Poor Power Quality (PQ) Are Developing Economies at Risk? By Manas Kundu Country Co-Ordinator, APQI Delivered At 2 nd India Back Up Power Executive Summit and Awards Banquet-2013 By Frost & Sullivan ( 12 June,2013), New Delhi
Poor Power Quality (PQ)Are Developing Economies at Risk?
By
Manas Kundu
Country Co-Ordinator, APQI
Delivered At
2nd India Back Up Power Executive Summit and Awards Banquet-2013
By Frost & Sullivan
( 12 June,2013), New Delhi
Outline
• Power Scenario in India
• Power Quality – Definition
– Provisions and Regulations
– Economic Loss
– Power Quality in Buildings
• Asia Power Quality Initiative
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3
Power Scenario in India
Power (March 2013)
THERMAL 151531 MW
HYDRO 38491 MW
RES 27542 MW
NUCLEAR 4780 MW
TOTAL 223344 MW
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Kwh per-capita consumption
2010 2011
India 819 879
World (Average) 2975 3000
Energy(MU)
Peak(MW)
Reqd 995500 135453
Avlb 908504 123294
Gap -86926 -12159
% -8.7% -9%
Outlook of Power Situation in next two plan period
Region Energy (MU) Peak Demand (MW)
2013-14 Required Availability Surplus/Deficit %
Required Availability Surplus/Deficit %
NEW Grid 738693 727719 -1.5% 105553 107963 + 2.3%
SR Grid 309840 250583 -19.1% 44670 33001 - 26.1%
NEW+SR Grid
1048533 978302 -6.7% 150223 140964 -6.22%
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State systems having energy shortage of 10-26% and power shortage of 7 -34%.
Punjab, Rajasthan, UP, Uttarakhand, AP, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Bihar.
12th & 13th Plan Requirement
Energy Requirement (BU) Peak Load (MW)
2012 -17
12th plan end(I)1403 197686
12th plan end (II) 1489 209339
12th plan end
(18th EPS)1354 199540
2017-22
13th plan end1993 289667
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Capacity addition planned:
• 12th plan – Thermal 76000MW, Hydro 11000 MW, Renewable 30000 MW
• 13th Plan – Thermal 93400MW
• Capacity (especially Thermal or Nuclear) planned is not achievable based on past trend.
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Power Quality – The Definition
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Power Quality
Power Quality is a measure of ideal power supply system
• Quality of Supply (QoS)
– Continuity or Reliability (24 X 7)
– Supply Quality
• It looks into the
�Voltage magnitude
�Frequency
�Wave shape
• QoS refers to maintaining a near sinusoidal voltage to a bus at rated magnitude and rated frequency.
Power Quality –Not always the same
• Different perspective
… even among the same group of end users
PQ
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Why Power Quality has become important?
For past 100 years, utility’s job has been to keep ‘lights on’. For today’s high-tech factories, that is not enough.
• Increased use of non linear loads and power electronic equipment with low immunity
• Create PQ problems; also affected by PQ problems
• Consumers are more aware
• Instruments available to measure PQ indices such as power factor, harmonics and displacement factor
• Power quality is a financial problem – not a technical problem alone.
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Power Quality – Provisions & Regulations
EA 2003 Provisions
• Suspension of Distribution License when failed to maintain quality of electricity [Section 24 (1)(a)]
• CERC to adjudicate dispute with reference to PQ in Regional Grid system between RLDC and Regional System users [Section 29(5)]
• SERCs to adjudicate dispute with reference to PQ in State Grid system between SLDC and State System users [Section 33(4)]
• District Co-ordination Committee to review the quality of power supply and consumer satisfaction [Section 166(5)(b)]
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• CERC to specify and enforce the standards with respect to quality, continuity and reliability of service by licensees. [Section 79(1)(i)]
• Central Advisory Committee to advise CERC on matters relating to PQ [Section 81(ii)]
• SERCs to specify and enforce the standards with respect to quality, continuity and reliability of service by licensees. [Section 86(1)(i)]
• State Advisory Committee to advise SERC on matters relating to PQ [Section 88(ii)]
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EA 2003 Provisions
EA 2003 – Electricity Act, ERC – Electricity Regulatory Commission, CEA –Central Electricity Authority, BIS – Bureau of Indian Standards
PQ Regulations
• CEA have notified PQ standards
• IEGC and State Grid Code by ERCs
• Supply Code, SOP, Distribution Code, PQ monitoring committee by ERCs
• PQ issues addressed in TO/ARR by ERCs
• Equipment standards by BIS
• Review of regulations in line with International practice
• Forum Of Regulators constituted WG on PQ
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Ancillary ServicesCERC staff paper in Apr’13
• Aims to introduce Ancillary Services in Indian Electricity
Market - Regulation (2)(1)(b) of the CERC (Indian
Electricity Grid Code), Regulations, 2010 (IEGC)
– PQ
– Reliability
– Grid security / stability
– Optimum Utilization of resources
• 3 Types
– Active Power; Frequency Support Ancillary Services
– Reactive Power, Voltage Control Ancillary Services (VCAS) &
– Black Start Ancillary Services (BSAS)
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Reliability =>
Network costs
Quality
Co
sts
PQ costs
Total Social Costs
Optimum
Capex / QoS conflict?
