POLLUTANT CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT Departement of Agroindustrial Technology Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology
Dec 29, 2015
POLLUTANT CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
POLLUTANT CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Departement of Agroindustrial Technology
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology
Bogor Agricultural University
Departement of Agroindustrial Technology
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology
Bogor Agricultural University
“And We Make Every Living Things from
Water” (Q.S. 21:30)
“And We Make Every Living Things from
Water” (Q.S. 21:30)
6 CO2 + 6 H20 6 CH2O + 6 O26 CO2 + 6 H20 6 CH2O + 6 O2
Solar EnergySolar Energy
Water As a Life Support Systems
Water As a Life Support Systems
Earth as a Planet WaterEarth's surface: water ¾, ¼ land97% is salt water from 7 ocean3% of fresh water from rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciersNumber of about 9000 km3 for the entire world population
Earth as a Planet WaterEarth's surface: water ¾, ¼ land97% is salt water from 7 ocean3% of fresh water from rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciersNumber of about 9000 km3 for the entire world population
Ground Water and Surface
Water (0.003%)
Ground Water and Surface
Water (0.003%)
Glasier and latent (2.997%)
Glasier and latent (2.997%)
Brine (97%)Brine (97%)
Water As a Life Support Systems
Water As a Life Support Systems
Salty97%
Bargain
3%
Glasier99.9%
Ground water0.1%
Unique properties of waterUnique properties of water
High boiling point but a low freezing point – Remain liquid despite the climatic conditions
Power save big heat, slightly change the temperature – organism protection against drastic temperature
changes – make the Earth's climate so moderate – Good coolant
Good solvent – transport nutrients to tissues and metabolic waste out
of network– Washing media or clening easy polluted!
Water Anomaly Expand when cooled
High boiling point but a low freezing point – Remain liquid despite the climatic conditions
Power save big heat, slightly change the temperature – organism protection against drastic temperature
changes – make the Earth's climate so moderate – Good coolant
Good solvent – transport nutrients to tissues and metabolic waste out
of network– Washing media or clening easy polluted!
Water Anomaly Expand when cooled
PART 1
CATEGORIES OF SIGNIFICANT POLLUTANT
AND IT’S IMPACT
PART 1
CATEGORIES OF SIGNIFICANT POLLUTANT
AND IT’S IMPACT
Source of WasteSource of Waste
Domestic Waste : household
Non – Domestic Waste:
industry, Agriculture, mining,
livestock, etc
Domestic Waste : household
Non – Domestic Waste:
industry, Agriculture, mining,
livestock, etc
Waste CharacteristicsWaste Characteristics
Micro-sized (ppm)DynamicHave broad impact (spread)Long-term impact (between generations)
Micro-sized (ppm)DynamicHave broad impact (spread)Long-term impact (between generations)
Water/ Waste Water Parameter
Water/ Waste Water Parameter
Physical Parameters
Chemical Parameters
– Anorganic chemical
– Organic chemical
Biological Parameters
Physical Parameters
Chemical Parameters
– Anorganic chemical
– Organic chemical
Biological Parameters
Physical PollutantPhysical Pollutant
Suspended Solids prevents light penetration into the water and affect aquatic life
Organic solids (sludge) decomposition process decomposition of dissolved organic matter, causing oxygen depletion and the incidence of toxic gases and smellyColor: aesthetic, although it is not too dangerousOil, grease and floating material: the aestheticOdor and evaporate materials: air pollution and aestheticTemperature: its influence is very large dimension
Suspended Solids prevents light penetration into the water and affect aquatic life
Organic solids (sludge) decomposition process decomposition of dissolved organic matter, causing oxygen depletion and the incidence of toxic gases and smellyColor: aesthetic, although it is not too dangerousOil, grease and floating material: the aestheticOdor and evaporate materials: air pollution and aestheticTemperature: its influence is very large dimension
Dissolved Organic MatterDissolved Organic Matter
