-
Indian Journal of Chemistry Vol. 43A. March 2004, pp.
487-493
Poly (o-toluidine-co-o-chloroaniline) copolymers: Effect of
polymerization conditions on the properties of the copolymers
P Savitha & D N Sathyanarayana*
Department of Inorgan ic and Physical Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Science. Bangalore 560012. India
Email: dns@ ipc.iisc .ernet.in
Received 30 December 2003
Fully substituted polyaniline derivatives are sy nthesized by
chemical copolymerization of a-toluidine with o-ch loroaniline by
three different methods to note the effect of synthesis conditions.
The structures of the copolymers have been determined by IR, Raman,
NMR and their conductivity data. The copolymer compositions have
been determined by proton NMR spectroscopy. The copolymers are
completely so luble in DMSO and their conductivity is generally hi
gher than that of the hornopolymers. poly(o-toluidine) and
poly(o-ch loroaniline) .
In the past few years, aromatic conducting polymers
such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, etc have
attracted much attention. Among these polymers ,
polyaniline (PANI) has been described as the
'Conducting Polymer for Technology' 1
• It is easily
synthesized and exhibits good environmental and
thermal stability. As a result, polyaniline and its
derivatives can be used as active e lectrode materials
in microelectronics and electrochromic display devices~.
However, app lications of polyaniline are limited by poor
solubility in common organic solvents.
To increase the processibility of the polymer, the use
of substituted polyanilines is attractive.
Many properties of the ring and N-substituted
polyanilines differ from those of the parent polyaniline' . For
example, substituted polyanilines are
considerably more soluble than polyaniline.
Substituted PANI can be synthesized by modifying the polymer
chain in the following ways: (i) the post-substitution of the
parent PANJ, (ii) the chemical and
electrochemical homopolymerization of ani line derivatives, and,
(iii) copolymerization of aniline with
ring and N-substituted derivatives.
Studies on the synthesis and characterization of
the homopolymer, poly(toluidine) have been reported from this
laborator/ 5 . Chemical poly.merization of
aniline with electronegative substituents has been little
reported. Chemical synthesis of poly(a-chloroan iline}
has been achieved using only a stronger oxidizing agent
namely chromic acid in aqueous HCI solution and conductivity in
the region of l0.5 -10-7 S/cm has been reported6• The aim of the
present work is to synthesize
polyaniline derivatives with two different substituents
present simultaneously in the polymer chain by
chemical copolymerization of a-toluidine with a-chloroaniline.
Three different methods have been tried
to note the effect of the synthesis conditions. The copolymers
have been synthesized using solution ,
emulsion and inverse emulsion methods. The effect
of temperature, the so lvent used to carry out the
polymerization and the oxidant employed have been
investigated using spectroscopic, thermal and electrical
methods.
Materials and Methods a -Toluidine (Merck) was distilled twice
before use.
a -Ch loroaniline (A ldri ch) and all other chemicals were
used as procured.
Preparation of the copolymers
Emulsion method
Chloroform (or toluene) (100 mL ) was taken in a
500 mL beaker and 2.25g of sodium Iaury! sulphate (emulsifier)
in 50 mL of water (0.1 M) was added to it with constant stin·ing to
obtain a milky white emulsion.
a-Toluidine (0.05 M, l.3 mL) and a-chloroaniline (0.05
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488 INDIAN J CHEM. SEC A. MARCH 2004
M, 1.3 mL) were then added to it followed by the
dropwise addition of 50 mL of the dopant HCI (I M)
and 50 mL of an aqueous solution of the oxidant,
ammonium persulphate (5.7g. 0.1 M). The reaction
was allowed to proceed for 24 h with stirring. The
organic phase was separated and washed repeated ly
with water. It was then added to a beaker containing 600 mL of a
non-solvent, namely. acetone when the
copolymer precipitated out. After 10 h, the precipitate was
filtered, washed with some more acetone and dried
under vacuum for 72 h.