KEMA 2007
Providing higher quality will generally require higher costs – conflicting incentives
Regulatory system should provide guidance on what level of quality to choose
= > establishment of explicit quality regulation
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Power Quality – Quantum of Economic Loss
• Duration of the interruption
• Perceived reliability level
• Timing
• Advance notice
• Consumer dependency
Cost influence factors
Source: KEMA 2005
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damages per outage per kilowatt power €/kW,per industrial company, related to outage duration
0,00
20,00
40,00
60,00
80,00
100,00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16outage duration (h)
eu
ro/k
W
paper production
chemical industry
cement production
steel production
medical equipment
workshop garage
Paper
Chemical
Cement
Steel
Medical
Garage
Source: EPQU Magazine volume 1 issue 2
Consumer dependancy and duration characteristics
KEMA Study 2005
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What about the global cost of poor power quality ?
Poor power quality costs European business
more than 150 billion Euro a year
Several companies are losing up to 10% of their turnover to poor Power
Quality
Total wastage due to poor power quality in the service &
modern building sectors is under reported
Source : 2007-08 PQ survey in EU
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PQ Cost Summary
Industry Services Total
Sector
0
20
40
60
80
100
PQ
co
st
bln
€
8528,0%
1,50,5%
86,528,5%
4,61,51% 1,8
0,6%
6,42,11%
0,20,06%
1,10,35%
1,30,41%
51,216,89%
2,10,71%
53,417,6%
4,11,36%
00,02%
4,21,38%
Dips_and_short_interruptions
Long_interruptions
Harmonics
Surges_and_transients
Flicker_unbalance_earthing_and_EMC
PQ cost in EU >150 bln €
Dips 52,5 € bln Short inter. 34 €bln
Industry Services Total
Sector
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
PQ
co
st
bln
€
1,40,45%
0,90,28%
2,20,73%
41,313,62%
3,31,08%
44,614,69%
3611,85%
20,65%
37,912,5%
63,620,97%
0,40,13%
6421,1%
2,90,94%
0,10,04%
30,98%
Labor
WIP
Process_slowdown
Equipment
Other_cost
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PQ is Expensive to IndustryEstimated Annual Cost of PQ Problems to All Business Sectors by Region ($US Billions)
Nation-wide Survey of nearly 1,000 companies
Total PQ Cost Across U.S. Regions = $15 billion to $24 billion
Source: EPRI IntelliGrid, “The Cost of Power Disturbances to Industrial and Digital Economy Companies,” Palo Alto, June 2001
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
PQ Disturbance
Power Outage
Cost of PQ and Reliability to the U.S. Economy
Total Annual Cost of Power Outages and PQ Disturbances by Business Sector
Cost of:
$14.3$6.2
$34.9
$66.6-135.6
Source: Primen
Study: The Cost
of Power
Disturbances to
Industrial &
Digital Economy
CompaniesDigitalEconomy
ContinuousProcessMfg.
Fabrication& EssentialServices
Other USIndustry
$Billion
TOTAL$119 - $188 Billion
40% GDP 60% GDP EPRI IntelliGrid
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India Survey – To Assess Economic Impact of Poor Power Quality faced by various industries
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100
46
43
41
13
15
10
20
46
4
6
12
18
11
18
8
3
6
9
18
2
5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Others
Textile
Pulp & Paper
Power Generation
Metals
IT
Food Processing
Eletrical Goods
Chemicals & Fertilisers
Cement
Automotive
Response Received Questionaiire Sent
Estimated loss to India of close to USD 10 Bn in direct losses in poor power quality and operating environment related downtime.(Study by Emerson Group and MAIT)
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India Survey - Problem Faced
• Big challenge to survey the various power quality problems that are existing in industries.
