Politics and Economics in Zimbabwe.pdf

7/27/2019 Politics and Economics in Zimbabwe.pdf

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THE BRENTHURST FOUNDATION

Strengthening Africas economic performance

Polics and Economics in Zimbabwe

War by other means?

FINDING A WAY OUT OF THE CRISIS

Greg Mills

Discussion Paper 2011/03


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Dr Greg Mills heads the Brenthurst Foundaon. This Paper is partly based on a presenta-

on made at the Center for Strategic and Internaonal Studies (CSIS) in Washington earlier

this year.

Published in May 2011 by:

The Brenthurst Foundaon

E Oppenheimer & Son (Pty) Ltd

PO Box 61631, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa

Tel +27(0)11 2742096 Fax +27(0)11 2742097

www.thebrenthursoundaon.org

All rights reserved. The material in this publicaon may not be reproduced, stored, or

transmied without the prior permission of the publisher. Short extracts may be quoted,

provided the source is fully acknowledged.

Layout by Sheaf Publishing, Benoni

Contents

Execuve Summary 3

The Zimbabwe Status Quo 5

Understanding Mugabes Moves 11

The Outlook of the SADC Region and South Africa 14

Western Opons 16

Opons for the MDC 17

Mass Acon as Another Choice? 19

Conclusion: MDC and Dealing with a Deeper Malaise 21

Endnotes 23

Annexure 25


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3

POLITICS AND ECONOMICS IN ZIMBABWE WAR BY OTHER MEANS?

B R E N T H U R S T D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R 2 0 1 1 / 0 3

Execuve summaryFor most of the past decade the economy of Zimbabwe, once one of Africas largest agri-

cultural producers, was in free-fall amidst unprecedented levels of hyperinaon. During

this me ZANU-PFs governance failings became manifest in widespread human rights

violaons, illegimate elecons, rising poverty and the lack of basic service delivery for

the bulk of Zimbabwean society.

The Global Polical Agreement (GPA) signed between ZANU-PF and the two MDCs in

opposion in 2008, which culminated in a Government of Naonal Unity (GNU) in 2009,

promised a way out of the abyss. Yet notwithstanding some posive results, such as the

stabilisaon of the acute scal crisis through dollarisaon, the polics of Zimbabwe are

sll deeply awed. Moreover, investor condence has taken a beang with the govern -

ments apparent determinaon to naonalise much of the private sector, to say nothing

of the growing corrupon and cronyism.

This Paper considers the opons available to the key actors, internal and external,

to rescue the current polical impasse and secure a brighter future for Zimbabwe. This

will not be easy, owing in large part to the connuing intractability of President Robert

Mugabe, who recently has taken aim not just at his domesc opponents but also impor-

tant regional players, such as South Africa, who he accuses of complicity with Western

powers in the neo-imperialist war being waged in Libya. The Paper argues that the tra-

dional strategy followed by SADC and the AU, as embodied in the GPA, is no longer

viable. Instead the paper proposes a way forward that does not rely solely on external

intervenon nor places undue expectaon on the MDC, whose performance in the GNU

has fallen well short on a number of levels. This new approach must comprise several ele-

ments, including renewed internaonal pressure for reform, stronger regional leadership

by South Africa, and a commitment by the opposion in Zimbabwe to become a credible,

democrac and accountable alternave to ZANU-PF.


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4



Zimbabwes last

decade reminds

Africa that setback

lurks just around

the corner

You have to wash with the crocodile in the river,

you have to swim with the sharks in the sea,

you have to live with the crooked politician,

trust those things that you can never see.

Jhy Cl, Cruel, Crazy, Beautiul World

Tere is another reason why many are celebrating [Laurent] Gbagbos arrest;

it is the act that his capture is a big lesson or Arican leaders: that they are

not going to steal an election and get away with it. We know that a politi-

cal culture o sorts has been growing on the continent, whereby incumbent

leaders, having suppressed the peoples democratic expression at the ballot box,

adamantly reused to hand over power to the winner in the comortable belie

that they would end up orming a government o national unity, as we have

seen in Kenya and Zimbabwe, or example. Tis game must stop!

Te Citizen, azaa, 17 Apl 20111

ConsAn Aigue over ZimbAbwes l pac pltcal ad

cc cy ld tl t dat ad adcal lt. pt a

act, th th tpcal. T t cc th tat Pdt

rt ma halth ad th pl pltcal cqc h dath. wh

th happ, ll th cha, ll thy a jt th a, ply ll t

lt a d adcalat th l ZAnu-P paty plc?

T cd ct, cc th wt c t ppt

th l ht maa gadda Lya. ma ha accd th wtap at Lya l. n th wt tak adata th act

that t ha that ppt t lt tl t a pt hch t-

t ld at c Lya, pcally th l, th Zaa

Pdt ha ad.2

H ha hhly ctcal, t, th h pptd th act,

cld sth Aca Pdt Jac Za, h t td th

hataa tt a th mach 2011 un scty Ccl rlt

1973. T p-t Sunday Mailaccd th sth Aca pdt, th


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th Aca a Za tat, atc ha, tay-

Aca ad a dht k y t a -y z Lya. 3

e thh th 87-ya-ld Zaa l ha ad t a cla that th Aa

ad Aca ct ld t ha td th dtct th Lya l

thy thht that ht th cqc, h tat da ha ad th a

ath: o th Lya cct, Pta tatd yd a.4

idd, catd tllc pt had Za Dc c l-

t, l 1500 tp th plc ad a 5th bad, ppp

p gadda Lya. i t, th cld ha catly chad th

a l Lya tha Haa, plac Pdt rt ma ZAnu-P

ly th d hty. whl t t ma dp-td

htlty tad th wt ad pay ack pat ppt, ch a

ld h ct t th ctaa pltcal ay. idd ma

ha clly d th wt tak Za ha hh h t

ct tha htcal c t h al.

Za lat dcad d Aca, ay Dald Kaka, pdt

th Aca Dlpt bak, that tack lk jt ad th c. 5 it

dclt ad pal cy path al t d that pac ad pltcal

, lk cc dlpt, taly a l-t pc. Daatc

taat t cld dath ad a a, lk cla cpacyad t, lkly.

Aat th ackd, th Dc Pap xa th pt

sth Aca, wt act ad th ppt mt Dcatc

Cha (mDC).

The Zimbabwe status quo

T mDC, hch ha y lct t cttd th cty, at rt

ma l ZAnu-P t tck y th t th 2009 glal PltcalAt, hch catd th -calld icl gt (ig). T a-

t a tatd y th sth Aca Dlpt Cty (sADC)

adatd y th Aca u (Au) ld y th Aca natal C

(AnC) Ta mk th ac ma al t at l th mach

2008 lct.

s p ha ad Za, pcally th cc

tat. stalat ad th lat hyp-at ha lld dl-

laat, p th clat, cllct ad th aalalty

d.

Zimbabwes

recovery path also

serves to remind

that peace and

polical reform is

inevitably a long-

term process


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6



By December

2008, Zimbabwes

annual inaon was

esmated at

6.5 x 10108 per cent

Kindergarten GPA guideIn September 2008, the GPA was signed between ZANU-PF and the two MDC facons

making up the opposion. At the heart of the GPA was a commitment that a revised

Constuon should be agreed, followed on no specied date by new elecons, the

conclusion of which would complete Zimbabwes transion to a democrac polical dis-

pensaon.6 The GPA also spulates that all forms of measures and sancons should

be lied. On 30 January 2009 the MDC-T agreed to join a two-year unity government

with ZANU-PF, nally paving the way for the implementaon of the GPA. A maximum

18-month metable for the coming into force of a new Constuon was set in moon

from that date. On 11 February 2009, a Government of Naonal Unity was formed with

Morgan Tsvangirai as prime minister, and a new cabinet was sworn in on 13 February

2009. In addion to a failure to agree to a constuon, several other key milestones of

the GPA have not been achieved including: The removal of Central Bank Governor Gideon

Gono and Aorney-General Johannes Tomana, both ZANU-PF stalwarts, from their posts;

a naonal audit on land ownership; agreement on ministerial powers and dues; the

appointment of provincial governors; and media liberalisaon. Under the GPA, Zimbabwe

cannot hold elecons unl a new Constuon has been approved by a referendum.

oc cd ly t sth Aca th Aca t t ll dl-

pt, ad dpt ltacy at 90 p ct, th ack ma dat

lad plcy, Za cy cllapd. it td 12 ya hk-

a adt cdt hypat (y Dc 2008, aal at

a tatd at 6.5 quindecillion novedecillion p ct 6.5 x 10108 p ct)

tl 2009 h, pcpally a a lt dllaat, th cy y

at lat 4 p ct. i Apl 2009, ac mt da bt aadd th

Zaa dlla a th sA rad, us Dlla ad uK Pd. bt

ha al tad th cllct c, a pak ( a) $200 p th t a cah-tad c, ad t lat t th 250 000 cl -

at h tatd, 2009, a allac $150 a th thh th aa

at $260 a th cld allac tapt ad h.