Inverse emulsion method
A solution of 0.2 M of the oxidant, benzoyl peroxide (12.1 g),
was taken in 100 mL of the solvent
and 0.1 M of sodium Iaury I sulphate (emul sifier) in 50 mL of
water was added to it with vigorous stirring to
obtain a milky white em ul sion . Then, 0.05 M of
a-chloroaniline was added followed by 0 .05 M a-
toluidine. Then, 100 mL of I M HCI was added to it
dropwise and the polymerization was allowed to
proceed for 24 h. The product was precipitated
using acetone. It was co ll ec ted and purified as
mentioned above.
Solution method
In a typical experiment, a mixture of 1.3 mL of a-
toluidine (0.05 M) and 1. 3 mL of o-ch loroaniline (0.05
M) was dissolved in 100 mL of 1 M HCJ. An aqueous sol ution of
O.l M ammonium persulfate (5.7 g) was added to it dropwise over a
period of 20 minutes with
continuous stirring. The total volume of the reaction
mixture was kept at 250 mL. The react ion was allowed
to proceed for 24 h with stirring. The resulting dark
green precipitate was filtered, washed repeatedly with distilled
water until the filtrate became colourless. It
was then washed with methanol followed by acetone.
The product was dried at room temperature for 72 h
under vacuum. The reaction also carried out at oo 0 C. The
UV-visible absorption spectra were recorded
using a Hitachi U-3400 spectrophotometer for
solutions prepared in DMSO. Fr-IR spectra for solid
sa mples were obtained with a Bruker-IFS 55
instrument using the KBr pellet technique. FT-Raman
spectra were recorded with a Bruker RFS-100/S spectrometer for
the powdered polymers using a Nd3+-
YAG laser having a laser power of 100 mW at the
sample. 1H NMR spectra in DMSO- d6 were obtained
using a Bruker AMX 400 MHz spectrometer with
tetramethyl silane as an internal reference.
Conductivity measurements were made using the four-
probe tech niq ue on pr :::; sed pellets obtained by
s ubj ec tin g the powder to a pressure of 50 kN.
Thermogravimetric (TGA) measmements were made
using a Meltler To ledo Star System at a heating rate of l0°C
per minute under tiir atmosphere. Solubility
of the copolymers in the ir salt form in DMSO was evaluated as
the amount of solvent required to di ssolve
10 mg of the copolymer.
Results and Discussion Copolymers of a-toluidine and
a-chloroaniline at
va rying ratios were chemically synthesized to form
poly(a-toluidine-ca-o-chloroaniline). Figure 1 shows
the general structure of the copolymers formed.
The names of the copolymers have been
abbreviated on the basis of the tem perature , the oxidant, the
solvent, and the method used for their
synthesis. For example, the copolymer synthesized
employing 1: I feed ratio of the comonomers a-
toluidine (OT) and a-chloroaniline (OC) by solution
method (S) at 0°C (L) is denoted as OTOCllSL while
the copolymer synthesized at room temperature (R) is
denoted as OTOCllSR. The copolymer synthesized
by theemulsion technique employing ammonium persulphate (A) as
the oxidant and chloroform as the
R Cl jj_ R Cl >li ----0-~l\0-N~~
R= -CH:J /-CI
Fig. I- Rcpe
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SA VITI-lA el a/.: POLY (o-TOLUIDINE-CO-o-CHLOROANILINE)
COPOLYMERS 489
Table l- Yield, conductivity. UV -visible spectra and solubility
data of the copolymers
Copolymer Oxidant Solvent Yield Conductivity A. nmx (nnl)
Solubility (%) (S/crn·') (g/L)
Sol/Ilion me/hod
OTOCIISL APS Water, 35 2.79 X JO·l 315 435 618 799 partiall y
(OOC) soluble
OTOCIISR APS Water. 39 7.21 X 10-4 312 610 818 2.5 (270C)
Emulsion 111elhod
OTOCIIAC APS CHCI _. 36 5.10 X IO·-' 312 439 609 3.3 OTOCIIAT
APS toiucne 32 1.15 x IO l 316 611 777 5.0
Inverse emulsion mellwd
OTOCIIBC BPO CHCI3
37 7.52 x 1 o-• 311 433 606 836 3.3 OTOCIIBT BPO toluene 70 1.11
x 1 o--' 315 600 785 rartially
APS- ammonium persulphate, BPO- benzoyl peroxide
solvent (C) is denoted as OTOCIIAC, whereas OTOCIIAT denotes a
copolymer synthesized under similar conditions in toluene (T) as
the solvent. Similarly. the copolymer OTOCIIBC was synthesized
using benzoy l peroxide (B) as the oxidant in chloroform (C) med
ium.