The main cause of pollution of water bodiesEffect of oxygen depletion of water bodiesEffect of gas and toxic compounds
The main cause of pollution of water bodiesEffect of oxygen depletion of water bodiesEffect of gas and toxic compounds
Dissolved Organic MatterDissolved Organic Matter
6 CH2O (KH) + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
Proteinnitrate (NO3-), Phosphate (PO4
3-) and
Sulfate (SO4=)
6 CH2O (KH) + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
Proteinnitrate (NO3-), Phosphate (PO4
3-) and
Sulfate (SO4=)
6 CH2O (KH) 3 CH4 + 3 CO2
complex compounds ammonia, nitrite,
sulfide acid, P-organic
6 CH2O (KH) 3 CH4 + 3 CO2
complex compounds ammonia, nitrite,
sulfide acid, P-organic
Aerobic Degradation Aerobic Degradation
Anaerobic DegradationAnaerobic Degradation
NutrientNutrient
CO2 + H2O + PO43- +NO3
- Carbohydrate + Protein + O2
CO2 + H2O + PO43- +NO3
- Carbohydrate + Protein + O2
Nutrients (N, P) is often the limiting growth
Source: domestic waste, agricultural activities (fertilizers), industry (detergent)
Causes of eutrophication
Materials toxic, corrosive, odor, algae (hard filtered), aesthetic
Nutrients (N, P) is often the limiting growth
Source: domestic waste, agricultural activities (fertilizers), industry (detergent)
Causes of eutrophication
Materials toxic, corrosive, odor, algae (hard filtered), aesthetic
Toxic Organic Materials
Toxic Organic Materials
Pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides), PCBs, Detergents, Industrial WastePesticides: not only toxic to the target, but also other fauna floraThe nature of persistent, bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, biomagnification
Pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides), PCBs, Detergents, Industrial WastePesticides: not only toxic to the target, but also other fauna floraThe nature of persistent, bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, biomagnification
Toxic Organic Materials
Toxic Organic Materials
Type of PesticideType of
PesticidePlankto
nPlankto
nshrim
pshrim
p CrabCrab Scallop
Scallop FishFish
HerbicideHerbicide 11 11 11 11 11
Organochloride
Organochloride x3x3 x300x300 x100x100 x100x100 x50
0x500
Organophosphate
Organophosphate x0.5x0.5 x1000x1000 x800x800 x1x1 x2x2
Relative toxicity of pesticides on aquatic animalsRelative toxicity of pesticides on aquatic animals
Toxic Organic Materials
Toxic Organic Materials
Toxicity (4 days LC50) of various insecticides of fish
Toxicity (4 days LC50) of various insecticides of fish
InsecticidesInsecticides Toxicity (ppm)Toxicity (ppm)
DDTDieldrinAldrinHeptaklorEndrin
DDTDieldrinAldrinHeptaklorEndrin
> 1 – 0.032.5 – 0.0160.05 – 0.030.25 – 0.09
0.0015 – 0.001
> 1 – 0.032.5 – 0.0160.05 – 0.030.25 – 0.09
0.0015 – 0.001
MalathionParathionMalathionParathion
13.0 – 12.51.4 – 2.7
13.0 – 12.51.4 – 2.7
Note : LC50 1-50 ppm value are generally considered highly toxicNote : LC50 1-50 ppm value are generally considered highly toxic
Toxic Organic Materials
Toxic Organic Materials
PCBs are chemical similar to organochlorine insecticides (chemical combination of chlorine with compounds similar to petroleum)
Function: to increase flexibility and resistance to fire and oxidation of PVC and polystyrene
Used in synthetic rubber products, printer ink, power tools
PCBs are chemical similar to organochlorine insecticides (chemical combination of chlorine with compounds similar to petroleum)
Function: to increase flexibility and resistance to fire and oxidation of PVC and polystyrene
Used in synthetic rubber products, printer ink, power tools
Toxic Organic Materials
Toxic Organic Materials
ParameterParameter DescriptionDescription
Shape Shape Liqiud like oil, semi- solidLiqiud like oil, semi- solid
Boiling point( oC)Boiling point( oC)
278-415, not volatile278-415, not volatile
SolubilitySolubility Not soluble in water, very soluble in fatNot soluble in water, very soluble in fat
Trade NameTrade Name Arochlors, produced by MonsantoArochlors, produced by Monsanto
General Characteristic of PCBGeneral Characteristic of PCB
Toxic Organic Materials
Toxic Organic Materials
DetergentDetergent
• Toxic to fish
• Containing P (a type of nutrient)
• ABS : hard surfactant, non-biodegradable
• LAS : soft surfactant, biodegradable
