ft . in .

Stat ion Cut 8 ft . 5 in .

Stat ion 1+ 0 Cut 7 ft . 11 in .

Stat ion 1 55 Cut 8 ft . 3 in .

Stat ion 1 90 Cut 8 ft. 7 in .

Stat ion 2 0 Cut 8 ft . 4 in .

Stat ion 3 0 Cut 8 ft . 2 in .

Stat ion 4 + 0 Cut 8 ft . 10 in .

Stat ion 5 0 Cut 9 ft . 3 in .

It w i l l be readi ly seen that whi le 0O i s actual ly the deepest po int of

the sewer, a steady rise being m adefrom O O to the far end

,the cut is

not as heavy as at stat ion 4 O.

This is o ften the case and one shou ldnot get con fused i f he seem s to he go

ing downward at the far end . If,how

ever,the t i le appears to be flat or w ith

a dip toward the upper end,a level

p laced upon it w i l l qu ickly show the

actual condit ion .

After obtain ing the l ist of cuts, m akeup a sight rod as shown in Fig. 3. As

132

the l ine and p icking a sm al l l ine in theearth w i th a p ickax . D iv ide 200 or

300 ft . of the trench m arked out intospaces of 20 ft . each and set a sm al lstake. P lace two m en to work in each20- ft. space. They shou l d start the

trench by working straight down to

the bottom . Two m en work ing a 20

ft. sect ion are as good as four m en

working 10- ft. sect ions alone. Working in the m anner described requ iresonly one- hal f the num ber of p ickaxes,and having m ore room

,the laborers

can natural ly work faster and to bet

ter advantage . E ach laborer can

change from shovel to p ick at hal fhour intervals and do m ore work w i thless exert ion . After the excavat ion isdown to w ith in about 4 in . of the truegrade

,the m en are started ahead in

pairs and work along as shown in Fig.

5,each pair taking a certain cut from

8 to 12 in . and working straightthrough on that level to the end of

the en t ire excavat ion . This style of

excavat ing is what is term ed pro

gressive ditch ing.

”

The sides of the trench m ust bewatched very closely as laborers havea tendency to

“pu l l” the sides at the

bo ttom,as shown in Fig. 6 . A laborer

P O PU LAR M E CHAN I CS

shoul d be stat ioned about every 100

ft. on top of the trench after i t hasreached a depth of about ft. , to

turn back the excavated earth and

m aintain a narrow pathway about 20in . w ide along the edge of the trenchon both sides. Th is path is to al lowfor inspect ion of the trench and alsoto faci l itate the handing of p ipe and

m aterials into the trench w i thoutknocking the excavated earth back in tothe trench . When excavat ing to a

great depth by hand the trench m ustbe w ide enough to adm i t scaffo lds on

which the earth can be relayed to the

surface as shown .in Fig. 7.

The 4 in . of earth wh ich rem ains at

the bottom of the ditch are rem ovedby the t i le layer or an experienced m an

who im m ed iately precedes him . If

excavated by the t i le layer,the earth

is thrown over his head. on to the t i lealready laid

,thereby “

backfi lling”the

trench w ithout throw ing the earth all

the way out and then back . It is ad

visable,and in fact given in alm ost all

specificat ions,to keep the excavat ing

gang not m ore than 200 ft! ahead of

the ti le'

layers on accoun t o f the dangerof the banks drying and cav ing in and

fi l l ing the trench .

To be continued .)

We ight ing Triple Doors or Windows

In rem odel ing an old fron t,where

there was not suffi cien t room between

the center sti les for weights, I usedthe fo l low ing m ethod of we ight ing

E ach Center Sti le has One Large Weight Whichi s E qual ized by a Pu lley and Rope

Blue Letters on Steel Surfaces

The steel is heated unt i l blue, thenthe letters are appl ied by pain ting ino il co lors w i th a sm al l brush . As soon

as the co lor is d ry the '

stee l is im

m ersed in strong vinegar. The blue

Copyrghied m ateraI

them . The doors were of heavy m eshw ire and we ighed 75 lb . each .

I used regulat ion weights on the

outside of each outside door in the

usual m anner, and we ighted the ad

jo in ing edges of bo th cen ter and out

side doors w i th one we ight of 4 0 lb .

in each st i le,the we ight be ing hung

on an awn ing pul ley swung on one

rope,to equal ize the we ight on the

doors—Con tributed by F . E . Brown ,

Los Angeles, Cal ,

PO PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

w i l l di sappear on all theuncovered su r

face. The pain t is then rem oved w itha piece of so ft rag dipped in turpent ine .

The protected - parts w i l l show the blueco lor obtained by the heat .