Solubi li ty of the copolymers synthesised by different methods
was determined in DMSO. Most of the copolymers showed fairly good
solubility in DMSO as shown in Table I except for the copo lymer
OTOCllSL prepared by the solution method at 0 °C and that prepared
in toluene medium by the inverse emulsion method , OTOCllBT. The
fonnercopolymer has lower o-ch loroaniline content as seen from
theIR and NMR studies discussed below. The insoluble nature of OTOC
llBT cou ld not be understood. The copolymer OTOC llAT which has a
rather high o-chloroani line content shows the highest solubility .
Irrespective of the method of synthesis, the yield of the
copolymers calcu lated on the basis of the monomers taken was
between 32 and 37% except in one case. The yield was exceptiona ll
y high fo r the copolymer synthesized in toluene medium by the
inverse emulsion method.
Although homopolymerization of o-ch loroan iline requires a
stronger oxidizing agent, i.e. , chromic acid in HCI medium,
interestingly the copolymers of o-chloroani li ne with toluidine
cou ld be prepared with
soluble
milder oxidizing agents. viz., ammonium persulphate and benzoyl
peroxide.
Conductivity The conductivity of the copolymers is
considerably
higher than those of the corresponding homopolymers,
poly(toluidine) and po ly(chloroaniline). The conductivity of the
copolymers varies over the range 2.8 X 10'2 - 8 X 10.4 s em·'. The
copolymer synthesized at room temperature exhibits a lower
conductivity than that synthesized at 0°C for the same comonomer
feed ratio. This may be due to the larger number of defects which
may occur in the copolymer synthesi zed at ambient temperature . On
the other hand , the copolymers synthesized by the emulsion method
show higher conductivity comparee: to those obtained by the inverse
emulsion method . Interestingly benzoy l peroxide which has a lower
oxidation potential supports the copolymerization of
o-chloroaniline to a relatively greater degree. It results in lower
conjugation and hence lower conductivity. The copolymers prepared
in to luene medium exh ibit high er conductivity than those
prepared in other solvents demonstrating the effect of the solvent
medium on the structure of the polymer chain formed and on doping
as verified from the presence of the polaron peak around 800 nm in
the absorption spectra of the copolymers OTOCIIAT and OTOCIIBT di
sc ussed
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490 INDIAN J CHEM. SEC A. MARCH 2004
below. Some of the copolymers have conductivity
higher than that of the homopolyme r, POT7, which
exhibits a conductivity of 1.6 x 10'3 S cm·1•
Poly(a-chloroaniline)6' 8 exhibits a lower conductivity of 10'5 -
10'7 s cm'1.
The electrical conductivity of the copolymers,
OTOCllSR and OTOCllBC, is lower than that of
the corresponding aniline copolymers9 or parent poly
(a-toluidine) due to diminution in 'IT-conjugation along
the chain caused by the steric effects of the -Cl and
-CH3 groups. Electron-withdrawing cr substituent in the
copolymer fu1ther decreases the conductivity by
lowering the basicity of the imine units. However, the
electron donating effect of the -CHl groups increases
the imine basicity . As a consequence, a-toluidine
copolymers with moderate o-chloroaniline content
such as OTOC11AT and OTOCLlSL exhibit higher
conductivity. Sometimes they are higher than those of the
copolymers of aniline with chloroaniline9.