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Zimbabwe: GDP annual per cent change7

-15

-12

-9

-6

-3

0

3

6

9

12

15

20102007200420011998199519921989198619831980

The average civil

servant allowance

is now about $260

a month including

allowances for

transport and

housing

Honey, who shrunk the cake?

Between 1997 and 2008, according to the IMF, Zimbabwes real economic output more

than halved from US$8.7 billion to US$4.2 billion. Agriculture shrunk by over 70 per cent,

industry by 80 per cent, tourism by 80 per cent and mining approximately by 50 per cent.

Employment consequently fell by 40 per cent. In 2008, half the populaon of 11 million

received food aid. Today foreign aid is around $800 million annually, the largest contribu-

tors being the much-maligned US (about one-third) and UK (around 15 per cent), though

the exact scale of Chinese assistance is dicult to determine. Remiances from the

diaspora contribute a further $1.2 billion.

Accd t th wld bak, 2010, al gDP th tatd t ha

7.5 p ct, p 5.7 p ct 2009. Acltal tpt y 15 p

ct 2009 ad 34 p ct 2010. sallhld az pdct jpd

0.57 ll t 20078 t a ptd 1.35 ll t 200910. ethh th ll l th p-c pak t ll t, t

dptd. Cla t that actal pdct a 850 000 t ad th alac

a ptd sth Aca ad pad a Zaa pdct t hlp

ak th lk tt, t al t hlp pltcal hayht ak a

cpt dlla. Za ga makt bad a ptdly tctd t

y th az th tda $275 a t, t thy had t ht

t $160$180 a t sth Aca, th a t pt 500 000 t a

tatd $25 ll.8


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Zimbabwe: Maize producon, 19982010

acc pdct tha dld t 200910, t aa t ly

ad hal t p-lad tpt. i , tpt (al) y

8.5 p ct 2009 ad 47 p ct 2010, th pdct ca taly

plat (64 p ct ca t 2008 ad 2010) ad ld (125 p ct

ca t ya). H, pdct had al t, y th tat 2011, yt

td t 2000 ll, th ld a at l tha hal th tpt.9

Zimbabwe: Mining producon

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

2010200920082007200620052004200320022001200019991998

0

100 000

200 000

300 000

400 000

500 000

600 000

20102009200820072006200520042003200220012000199919981997

Phosphates MT

Iron Ore MT

Nickel MT

High Carbon FerroChrome MT

Platnum KG

Gold KG

About 850 000

Zimbabweans

are formally

employed, which is

the same number

recorded in 1970


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Overseas tourists to Zimbabwe: 19952008

i pt th talat bt ad th mDC ha d, plyt a

hh ( 70 p ct th k a ad aalal), klld Zaa

ha lt d (a ay a th ll a tatd t sth Aca

al), pty dc (ht t t Zaa a dttt), alth

qalty ha daatcally (th cht 10 p ct ctll tha 40

p ct th cy), ad dct tt a l ( a pak $444 ll 1998 t $60 ll 2009).10 At 850 000 Zaa

a ally plyd, hch th a cdd 1970, thh c

0

100 000

200 000

300 000

400 000

500 000

600 000

20082007200620052004200320022001200019991998199719961995

Mugabe has

been keen on

staging elecons

without reforms

Indigenisaon: Mugabes Saviour?

In 2007 Zimbabwes Indigenisaon and Economic Empowerment Act was passed. It spu-

lates that foreign-owned companies with an asset value of over US$500 000 should give

up 51 per cent of their shareholdings to locals within ve years. Foreign mining compa-

nies have been given unl 9 May 2011 to submit their plans on the share transfer. There

have been calls to introduce a levy on businesses as a means of nancing this process.

The mining and banking sectors are being targeted by the supporters of indigenisaon.11

Zimbabwes Indigenisaon and Empowerment minister, Saviour Kasukuwere, said in April

2011 that the government would not pay for mining shares taken under this scheme.

The Minister said the government may consider the value of minerals to be equal to

51 per cent of the value of companies and would therefore pay them nothing. This would

absolve government of the need to nd the esmated $1 billion to take up the 51 per

cent spulated equity.12


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th th pplat ha tha dld. maact, alay dpdt

aclt, ad t ha ctd la dcl.

Accd t th wld bak,13 th cy a hta t act:

() pltcal ctaty ad th ct l cdc; () lack d-

tc lqdty ad y hh al tt at ht-t cdt; () hh a

ct ad altc a dad; () al atct ad a latd lack

c t haltat atct; () l dtc dad; () lal

p pply; () pt plc ad th ctaty dd ad

th applcat. extal ac ccal t ppt th cy, hch a

add th $6 ll xtal dt, t dpdt th dct k

thh pltcal ad plcy accdat.

radl, th pltcal ky t dal th all th, ha lad.

ud th gPA, lct ppd t hld th t ya a

cttt datd ad ad p. r hld ha cldd

da d, t t th t ll (atd ZAnu a) ad th

cha. T ha aj ach, t, ha ht ad th ctd

haat mDC ppt ad cat t tly taly th

alld aaat attpt ma aa mach 2009 ( hch h

, sa, a klld); da bt mach 2010 thh ca accdt; ad th

at mach 2011 ey mt elt maa. mch lc pt-dly cc th al aa, hch ZAnu-P l th attld

lctal pacy. i may 2009, 64 p ct Zaa lt t ch

h t t . by oct 2010, th had dcld t 47 p ct.14 T ch

ct th ach th gPA (y Jaay 2011), a dtald l. T cld

ca tdat, hat pch ad lc (27.6 p ct), cpt,

t t tch cpt pactc, ad lal haat (17.2 p ct th

ttal, ach), tct t d pch (13.8 p ct):15

Cumulave share of breaches of Zimbabwe GPA: January 2011

Zanu PF

MDC T

MDC M

Mugabes

polical strategy

is consistently

militarised, and

not only during the

guerrilla struggle


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Agricultural output

has collapsed to

about 20 per cent

of the levels that

had prevailed in

the era before the

farm invasions

ma, p c 1980, ha c lttl tt ctt h

that ad dtak ch . H ay cl, t h t cazy.

Hc ma appat pla t ta lct tht , hp that

th pd ZAnu ccktal yad ad p pl dad

y ll th day at lat h t t cc th t

ack h ad cck a th k at a d-acd wt ld y waht ad

bl.

ad pat th a tak ad t clay pt aalal t th

mDC, sADC ad at lat th wt chk th tatal cty, t

t cay t dtad hat tl ha tatd ma ad, cd,

th th Aca .

Diamonds are whatever

Zimbabwes diamond producon in 2009 was ocially nearly a million carats worth a

lile over $20 million.16 According to Zimbabwes Finance Minister Tendai Bi, ocial dia-

mond producon is expected to reach four million carats in 2011 up from three million in

2010, most of which is sourced from the Chiadzwa diamond mines in the Marange area.17

Furthermore, these mines are a source of polical controversy, allegedly involving deals

with Chinese and Russian state companies. Arsanal, small-scale diamond mining opera-

ons in Africa have a history of becoming entangled in violence or controversy and

Chiadzwa is no dierent. From a bruising ght over mining rights (now de facto held by

South African and Chinese companies), to serious human rights abuses, opaque produc-

on and sales gures (few trust the ocial numbers), Zimbabwes diamond elds have

become a microcosm of the naons plight. Of course, greed and polical muscle (present

and future) have become central to an increasingly sordid tale. Grace Mugabe and senior

ZANU-PF gure (and possible successor to Robert Mugabe) Emmerson Mnangagwa, are

reported to both be major beneciaries of the Marange elds, lining their pockets and

using the proceeds to posion themselves for what is expected to be a vicious power

struggle once Mugabe nally goes. The ease of these exports has led some to queson

the value of the Kimberley Process, though the cercaon scheme was essenally set up

to handle illegal diamond exports from rebel movements not from rogue governments.18

Understanding Mugabes moves

T ctaa ha cttly td t th a td-ad-ttd t-tactc

ad p: lc ad cha. H d th c t a

p 1980 ad t tay p. ma pltcal taty cttly


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ltad, ad t ly d th lla tl. T xpla Operation

Gukurahundi(T ra that ah aay th Cha) kll 20 000 matallad

th aly 1980 t ak th ack al Jha nk ZAPu ,

ctly, Operation Murambatsvina(Cla t th Dt) hch clad t -

al tad ad h th a aa datat th l th ll

ppl th d-2000, ad Operation Ngatipedzenavo (Lt h th o)

ad th 2008 lct.