S ubst itute Spanner Wrench

Many t im es when we have had a jobthat cal led for a spanner Wrench ,

none

of the proper si ze was avai lable. I

have overcom e this difficu l ty by m ak

ing a tem porary spanner of a short

W hen N ecessary a Spanner W rench can be Cu t on

the E n d of a P iece of Pipe

length of pipe having the proper diame ter

,and cutt ing the end w ith a hack

saw to m ake the project ions. This w i l lrem ove the nut w i thout in juring it inany way.

—Contributed by Jas. S,

Frear,Sidney

, N . Y .

Proper Shape o f a Screwdriver B lade

All screwdriver blades are form edwedge- shaped as shown at A . When

turn ing large or stubB born screw s the blade

has a tendency to

cl im b out of the slotwh ich resu l ts in dam

aging the screw head .

The best way to overcom e th is trouble is toshape the blade as

shown at B. The m etal is sl ightlyho l lowed out

,back of the edge

,w ith

a rat- tai l fi le . When shaped in th ism anner

,i t requ ires no downward

thrust to keep ,the blade in the screw

slot .

An Auxil iary Dri l l Holder

It o ften happens that the taper holein the spindle of a lathe is not a standard taper

,so that the dri l l shank w i l l

not fi t properly . This can be easi lyrem edied by m aking an auxi l iary dri l lho lder to fi t the end of the spind le and

having a standard taper ho le for the

d ri l l shanks.

133

The end o f the ho lder is bored out

sufficient ly to fit over the end of thesp indle in A

,and a key, C, the sam e

The Au xi l iary Hold er i s F astened on the E nd of theT a i lstock Spind le

w idth as the key in the spindle, is putin to i t . The key prevents the hol derfrom turn ing around and the ho ldercan be sl ipped off and on the end w i thout any trouble. The taper B is the

sam e as for standard taper- shank dri l ls.

Contributed by Chas. Hom ewood ,Ia.

Tug Ho lder for a Singletree

Tugs on l ight harness to draw buggies have slots in their ends wh ichsl ip over the ends of the singletrees.

These are apt to

sl ip off when going down an in

cl ine u n l e s s

som eth ing i 5

provided to keepthe tug end in

place. A good way to d o th is is to

attach a p iece of leather strap to thew ood as shown in the sketch . In

h itch ing up,the tug is run through the

strap loop and sl ipped on the singletree end .

Hom em ade Thum bnu t

A great m any t im es a thum bnut isrequ ired w hen n on e is at han d . O ne

can be qu icklym ade in the fo l

low ing m anner

U se an o rd inarynut and m ake a

wood button to

fit over i t,

as

shown in the sketch . In m any placesth is w i l l an sw er the purpo se as wel las the regu lar thum bnut.

—4Contributed by A . S. Thom as

, Gordon , Ont.

134

Coo l ing E ngine Jacket Water

Frequent ly the supply of water forcoo l ing a gas engine is l im i ted or isexpensive, and i t is desirable to havesom e m eans of coo l ing the water so

The W ater Runn i ng over the Successive Corrugati onsof the Sheet Metal is Read i ly Cooled

that it can be used repeatedly . A cor

responden t of the Gas E ngine presentsa m ethod wh ich he used

,in connect ion

w i th a 30- hp. suct ion producer plant ,to replace . the tanks wh ich are som e

tim es ut i l ized for coo l ing the . water

by natural circulat ion .

The indicated horsepower was 4 0,

and as i t requ ires 5 gal . of water foreach horsepower

,th is invo lved the use

of 200 gal . of water an hour. Fourold sheets of corrugated iron , each 20by 8 ft. , were secured from a junkheap and were erected as a series of

incl ined shelves,as indicated in the

sect ional sketch . Tim ber wo rk was

used as supports,the jacket water be

ing sprayed on the topm ost sheet froma pipe extending the ful l w idth of the

sheet . In th is pipe 36 ho les, { qr- in .

‘

in

d iam eter,were dri l led at equal d is

tances apart along its who le length .

The water runs over the d ifferen tsheets successi vely, as

'

shown , and

final ly fal ls into a cem en t sum p , fromwh ich it is pum ped to the engine jacket .

Sheets w ith deep corrugat ion s are

found to be m ore sat isfactory,as they

retain the water for a longer t im e,and

can be set at a steeper angle . The

sheets are spik‘ed to the t im bers,and

each sp ike head shou l d be surrounded

P O PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

An E m ergency Lock

The ordinary door lock of the average hotel room cannot be dependedupon for ho ld ing the door against intruders. The lock shown in the ac

The Lock for U se i n E m ergency Cases an d i tsAppl ication to Any Doo r

com panying sketch m akes i t possib lefor the traveler to lock his door se

curely . The lock is m ade of two p ieces

and covered w i th cem en t to preventthe water from dripp ing th rough and

ro tt ing the t im bers. E ach sheet shou l dbe cut so that i t begins

,at the upper

end,w i th the concave part of the cor

rugation and ends,at the lower, w i th

a convex part,as at A, thus causing

the water to drop off the edge w i thoutbacking up on the under side of the

sheet .