Absorption spectra
F igure 2 shows the UV -vi s ibl e spectra of the
copolymers OTOC 11AC and OTOC 11 SL recorded in
DMSO solution as typical of copolymers. The spectral
bands for all the copolymers investigated are listed in
Table 1. The spectra consist of four major absorption
bands. The first band in the region 3 Ll-316 nm is
assigned to the n-n* transition of the benzenoid ring based on
the earlier studies on pulytoi uidines
4'6'
10• It is
related to the extent of conjugation between the phenyl
rings along the polymer chain. The second absorption
,..-... Vl -s::
" .0 ... "' ., (.)
s::
"' .0 ... 0
.0
<
300
__ .. -- --- --- -·--- -- -.
·-- --...
400 500 600 700
Wavelength (nm)
(a)
------(b)
800 900
Fig. 2- Absorption spectra of (a) OTOC II AC and (b) OTOC II
SL
at 600-618 nm is assigned to the "exc iton" transition
from HOMO of benzenoid to LUMO of quinoid ring.
It is sensitive to the overall oxidation state of the
polymer. Both the 430 and 800 nm absorptions are
assigned to the polaron transitions. They are observed
only when the degree of doping and solubility of the
copolymer in the salt form are considerably high since
they are weak absorptions. Most of the copolymers
exhibit a band around 800 nm. The 450 nm absorption band is
observed as a very weak band and small shifts
of the neighboring peaks lead to overlapping. Thus,
the weak band near 450 nm is often not observed since
it may merge with the high intensity 3 15 nm peak or
the 600 nm peak depenciing upon its position in the
spectrum.
A noticeab le feature of :he spectra of the
copolymers is a small bathochromic shift of the 600
nm peak when compared to that of pure POT (where
it occurs at 602 nm). This shift may be due to the
lowering of the band gap of the copolymer due to the
presence of o-toluidine (with a donor -CH3 group)
alternating to o-chloroaniline (with an acceptor -CI
group) 11 as shown in Fig.l. However, the bathochromic
shift is not observed for the copolymers synthesized
by the inverse emulsion method. Since benzoyl
peroxide is a milder oxidizing agent than ammonium
persulphate, probably a higher amount of a-
chloroaniline is incorporated into the copolymer as
noted earlier, significantly decreasing the electron
density on the ring and hence copolymers with
diminution in conjugation are obtained.
The temperature at which the solution
polymerization is carried out seems to influence the
absorption spectra. The copolymer synthesized at 0 °C displays
increased bathochromic shift of the
exciton band (which occurs at 602 nm in POT) probably due to
smaller amount of a-c hloroaniline segments in the copolymer. The
solvent used to carry out the copolymerization by emulsion and
inverse
emulsion methods does not seem to hav e any
significant effect on the absorption spectra .
FT-IR spectra
In the JR spectra ofOTOC11SL and OTOC11BC as typical of
copolymers, a small weak band at -3200
cm·1
in poly(a-toluidine) spectra corresponding to the
hydrogen bonded N-H vibrations is found shifted to
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SAYITHA era/. : POLY (o-TOLUIDINE-CO-o-CHLOROANILINE) COPOLYMERS
491
........ 0 -0 ~ u c:: 0
.:;:: E C/l c::
~
3500 2000 1000 wavenumber ( cm-1 )
Fig. 3- Ff-IR spectra of (a) OTOC II SL and (b) OTOC II BC
3215 cm·1 in the copolymers (Fig. 3). The characteristic bands
of the emeraldine form of poly(a-toluidine) at 1587, 1491 , 1381 ,
1315, 1213, 1153, 1109 and 808 cm·1 occur with small shifts in the
spect ra of copolymers confirming the presence of o-toluidine units
in the copolymer. For example, the spectrum of OTOCllAC shows two
main bands at 1589 and 1483 cm·1 assigned to the ring stretching
vibrations of the
quinoid and the benzenoid rings respectively . A medium
intensity peak at 1300-1325 cm· 1 is due to C-
N stretching vibration in alternate units of
quinoid-benzenoid-quinoid rings, while the band at 1375-1381 cm· 1
corresponds to C=N+ stretching vibration. The 1170-1190 cm·1 band
