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PHILOSOPHY AN INTRODUCTION

PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY

Mention or cite at least 3 important general

topics or headings you expect to learn under this

subject/course.

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REASON OUT!

Do numbers really exist? Has anyone seen

numbers?

Time concretely exists?

One is what one thinks, what one does, what one

clothes and what one eats?

If you really know the days of the week, one must

have really seen how these days look.

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PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy is the science of the logical foundation

of all knowledge

It is the first logical science

Philosophy is the highest generalization which

scientific research suggest.

It consist of great unifying truth, the science of

sciences.

PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy is:

(a) the attempt to acquire knowledge

(b) by rational means

(c) about topics that do not seem amenable to

empirical investigation.

Condition

(a) distinguishes philosophy from creative

disciplines such as literature or music.

(b) distinguishes philosophy from mysticism and

some varieties of religion.

(c) distinguishes philosophy from the empirical

sciences.

PHILOSOPHY OF MAN?

Philosophy of man which considers what man himself means. It tries

to articulate as best as it can what the being or creature we call “man”

really is.

In the past, Philosophy of Man called:

Philosophical of psychology or rational psychology

Term “psychology” is difficult bec etymologically “psychology” is “a science

of the mind”.

Philosophical anthropology (anthropos in Greek means “man”. It appears

more exact bec it denotes the whole human being, spirit and body, mind and

flesh.

DIFFICULTY OF PHILOSOPHY OF MAN

Two different perspectives: a) Sciences and

b) philosophers

a) Specific Sciences dealing with man from perspectives : his

origin, physical characteristics, ways of conduct,

achievement, diseases and anomalies. (scientific discipline:

biology, history, psychology, embryology, anthropology,

sociology theology, etc)

b) Philosophers’ conceptions:

1. Plato and Plotinos – consider man a divine

human being

2. Epicuros and Lucretius – consider man a short-

lived creature, born by chance and then gone

altogether

3. Descartes – human freedom resembles the

freedom of God

4. Voltaire – human beings does not essentially

differ from superior animals.

5. Hobbes – human beings are aggressive and evil in action

6. Rousseau – human beings good by nature.

The different conceptions of those philosophers have brought out

the philosophy of man is a neccessity and possibility of study.

HUMAN NATURE AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS

Human nature and its characteristics are as the object of Philosophy of Man

1) The existence of nature and characteristics distinguish human beings from other creatures.

2) Typical characteristics of human conduct are different, eg. Africans and Asians.

3) Men of the same culture may have different concepts about: morally good and morally bad

KNOWLEDGE

What you didn’t know

You didn’t know that you didn’t know

Since you didn’t know you didn’t miss what you didn’t know

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WHAT IS ‘PHILOSOPHY’?

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Philia =“love” sophia = “wisdom.” (Pythagoras.)

Love for wisdom

Knowledge + Action = Wisdom

"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing ."

(Socrates)

PHILOSOPHICAL PROCESS

Set the Limit

Know the essence

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VALID KNOWLEDGE

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Imagination 60%

Wishful thinking 20%

Belief 15%

Essence 05%

DESIRE TO KNOW

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HOW TO KNOW?

Calm down to know

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PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS

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Who created universe?

What is the nature of reality? Is the world really as it appears to be

What makes an action right or wrong? Is the universe interested in good or evil?

The process of reflecting and criticizing basic belief

METHODS OF PHILOSOPHY

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Reasoning to evaluate an argument

Knowledge should be used with the present context

Power of Voice

Dialectic: an interchange of ideas.

Dialogue: an exchange of argument

Argument = A claim with reasons offered in support of it

HI(S)TORY OF PHILOSOPHY

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Ancient

• Ancient - B.C. 600 ~ C.E.

Medieval

• Medieval - 600 ~ 1600

Modern

• Modern - 1600 ~ 1900

Contemporary

• Contemporary- 1600 - Present

ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY B.C. 600 ~ C.E.