•ABS and LAS survive in the handling of liquid waste, reduce DO and cause the foam, the problem of aesthetic
Toxic Organic Materials
Toxic Organic Materials
Industrial WasteIndustrial Waste
Industrial waste, is very diverse types of chemical and its impact on the environment
Generally a mixture of various chemicals
Industrial waste, is very diverse types of chemical and its impact on the environment
Generally a mixture of various chemicals
Toxic Organic Materials
Toxic Organic Materials
IndustryIndustry Polutant in waste waterPolutant in waste water
Electroplating and process of iron / steel
Electroplating and process of iron / steel
CN, Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, Zn, Sn, AgCN, Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, Zn, Sn, Ag
Pulp and paperPulp and paper Fiber, acid / alkaline, chlorine-free, resin, starch, titanium dioxideFiber, acid / alkaline, chlorine-free, resin, starch, titanium dioxide
TanneryTannery Chalk, Cr, sulfides, oils / fats, alkali and organic materialsChalk, Cr, sulfides, oils / fats, alkali and organic materials
Gas productionGas production phenol, ammonia, cyanide, sulfidephenol, ammonia, cyanide, sulfide
Battery ManufactureBattery Manufacture
Sulphate acidSulphate acid
Aluminium RefiningAluminium Refining AlkaliAlkali
ChemicalsChemicals Acid, alkali, phenol, aminaAcid, alkali, phenol, amina
Some types of pollutants are generallyfound in wastewater
Some types of pollutants are generallyfound in wastewater
Toxic Organic Materials
Toxic Organic Materials
Some lethal (LC50) concentration of pollutan in waste water
Some lethal (LC50) concentration of pollutan in waste water
Type of
FishType of
FishMaterialsMaterials
Test Time(hour)
Test Time(hour)
Concentration in
Water(ppm)
Concentration in
Water(ppm)
TroutTrout Na and KCNNa and KCN 7474 0.070.07
PerchPerch Na and KCNNa and KCN 1717 0.130.13
BassBass Na and KCNNa and KCN 2424 0.110.11
SunfishSunfish PhenolPhenol 11 55-9055-90
SunfishSunfish AnilinAnilin 11 1020-11221020-1122
PerchPerch PhenolPhenol 11 9-209-20
SticklebacksSticklebacks
H2SH2S 6 minute6 minute 1616
Petrochemical Materials
Petrochemical Materials
Source : extraction activity, transportation, and using petrochemical productComplex natural products, gaseous, liquid or semi-solid, a mixture of thousands of hydrocarbons (a combination of hydrogen and carbon, with a bit of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or other elements)There are two general groups, saturated hydrocarbons (high proportion of hydrogen) and aromatic hydrocarbons (the proportion of low hydrogen)Saturated hydrocarbons are relatively less toxic, less soluble in water, and less resistant to biological degradationAromatic hydrocarbons are generally toxic, more soluble in water (low Molecular Weight), more resistant to biological degradation
Source : extraction activity, transportation, and using petrochemical productComplex natural products, gaseous, liquid or semi-solid, a mixture of thousands of hydrocarbons (a combination of hydrogen and carbon, with a bit of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or other elements)There are two general groups, saturated hydrocarbons (high proportion of hydrogen) and aromatic hydrocarbons (the proportion of low hydrogen)Saturated hydrocarbons are relatively less toxic, less soluble in water, and less resistant to biological degradationAromatic hydrocarbons are generally toxic, more soluble in water (low Molecular Weight), more resistant to biological degradation
Petrochemical Materials
Petrochemical Materials
CompoundsCompounds lethal concentration (ppm)
lethal concentration (ppm)
BenzeneBenzene 35-3735-37
TolueneToluene 61-6561-65
NaphtaleneNaphtalene 4-404-40
Toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbonson fish
Toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbonson fish
Physical, Chemical and Biological PetroleumChanges in WaterPhysical, Chemical and Biological PetroleumChanges in Water
Heavy MetalHeavy Metal
In fact trace metals are essentiall for growth of animals and plants. Fe hemoglobin in blood, Mg chlorophyll. Other metals which was originally considered to be toxic (Cr, Ni, Sn) was an essential element as well.