Shop Signal for the Be l tm an or

E lectrician

Being in charge of the m aintenancedepartm ent in a large m anufacturingplant

, I experienced a great deal‘

of

trouble when w ish ing to find the bel tm an - or electrician in a hurry. At

t im es there wou l d be'

two or threeboys runn ing around the plan t looking for them .

I have been trying a new plan forthe past year and found i t m uch better. Two l ights of different co lors are

placed in the center of the largest shopso they can be seen from alm ost anypart of the place. The l ights are

turned on and a no te giving instruct ions hung on a nai l . Any num ber of

l ights can be instal led in different partsof the shopwhere they m ay be easi lyseem —Contributed by H . D . Harper,St. Lou is, Mo .

136 PO PU LAR ME CH AN ICS

Special Molding Jobs.

from Standard Patterns

In a sm al l shop having a varied stockof Standard patterns the “stopp ing ofl?”

and“bu i ld ing on

”in m o lds are neces

NG OFT Pit-CE

F ig. l—Cyli n d erPattern

sary on all special jobs. The patternsm ust be uti l i zed as far as possible w i thout changing them from the standard

,

and w i th a m in im um of pattern work .

In m aking changes, p ieces for stopp ingoff and bu i ld ing on are always usedwhen condi t ions favor, and thus stockpatterns are adapted to the needs of

the hour w i th l i ttle change in thei ro r iginal form .

In Fig. 1 is shown a cyl inder patternw i th flanges on bo th ends and a chamb ered core.

a flange is fi tted around the barrel tom ake i t the correct length and a stopp ing- off p iece used . This is a hal fflange w i th core print attached , and

is used by the m o lder in fi l l ing in thatpart of the m o l d not requ ired for the

casting. The large part of the core

is shortened by fi l l ing in the core box.

Such a pattern is lengthened by m ov

To shorten th is cyl inder;

ing the flange out the requ ired distanceand fi l l ing in the interven ing space tocorrespond w i th the barrel of the cylinder. If th is space between the

flanges is great enough to al low the

sand to“stand” when the pattern is

drawn, no stopp ing- off p iece is used ,

but i f there is not sand enough , or i t isliable

'

to“tear up

”on the

“draw ,

”the

stopp ing- off p iece w i l l be necessary.

In extending the cyl inder, the largepart of the core m ust be lengthened as

requ ired . This is done w i th the fram e

for that purpose , before the cores are

dried . The head of th is fram e, to

wh ich the three rai ls are attached w i thscrews as

”

shown , is m ade to fi t overthe sm al l part of the core, wh i le itsoutside diam eter equals that of the

STOPPING OFF FRAME

BUILDING ON SEGMENT

F ig. 3—Increasinz or Decreasing Circular Plates

larger part. When the fram e is placed '

on , and brought flush w i th the end of

the core, there shoul d be a space between the in

'

ner side of the head and

the large part of the core, wh ich , when

PRINT

F ig. Z- Ai r-Tank Pattern

fi l led in , w i l l m ake i t the'

correc t lengthA sm al l air tank is shown in Fig. 2,having a

‘ hem ispherical end , - stopped

P O PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

from a piece of straight p ipe or co lum n .

The on ly addit ion to th is pattern is

the bands that strengthen the casting

PRlNT

w i th a fram e the reverse of the one

shown . The segm en t for increasingthe d iam eter of the plate is used wh i le

PRlNT

F ig. S—W ater-Cyl ind er Pattern

and also serve as a guide for the stopp ing- off p iece . This is m ade, as the

sketch shows, w i th two end p iecesconnected w i th a batten . This m ethodcan be easi ly used and the pattern ad

justed to m ake tanks of differen tlengths.

Circu lar plates, cyl inder heads, flywheels

, etc. , are increased or decreasedin diam eter as shown in Fig. 3. The

black l ine shows the diam eter of the

plate pattern , whi le the dotted l inesindicate the diam eters to be stoppedoff or bui l t on to produce the size re

qu ired . The stopping- oflf segm en t isof a radius to correspond to the d iameter of the plate requ ired . The segm ent has end pieces attached to i t foreasy rem oval and to space equal ly all

around the part to be fi l led in w i thsand . The end pieces are rem oved and

the segm en t used w i thout them wh ile

F ig . 4—Rec tangu lar Plates

fi l l ing in the spaces left in the sand between the parts previously fin ished .

A round hole is increased in diam eter

the pattern is in the sand . The sandaround the pattern is e ither dug awayto accom m odate the segm en t or a level

F ig. 6—Section through Mol d

Copyrghted m ateraI

bed struck up and the diam eterram m ed up afterward . When in

creasing the diam eter of a flywheel ,where the inside of the rim prov ides a

gu ide, a su i table segm en t is used afterthe pattern has been drawn .