Cosmocentric

Beginning of everything

Thales, Pythagoras, Democritus

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

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ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY

Western Philosophy started withthe Greeks. It was in Miletus,Ionia, where natural scientistsbegan to investigate the originand nature of the universe. Whatis the primordial stuff of theuniverse/world?

Thales: WATER

Anaximander: INFINITE BOUNDLESS

Anaximenes: AIR

ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY

The Greek triumvirate placed Philosophy at the height

of their tradition. It was a proclamation to the world

that, indeed Philosophy is man’s life in the world.

SOCRATES

PLATO

ARISTOTLE

MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY – 600 ~ 1600

Theocentric: the study of the existence, nature, and essence of God;

Ethical: existence of evil and the immortality of the soul

St. Justin Martyr, Hippolytus, Tertullian

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ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY

The Medieval Ages, which is considered by many as the

Dark Ages, is the period of Philosophy when Christian

thought flowered in the minds of the Church

intelligentsia.

St. Thomas Aquinas

St. Augustine

St. Anselm

MODERN PHILOSOPHY – 1600 ~ 1900

Anthropocentric: the study of man (in relation to himself, others, nature, and God)

Rene Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Baruch Spinoza, Immanuel Kant

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ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY

Modern Philosophy started with the revolutionary

thought of those who got addicted with science and

mathematics as the trademarks of this period.

Rene Descartes and the Rationalists

John Locke and the Empiricists

Immanuel Kant

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

CONTEMPORARY – 1900 ~ PRESENT

Explosive: it has no center

Auguste Comte, Henri Bergson, Jean-Paul Sartre

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ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY

Eastern Philosophy has its own exhibits of

thought in the philosophies of the Hindu,

Chinese and Japanese traditions

a) It’s mystical.

b) It’s not only an exercise of thought, but a

religion and a way of life.

c) It is not only personal guide to life, but also a

teaching to the leaders and subjects in the

community.

ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY

Contemporary Philosophy is an attempt to go back tothe understanding of the human person and his world.

The Existentialists/Phenomenologists

The Relativists/Individualists

Social Critical Theorists

Philosophers of Language

Philosophers of Hermeneutics

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

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Philosophy

LogicMetaphysics

Epistemology

EthicsTheodi

cySeman

ticAesthe

tics

GOALS OF

PHILOSOPHY

Back to course outline

1. Philosophy tries to discover the nature of truth as well as the

nature of knowledge.

Nature- the essence, quality, attribute of a particular situation,

event, or thing.

Nature of Truth- factors that make a particular situation is

true.

-product of fantasy.

Factors that makes something true:

-It must have an opposite

-perceivable (things which has an opposite)

-encourage us to believe

-it has always an appearance or reality.

-It may also be a product of fantasy.

Nature of Knowledge-just a product of truth, produces ability.

B. Goals of Philosophy

Knower---know ability----known

Know-it is to be perceived

Knower-the ability to perceive/perceiver

Truth-source of knowledge

Know ability-connect the know and knower.

Product of knowledge

Back to course outline

B. Goals of Philosophy

2. It searches for what is basic value and

of importance in life.

Priority-that is the most important thing/

value in life.

3. Philosophy examines the relationship

between individuals and the society as

well as humanity and nature.

4. Wisdom-main goal of Philosophy

Back to course outline

B. Goals of Philosophy

SCOPE OF

PHILOSOPHY

Back to course outline

nature of the universe

-totality of everything

Universe-consists of concrete and non-concrete things

Non-concrete-it includes emotion

Back to course outline

C. Scope of Philosophy

standard of justice and conduct of lifeconduct-analysis of right and wrong

justice-process of giving what is due and receiving something that

is due.

Standard- basis for our action for something to be done.

Standard of Justice-a norm applied for everybody

Injustice-given what is not due.

Morality- the recognition of right or wrong

Behavior-actualization of conduct manifestation of right or wrong

Manner- way or mode of expressing of right or wrong

Back to course outline

C. Scope of Philosophy

validity of knowledgeValidity-in accordance with the majority

Acceptable to the majority

concrete application of reasonreason-act of the mind.