"Heavy Metal" (Periodic Table Group IB-VIIIB, atomic number 21-84, except for rare earth elements) are more toxic than "Light Metal" (Li, Na, Ca, Mg)
This phenomenon also applies to metal bioaccumulation
Accumulation of Cd in oysters: 300 ppm (dry weight)
~ accumulated more than 2 million times
In fact trace metals are essentiall for growth of animals and plants. Fe hemoglobin in blood, Mg chlorophyll. Other metals which was originally considered to be toxic (Cr, Ni, Sn) was an essential element as well.
"Heavy Metal" (Periodic Table Group IB-VIIIB, atomic number 21-84, except for rare earth elements) are more toxic than "Light Metal" (Li, Na, Ca, Mg)
This phenomenon also applies to metal bioaccumulation
Accumulation of Cd in oysters: 300 ppm (dry weight)
~ accumulated more than 2 million times
Heavy MetalHeavy Metal
Metal toxicity is influenced by:
– chemical Shape metals
– The existence of another horse's bit, salt, etc..
– Environmental conditions: temperature, salinity, DO,
etc.
Metal toxicity generally follow the sequence as
follows:
Hg > Ag, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb > Sn, Al, Ni, Fe, Cr, Co
Metal toxicity is influenced by:
– chemical Shape metals
– The existence of another horse's bit, salt, etc..
– Environmental conditions: temperature, salinity, DO,
etc.
Metal toxicity generally follow the sequence as
follows:
Hg > Ag, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb > Sn, Al, Ni, Fe, Cr, Co
Biological PollutantsBiological Pollutants
Living things as a pollutant, such as animals, plants (algae), microorganisms (bacteria and viruses)
Can cause negative impacts on lives of native species
Living things as a pollutant, such as animals, plants (algae), microorganisms (bacteria and viruses)
Can cause negative impacts on lives of native species
Quantification Content of Organic Materials
Quantification Content of Organic Materials
Agregat Parameter vs specific component
Equity with oxygen demand (BOD,COD, ThOD)
Determination of organic carbon (TOC)
Determination of specific components of general use GC, HPLC, MS, AAS, etc.
Agregat Parameter vs specific component
Equity with oxygen demand (BOD,COD, ThOD)
Determination of organic carbon (TOC)
Determination of specific components of general use GC, HPLC, MS, AAS, etc.
