Pollution Control and Policy Measures for Piggery Wastewater Management in Thailand WEPA Group Workshop on Piggery Wastewater Management in Asia 21-22 February 2017 Chiang Mai, Thailand Prakriti Kashyap Regional Resource Centre for Asia and the Pacific (RRC.AP)
43
Embed
Pollution Control and Policy Measures for Piggery Wastewater Management …wepa-db.net/3rd/en/meeting/20170221/PDF/09_S2-1_4_… · · 2017-03-31Wastewater Management in Asia 21-22
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Pollution Control and Policy Measures for Piggery Wastewater Management in
Thailand
WEPA Group Workshop on Piggery Wastewater Management in Asia
21-22 February 2017Chiang Mai, Thailand
Prakriti KashyapRegional Resource Centre for Asia and the Pacific (RRC.AP)
Easy maintenance and operation Low capital cost High removal efficiency (80 percent) Allows flexibility of modifying
treatment system
Needs large area Releases odour from methane and
hydrogen sulfide May aggravate soil erosion
13
Piggery Wastewater Treatment Technology
Lagoon/Pond System – Low cost conventional wastewater treatment method
Anaerobic Pond Facultative Pond Aerobic Pond
Depth Fairly deep Deepest Shallowest of the ponds
Stage of treatment
Primary Effluent from anaerobic pond sent here for further BOD removal
Last step in the series of pond treatment
Treatment process
solids and settleableorganics settles to the bottom forming a sludge, which is, digested by anaerobic microorganisms
Top layer aerobic, bottom layer anaerobic: algae growing on the surface provide the water with oxygen leading to both anaerobic digestion and aerobic oxidation of the organic pollutants
retention of stabilized solids and the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms via heating, rise of pH and solar disinfection
BOD removal
50-85% 80-95% BOD removal= 60-80%, Pathogen removal = 90%
14SSWM
Piggery Wastewater Treatment TechnologyAnaerobic filter tank system: suitable for small and medium farm
15
Primary sedimentation tank Septic tank Anaerobic filter tank Oxidation pond
Advantages Disadvantages Low capital cost Durable structure Needs small space Takes less time in construction
Low capacity of handling wastewater Hard to maintain the system performance Annual bottom sludge dredging is required Consistent monitoring is compulsory e.g. daily bottom sludge scooping No flexibility in modifying treatment system Post treatment required to meet the effluent standard
Piggery wastewater Treatment TechnologyBiogas Capture System
16
Wongsapai, et.al. 2008
Biogas Digester Types used in Thai Pig Farms
• Fixed Dome System • Channel Digester System • Plastic Bag System
Fixed Dome 85.06 70.97 80.63 51.98 52.16 67.27 82.72
Saichol Seanghaisuck, 2015 22
Policy Measures for Piggery Wastewater Management
• Government Stakeholders & Their Roles in Piggery WW management
MONRE (PCD): Pig Effluent standard and Inspection of pig farms
MOAC (DLD): livestock development MOE (DEDE, EPPO): biogas promotion in swine farms (subsidy
+ technology) Local Administrative Organization (LAO)/TAO: permit/license,
inspection visit ERDI: Biogas technology research and dissemination
23
Policy Measures for Piggery Wastewater Management
• Acts1. The Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act, 1992
is the umbrella Act based on this Act, MONRE endorsed swine farms as a point source of water
pollution PCD established pig effluent wastewater standard since February 2002
2. Public Health Act, 1992 This Act authorizes Tambon (sub-district) Administrative Office (TAO) to
close the farm that violates the environmental regulations, which may lead to public health hazards
24
Policy Measures for Piggery Wastewater Management
Legal Instruments
1. Pig Effluent Standard
PCD- water Quality Bureau in 2002 – established the pig effluent standard
PCD Inspection & Enforcement Department monitors the pig farms
This standard serves as the first reference point towards minimizing the
pollution from pig farms
Lenient standards?
Loading at the receiving water bodies?