Lad dtt ha jt ath th lc th a a

thd pata ad a a a t ak th (hlly mDC)

ll-t a-k t lc. mDC talat edd C, t

h pdc ltt Apl 2011, capt th pact ll:

i 2000 ccal a ad th tat a capa that

th pat t ya, ha 7 000 a dlatly add ad tak

y c. sc th th ajty th a ha c laly

dct, th htad ad a ld dlct ad th aal lad ha

td t h th jct tc tyl aclt. Althh

th lad adt pd th gPA ha t cad t ca ZAnu

ppt, t k that phap a ay a hal th ppt ha

aadd at th at had ltd. A a cqc, acltal t-pt ha cllapd t at 20 p ct th ll that had pald th a

th a a. Za, th t t hal a cty a

t pt all typ d ad acltal pdct. Ctt ad tacc

th l xcpt. []h a all la t

th la y ld tadad. w had ddal cpa that

150 000 t a a ya, th t a cpa 500 000 t

a, ddal tacc aa 300 000 kla tacc,

th lat tacc th ld. A ch thy had t cat

y ach ya t ac th cp ad ltck actt. may th t a acctat ad ld td xpt

th t. ZAnu P thht that y ply tak th a at ct

t thl, that thy ld al t ak ay y. T act that th

hhly ccl tp ply cllapd d th tad ca a

a al p t ay, t t t th h had atd ld t cat th

t t th h, l d ht ya hl thy lt

a ad clad lad.

Paralleling

economic

stabilisaon

iniaves has been

a helter-skelter

process of wealth

accumulaon


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T pata hd ch adcal ha d ad d a ttlt

clt (t a a, t th) that d th ad jt th act

ZAnu cad, pcally th th ltay.

Paalll cc talat tat ha a hlt-klt pc

alth acclat. wh lad dtt ad dat ht-

d a ad c ld, caly ad ac a t th

. ZAnu-P a tchd p a th k th dal, p-

ptd th y act (tat ad pat) ad th aac lcal play.

A lack tapacy ch dal p th lt t tt; t pd

acc t ht-t cah, tac. Hc a c cah (xpt) ath tha

d cp th aclt ct xapl.19 italy th pc alth

acclat ha c at th xp pltcal cha.

South Africas

policy could not

have been led by a

fear of the eects

of Zimbabwes

economic collapse

Zimbabwes military plus ca change?

The Zimbabwe armed forces have around 29 000 under arms, including 4 000 in the

Zimbabwe air force. The police comprises a further 20 000 personnel. In March 2011

it was reported20 that China was building a military training installaon at Chitamba

Farm in Mazowe, to be known as the Robert Mugabe Naonal School of Intelligence. In

April 2011 ZDF commander General Constanne Chiwenga, 55, was reportedly own to

China for medical treatment. Chiwenga is one of several members of the shadowy Joint

Operaons Command (JOC), a grouping of service chiefs including former (Fih Brigade)

Gukurahundi commander Air Marshal Perence Shiri, Central Intelligence Organisaon

(CIO) boss Happyton Bonyongwe, Commissioner of Prisons, Paradzai Zimondi, and Police

Commissioner General Augusne Chihuri. The JOC is under the control of Defence Minister

Emmerson Mnangagwa. In 2002, General Chiwenga and his wife Jocelyn seized control of

a major producer of owers and vegetables near Harare. Jocelyn informed the owner,

Roger Staunton, that she had not tasted white blood since 1980 and that she needed

just the slightest excuse to kill someone. Both the Chiwengas are barred from travel-

ling to Europe and the United States.21 EU sancons were, by April 2011, on 163 people

and 31 rms linked to rights abuses; US sancons prohibing travel there and allowing

seizure of assets exist on some 200 ZANU-PF members. Other key former service person-

nel close to Mugabe include Air Vice-Marshal Henry Muchena and CIO director Sydney

Nyanhongo. With many of the JOCs members sick, there are power struggles within the

top echelons of the Zimbabwe military. Whether a new cohort of leadership changes the

military manner in which ZANU-PF has, since the 1970s, prosecuted the polical struggle

is however moot.


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T clt t q th Aca a Zaa,

Haa lack phtcat th ta dtt ha .

The outlook of the SADC region and South Africa

udtad th Aca ct pt dad, t, appcat th

tlk th . T plc laly d that plcy ha chad,

that th sth Aca ha ally lt patc th ma dacy, ad

that cha h. Za t th Za tac ad may 2009.22

ma pap ay Za a lalty, t a atcl th Sunday

Mail Apl 2011.23 b th d: Za, ma at a, Sunday imes,

3 Apl 2011. Za a ma lt, phaal. r t pl-

td , ay da pt,24Sunday imes, 16 Apl 2011, t th

pt dld y th sth Aca Pdt t th mach 2011 t th

sADC ka Lt, Zaa.

sth Aca, Za plcy a tally hapd y a paaly ad

t dadly ( mDC ppt at lat) cat : palty, ld

y th -tllctal ad hyp-t mk; ac, hch ha ct-

tly tpd ha ht dpt th act that th mDC 99 p ct lack;

ad a a a lat paty clpd y a -ad t. it cldt ha , dpt cal cla t th ctay, ld y a a th ct

Za cc cllap, c that happd ayay.

n Pta plcy ha ly atd t a t cc ad -

at, hc th a laly ccl d t t th Zaa

dapa; ad th latd xphc lack th AnC pay dtc

cttt. Al at play th l-tt AnC-lkd ,

attpt t ak y t Za cc taal, taly

ptl al ad tck; ad th d t kp d th tal Za cap

ppt Ala ad Cha. what th xact t ak-p, qt ha ht ha ctatly l th ada.

rc th plaat th pltcal tat d t th -

lt th a ttad cld th apptt th

Atty-gal, r bak g ad Pcal g, th ct

tht sth Aca t plcy t ty ad pt tth a pla t ll

th gPA. T -calld sADC lct road-map, hch ct al th

cttt ad tt th cdt a -ad-a lct hch cld

da, ha ht, palatay, lctal lt lkly t at th

d 2011 tat 2012.25

Progress is

fundamentally

hampered by a

lack of regional

polical will


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15



sth Aca tat cla that th pcpal pl th th a a

lack c, ad d th th mDC hap a cctd pp-

t kpla. Ctaly, a ppt ata, lack c al

th tat lc ha a th a hy th cttt cltat

ad dat pc ha l.

P, h, datally hapd y a lack al pltcal ll t

hld Haa t t th . T al ct th lack al adat th

tal Jt mt ad ipltat Ctt, th -calld JomiC.

s Pta ha a plcy that cld dcd th: ld lk Haa t

tck t th gPA, t thy dt at t, cat, ad dt k hat t d

at t xcpt t t t dalt: rath tha tak palt t tak, t

c pc tac th ad td-ad-ttd pacak

a laKaZl-natal th 1990 bd ad th C th 2000.

th Za cap cdt, t ha ll-at-a th ma: whl cld a th ccl lk th chlaly l mk ad ma, t

th cha a--th-ppl Za. n dt Pdt Za ld al

lk t pt dtac t th xc h Zaa c-

tpat ad hat happ at h, h h acd th ct da

lat cy-captal ad cpt. notd ld k plcly

pat th AnC th th ZAnu-P h.

sch ct ad, th tc ch th a. sth Aca (ad sADC

ad th Au) ddd t th gPA, t lat c thy a pl t.

Lack th tach cha, sADC ll th ct t ct path,

South Africa, SADC

and the AU are

wedded to the

GPA, not least

since they are

responsible for it


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lad taly t ath dptd lct. T mDC ha ad that d th

t icl gt, th d cld pt t ad call lct

h th at xpd 11 ay 2011.

it t dclt t a a lct ca h ma latally

ac a lct dat, hch sADC accpt alt th p that t

ld tt t aa th lct ad d daa ctl ath tha ha

th t d th t ad t c t. i th ca, ma

th tht mDC patcpat ad sADC ad c th lt.

Za at th tatal da ll ly th hhlht t

cd ath tha th tad, hd-th-c aplat ad lc.

what ht th wt d th cctac?

Western opons

H th c tt th sADC ad sth Aca that th hld

c all t y th lct. al th t, t ht c-

tplat t appatly ctadcty act:

spd act aat ma c thy ha c a cause celebre

ZAnu, a xc t xpla Za y y th act td ad

t y th At th a t, atcht p ltlatal act a tapat ad -ad-

a lctal pc a th un scty Ccl.

