Politics In Planning

-Topic- Politics of PlanningBy :

Desy Rosnita SariP28017016

NCKUUrban Planning Department

1st PresentationSeminar 4th course

March 28th 2014

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Planning in the Face of Power-- John Forester --Published in : Planning in the Face of Power (1989)

-- Classic Reading In Urban Planning 1995. p;437Keywords : Information, Power, Planning, and Political communication

ARTICLES :

To be professionally effective, be politically articulate -- Norman Khrumholz and John Forester --

Published in : Making Equity Planning Work (1978) – Classic Reading In Urban Planning 1995. p;456

Keywords : Politic planning, Planning practice, Planning profession, and Cleveland

Looking back; Making city planning work-- Allan B. Jacobs --Published in : Making city planning work (1980)

– Classic Reading In Urban Planning 1995. p;426Keywords : Politic of planning, Planning profession, Planning process, and San Francisco

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Motives for choosing the Topic and Articles

Allan B. Jacobs : Looking back; Making city planning workJohn Forester : Planning in the face of power

Norman Khrumholz : To be professionally effective, be politically articulate John Forester

1. Classic readings in urban planning

2. Intercourse between previous topics (last semester)

Ethics in profession, the environment,and conflicting priorities/planning goals

scope of the profession

Ethics in the profession

Challenge in the profession

“Planning is political”Planning profession certainly operate within the web of political relationship

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Making city planning work (1980) Classic Reading In Urban Planning 1995. p;426

Allan B. Jacobs December 29, 1928 (age 85)

Looking back; Making city planning work

BOOKS The Boulevard Book (2003), Great Streets (1995), Looking at Cities (1985), Making City Planning Work (1980), The

Urban Design Element of the San Francisco General Plan, Toward an Urban Design Manifesto (well-known paper describes how cities should be laid out)

• Bachelor of Architecture, Miami University • Master of City Planning, University of

Pennsylvania in 1954• Graduate School of Design, Harvard.• Study City Planning as a Fulbright Scholar at

University College London (1954 – 1955)

Present; Professor emeritus of city and regional planning. Berkeley University (1975 – 2001), twice served as chairman

Prior;Taught; Berkeley, University of PennsylvaniaWorked; The Pittsburgh City Planning projects, Ford Foundation in Calcutta. India8 years as Director of the San Francisco Department of City Planning (1967 – 1974)

(A city and regional planner, urban designer, architect)

Keywords: Politic of planning, Planning profession, Planning process, San Francisco

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Looking Back.Jacobs’ reflection on his experiences as a planner----- mostly during his duty as San Francisco’s planning director (1967 - 1974).

• Pictured the flavor of doing planning under governmental setting (win/fail the battle)

• Conveying clear sense of the alternate moods of excitement, disappointment, challenge and frustration

• Revealing some strategies and tactics used by Jacobs and his agency in trying to influence various policy decisions in San Francisco.

• Both explicitly and implicitly informed that planning can indeed work if skilled, dedicated and committed people are willing to devote sufficient energy into it.

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Comprehensive plan

Master plan

San Francisco

√

X

Based on large-measure on an assessment of the social and economic needs

Accompanied by a set of recommendation for programs and actions, which is all separate plan elements related

**Program that could be achieved via legislative action and directly under planning department of SF Government , is more likely to be successful

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Long-range development goalPolicy documents, statistic picture of future, Dictated plan, inefficient planning process (too vague, too biased, too subjective, etc)

A frame work of plan that could lead planner to be easier to explain their idea and proposal that are preferable to the people

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The post of city planning division

Planning as Legitimate product

Executive in local government

• Comprehensive planning with long-range action• More likely understand people needs • Planning proposal can be propose before election• Another option for people to connect with

government • Legitimate action / top-down plan (dictated plan /

copy from favorite type) but tends to success• Inefficient planning process (too many programs)• Commission as buffer from private’s demand

Planning commission

• Mayor’s short range-plan (practical an visible goal)

• Planning director limited by administrative set-up

decentralization Semi-autonomy

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Jacobs’ stressed points:

• Qualified, trained, dedicated planner

• Bottom-up planning with qualified planner (responsiveness than efficient)