in the spectra of copolymers can be assigned to a vibrational mode
of a B-NH+=Q structure, which is formed during the protonation
process. It indicates the existence of positive charges in the
chain and the distribution of the dihedral angle between the
quinoid and benzenoid rings. It is said to increase in intensity
with the increase in degree of doping in the polymer backbone12 •
The bands become more intense due to enhancement of the oscillator
strengths of the backbone related vibrations by coupling with the
proton induced charge. A band near 1107 cm·1 is assigned to C-H in
plane bending. This
n01mally infrared-inactive mode becomes active when
a protonation process induces confom1ational changes
in the polymer chain, i.e ., forming po larons or
bipolarons. The spectra of the copolymers exhibit a fairly
intense absorption at 758-764 cm·
1 due to the
characteristic C-CI stretching which occurs as a strong
absorption at 746 cm·1 in the monomer indicati ng the
presence of a-chloroaniline units in the copolymers. The strong
C-H out of plane bending vibrations
of the 1,2,4-trisubstitued benzene rings appear around 880 and
810 cm·1 indicating that the monomers in the
copolymers are bonded head to tail in agreement wi th
the expected structures. The IR spectra of a-toluidine and
o-chloroaniline copolymers show the quinoid and benzenoid
absorptions at about 1580 and 1495 cm·
1
for the doped st ructure . The IR spectra of the copolymers show
characteristic bands of the functional group7 -CH3 at ca. l005
cm·
1•
An intense C-CI absorption was found in the spectra of the
copolymers OTOC II AC and
OTOC11BC which were synthesized in chloroform
medium using ammonium persulphate and benzoyl peroxide
respectively as the oxidants. The spectra of the other copolymers
and particularly the spectrum of OTOC11AT show a weak band for C-CI
stretching. It clearly indicates that the amount of o-c
hloroaniline copolymerized depends on the synthesis conditions.
FT-Raman spectra
The FT-Raman spectrum of the homopolymer POT exhibits intense
peaks at 1610, 1498, 1361 and 1257 cm· 1• These bands are found in
the o-toluidine -
o-chloroaniline copolymers with small shifts
supporting the presence of a-toluidine units in the copolymer.
The band at 1610 cm·1 is attributed to the C=C stretching and the
peak at 1498 cm·1 to the C=N stretching of the quinoid and
benzeno:d rings respectively. The spectrum of a-chloroaniline shows
strong bands at 1025, 838 , 680 anc! 563 cm-
1• The
spectra of the copolymers exhibit these characteristic peaks
with small shifts indicting the presence of a-chloroaniline units
in the copolymer. As noted earlier from the IR spectra, the
intensity of the peaks arising from o-chloroaniline is highest when
the synthesis was carried out in chloroform as the solvent medium.
The spectra of both OTOCI iAC and OTOCllBC show more inte nse Raman
bands arising from
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492 INDIAN J CHEM. SEC A. MARCH 2004
o-chloroaniline units consistent with the FT-IR studies.
'H NMR spectra
The 1H NMR spectra consist of resonance peaks
in the region of 0 .8-1.0 ppm and 1.8-2.2 ppm corresponding to
the methyl protons of the quinoid and benzenoid rings respectively
of POT demonstrating the presence of o-toluidine segments in the
copolymer. The resonance peaks of -NH protons along the polymer
chain occur at 3.6 ppm. while the monomeric or chain end -NH2
protons are found at
5.2 ppm. The aromatic protons of o-chloroaniline occur
in the region of 6.8-7.2 ppm and those of o-toluidine occur at
7.4-8.0 ppm. For the copolymers prepared by the emulsion/inverse
emulsion method, the quinoid protons are masked by the surfactant
impurities. On the other hand, the copolymers prepared by the
solution method show peaks du e to the monomeric -NH2 protons which
are totally absent in other copolymers. This could be due to the
presence of a larger olumber of low molecular weight chains which
are not completely removed by washing.