Act th scty Ccl ld ha t paalll act y sth Aca,

sADC ad th Aca u. sADC, d y Za, ha t th aad

ptt tth ad aat a lct adap. T hld cld c-

ma t a al , ad a l-t, pply-adatd

t c. sth Aca ld lk th wt t at th c

th ad-ap pc. nthl, th t a qt c. it pltcal ll. T t l l th wt ca play t cc Pdt Za

ad sADC t th h th , that ma cat tal

ath lct. A p, ath tha al, act ld hlp t

cc th Aca wt tt.

bt hat l ht th wt that sth Aca d? T a tck

ad cat. i th latt caty, us ladhp a d lal tad

th un scty Ccl tl ht d th tck. At a tactcal

ll, atac qpp th Aca tad-y packp c ld

hh th lt. T tck cld cld a ctat acc t us akt

Acon in the

Security Council

would have to

parallel acon

by South Africa,

SADC and the

African Union


17/55

17



a th Aca gth ad opptty Act, ad epa c a th

ral ecc Pathp At.

H, th plty a scty Ccl lt Za

t, ply a -tat th ct chall nth

Aca. Act ad ladhp th dat pc ll th d t c

sth Aca, pptd y th Au ad dpd y ppt th

wt. Ad tl th ha lttl lklhd ay wt p ( ay

th that att) ptt th lathp th sth Aca th l

Za.

radl, plcy t, th wt t thk at hat t ll d at

ath tal ad ldy lct. T tally aatd. nt a

dct pc lad t a aaly a lct ad a tat a

tha hl thk, ad y th ac Za ct tajcty ad

ZAnu tack cd, at th ta. i acd th ath 2008 ( ), th

hat? wll a dplatc -, ath t ya tat? Ad hy

hld th tatal cty ca ay tha act th th

Aca that att, Za ppt mDC?

ultatly, c, t th mDC that t ak th dc t ak t

th cycl ad t t ack t a t ppt, t h th j. i th lat

dcad hld tach ayth, t that th mDC t .

Opons for the MDC

i th ac ZAnu atcpatd dacy, th mDC ha th pt: t,

tck th th gPA ad ty ad ma d, p t hld lc-

t. T ctly th cal mDC pt. Paty cal ay th pt

th ly ay t a dc tapacy ad pt th cty

t t cha. i ppt th , t lt that th mDC plld t

th ig t ld alt ctaly cat dclty ad th d Zath th . Al th mDC ha al t adpt a at pt

al dal, hch, a th tatt Pdt Za dcat, ha catd

ca pltcal cplcat ZAnu-P t lathp th th th

al lat pat, patclaly th AnC. bt ctd patcpat

th ig al lt th gPA/ig ad ma act ad al act.

T mDC cd altat t xt th gPA hl ppa lct.

T a jtal a d , patclaly th tatal clat

pal a th tatal taty tld a. bt th mDC a

th ld aal th th ad t sADC. A mDC ppt pt

SADC, driven by

Zuma, has to be the

vanguard in pung

together and

guaranteeing an

elecon roadmap


18/55

18



t: i y lk at th Au ctly ad h thy ha dalt th th c pt

y ll a cla patt sda gPA, Kya gPA, madaaca gPA. T c-

tt t th gPA y Aca ladhp dp ad ply cat d

dd that th tak that ZAnu ha ad th pat t ya.

w cld t al t th gPA atd, h , a t ld ha

pc Aca ad sA. bt y t that th gPA

y ch pat ad ap t l th c, t a ad l

ad th l hld ZAnu t th l thy a akd ad ddd. i

ca ad ldhd ad lc ad t t a aal lct ca th.26 o a ath mDC cal ha d, plld t [

th ig] tad ZAnu-P, sADC ld ha y xc t ay ll y

y , [ad t] ld a al.27

T tadpt p that thy a t th alady. Ad t hld

t ly akd hat th at th mDC th ad, t hat

ZAnu-P ld lat lk th mDC t d? it t t pp th mDC t

d th ig, t t c ptt hl lt th t. it al

p that th gPA a a lt ha kd, hth th, a dcatd a,

Kya, madaaca Za. i ch a at kd sda t a

This is not a

queson of

resources.

It is one of

polical will

Movements for Democrac ChangeThe Movement for Democrac Change was formed in 1999 from members of the broad

coalion of civic society groups and individuals that campaigned for a No vote in the

2000 constuonal referendum. In 2005, the party split, with a facon headed each by

trade union leader Morgan Tsvangirai and the other by academic Arthur Mutambara.

In the March 2008 elecon, Tsvangirai ran for President while Mutambara backed the

independent candidacy of former ZANU-PF nance minister Simba Makoni. According to

the ocial results, Tsvangirai won 47.9 per cent of the vote to Mugabes 43.2 per cent,

necessitang a second-round run-o, though the MDC put the rst-round at over 50 per

cent. In the simultaneous parliamentary elecon, the Tsvangirai facon won 99 seats

and Mutambaras 10, compared with 97 for ZANU-PF and one independent, with three

vacancies due to the deaths of candidates. Tsvangirai withdrew from the run-o against

Mugabe, due to be held on 27 June 2008, due to the level of violence. Mutambara, who

became a deputy prime minister under the GPA, was toppled at the MDC-M party con -

gress in January 2011 as leader by trade and industry minister (and long-me Pretoria

favourite) Welshman Ncube. Mutambara then red Ncube from the party. President

Mugabe refused to swear Ncube in as deputy prime minister. As a result, MDC-T has, in

turn, expelled Mutambara and donated the deputy prime ministers post to ZANU-PF.


19/55

19



ca t acltatd a d ad, ltatly, c. madaaca

pltcal daa t t ha t, hl th Kya lt a t th

ac cdal dlpt ad ac chall.

Phap th tt qt hy a gPA th ca ad t Ct

di? T Aca dplatc pc a tatd tc ha th

pltcal pl t th lct ct ad th ct appatly

t a cat act: A lyalty t athty, a a cct ad t

pll ct, a aty t th lad, ad pl th ac

tchd, ltad athty. Lat ga a atd Adja t

ca h lt th lct, t ca Alaa ottaa ay a a c t

ckd th, pcally h thy td y ch pcal c ad

ap ad had th addd ltacy un l-hlt k ald.

Mass acon as another choice?

T hhlht th mDC al chc, th lct pc ad t al

ad tatal ppt ad p yt a dcd a, dald

at t th.

ma act a th mDC al ad phap t pl pltcal cad.

T pt ha, tl , pccally ld t y th mDC ladhp, t

th l al lad h cal paadxcally ct th a dc

Unl now there has

been lile likelihood

of any Western

power pung the

relaonship with

South Africa on the

line over Zimbabwe


20/55

20B R E N T H U R S T D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R 2 0 1 1 / 0 3


th mDC lack aat ad p. A ma aa pt t mach

2011,28

T ach t d Za ha a dt hty ad a dt pac

t that Lya, eypt, a ad th Aca ad Aa ct. w

ha a pc plac h, hch ppd t aatd ad pptd

y th ct th . T h ha p h dcad,

ad ha pd ad tl th Zaa ppl, ha cttd t

cha ad ha d p t pcc ad pcpl. sadly, thy ct

t t th lat, ad th dtak. Ty ct t

th ala tl lc ad tdat. bt i a t adcat-

p that pc. i tll l that, ll Aca ct ad

th tatal cty h th ht ll ad th ht ctt t

Za, ca c d h t, ad d paclly. what dd

ad l tha th ll pct ad th ll pltat th

glal Pltcal At.

th mDC a act Za hld t a eypt pt, hch

at t a ltay jta tak , hch paly hat ay ZAnu

ld p h th alady al ma dpat. it ay al t a d-pat a t t d. At all, h ch cld th Za Dc

c tha gadda lt ad kll t ppl? Ad t th

cd th lht hth ma ad ZAnu ld thy lt at

th pll. Hty t thy t.

Atac t th mDC th ll, h, dpd pcpt

t tth. whch pt th mDC ch tay th ig, tt t

a act t cc t d th dlpt a cla tat-

y t ld th paty a a al al paty ad pa Za. T

talht 2011 a mDC glal Aa Capa d ry bttad Ld th ad tak a la t th AnC k y ld p a

paty-d ad xtal ly dy.

ally, hat th dath ma? Al th a cat th t-

al p th ZAnu-P, th t cld al cat c ad dc

th th paty: T t ad th ccat a alady th attpt t

pt thl a aal pt, pt-ma, th th lkly

t at t a xt th ig, ply ph lct th t th

ht. T cld a adata t th mDC a t k a tal ad tapat

lct t.

