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F E T S A A F E Y T Y PolyFuse A New Standard For Circuit Protection Fuses work between life and death of a circuitr y. Choosing the right fuse is important for prolong ed protection of the circuitry from over-current and voltage spikes. Conventional fuse is either ‘ok’ or ‘blown,’ but PolyFuse is a resettable fuse by i tself tain length of time. Typi- cally, a wire or chemical compound breaks the circuit when the current exceeds the rated value. PolyFuse is a resettable fuse that doesn’t need to be replaced like the conven- tional fuse. Many manufac- turers also call it PolySwitch or MultiFuse. (PolySwitch and MultiFuse are registered trademarksofRaychemCorp. Radial-leaded metal-oxide varistor devices from Raychem can be combined with PolySwitch devices to help provide protection for ele ctric motors, tele com equipment and various other syst ems and Bourns Inc., respec- tively.) Resettable fuses provide over-current protection and automatic restoration. Usually packaged in radial, axial, surface-mount, chip, disk or washer form, these are available in voltage rat- ings of 30 to 250 volts and current ratings of 20 mA to 100 amps. The basics
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Poly Fuse Electronics for You, 2004

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Page 1: Poly Fuse Electronics for You, 2004

A

F E TSAA F EYT Y

PolyFuseA New Standard For Circuit Protection

Fuses work between  life and death of a circuitry.

Choosing the right fuse is important for prolonged

protection of the circuitry from over-current and

voltage spikes. Conventional fuse  is either ‘ok’ or

‘blown,’ but PolyFuse  is a resettable fuse by  itself

tain length of time. Typi-cally, a wire or chemicalcompound breaks the circuitwhen the current exceedsthe rated value.

PolyFuse is a resettablefuse that doesn’t need to bereplaced like the conven-tional fuse. Many manufac-turers also call it PolySwitchor MultiFuse. (PolySwitchand MultiFuse are registeredtrademarksofRaychemCorp.

Radial-leaded metal-oxide varistor devices from Raych

emcan be combined with PolySwitch devices to help provideprotection for electric motors, telecom equipment andvarious other systems

and Bourns Inc., respec-tively.)

Resettable fuses provideover-current protection andautomatic restoration.Usually packaged in radial,axial, surface-mount, chip,disk or washer form, theseare available  in voltage rat-ings of 30 to 250 volts andcurrent ratings of 20 mA to100 amps.

The basics

Fig. 1: Effects of ambient temperature onthe resistance of a PolyFuse

The conductive plastic is basicallya non-conductive crystalline polymerloaded with a highly conductive carbonto make it conductive. The electrodes

Edge Over ConventionalFuses1.  Over-current protection2.  Low base resistance3.  Latching (non-cycling) operation4.  Automatic resettability5.  Short time to trip

T.A. BABU

fuse is a one-time over-current pro-

tection device employing a fusible

link that melts (blows) after thecurrent exceeds a certain level for 

a cer-

ELECTRONICS FOR YOU   SEPTEMBER 

2004

Page 2: Poly Fuse Electronics for You, 2004

Technically, PolyFuses arenot fuses but polymeric positive-tempera-ture coefficient thermistors. Forthermistors characterised as positive tem-perature coefficient, the device resistanceincreases with temperature. These com-prise thin sheets of conductive plastic

with electrodes attached to either side. 6.  No arcing during faulty situations7.  Small dimensions and compact design8.  Internationally standardised and ap-

proved9. No accidental hot plugging10. Withstand mechanical shocks and vi-

brations and comply with the safetynorms

11. Lifetime up to ten times longer

SAFETY

Bourns 600V PPTC resettable MultiFuse

ensure even distribution of power through-out the device.

Operation. At room temperature, nu-

Operating Parameters forPolyFuses1.  Initial resistance. The resistance of 

thedevice as received from the factory

2. Operating voltage. The maximumvoltage a device can withstand with-out damage at the rated current

3. Holding current. Safe current throughthe device

4. Trip current. Where the device inter-rupts the current

5. Time to trip. The time  it takes for thedevice  to  trip at a given  temperatureand current

6. Tripped state. Transition from the low-resistance state to the high-resistancestate due to an overload

7. Leakage current. A small value of stray

current flowing through the device af-ter it has switched to high-resistancemode

8. Trip cycle. The number of trip cycles(at rated voltage and current) the de-vice sustains without failure

9. Trip endurance. The duration of timethe device sustains its maximum ratedvoltage in the tripped state withoutfailure

10. Power dissipation. Power dissipated

by the device in its tripped state11. Thermal duration. Influence of 

ambi-ent temperature

12. Hysteresis. The period between the

actual beginning of the signaling of

the device to trip and the actual trip-

ping of the device

ELECTRONICS FOR YOU   SEPTEMBER 

2004

Fig. 2: Transformer protection by PolyFuse

Fig. 3: Speaker protection by PolyFuse

Fig. 4: Battery protection by PolyFuse

merous carbon chains form conductivepaths through the plastic material. In casean excessive current flows through thedevice, the temperature of the conductiveplastic material rises. When  the  tempera-ture exceeds its phase-transformationtemperature, the crystalline structuresuddenly changes into an expandedamorphous state. Now the conductiveparticles move apart from each other. Adramatic increase in resistance stops theflow of current through the device. Thecritical current level at which thishappens is known as the trip current.However, a negligible leakage currentcontinues to flow. The device remainslatched until the fault is cleared, provid-ing continuous protection.

Once the applied voltage disappears,the polymer particles rapidly returnto their original structure. The resistancedrops again and automaticallyresets within a few seconds. Thus aPolyFuse acts like a self-resetting solidstatecircuit breaker, which makesit suitable for providing low-cost over-current protection.

Page 3: Poly Fuse Electronics for You, 2004

The resistance of PolyFuse (expressedon log scale) at room temperature is afew ohms and rapidly increases above110°C.

ApplicationsPolyFuses are used in automobiles, bat-teries, computers and peripherals,industrial controls, consumer electronics,medical electronics, lighting, securityand fire alarm systems, telecommunica-tion equipment and a host of otherapplications where circuit protection isrequired.

Figs 2, 3 and 4 show the use of aPolyFuse for transformer, speaker and bat-tery protection, respectively.

The equipment powered by a trans-former get overheated due to excessivecurrent or short-circuit. A PolyFuse on thesecondary side of the transformer will pro-tect the equipment against overload.

Nowadays speakers are designedand sold independently of amplifiers.Therefore, there are possibilities ofdamage due  to mismatches;  for example,high-power amplifiers coupled withlow-power speakers or a speaker coildriven with a high volume. The protec-tion choices for loudspeaker systemsare limited. Fuses protect the speaker,but a blown fuse is always a source offrustration.

Using a PolyFuse in series withthe speaker will protect it fromover-current/over-heating damage. Choos-ing a correct trip-current rated PolyFuseis important to match the powerlevel of the speaker. However, a PolyFusecannot protect against mechanicaloverload due to inadequate cabinetdesign.

Batteries are constantly charged anddischarged over their life-cycle.Over-charge results in an increase in thetemperature of the electrolyte. Thiscould cause either a  fire or an explosion.PolyFuse can play a vital role inthe charging and discharging cycles ofbatteries.