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POLITICS OF NATIONALISM9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION

POLITICS OF NATIONALISM

9. NATIONALIST MOBILISATION


OUTLINE

•Integrationist nationalism

•Colonial nationalism

•Separatist nationalism

•Common features


nationA

Small states combine to form a larger one, purportedly corresponding with the “nation”

state A

state B

state C

state A+

INTEGRATIONIST NATIONALISM


THE PROTOTYPE? REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE:• Pre-1789 France as a mixture of

–Territories ruled directly from Paris–Territories with substantial autonomy or under external influence

• Revolution: territorial centralisation• Identification with French culture• Powerful impact of “jacobin” model elsewhere




EXAMPLE: FRANCE IN

1789



EXAMPLE: FRANCE

AFTER 1790(DEPARTEMENTS)


INTEGRATIONIST NATIONALISMOTHER EXAMPLES:

•Germany (-1871)•Italy (-1870)•United States (-1787, and later)•Switzerland (-1848)In all cases, but in varying degrees: elites seek to (1) neutralise outside influences and (2) build internal unityCommonly occurring development: later authoritarian phase (“purification” of national territory)



EXAMPLE:

GERMANY TO 1871



EXAMPLE: ITALY IN

IN THE 1840s



EXAMPLE: ITALY, 1870



CULTURAL INTEGRATION:• Commonly follows process of political unification,

or achievement of political independence• Rests on notions of:

–Centralised state (no local autonomy)–Single culture–Major exceptions to first of these (USA, Germany)

• May find extreme expression in authoritarian nationalism, fascism, etc.



IRREDENTISM:• Extension of “national territory” to include all

areas that “rightfully” belong• Many examples:

–Germany in 1930s–Ireland (Northern Ireland, to 1998)–India (Azad Kashmir), Pakistan (Jammu and Kashmir)

• In general, weakens over time (impact of borders on language and culture)


COLONIAL NATIONALISM

GENERAL FORM:• Movement for independence of colonial

population (“creoles”)• Depends on mechanics of relationship with

metropolitan power (eg Virginia etc. v Britain; New Spain v. Spain; Brazil v. Portugal)

• Depends also on capacity of colonial population to control indigenous population


COLONIAL NATIONALISMSOME EARLY EXAMPLES:

• North America– Colonies rebel against Great Britain (1775-83)– Later unify as USA (1787)

• Spanish America– Colonies rebel against Spain (1810-)– Establish independence (Argentina etc.)– Further secessions (Uruguay, Paraguay etc.)

• Ireland– “Grattan’s Parliament”, 1782 (but different pattern

to the other cases)


COLONIAL NATIONALISMINDIGENOUS ISSUE:

• Sizeable indigenous population survives (Peru, Bolivia), or large mestizo population (rest of Spanish America, except Chile, Argentina, Uruguay): continuing issue (eg election of Morales in Bolivia)

• Moderate indigenous population survives (Maori in New Zealand): strong culture and legal position

• Indigenous population now insignificant (USA, Canada, Australia)—but apologies by Rudd and Harper, 2008


COLONIAL NATIONALISM

“CREOLE” DIVISIONS:• White population of South Africa divided

between Afrikaners and English speakers (but overall small minority)

• European-origin population of Canada divided between English speakers and French speakers; division strengthens (negligible indigenous threat)


nationB

nationA

nationB

state A

state B

Peripheral regions secede from larger states

SEPARATIST NATIONALISM


NATIONAL INDEPENDENCEEUROPEAN EXAMPLES:

• Ottoman empire: secession of–Greece (1822), Serbia (1878), Romania (1878), Bulgaria (1908)

• Habsburg monarchy: break-up in 1918–Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia

• United Kingdom: secession of–Ireland (1922)

• Post-communist collapse in 1990s:–USSR, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia




EXAMPLE: AUSTRIA-HUNGARY



EXAMPLE: AUSTRO-

HUNGARIAN NATIONALITIES

POLAND

ROMANIA

YUGOSLAVIA

HUNGARYAUSTRIA

CZ-SLOV.


SEPARATIST NATIONALISMSMALLER EUROPEAN NATIONS:

• In the case of certain smaller European nations, national movement followed a distinctive path (Miroslav Hroch, 1985)

• In these cases, the “nation” had an “incomplete social structure” (nobility and landed classes belonged to another nation)

• These nations were also sometimes described as “historyless”, “ethnic trash” (Engels)

• Examples: Czech, Lithuanian, Estonian, Finnish, Norwegian, Flemish and Slovak nationalism



SMALLER EUROPEAN NATIONS: NATIONALIST PHASES

• Phase A (pre-industrial): elements within elites develop interest in local history, folklore

• Phase B (transitional): middle class leadership of nation emerges, makes political demands

• Phase C (modern): mass nationalism: leadership mobilises followers behind nationalist demands(Hroch, 1985)



ANTI-COLONIAL FORM:• Asia

–Indian independence (1947), etc.–Further secessions, eg Pakistan (1947), Bangladesh (1971)

• Africa–Nigeria (1960), etc. (indigenous population)–South Africa: complex path



“CREOLE” ISSUE:• South Africa, Rhodesia: significant white

populations survive, fight rearguard action• India: Anglo-Indian population loses

significance• Europe: different patterns

–Estonia, Latvia, Czechoslovakia (disappearance of Germans)

–Ireland, Finland (remainder of former privileged ruling group survives)



AUTHENTICITY OF INDIGENOUS CULTURE• Widespread willingness to accept

metropolitan language in Asia and especially Africa

• Insistence on indigenous language in Europe, except e.g. Ireland (some other examples)

• Occasional struggles over language norms (eg Norway (Bokmål v Nynorsk), Greece (Katharevousa v. Dimotiki)


COMMON FEATURES

NATIONALIST ACTORS:• Three identifiable in principle:

–Metropolitan power (remote: e.g. imperial capital in Europe; or adjacent: capital of local state)

–Regional centre (economically, socially and politically privileged; “high” culture)

–Regional periphery (economically, socially and politically marginal; separate culture)


COMMON FEATURES

NATIONALIST ACTORS:• Variable significance of three actors:

–Metropolitan power encounters very little opposition (integrationist nationalism)

–Regional centre the major victor, but two other actors relevant (colonial nationalism)

–Regional periphery the victor, but two other actors relevant (separatist nationalism)


COMMON FEATURES

Townsfolk(German)

Peasants (Estonian)

EXAMPLE: SMALLER EUROPEAN NATIONS: 19th c. Estonia

Nobility(German)

Metropole (Russia)

alliance

conflictconflict


COMMON FEATURES

EXAMPLE: LATIN AMERICA

Spaniards

Metropole (Spain)

alliance

conflict

conflicts

Creoles

Mestizos

Indians, Blacks


COMMON FEATURES

NATIONALIST PROGRAMME:• Nation as an entity whose distinctiveness is to be

preserved, and whose mission to humanity is to be promoted

• Nation as a community with a shared past, perhaps with a common descent and racial background, and with a homeland of its own

• Political ambition to secure the unity of the nation in relation to potentially disruptive forces within its own borders, and to establish its independence in relation to external rivals.


THE END …

NEXT: EXPLAINING NATIONALISM

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