• Industries are not aware of importance of power quality and standards, so they do not pay attention to respond to the PQ questionnaire.
• Many of the industries are not willing for PQ assessment to be done in their premises as they do not have necessary instrumentation and infrastructure
• Many of them are not interested to know about solutions to PQ problems.
• Large industry with CPP does not recognise impact of long/short interruptions
Main Power Quality ProblemCapacitor Bank Failure
Computer ScreenFreeze
Loss of Data Overheating of Motors
Flickering of Lights
Metals ���� ���� ���� ����
Paper & Pulp ���� ���� ����
Electricals Goods ���� ���� ���� ����
IT ���� ����
Plastic & Rubber ���� ����
Food processing ����
Power Generation ���� ���� ���� ���� ����
Education ���� ����
Pharma ���� ���� ���� ����
Cement ���� ���� ����
Automobile ���� ����
Aviation ���� ���� ����
Services ���� ����
Telecom ���� ����
Textile ���� ���� ����
Chemicals /Fertilizers ���� ����
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Conclusions of India Survey
• Almost all industries suffer due to various power quality problems. Many industries are not even aware of various PQ problems like harmonics, flickers etc.
• A must to educate and create awareness among industries regarding power quality.
• Reliable power and Quality power shall help enhance productivity and GDP growth
• ERCs may deliberate on this issue for evolving policy decision
• National Standard body must initiate steps to introduce PQ standards for immunity of equipment /industrial products
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Power Quality in Buildings
Power Quality in Buildings : Are Impacts so Important ?
Power quality
->analysis of the variation of voltage, current & frequency on the power system
Poor power quality
->any variation of these parameters from the nominal ones that leads to a
problem
as experienced by the end user
->Failure of equipment
or power supply->Mis-operation ->Safety issue
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PQ issues in buildings are identified (1/2)Electrical Equipment Power Problem symptom Primary PQ disturbance
category
Air conditioning Premature compressor failure
Voltage variation
ATM machine Processing unit damageIncorrect data
Transients
Audio system Unit damage EMI/RFI
Bar code scanner Scanner damageWrong scanning
Transient/EMI/RFI
Check approval system Unit damageIncreased service call
Voltage variation/transients
Computerized reservation system
Data loss/data error Voltage variation
Copy machine Touchpad damageIncreased service calls
Transient
Data processing Data loss/corruption Voltage variation
Source : EPRI- PQ Techwatch – extract - commercial buildings
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PQ issues in buildings are identified (2/2)Electrical Equipment Power Problem symptom Primary PQ disturbance
category
Digital scale Unit damage Transient/EMI/RFI
Elevators Component damageIncreased service calls
Voltage variation
Energy management Loss of control Transient/EMI/RFI
Fax machine Unit damageN°°°° of poor communication
Transient/EMI/RFI
Fire/security system False alarmUnit damage Increased service calls
Transient/EMI/RFI/voltagevariations
HVAC equipment Compressor failureIncreased service calls
Voltage variation
Lighting control Unit damageBrightness or dimness in lights Flickering of lights
Voltage variation/transients
Simplex clock system Incorrect time EMI/RFI
Source : EPRI- PQ Techwatch – extract - commercial buildings
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So why creating/upgrading high PQ building is such an issue ?
The site potential responsibility in creating its own PQ issues is not known or understood
PQ upgrade costs are overestimated
IS risk analysis is done but no PQ risk analysis
No internal competencies are available to identify PQ issues
Decision makers are not aware of PQ threats to their assets
PQ events costs & impacts are really underestimated
PQ events are perceived as unpredictable whereas they can be anticipated
PQ solutions are not included in the building RFP & the development budget
Lack of communication between architect & electrical design engineers on PQ design issues
No PQ parameters monitoring is performed
The risk is known but a reactive strategy is adopted to postpone the investment
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Is really someone else to blame ?