In the face of

ZANUs ancipated

obduracy, the MDC

has three opons


21/55

21



Conclusion: MDC and dealing with a deeper malaise

ZAnu-P ha ld Za c dpdc ch th a a ad

a pt a t pd th lat tl: wh p ad dt-

t t pl ha ad ad pctd a a ltay capa; ad

h ay cc at caalt th cqc ha td

ad jtd y th al. whl th mDC ad palt t a

dt t ad thd, ll th tac t plcy p that dt? wll

Za d th mDC t jt l tal t l cpt, t?

T mDC ha d xtaday ad ct t chzph-

a, a t a lla lat t. it ha patcpatd talk hl

call a act, ad a a t hl hp th

d t ata act ad kp th p . Ad ch a Ja p-

ha d a t ha tatd th lat afc

palatay pltcal l. i a tatt th 31t dpdc aay

18 Apl 2011, aa dd th d y ma ZAnu-P paty t

c cpa t ta ajty hahld t lcal lack a pty

htc. H ad that ma z ht-d ccal a at

a dcad a d th a cct clal jtc had d th

cy ad td aac pltca. H addd, n thty ya at

dpdc, a tld y lt-lla ad ltpl a that dat ll t . by th, thy a t t ad-ad

pt th day a ad a, t th lt ad pld

atal c y a all, paatc lt.29 A th al, ac mt

bt, ctd that ZAnu-P ha at th t lck lcal

a ctl th cy ad t ct dat cad dpat

lct.30

T a a appatly dctd a ch at lt th mDC a

ZAnu-P. T t ch dct th mDC d ch tha

plcly k ad t alady l tha y a ad th paty hat xpcd ttd p yt accd t d c.31 o c

ZAnu-P ha ad t cp ch ddal; t th d ad

ttlt ha ad th ay. xapl, Za Te Standardptd

16 At 2009 that th ly-talld -xct ay Haa, mchady

mch mada, had cd at dt h acc h d th

ay ta y accpt th pcha a $152 000 mcd bz. T a

dt had lld y th ltt al dad that th ccl had

d t at-ll dalt. s th dalt cldd dt h had

Laurent Gbagbo

was unseated in

Abidjan not because

he lost the elecon,

but because

Alassane Ouaras

army was a force to

be reckoned with


22/55

22



t had at aly th ya. T ay, h had td dcct

at ppl t dalt, ad t a pp th ccl t y th xp

mcd bz h. mada ad h had ad ay acc c c

t c, ad th tcy th tp--th a hcl a placd. Tat

ca t y pal ca. it a cal ca, mada ad. i ha y th.

i ha a mcd bz e240 ad a Jaa. my ha a yta Dl Ca ad

a Ad C Dl Ca. my chld a d bata ad a d C.

T ppd ca a a mcd bz mL320cd.

T chaa th lcal pct ad, Ccll may Kapa

wad 7, adttd that th a cc th pc th hcl, t ad t

a t a. H h dd ay dat th d a ca th

ay. D th al- l t alht th ay, h actally th

ac Za y t had th cty captal, t ad

a all chap ca hch ay ak h a lah tck t aaad ad th

pat? spak at mada tallat a ay, th th mt Lcal

gt ad ua Dlpt iat Ch pptd th ppal,

ay: T ay d a c ca, paly a mcd bz. nt caly

a mL. i ld p a s Cla 350. mada a dly pctd a a capta

dty ad ptdly had cad y th mDC, a th, t

tak p th ayal pt.32

Za Sunday Mail ha ptd th at th Za

ecc Dlpt t Cpay (ZimeDC) y th mDC At 2010

p t a that paty l t pt pck-

.33 T t lkly t dat ZAnu-P, paly a

attpt t dcd a mDC ak acc t ctact, ad t h

that th pat a ct th a clth. pha t plt htcal p-

alty, may 2011, at th wld ecc , P mt aa

cd h ppt dat. idat t at apppat

atalat t at tt a al, h ad at th Cap t. Haddd, Ac th pltcal dd a th pcpl ctzhp p-

t ha ctt th aa dat.34 Cch

ppt pt t that Za ll t ly d t pltcally

dclt t t ack th clck lad dtt, t that th cty t

cc plcy dpat ll d pat y th d ha th

pl cht. i th plcy ad, th ay t that ch t ch

t ZAnu ad lt th mDC. T ll, th, q

ladhp th mDC pat t kp t partyaratchiks a ch

Mass acon

remains the MDCs

nal and perhaps

most powerful

polical card


23/55

23



-barony. icad cty a da ad tt ll

th ky t Za cc ad.

T c hhlht th t ptat qt ad Za

dlpt pt ad lkly tajcty, att th t p. i

th yt pata hch ha ld t tht pld d ZAnu-P

a aat? o d t ct th ay hch Za k tday ad

th t?

Endnotes

1 At http://thctz.c.tz/day-ctz/43-day-ctz-p-dtal/10044-

a-capt--l--aca-lctal-th.htl.

2 Ctd thZimbabwe elegraph, 23 mach 2011 at http://.ztlaph.

c/?p=1080.

3 At http://.tt./altt//za-attack-atc-za-

-a-lya/.

4 Daily News, 11 Apl 2011 at http://.daly.c.z//34-/2061-

a-ack-za--lya.htl.

5 Ct ad at th t htd y th Aca Ct ecc

aat, blla, 27 Apl 2011.6 a d ay th ad th , t http://.palat.k/

pap/c/l/ach//a-05793.pd.

7 Data tal kdly ppld y Jh rt

8 Pat cpdc, Apl 2011.

9 T wld bakZimbabwe Country Brieat http://.ldak./wbsie/

eXernAL/Counries/AriCAeX/ZimbAbweeXn/0,,PK:375746~

paPK:141132~pPK:141107~thstPK:375736,00.htl.

10 s http://.ctad./ct/dt_dtat/dc/d__z_.pd; ad http://

.zl.c.za/Atcl.apx?Atclid=6230.

11 At http://.palat.k/pap/c/l/ach//a-

05793.pd.

12 At http://.za.c/-4928-gt+ p cte2 p ct80 p

ct99t+pay+++ha/.apx.

13 T wld bakZimbabwe Country Brieat http://.ldak./wbsie/

eXernAL/Counries/AriCAeX/ZimbAbweeXn/0,,PK:375746~

paPK:141132~pPK:141107~thstPK:375736,00.htl.

14 At http://.acac./dc11/z1101.php.

15 At http://.kal.c/taxy/t/150.


24/55

24



16 s http://.dad./2010/07/25/za-dad-pdct--2009-

aly-a-ll-caat--dad-th--20-ll/.

17 At http://.tdadat.c/zaa-t-dad

-pdct-t-ach-4-ll-caat--2011/.

18 s A lt-actd ,Arica Condential, 19 n 2010.

19 a dc th pt, my oct 2010 aaly Za

ctly a d act ltay tat d th th gnu at http://y.

c.za/////pa501877?d=510221&=2009+Dtal&pd=287226.

20 At http://hadaad.c/2011/03/03/ch-ld-ltay-a-

-za/.

21 At http://allaca.c/t/201104160063.htl.

22 Hufngton Post, 4 may 2009 at http://.htpt.c/2009/05/04/za-t-

th-za-__195565.htl.

23 At http://zal.c/tp_/2051.htl.

24 At http://.tl.c.za/dayt/atcl1024182.c/Za-a-ma

--lt-phaal.

25 T ad al dc th sA t cal d mach 2011.

26 Cpdc, 16 Apl 2011.

27 Cpdc, 3 mach 2011.

28 statt y rt H ma r aa, Pdt th mt Dcatc Cha ad P mt th rplc Za. Aca mach

t d. udatd, t dttd mach 2011.

29 At http://.laay24.c/dx-d--c-atal-y-2896-atcl-aa

+d+ma+dat.htl.

30 At http://dzza.dp.c/2011/03/13/dat--pltcal

-h-ay-t/.

31 Cpdc, 21 Apl 2011.

32 At http://.kpda./k/mchady_mada.

33 At http://.talkza.c/dc-t-d-l--dat-plcy-c-858.

34 A qtd Business Day, 6 may 2011.


25/55



ANNEXURE

AGREEMENT BETWEEN

THE ZIMBABWE AFRICAN NATIONAL UNION-PATRIOTIC FRONT (ZANU-PF)

AND THE MOVEMENT FOR DEMOCRATIC CHANGE (MDC) FORMATIONS,

ON RESOLVING THE CHALLENGES FACING ZIMBABWE

Preamble

We, the Pares to this Agreement;

CONCERNED about the recent challenges that we have faced as a country and the mulple

threats to the wellbeing

of our people and, therefore, determined to resolve these permanently.

CONSIDERING our shared determinaon to uphold, defend and sustain Zimbabwes

sovereignty,

independence, territorial integrity and naonal unity, as a respected member of the interna-

onal community, a

naon where all cizens respect and, therefore, enjoy equal protecon of the law and have

equal opportunity to

compete and prosper in all spheres of life.