25
Piggery Effluent Standard
Parameter Maximum Permitted valuesLarge Farms(> 600 LU)
Small‐Medium Farms(60‐600 LU)
pH 5.5‐9 5.5‐9
BOD (mg/L) 60 100
COD (mg/L) 300 400
SS (mg/L) 150 200
TKN (mg/L) 120 200
PCD, MONRE
26
Comparison of Pig and Industry effluent Standard (PCD)
Parameter Maximum Permitted values(Pig Farms)
Maximum Permitted values(Industrial Effluent standard)
Large Farms (>600 LU)
Small-Medium Farms (60-600 LU)
pH 5.5-9 5.5-9 5.5-9
BOD (mg/L) 60 100 not more than 20 mg/L depending on receiving water or type of industry under consideration of PCC but not exceed 60 mg/L
COD (mg/L) 300 400 not more than 120 mg/L depending on receiving water of type of industry under consideration of Pollution control committee (PCC) but not exceed 400 mg/L
SS (mg/L) 150 200 not more than 50 mg/l depending on receiving water or type of industry or wastewater treatment system under consideration of PCC but not exceed 150 mg/L
TKN (mg/L) 120 200 not more than 100 mg/l depending on receiving water or type of industry under consideration of PCC but not exceed 200 mg/L
27PCD, MONRE
Non-Compliance Penalty
Case Categories Rate Fees (Baht)Case 1: wastewater effluent parameters do not meet standard*
Analysis result is less than 2 times of standard Analysis result is between 2-4 times of standard Analysis result is between 4-7 times of standard Analysis result is between 7-10 times of standard Analysis result is more than 10 times of standard
Case 2: Discharge wastewater without using treatment system
10,000 – 200,000
Case 3: Damage environmental, water body or surrounding area
10,000 – 200,000
28
Complaints About Pig Farms
YearEnvironmental Problems
Odor Wastewater
2014 19 22015 16 52016 19 62017 3 0
Total No. of Complaints 57 13
29PCD
Policy Measures for Piggery Wastewater Management
• Guidelines
1. Thai Agricultural Standard TAS 6403-2009 on good agriculturalpractices for pig farm (2008)
Voluntary standards to provide guidance to pig farmers and promote healthyand hygienic pig farming practices reference point for Provincial and RegionalDLD Livestock Offices to accredit and monitor pig farms
It refers to pollution control measures including, safe disposal of animalcarcasses, proper management of pig manure – reducing bad smell in theneighborhood, operation of proper wastewater treatment system meeting theeffluent standard
30
Other Guidelines on Pig Farm Management 2. Feed regulation (Animal Feed Quality Control Act B.E.2525 (1982)
It encompasses; raw material inspection, production inspection, and issuance of Certificate/License to produce animal feed
Inspections are made to ensure quality and safety of feed :
@ the point of feed distribution, inspection at feed shop is conducted and license to sell feed is issued.
@ Port of entry - inspects and certifies the import animal feed ingredient
@ Piggery Farm - check the quality and safety of on-farm manufactured feed, and checks the use of banned substance, illegal veterinary drugs etc.
3. Thai agricultural commodity and food standard: good manufacturing practices for pig abattoir B.E. 2549 (2006)
Guideline developed by the National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards – MOAC
applies to pig transportation from farm to abattoir, humane slaughtering, good hygienic practices and thereafter distributing of pig carcass, pork and products from abattoir to market.
Waste water treatment system shall be in place in compliance with relevant laws31
Summary: Existing Issues in Piggery Wastewater Treatment
Smallholder farms (1-50 pigs) are excluded from the effluent standard commitment
Majority of farms (small, medium, and large) opt for primary levelpond/lagoon system as treatment option
No post-treatment (of effluent from AD and sludge from ponds) for nutrient recovery
Biogas in pig farms as Carbon projects (capital cost, scale of biogas production= CDM Challenges)
Both technology and policy measures targeted as the end of pipe solution than prevention measures
32
Conclusion & Way Forward
Effective Enforcement of Pig Effluent Standard• Regular monitoring of pig farms & publication of wastewater reports• Stricter enforcement of penalties for non-compliance• Non-compliance color code as a warning (red, yellow, green) • Bringing smallholder pig farms into pollution control regime – lenient
standards• New supportive regulation? (Ex. European Commission Nitrates
Directive, 1991)
Closing the resource loop• Mandates for post-treatment technologies to remove/recover nutrient• Reusing the treated wastewater in pig farm operation
33
Proposed Revision of the Pig Effluent Standard
• Cancellation of COD
• Addition of Total P ≤ 35 mg/L (for all scale of farms)
• Addition of Total NLarge Farm ≤ 200 mg/LMedium Farm ≤ 300 mg/LSmall Farm ≤ 350 mg/L
Saichol Seanghaisuck, 2015 34
Conclusion & Way Forward
Piggery Wastewater from Environmental Pollution to Climate Solution
• Biogas potential from pig manure Vs Current Success
• Scale of the projects- cluster approach in pig farms-centralized piggery wastewater treatment plant?