Source : 2000 PQ workshop – Reliable meters
70% of PQ problems occur in the facility
•Transformers overloading
•Insulation break down
•Conductor Overload
•Unbalanced loading
•Carbonization of contacts
•Harmonic contamination
30% of PQ problems have external causes
•Unexpected, no easy
anticipation
•Lightning
•Storms
•Underground cable damage
•Vandalism
•Overhead network damage
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Power quality events are expensive for speculative – poor quality buildings
Power quality event Average costs
Surge or transient 120 000 – 180 000 Euro
Long interruption 90 000 Euro
Short interruption, service sector 18 000 – 36 000 Euro
Voltage dip 2000 – 4000 Euro
Source : 2007-08 PQ survey in EU
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Is risk analysis & actions enough to protect the building activity ? (1/2)
Type of threat Consequences Counter measures
Destruction of the air conditioning system
•Disk failure, deterioration of data•Servers stop operating•Deterioration of the supports•Building unusable
•Redundancy of air con equipment•Protection of technical site•Recovery plan & back up resources
Destruction of electrical feed equipment (transformers, cabinet..)
Cf above •Regularly tested electrical generator•Separation of incoming cables & electrical transformer stations•External back up resources•Rapid reaction contract•Respecting the user loads recommended by the manufacturers•UPS + secured shutdown of the machines
Destruction of the main ups
•Disk failure, deterioration of data•Servers stop operating
•Network switcher•Back up UPS with automatic switch over•Securitization of the area where the UPS is located•External back up resources•Maintenance contract
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Is risk analysis & actions enough to protect the building activity ? (2/2)
Type of threat Consequences Countermeasures
Prolonged power outage
•Total/partial business activity interruption•Loss of data•Malfunctions when rebooting
•Power generator test regularly•Separate incoming cable & electric transforming station•External back up sources•UPS with a system to shut down the servers securely•Contract with energy supplier for restabilising services warranty
Deficiencies in the electrical power supply (micro-outage & surges)
•Loss of data•Deterioration of equipment•Repeated interruptions in business activity
•Establishment of control interfaces between the incoming cables & the equipment : dynamic or static
Source : CLUSIF – 2004 – extract from “business contingency plan”
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Modern buildings risk management approach should be extended to a high PQ approach
IS risk management approach focused on the continuity of the
information system & security
High PQ approach is a
practical hands-on & business
methodology to avoid all costly events within the
building
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The High PQ approachA PQ audit or design analysis identifies possible threats that may
impact PQ
Mitigation technique propositions are made
Solutions investment scenario & choice
Implementation
PQ control through Reliability Centred Maintenance
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Asia Power Quality Initiative
APQI INDIAA neutral collaborative platform shared by National Support Network (NSN) Partners to promote education and awareness and facilitate
policy / regulatory changes.
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APQI India - National Support Network
Reach out to manufacturing industries
Reach out to electrical engineers and designers
Provide technical content
Support dissemination
• Business intermediaries
• Academics, consultants, PQ advocates
• PQ equipment suppliers, contractors
• Professional associations, institutes, societies
• Specialized media, event organizers
Provide official endorsement,
Lead policy and regulatory activities
• Policy makers, utilities
Activities
In last two years we conducted twelve national seminars under the theme of ”Total Power Quality Management (TPQM)jointly with support of various organizations and national industry associations
Interactive sessions on Elect Safety and Power Quality organised
for building consultants and contractors at five places,
planned ( Bangalore, Ludhiana, Gurgaon, Noida, Kochi)
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Academics
End-users•Maintenance professionals
•Building & facility managers
•Property developers
•Architects
Electricity & Energy professionals•Design engineers
•Qualified contractors,
•Installers…
Regulators
APQI now reaches over 100,000 individuals per year
APQI already reaches 7 countries
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Learning from APQI : A focus around 3 Missions
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Education & training fine tuned
for individuals
A referencefor all PQ matters
in Asia
Lead the dynamic through adequate
knowledge management &
E-dissemination
Print publications
Electronic library
A network of European /Asian
PQ experts
(standardization/certification
body participation)
Leads appropriate PQ EU
study (PQ Survey,
PQ Regulation report)
Website
Forums
Seminars
Webinars
Observation and Suggestions
• Power sector opens up in deregulatory mode making windows for ancillary services
• All possible wind(including off-shore), solar, hydro and pumped storage power plants may have to be added to the System with 100% PQ
• Energy Storage Technologies are entrusted with onerous responsibility by policy makers to ensure large scale renewable deployment
• Buildings in service sector economy can not afford poor PQ environment – opportunity for Power Cleaning equipment n services
• It is digital world and that demands networked environment – APQI offers you that platform to make the voice on PQ, not simple availability but quality too, heard.
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Join & Contribute by Sharing Your
Learning To Resolve The Issues
of The Nation
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http://www.apqi.org