ACKNOWLEDGING the sacrices made by thousands of Zimbabwes gallant sons and daugh -

ters in the ght

against colonialism and racial discriminaon and determined to accept, cherish and recognise

the signicance of

the Liberaon Struggle as the foundaon of our sovereign independence, freedoms and

human rights.

DEDICATING ourselves to pung an end to the polarisaon, divisions, conict and intolerance

that has

characterised Zimbabwean polics and society in recent mes.

COMMITTING ourselves to pung our people and our country rst by arresng the fall in liv-

ing standards and

reversing the decline of our economy.


26/55



EMPHASISING our shared commitment to re-orient our atudes towards respect for the

Constuon and all

naonal laws, the rule of law, observance of Zimbabwes naonal instuons, symbols and

naonal events.

RESPECTING the rights of all Zimbabweans regardless of polical aliaon to benet from and

parcipate in

all naonal programmes and events freely without let or hindrance.

RECOGNISING, accepng and acknowledging that the values of jusce, fairness, openness,

tolerance, equality,

non-discriminaon and respect of all persons without regard to race, class, gender, ethnicity,

language, religion,

polical opinion, place of origin or birth are the bedrock of our democracy and good

governance.

DETERMINED to build a society free of violence, fear, inmidaon, hatred, patronage, corrup-

on and founded

on jusce, fairness, openness, transparency, dignity and equality.

RECOGNISING and accepng that the Land Queson has been at the core of the contestaon

in Zimbabwe and

acknowledging the centrality of issues relang to the rule of law, respect for human rights,

democracy and

governance.

COMMITTED to act in a manner that demonstrates loyalty to Zimbabwe, patriosm and com-

mitment to

Zimbabwes naonal purpose, core values, interests and aspiraons.

DETERMINED to act in a manner that demonstrates respect for the democrac values of jus-

ce, fairness,

openness, tolerance, equality, respect of all persons and human rights.

SUBMITTING ourselves to the mandate of the Extraordinary Summit of the Southern African

Development


27/55



Community (SADC) held in Dar-es-Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania, on 29th March 2007

and endorsed in

Lusaka on 12th April 2008 and in the AU Summit held in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt from 30th

June to 1 July

2008.

RECOGNlSlNG the centrality and importance of African instuons in dealing with African

problems, we

agreed to seek soluons to our dierences, challenges and problems through dialogue.

ACKNOWLEDGING that pursuant to the Dar-es-Salaam SADC resoluon, the Pares negoated

and agreed

on a dra Constuon, inialed by the Pares on 30 September 2007, and further agreed and

co-sponsored the

enactment of the Constuon of Zimbabwe Amendment Number 18 Act, amendments to the

Electoral Act, the

Zimbabwe Electoral Commission Act, Public Order and Security Act, Access to Informaon and

Protecon of

Privacy Act and Broadcasng Services Act.

APPRECIATING the historical obligaon and need to reach a soluon that will allow us to put

Zimbabwe rst

and give the people a genuine chance of rebuilding and reconstrucng their livelihoods.

PURSUANT to the common desire of working together, the Pares agreed to and executed a

Memorandum of

Understanding on 21 July 2008, aached hereto as Annexure A.

Now therefore agree as follows:

ARTICLE I DEFINITIONS

1. Denions The Agreement shall mean this wrien Agreement signed by the representa-

ves of ZANU-PF

and the MDC, in its two formaons (the Pares) in fulllment of the material mandate

handed down by the


28/55



SADC Extraordinary Summit an 29th March 2007 and endorsed by SADC in Lusaka, Zambia and

adopted by

the African Union Summit in Sharm El- Sheikh, Egypt. The Pares shall mean ZANU-PF, the

two MDC

formaons led by Morgan Tsvangirai and Arthur Mutambara respecvely. The Government

or New

Government means the new Government to be set up in terms of this Agreement.

ARTICLE II DECLARATION OF COMMITMENT

2. Declaraon of Commitment The Pares hereby declare and agree to work together to cre-

ate a genuine, viable,

permanent, sustainable and naonally acceptable soluon to the Zimbabwe situaon and in

parcular to

implement the following agreement with the aims of resolving once and for all the current

polical and

economic situaons and charng a new polical direcon for the country.

ARTICLE III RESTORATION OF ECONOMIC STABILITY AND GROWTH

3. Economic recovery

3.1 The Pares agree:

(a) to give priority to the restoraon of economic stability and growth in Zimbabwe. The

Government

will lead the process of developing and implemenng an economic recovery strategy and

plan. To

that end, the pares are commied to working together on a full and comprehensive

economic

programme to resuscitate Zimbabwes economy, which will urgently address the issues of

producon, food security, poverty and unemployment and the challenges of high inaon,

interest

rates and the exchange rate.


29/55



(b) to create condions that would ensure that the 2008/2009 agricultural season is

producve.

(c) to establish a Naonal Economic Council, composed of representaves of the Pares

and of the

following sectors:

(i) Manufacturing

(ii) Agriculture

(iii) Mining

(iv) Tourism

(v) Commerce

(vi) Financial

(vii) Labour

(viii) Academia; and

(ix) Other relevant sectors

(d) that the terms of reference of the Council shall include giving advice to Government,

formulang

economic plans and programmes for approval by government and such other funcons

as are assigned

to the Council by the Government.

(e) to endorse the SADC resoluon on the economy.

ARTICLE IV SANCTIONS AND MEASURES

4. Sancons and Measures

4.1 Recognising and acknowledging that some secons of the internaonal community have

since 2000 imposed

various sancons and measures against Zimbabwe, which have included targeted sancons.

4.2 The Pares note the present economic and polical isolaon of Zimbabwe by the United

Kingdom,


30/55



European Union, United States of America and other secons of the Internaonal Community

over and around

issues of disputed elecons, governance and dierences over the land reform programme.

4.3 Nong and acknowledging the following sancons and measures imposed on Zimbabwe:-

(a) enactment of the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act by the United

States of

America Congress which outlaws Zimbabwes right to access credit from Internaonal

Financial

Instuons in which the United States Government is represented or has a stake;

(b) suspension of Zimbabwes vong and related rights, suspension of balance of payment

support,

declaraon of ineligibility to borrow Fund resources and suspension of technical assis-

tance to

Zimbabwe by the Internaonal Monetary Fund;

(c) suspension of grants and infrastructural development support to Zimbabwe by The

World Bank; and

(d) imposion of targeted travel bans against current Government and some business

leaders.

4.4 Nong that this internaonal isolaon has over the years created a negave internaonal

percepon of

Zimbabwe and thereby resulng in the further isolaon of the country by the non-availing of

lines of credit to

Zimbabwe by some secons of the internaonal community.

4.5 Recognising the consequent contribuon of this isolaon to the further decline of the

economy.

4.6 Desirous and commied to bringing to an end the fall in the standards of living of our

people, the Pares

hereby agree:-

(a) to endorse the SADC resoluon on sancons concerning Zimbabwe;


31/55



(b) that all forms of measures and sancons against Zimbabwe be lied in order to facili -

tate a

sustainable soluon to the challenges that are currently facing Zimbabwe; and

(c) commit themselves to working together in re-engaging the internaonal community

with a view to

bringing to an end the countrys internaonal isolaon.

ARTICLE V LAND QUESTION

5. Land Queson

5.1 Recognising that colonial racist land ownership paerns established during the colonial

conquest of

Zimbabwe and largely maintained in the post independence period were not only unsustain-

able, but against the

naonal interest, equity and jusce.

5.2 Nong that in addion to the primary objecve of the liberaon struggle to win one man

one vote

democracy and jusce, the land queson, namely the need for the re-distribuon of land to

the majority

indigenous people of Zimbabwe was at the core of the liberaon struggle.

5.3 Accepng the inevitability and desirability of a comprehensive land reform programme in

Zimbabwe that

redresses the issues of historical imbalances and injusces in order to address the issues of

equity, producvity,

and jusce.

5.4 While diering on the methodology of acquision and redistribuon the pares acknowl-

edge that

compulsory acquision and redistribuon of land has taken place under a land reform pro-

gramme undertaken

since 2000.


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5.5 Accepng the irreversibility of the said land acquisions and redistribuon.

5.6 Nong that in the current Constuon of Zimbabwe and further in the Dra Constuon

agreed to by the

pares the primary obligaon of compensang former land owners for land acquired rests on

the former

colonial power.

5.7 Further recognising the need to ensure that all land is used producvely in the interests

of all the people of

Zimbabwe.

5.8 Recognising the need for womens access and control over land in their own right as equal

cizens.