• Learning from the past CDM projects on pig biogas
Conclusion & Way Forward How to Achieve Effective enforcement?
• Start at the Beginning - @ the Pig farm licensing/permit
– Train Local Authorities to consider piggery wastewater treatment criteria while granting a pig farm permit/license
– Develop Detailed technical guidelines/ checklist, tools on pig farm establishment- with consideration to wastewater treatment technology and wastewater and nutrient recovery and recycling plans
37
Conclusion & Way Forward
How to Achieve Effective enforcement?
• Bring Pig farmers onboard: Raise Awareness, provide technical guidance to pig farmers for sustainable piggery wastewater management
• Compliance Assistance Center/Programs: Helps stakeholders to understand and comply with environmental requirements
38
THANK YOU
GHG from Pig Production
Globally, pork production is estimated to emit about 668 milliontonnes CO2-eq, representing 9% of the livestock sector emissions
10% of GHG emission from manure storage and processing(Gerber, et.al. 2013)
GHG emission from Thai swine farm is estimated to be 3.6 kgCO2e/kg live pig
68% of this emission = from swine feed production
32% = occurs at the pig farming stage(OAE, 2012. Annual Report)
40
History of Biogas Development in Thai Pig Farms
1960s:Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health
1960-1992: 6,000 floating drum type bio digesters
1970-1980: National Energy Institute
1980-1989: Department of Agricultural Extension, MOAC
1995: National Biogas Dissemination Program for medium and large livestock farms Phase I (1995-1998), Phase II (1997-2003), and Phase III (2002 to 2010)
2006-2010: Livestock Waste Management in East Asia (LWMEA)
41
Biogas from Pig Farms CDM Project• Ratchaburi Farms Biogas Project
Name Sor Pimonmas Farm Veerachai Farm Nong Bua Farm
Location Pak Tho District, Rachaburi Province Pak Tho District, Rachaburi Province Pak Tho District, Rachaburi Province
Business Type Piggery Farm Piggery Farm Piggery FarmVolume of Treatment System 26,000 m3 25,000 m3 33,000 m3
Type of Treatment System
CMU-CD (Chiang Mai University Channel Digester)
CMU-CD (Chiang Mai University Channel Digester)
CMU-CD (Chiang Mai University Channel Digester)
Electricity Production
2 Mega Watt (approximately 27M Baht/year)
2.7 Mega Watt (approximately 38 M Baht/year)
3.8 Mega Watt (approximately 12.6 M Baht/year)Bunker Oil 2,750 L/dayLPG 2,300 kg/day
Thailand: Veerachai Farm RangwaiDenmark: Danish Ministry of Climate
and Energy
Thailand: Nong Bua Farm & Country Home Village Co.Denmark: Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy
Date of Registration for CDM 24 March 2008 28 March 2008 27 March 2008
Date of acceptance 01 Apr 2011 01 Apr 2011 01 Apr 2011
CERs 23,556 metric tonnes CO2 equivalent per annum
32,092 metric tonnes CO2 equivalent per annum
15,958 metric tonnes CO2 equivalent per annum
Crediting Period 24 Mar 08 - 23 Mar 18 (Fixed) 28 Mar 08 - 27 Mar 18 (Fixed) 27 Mar 08 - 26 Mar 18 (Fixed)
42
Biogas from Pig Farms CDM Project• Thailand Small Scale Livestock Waste Management Program
- ERDI
Name of the project Thailand Small Scale Livestock Waste Management Program
Location all 75 provinces of Thailand
Business Type Piggery Farms
Type of Treatment System Anaerobic Digestion
Project Participants
Thailand: Energy Research and Development InstituteNakornping of Chiang Mai UniversityPortugal: International Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment as Trustee of the Carbon Fund for Europe; Government of Portugal – Portuguese Carbon Fund
Date of Registration for CDM November 9, 2012
CERs 390,000
Crediting Period November 9, 2012 and December 31, 2018.