The effect of synthesis conditions on the composition of the
copolymers could be observed from
I the NMR spectra. H NMR spectra of the copolymers OTOCllSR,
OTOCllAC and OTOCIIBC showed fairly intense aromatic signals
arising from o-chloroaniline , whereas the other copolymers
exhibited signal s chiefly of o-toluidine show ing that the
synthesi s carried out at 0 °C as well as in to luene medium
provide copolymers with low o-chloroaniline content.
T he compositions of the copolymers were semiquantitatively
verified from 1H NMR spectra by comparing the intensities of the
aromatic protons of o-toluidine and o-chloroaniline. The highest
intensity of o-chloroaniline peaks is observed for the copolymer
OTOCllB C which has an o-tol uidin e to o-chloroaniline copolymer
composition ratio of 2.3: I. The copolymer OTOC II R had a
-toluidine and o-chloroaniline in the ratio of 4.2: 1, whereas the
composit ion rati o o f OTOC 11 E was 7:1. For OTOCllAT, OTOC!lSL
and OTOCI tBT, the o-chloroaniline content was very low (less than
5%).
Thus, the spectroscop ic studi es re veal the formation of true
copolymers and not a mixture of the hom0polyrners.
Thermogravimetric analysis
The TGA curves for the copolymers show a three-step weight loss;
the results are summarized in Table 2. The weight loss up to -l30°C
is due to the loss of moisture. The second weight loss step
occurring
up to -300°C is attributed to the loss of substituent/ dopant
Cr/HCI. The final step which starts around 400°C leads to the
complete degradation of the copolymer chain
14• The copolymers thus have better
thermal stabil ities when compared to the homopolymer POT for
which the degradation temperature5 is 335°C.
The copolymer synthesized by the solution method at 0°C was
found to have a higher thermal stability. This could be due to the
formation of highly ordered and strongly conjugated structures of
high molecular weight at low temperatures. Among the copolymers
synthesized at room temperature, OTOC I LAC has a higher stability,
while the copolymer OTOCllBC is
the least stable. The lower stabi lity could be the result of
the diminution in conjugation due to of the e lectron withdrawing
effect of the chlorine substituent. At the same time, the presence
of moderate level of o-
chloroaniline units (as in the copolymer OTOC L 1 AC) could lead
to a higher degree of hydrogen bonding as well as inter chain
linking due to the presence of -CI as the ring substituent and
hence increase in the thermal stability.
Conclusion Electronic and ste ric effects of the aniline
substituents markedly affect the copolymerization of
2-substituted aniline derivatives namely o-toluidine and
o-chloroaniline. Although homopolymerization of o-chloroaniline
requires a stronger oxidising agent (chromi c acid in HCI) , the
copo lymers of
Table 2-Thermogravimetric data or the copolymers
Sample Temp. range. °C (wt. loss. %)
I" step 2"" step 3'" step
OTOCIISL 50--133 ( I 0) 158-308 ( 16) 444
OTOC IISR 50--117 (3) 127-227 (9) 381
OTOCIIAC 50--138 (8) 187-300 ( 15) 413
OTOCII/\T 50--127 (7) 188-28 1 (7) 404
OTOCJ IBT 50--144 (I 0) 223-358 (2 1) 400
OTOCI IBC 50-- 129 (5) 185- 300 (18) 362
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SAVITHA eta/.: POLY (o-TOLUIDINE-CO-o-CHLOROANILINE) COPOLYMERS
493
o-chloroaniline with toluidine could be readily
synthesized using milder oxidants, viz ., benzoyl
peroxide and ammonium persulphate . The
conductivity of the copolymers range from 2.8 x 10·2
- 7.2 x 10-~ S cm-1, which is higher than that of the
homopolymers, poly(o-toluidine) and poly(o-chloroaniline) . The
copolymer, OTOCllBC,
synthesized by the inverse emulsion method using
chloroform as the solvent has a higher o-chloroaniline
content, but its thermal stability and conductivity are
low. On the other hand, the copolymer OTOCllAC
synthesized by emulsion method also possesses higher
o-chloroani line content but exhibits higher thermal
stability and conductivity.
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