• Planner limitation may substitute by consultant (cooperation)

• Planner have strong argument upon their utopia prediction/vision

• Best plan is planed locally, developed locally, and used local resource (advocacy planning)

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“Victory today, over the wrong thing in the wrong place, does not ensure that the same battle will not have to be fought tomorrow or the next day, .....................,city planners may have a hard time knowing when they have been successful, it is hard to know what constituted a good batting average......in many cities, success is measured by what happens, by what gets done, by what is accomplished..... we are accustom to think that way, BUT sometimes it is better to measure success by measure what does not happen"..............Allan B. Jacobs - Making city planning work (1978)

Quotations

Aceh Comprehensive planning(social economic relationship and strategic)• HRD VS quality of urban environment (scholarship VS Museum) • Women empowering VS physical project (skill raining VS Elegant Mall)• Conservation VS Urban artifact (forest protection VS city park)

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John F. Forester

Planning in the face of power

English Town Planner, Urbanist, Geographer

Professor and Director of Graduate Studies -Department of City and Regional PlanningCornell University.

Critical Theory and Public Life (1987), Planning in the Face of Power (1989), The Deliberative Practitioner (1999), Dealing with Differences: Dramas of Mediating Public Disputes (2009).

Graduate from University of California, Berkeley**City Planning

BOOKS (emphasis on participatory planning) 

Published in : Planning in the Face of Power (1989) -- Classic Reading In Urban Planning 1995. p;437Keywords : information, power, planning, and political communication

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Vulnerability of democracy

Professional responsibility

Political action

domination

inequality

Ideology

Illegitimate authorityResistance

Democratizing practices

1. How planners work to fulfill their legal mandate for foster a genuinely democratic planning process?

2. What power can planner have?

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• Information is an important source of planner’s power in the planning process

• requests planners to be progressive practitioners

Forester’s argument

5 perspectives of how planner use information:

1. The technician2. The incremental pragmatist3. The liberal advocate4. The structuralist5. The progressive

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Type of misinformation / distortion  Incidental / Ad Hoc Systematic structural

inevitablecognitive limits of

communicationdivision of labor

unnecessary interpersonal manipulationstructural

legitimization

• Comprehension (distorted by problem framing)• Sincerity or trust (distorted by false assurance)• Legitimacy (distorted by lack of consent) • Knowledge (distorted by misrepresentation)

Managing Misinformation:

distortion

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BOOKS

To be professionally effective, be politically articulate

Published in : Making Equity Planning Work (1978) Keywords : politic planning, planning practice, planning profession, Cleveland

Norman Khrumholz

John Forester

Professor in Levin College of Urban Affairs President of the American Planning Association (1986-1987)President of the American Institute of Certified Planners (1999)Planning Director of the City of Cleveland from 1969-1979 (10 years) Planning practitioner in Ithaca, Pittsburgh, and Cleveland

Norman Khrumholz

Making Equity Planning Work (1978)Revitalizing Urban Neighborhoods (1999)Reinventing Cities: Equity Planners Tell Their Stories (1994)

*Legacy : Center for Neighborhood Development. Cleveland State University.President Jimmy Carter asked him to serve on the National Commission on Neighborhoods, whose members traveled around the country and held hearings on neighborhoods’ needs.

M.C.R.P., Planning, Cornell University, 1965

To be professionally effective, be politically articulate

• A review of Cleveland political experience in the practice of equity planning during his duty (Planning Director; 1969-1979)

• In the time of equality and racial justice issues emerged in the nation

• Progressively program and policies that resulted;*changes in Ohio’s property law*improvement in public-service delivery*protection in transit services for the most transit-dependent *rescue of city parklands and beach

Question : How was this successes accomplished ?

“To play an effective role in the messy world of urban politic, planner have to be professional able, organizationally astute, and, most of all, politically articulate.”

1. Anticipating problems and organizing support2. Shaping the new agenda 3. Building a reputation for practical equity-oriented analysis4. Practical rhetoric and publicity5. Relation with the media6. Strengthening planning analyses by using outside expertise

6 aspect planner should has for being politically articulate :

Xie Xie NiThank You

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