5.9 The Pares hereby agree to:

(a) conduct a comprehensive, transparent and non-parsan land audit, during the tenure

of the Seventh

Parliament of Zimbabwe, for the purpose of establishing accountability and eliminang

mulple farm

ownerships.

(b) ensure that all Zimbabweans who are eligible to be allocated land and who apply for

it shall be

considered for allocaon of land irrespecve of race, gender, religion, ethnicity or polical

aliaon;

(c) ensure security of tenure to all land holders.

(d) call upon the United Kingdom government to accept the primary responsibility to pay

compensaon for land acquired from former land owners for reselement;

(e) work together to secure internaonal support and nance for the land reform pro-

gramme in terms of

compensaon for the former land owners and support for new farmers; and

(f) work together for the restoraon of full producvity on all agricultural land.


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ARTICLE VI CONSTITUTION

6. Constuon

Acknowledging that it is the fundamental right and duty of the Zimbabwean people to make

a constuon by

themselves and for themselves; Aware that the process of making this constuon must be

owned and driven by

the people and must be inclusive and democrac; Recognising that the current Constuon

of Zimbabwe made

at the Lancaster House Conference, London (1979) was primarily to transfer power from the

colonial authority

to the people of Zimbabwe; Acknowledging the dra Constuon that the Pares signed and

agreed to in

Kariba on the 30th of September 2007, annexed hereto as Annexure B; Determined to create

condions for

our people to write a constuon for themselves; and Mindful of the need to ensure that the

new Constuon

deepens our democrac values and principles and the protecon of the equality of all cizens,

parcularly the

enhancement of full cizenship and equality of women.

6.1 The Pares hereby agree:

(a) that they shall set up a Select Commiee of Parliament composed of representaves

of the Pares

whose terms of reference shall be as follows:

(i) to set up such subcommiees chaired by a member of Parliament and composed of

members of Parliament and representaves of Civil Society as may be necessary to

assist the

Select Commiee in performing its mandate herein;

(ii) to hold such public hearings and such consultaons as it may deem necessary in the


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process of public consultaon over the making of a new constuon for Zimbabwe;

(iii) to convene an All Stakeholders Conference to consult stakeholders on their

representaon

in the sub-commiees referred to above and such related maers as may assist the

commiee

in its work;

(iv) to table its dra Constuon to a 2nd All Stakeholders Conference; and

(v) to report to Parliament on its recommendaons over the content of a NewConstuon for

Zimbabwe

(b) That the dra Constuon recommended by the Select Commiee shall be submied

to a

referendum;

(c) that, in implemenng the above, the following me frames shall apply:

(i) the Select Commiee shall be set up within two months of incepon of a new

government;

(ii) the convening of the rst All Stakeholders Conference shall be within 3 months of

the date

of the appointment of the Select Commiee;

(iii) the public consultaon process shall be completed no later than

4 months of the date of the rst All Stakeholders Conference;

(iv) the dra Constuon shall be tabled within 3 months of compleon of the public

consultaon process to a second All Stakeholders Conference;

(v) the dra Constuon and the accompanying Report shall be tabled before

Parliament

within 1 month of the second All Stakeholders Conference;

(vi) the dra Constuon and the accompanying Report shall be debated in Parliament

and the


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debate concluded within one month;

(vii) the dra Constuon emerging from Parliament shall be gazeed before the hold-

ing of a

referendum;

(viii) a referendum on the new dra Constuon shall be held within

3 months of the conclusion of the debate;

(ix) in the event of the dra Constuon being approved in the referendum it shall be

gazeed

within 1 month of the date of the referendum; and

(x) the dra Constuon shall be introduced in Parliament no later than 1 month aer

the

expiraon of the period of 30 days from the date of its gazeng.

ARTICLE VII PROMOTION OF EQUALITY, NATIONAL HEALING, COHESION AND UNITY

7. Equality, Naonal Healing, Cohesion and Unity

7.1 The Pares hereby agree that the new Government:

a) will ensure equal treatment of all regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, place of origin

and will work

towards equal access to development for all;

b) will ensure equal and fair development of all regions of the country and in parcular

to correct

historical imbalances in the development of regions;

c) shall give consideraon to the seng up of a mechanism to properly advise on what

measures might be

necessary and praccable to achieve naonal healing, cohesion and unity in respect of

vicms of pre

and post independence polical conicts; and

d) will strive to create an environment of tolerance and respect among Zimbabweans and

that all cizens


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are treated with dignity and decency irrespecve of age, gender, race, ethnicity, place of

origin or

polical aliaon.

e) will formulate policies and put measures in place to aract the return and repatriaon

of all

Zimbabweans in the Diaspora and in parcular will work towards the return of all skilled

personnel.

ARTICLE VIII RESPECT FOR NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND EVENTS

8. Respect for Naonal Instuons and Events

8.1 In the interests of forging a common vision for our country, the Pares hereby agree:-

(a) on the necessity of all Zimbabweans regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, polical ali-

aon and

religion to respect and observe Zimbabwes naonal instuons, symbols, naonal pro-

grammes and

events; and

(b) that all Zimbabweans regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, polical aliaon and reli-

gion have the

right to benet from and parcipate in all naonal programmes and events without let or

hindrance.

ARTICLE IX EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE

9. External Interference

9.1 The Pares rearm the principle of the United Naons Charter on non-interference in the

internal aairs of

member countries.

9.2 The Pares hereby agree:-

(a) that the responsibility of eecng change of government in Zimbabwe vests exclusively

on and is


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the sole prerogave of the people of Zimbabwe through peaceful, democrac and cons-

tuonal means;

(b) to reject any unlawful, violent, undemocrac and unconstuonal means of changing

governments;

and

(c) that no outsiders have a right to call or campaign for regime change in Zimbabwe.

ARTICLE X FREE POLITICAL ACTIVITY

10. Free polical acvity

Recognising that the right to canvass and freely mobilise for polical support is the corner-

stone of any mulparty

democrac system, the Pares have agreed that there should be free polical acvity

throughout

Zimbabwe within the ambit of the law in which all polical pares are able to propagate their

views and canvass

for support, free of harassment and inmidaon.

ARTICLE XI RULE OF LAW, RESPECT FOR THE CONSTITUTION AND OTHER LAWS

11. Rule of law, respect for the Constuon and other laws

11.1 The Pares hereby agree that it is the duty of all polical pares and individuals to:

(a) respect and uphold the Constuon and other laws of the land;

(b) adhere to the principles of the Rule of Law.

ARTICLE XII FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY AND ASSOCIATION

12. Freedoms of Assembly and Associaon

12.1 Recognising the importance of the freedoms of assembly and associaon in a mul-party

democracy and

nong that public meengs have to be conducted in a free, peaceful and democrac manner

in accordance with

the law, the Pares have agreed:-


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(a) to work together in a manner which guarantees the full implementaon and realisaon

of the right

to freedom of associaon and assembly; and

(b) that the Government shall undertake training programmes, workshops and meengs

for the police

and other enforcement agencies directed at the appreciaon of the right of freedom of

assembly and

associaon and the proper interpretaon, understanding and applicaon of the provisions

of security

legislaon.

ARTICLE XIII STATE ORGANS AND INSTITUTIONS

13. State organs and instuons

13.1 State organs and instuons do not belong to any polical party and should be imparal

in the discharge of

their dues.

13.2 For the purposes of ensuring that all state organs and instuons perform their dues

ethically and

professionally in conformity with the principles and requirements of a mul-party democrac

system in which

all pares are treated equally, the Pares have agreed that the following steps be taken:-

(a) that there be inclusion in the training curriculum of members of the uniformed forces

of the subjects

on human rights, internaonal humanitarian law and statute law so that there is greater

understanding

and full appreciaon of their roles and dues in a mul-party democrac system;

(b) ensuring that all state organs and instuons strictly observe the principles of the Rule

of Law and

remain non-parsan and imparal;


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(c) laws and regulaons governing state organs and instuons are strictly adhered to and

those

violang them be penalised without fear or favour; and

(d) recruitment policies and pracces be conducted in a manner that ensures that no

polical or other

form of favourism is pracsed.

ARTICLE XIV TRADITIONAL LEADERS

14. Tradional Leaders

14.1 Recognising and acknowledging that tradional leaders are community leaders with

equal responsibilies

and obligaons to all members of their communies regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, race,

religion and

polical aliaon, the Pares hereby agree to:-

(a) commit themselves to ensuring the polical neutrality of tradional leaders; and

(b) call upon tradional leaders not to engage in parsan polical acvies at naonal

level as well as

in their communies.

ARTICLE XV NATIONAL YOUTH TRAINING PROGRAMME

15. Naonal Youth Training Programme

Recognising the desirability of a naonal youth training programme which inculcates the val-

ues of patriosm,

discipline, tolerance, non- violence, openness, democracy, equality, jusce and respect.