-expression of right thinking

-if there is no reason, there is no application

Back to course outline

C. Scope of Philosophy

criteria of beautyBeauty-conditions that brings drive, interests, desirability,

attraction, appeal to our senses.

relationship between languages and

thoughtLanguage-expression of thought or product of though

Thought- root, causes, source of language.

Back to course outline

C. Scope of Philosophy

Kinds of Language

-Oral Language

-Written Language

-Sign Language

-Body Language

-Electronic Language- combination of sign and

written language

Back to course outline

C. Scope of Philosophy

WHAT IS EPISTEMOLOGY?

• How knowledge is relates to truth, belief, and justification.

• The means of production of knowledge

• Skepticism about different knowledge claims

• James Frederick Ferrier (1808–1864)

Epistemology (from Greek ἐπιστήμη -episteme-, "knowledge, science" + λόγος, "logos") or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge

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EPISTEMOLOGICAL QUESTIONS

What is knowledge?

How is knowledge acquired?

What do people know?

How do we know what we know?

Is human knowledge trustworthy?

Can our senses be trusted?

Difference between opinion, knowledge and wisdom

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LOGIC

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A philosophical study on the correct processes of thinking.

The systematic study of argument

The rule of inference

Distinguishing valid from invalid argument

Examination fallacies

Using correct argument patterns

METAPHYSICS/ONTOLOGY/COSMOLOGY

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Concerned with theories of the nature of reality.

What is the nature of existence?

Is reality limited to what we can experience?

Can reality be pursued through the application of intellect and reason?

Is reality subjective or objective?

Ontology- is the philosophical study of the nature of being,

existence or reality in general, as well as of the basic

categories of being and their relations.

- Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of

philosophy known as metaphysics.

- Deals with questions concerning what entities exist

or can be said to exist, and how such entities can be

grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided

according to similarities and differences.

Back to course outline

F. Divisions of Philosophy

Cosmology

- is the study of the Universe in its totality, and by

extension, humanity's place in it. Though the word

cosmology is recent (first used in 1730 in Christian Wolff's

Cosmologia Generalis), study of the universe has a long

history involving science, philosophy, esotericism, and

religion.

Back to course outline

F. Divisions of Philosophy

ETHICS

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A philosophical study on the morality (goodness or badness) of human actions (conduct)

What should one do?

Descriptive – Sociology

Normative – Prescriptive

Mataethics – How do we arrive at moral judgment?

- meaning literally "the justice of God," although a

more appropriate phrase may be "to justify God" or "the

justification of God".

- The term was coined in 1710 by the German

philosopher Gottfried Leibniz in a work entitled Essais de

Théodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l'homme et

l'origine du mal ("Theodicic Essays on the Benevolence of

God, the Free will of man, and the Origin of Evil").

Back to course outline

THEODICY

F. Divisions of Philosophy

Aesthetics (also spelled æsthetics or esthetics) is

commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-

emotional values, sometimes called judgments of

sentiment and taste.

More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics

as "critical reflection on art, culture and nature."

Aesthetics is a sub discipline of axiology, a branch of

philosophy, and is closely associated with the philosophy of

art. Aesthetics studies new ways of seeing and of

perceiving the world

Aesthetics is the study of art. It includes what art

consists of, as well as the purpose behind it.

Back to course outline

AESTHETIC

F. Divisions of Philosophy

Semantics is the study of meaning. The word

"semantics" itself denotes a range of ideas, from the

popular to the highly technical. It is often used in ordinary

language to denote a problem of understanding that comes

down to word selection or connotation.

In linguistics, it is the study of interpretation of

signs or symbols as used by agents or communities within

particular circumstances and contexts.

Back to course outline

SEMANTICS

F. Divisions of Philosophy

IDEAS TO PONDER

1. Knowing the the relationship of Science and

Philosophy, Is Philosophy an investigative

science?

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