Quantification Content of Organic Materials
Quantification Content of Organic Materials
Measuring organic carbon that can be biologically degraded
BOD Standard: 5 day incubation, 20 oC
BOD5 = (DO0-DO5) x dilution factor
DO0 ~ 8 – 10 mg/l, 1.5 mg/l < DO5 < 7 mg/l
Provision of seeds that have been acclimatized microorganisms may be necessary to sample with a low content biomass or are difficult to degrade
Water diluent need enriched with nutrients and trace elements
Measuring organic carbon that can be biologically degraded
BOD Standard: 5 day incubation, 20 oC
BOD5 = (DO0-DO5) x dilution factor
DO0 ~ 8 – 10 mg/l, 1.5 mg/l < DO5 < 7 mg/l
Provision of seeds that have been acclimatized microorganisms may be necessary to sample with a low content biomass or are difficult to degrade
Water diluent need enriched with nutrients and trace elements
BODBOD
Quantification Content of Organic Materials
Quantification Content of Organic Materials
Measure the total organic carbon (except aromatic)His reaction is the oxidation-reduction; other reduced materials (S, SO2, Fe) will also be oxidized and is calculated as CODOxidation by dichromate in acid solution. When used well as a catalyst (Silver Sulfate), more than 90 percent of the oxidation of organic materials can be achievedAbout 3 hours of test time
Measure the total organic carbon (except aromatic)His reaction is the oxidation-reduction; other reduced materials (S, SO2, Fe) will also be oxidized and is calculated as CODOxidation by dichromate in acid solution. When used well as a catalyst (Silver Sulfate), more than 90 percent of the oxidation of organic materials can be achievedAbout 3 hours of test time
CODCOD
Quantification Content of Organic Materials
Quantification Content of Organic Materials
Measure all the carbon as CO2; inorganic carbon (CO2, HCO3-, etc.) that exist in the sample must be removed first or correction
Excellence TOC measurement is a simple, quick (3-6 minutes) and carefully, so that is suitable for routine monitoring and control
Measure all the carbon as CO2; inorganic carbon (CO2, HCO3-, etc.) that exist in the sample must be removed first or correction
Excellence TOC measurement is a simple, quick (3-6 minutes) and carefully, so that is suitable for routine monitoring and control
TOCTOC
Quantification Content of Organic Materials
Quantification Content of Organic Materials
Calculate the theoretical oxygen required to oxidize organic materials into a final product
Calculate the theoretical oxygen required to oxidize organic materials into a final product
ThODThOD
Quantification Content of Organic Materials
Quantification Content of Organic Materials
Correlation between the parameters of BOD, COD and TOC
provides useful information
For toxic waste may occur the phenomenon of "sliding BOD"
The ratio of BOD / COD is influenced by the level of waste
treatment.
Correlations are also only valid for a free sample of SS
(filtered samples)
There was no correlation between BOD and COD in effluent
which contains refractory material
Correlation between the parameters of BOD, COD and TOC
provides useful information
For toxic waste may occur the phenomenon of "sliding BOD"
The ratio of BOD / COD is influenced by the level of waste
treatment.
Correlations are also only valid for a free sample of SS
(filtered samples)
There was no correlation between BOD and COD in effluent
which contains refractory material
Interpretation of the results of analysis of organic
materials
Interpretation of the results of analysis of organic
materials
Quantification Content of Organic Materials
Quantification Content of Organic Materials
For most organic materials COD ~ ThOD
For material that is easily degraded COD ~ BODL / 0.92
For waste containing non-degradable fraction, the difference between total COD and BODL / 0.92 is the fraction of non-
degradable
For most organic materials COD ~ ThOD
For material that is easily degraded COD ~ BODL / 0.92
For waste containing non-degradable fraction, the difference between total COD and BODL / 0.92 is the fraction of non-
degradable
Interpretation of the results of analysis of organic
materials
Interpretation of the results of analysis of organic
materials
Debit, Concentration and Expenses
Debit, Concentration and Expenses
One of the differences in traditional and modern approaches to water quality. Formerly limited to determining the maximum concentration of pollutants, is now more emphasis on the actual load
load (mg COD/day) = concentration COD (mg/l) x debit (l/hari)
Emphasis on the actual load of waste minimization efforts, either lower the volume or concentration of waste
For benchmarking the performance efficiency of the industry, for example, to find out Kg COD / ton product Kg BOD / ton of raw materials
One of the differences in traditional and modern approaches to water quality. Formerly limited to determining the maximum concentration of pollutants, is now more emphasis on the actual load
load (mg COD/day) = concentration COD (mg/l) x debit (l/hari)
Emphasis on the actual load of waste minimization efforts, either lower the volume or concentration of waste
For benchmarking the performance efficiency of the industry, for example, to find out Kg COD / ton product Kg BOD / ton of raw materials