In stopp ing off a square or rectangu

lar plate ,w here there is n othing to lo

cate the stopping- off piece , blocks,in . th ick, are fastened to the pattern ,

and corresponding blocks fastened to

the stopping- off p iece , as shown in

F ig. 4 . This insures the stopping- off

p iece being set in the proper place .

The water cyl inder, shown in Fig. 5 ,was lengthened and its style en t irelychanged

,as shown in the draw ing, in

which is indicated the new p ieces thatwere added to the old pattern . This

138

was a 24 by 30- in . cyl inder, and eightcastings, . weighing over lb . each ,were m ade from the pattern. All the

NAL LINE 0?BED

part above the new top flange was

stopped off by m aking offsets in the

port and suct ion - cham ber cores and

fi l l ing in w ith cores A A, Fig . 6, m adefor the purpose, as the plan of the m o ldshows. A p iece as long and w ide as

the project ing flange was used to“strike up

”a bearing for the cores.

Beds fo r u se w ith d ifferen t co m b inat ions of cyl inders are m ade w i th a coredinside, as th is form is better adaptedto changes. The usual plan is to m akea core box long enough for the longestcore and stop the shorter cores from i t.A draw ing is furn ished the m o lder, asthe pattern on ly m akes a bearing forthe cores, and they m ust be set bym easurem ent . The end of such a bed

i s shown in Fig. 7. This was stoppedoff for a spec ial cyl inder. The stoppedoff port ion was approxim ately 2

' ft .w ide, 5 ft . long and 6 in . deep . Thiswas accom pl ished by plac ing the

strickle gu ides in the m ol d at eachs ide, then fi l l ing in between and striking off the top. The gu ides Were thendrawn and the spaces left by them fi l ledin flush . Th is m ade a

“bed

”in the

end of the m o l d the exact si ze and

shape of the part to be stopped off .

On th is bed the rai ls were placed intheir proper posi t ions against the sidesand a new bed

“swept up

”w i th the

rai ls as gu ides. Th is fin ished the greensand m o l d ,

br inging it up to the in

PO PU LAR ME CHAN ICS

side of the rai ls and m aking a bearingfor the cores, which were strickled

”

down to m atch . A p iece of the proper

F ig. 7—An E n d of an E ngi ne-Bed

Pattern W h ich w as Stopped O ff

i n the Mold by Using Stri ckle

Gu i d es on E ach Si d e and F i ll ingin Betw een .

shape was fastened in the core box

to form the inside of the flange on the .

end of the bed , and a separate coreused on the outside .

Battery E conom y

To those who prefer dry batteriesfor all electrical w ork ,

the fo l lowingm ethod of using them on c losed cir

cui ts w i l l prove‘

valuable. This m ethodperm i ts the use of dry or o ther opencircu i t batteries on telegraph or telephone l ines where the c ircu i t m ust beleft c losed .

The ordinary m ethods of dom g th isrequ ire sufli cient battery power at eachend of the l ine to operate the system .

This doubles the necessary cost of batteries, says E lectrical Review .

The better m ethod is to get justenough batteries to operate the system ,

place hal f of them at one end of the

l ine and one- hal f at the o ther, and con:

nect the z ines at bo th ends of the w ireto one l ine

,and the carbons to the

o ther, or to the ground . The vo l tagesof both sets w i l l then be equal and

,

therefore,no current flows on the l ine .

When e ither party w ishes to cal l theother, he sim ply reverses the connect ions of his set of batteries and uses

the instrum ents. By th is reversal thecurrent of bo th batteries flows throughthe l ine . When through talk ing,

he

14 0 P O PU LAR M E CHAN ICS

A Hand Dog Th is device w i l l be found usefu l forstrain ing pain t

,etc. Screens of dif

ferent m esh can be used and when one

becom es c logged i t can be w i thdrawnand another inserted in its place .

Contributed by Jas. M. Kane, Doyles. town

, Pa.

Frequent ly a very usefu l too l is alsoa very sim ple one

,says Am erican Ma

chinist. The l itt le hand dog show

Hand Dog for Hol d ing Sm al l Dri l ls When Dri ll ingin a Sm all Bench L athe

the i l lustrat ion is an exam ple. Theuses of th is too l are num erous. It

m ay be used for ho l ding a large varietyof dri l ls when dri l l ing in a bench or

sm al l engine lathe. It is also veryhandy for hol d ing sm al l round stockwh i le centering. In short , i t doesm ost of the work of a com m on lathedog.

The body and screw shou l d be hardened . An attract ive appearance m aybe given i t i f

,in harden ing

,a m ottled

effect is added,prov ided it is m achine

stee l . The handle m ay be m ade so l i dor skeleton ,