Determined to ensure

that the Naonal Youth Training Programme raises awareness of the HIV and AIDS pandemic,

engenders a

spirit of community service, skills development and a commitment to the development of

Zimbabwe

15.1 The Pares hereby agree that:-


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(a) all youths regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, religion and polical aliaon are eli-

gible to

parcipate in naonal youth training programmes;

(b) the Naonal Youth Training Programme must be run in a non- parsan manner and

shall not

include parsan polical material advancing the cause of any polical party; and

(c) while recognising that youths undergoing training at naonal youth training centres

have a right to

hold polical opinions, they shall not, during the period of their training, collecvely and

as part of a

scheme of the training centre be used or deployed for parsan polical work.

ARTICLE XVI HUMANITARIAN AND FOOD ASSISTANCE

16. Humanitarian and food assistance

16.1 In mes of need, every Zimbabwean regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, polical ali -

aon and religion is

entled to request and receive humanitarian and food assistance from the State.

16.2 It is the primary responsibility of the State to ensure that every Zimbabwean who needs

humanitarian and

food assistance receives it.

16.3 Non-Governmental Organisaons involved in giving humanitarian and food assistance

shall do so without

discriminaon on the grounds of race, ethnicity, gender, polical aliaon and religion and in

doing so, shall

not promote or advance the interests of any polical party or cause.

16.4 In this regard the Pares hereby agree:

(a) that in the fulllment of its obligaons above, the Government and all State Instuons

and quasi


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State Instuons shall render humanitarian and food assistance without discriminaon

on the grounds

of race, ethnicity, gender, polical aliaon or religion;

(b) that humanitarian intervenons rendered by Non-Governmental Organisaons, shall

be provided

without discriminaon on the grounds of race, ethnicity, gender, polical aliaon and

religion.

(c) that all displaced persons shall be entled to humanitarian and food assistance to ena-

ble them to

return and sele in their original homes and that social welfare organisaons shall be

allowed to render

such assistance as might be required.

(d) that all NGOs rendering humanitarian and food assistance must operate within the

connes of the

laws of Zimbabwe.

ARTICLE XVII LEGISLATIVE AGENDA PRIORITIES

17. Legislave agenda

17.1 The Pares hereby agree that:

(a) the legislave agenda will be priorised in order to reect the leer and spirit of this

agreement;

(b) the Government will discuss and agree on further legislave measures which may

become

necessary to implement the Governments agreed policies and in parcular, with a view

to entrenching

democrac values and pracces.

ARTICLE XVIII SECURITY OF PERSONS AND PREVENTION OF VIOLENCE

18. Security of persons and prevenon of violence


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18.1 Nong the easy resort to violence by polical pares, State actors, Non-State actors and

others in order to

resolve polical dierences and achieve polical ends.

18.2 Gravely concerned by the displacement of scores of people aer the elecon of March

29, 2008 as a result

of polically movated violence.

18.3 Recognising that violence dehumanises and engenders feelings of hatred and polarisaon

within the

country.

18.4 Further recognising that violence undermines our collecve independence as a people

and our capacity to

exercise our free will in making polical choices.

18.5 The Pares hereby agree:

(a) to promote the values and pracces of tolerance, respect, non- violence and dialogue

as means of

resolving polical dierences;

(b) to renounce and desist from the promoon and use of violence, under whatever name

called, as a

means of aaining polical ends;

(c) that the Government shall apply the laws of the country fully and imparally in bring -

ing all

perpetrators of polically movated violence to book;

(d) that all polical pares, other organisaons and their leaders shall commit themselves

to do

everything to stop and prevent all forms of polical violence, including by non-State actors

and shall

consistently appeal to their members to desist from violence;


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(e) to take all measures necessary to ensure that the structures and instuons they con-

trol are not

engaged in the perpetraon of violence.

(f) that all civil society organisaons of whatever descripon whether aliated to a poli-

cal party or

not shall not promote or advocate for or use violence or any other form of inmidaon or

coercion to

canvass or mobilise for or oppose any polical party or to achieve any polical end;

(g) to work together to ensure the security of all persons and property;

(h) to work together to ensure the safety of any displaced persons, their safe return home

and their

enjoyment of the full protecon of the law.

(i) to refrain from using abusive language that may incite hoslity, polical intolerance and

ethnic

hatred or unfairly undermine each other.

(j) that while having due regard to the Constuon of Zimbabwe and the principles of the

rule of law,

the prosecung authories will expedite the determinaon as to whether or not there is

sucient

evidence to warrant the prosecuon or keeping on remand of all persons accused of poli-

cally related

oences arising out of or connected with the March and June 2008 elecons.

ARTICLE XIX FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND COMMUNICATION

19. Freedom of Expression and Communicaon

Recognising the importance of the right to freedom of expression and the role of the media

in a mul-party

democracy. Nong that while the provisions of the Broadcasng Services Act permit the issu-

ance of licences,


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no licences other than to the public broadcaster have been issued. Aware of the emergence

of foreign based

radio staons broadcasng into Zimbabwe, some of which are funded by foreign govern-

ments. Concerned that

the failure to issue licences under the Broadcasng Services Act to alternave broadcasters

might have given

rise to external radio staons broadcasng into Zimbabwe. Further concerned that foreign

government funded

external radio staons broadcasng into Zimbabwe are not in Zimbabwes naonal interest.

Desirous of ensuring

the opening up of the air waves and ensuring the operaon of as many media houses as

possible.

19.1 The Pares hereby agree:-

(a) that the government shall ensure the immediate processing by the appropriate author-

ies of all

applicaons for re-registraon and registraon in terms of both the Broadcasng Services

Act as well

as the Access to Informaon and Protecon of Privacy Act;

(b) all Zimbabwean naonals including those currently working for or running external

radio staons

be encouraged to make applicaons for broadcasng licences, in Zimbabwe, in terms of

the law;

(c) that in recognion of the open media environment ancipated by this Agreement, the

Pares

hereby:-

(i) call upon the governments that are hosng and/or funding external radio staons

broadcasng into Zimbabwe to cease such hosng and funding; and

(ii) encourage the Zimbabweans running or working for external radio staons

broadcasng


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into Zimbabwe to return to Zimbabwe; and

(d) that steps be taken to ensure that the public media provides balanced and fair cover -

age to all

polical pares for their legimate polical acvies.

(e) that the public and private media shall refrain from using abusive language that may

incite hoslity,

polical intolerance and ethnic hatred or that unfairly undermines polical pares and

other

organisaons. To this end, the inclusive government shall ensure that appropriate meas-

ures are taken to

achieve this objecve.

ARTICLE XX FRAMEWORK FOR A NEW GOVERNMENT

20. Framework for a new Government

Acknowledging that we have an obligaon to establish a framework of working together in an

inclusive

government;

Accepng that the formaon of such a government will have to be approached with great

sensivity, exibility

and willingness to compromise;

Recognising that the formaon of such a Government would demonstrate the respect of the

Pares for the

deeply-felt and immediate hopes and aspiraons of the millions of our people.

Determined to carry out sustained work to create the condions for returning our country to

stability and

prosperity;

Acknowledging the need for gender parity, parcularly the need to appoint women to strate-

gic Cabinet posts;

20.1 The Pares hereby agree that:


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20.1.1 Execuve Powers and Authority

The Execuve Authority of the Inclusive Government shall vest in, and be shared among the

President, the

Prime Minister and the Cabinet, as provided for in this Constuon and legislaon.

The President of the Republic shall exercise execuve authority subject to the Constuon

and the law.

The Prime Minister of the Republic shall exercise execuve authority subject to the Constuon

and the law.

The Cabinet of the Republic shall exercise execuve authority subject to the Constuon and

the law.

In the exercise of execuve authority, the President, Vice Presidents, the Prime Minister, the

Deputy Prime

Ministers, Ministers and Deputy Ministers must have regard to the principles and spirit under-

lying the formaon

of the Inclusive Government and accordingly act in a manner that seeks to promote cohesion

both inside and

outside government.

20.1.2 The Cabinet

(a) shall have the responsibility to evaluate and adopt all government policies and the

consequenal

programmes;

(b) shall, subject to approval by Parliament, allocate the nancial resources for the imple-

mentaon of

such policies and programmes;

(c) shall have the responsibility to prepare and present to Parliament, all such legislaon

and other

instruments as may be necessary to implement the policies and programmes of the

Naonal Execuve;


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(d) shall, except where the Constuon requires racaon by Parliament, or acon by

the President,

approve all internaonal agreements;

(e) shall ensure that the state organs, including the Ministries and Departments, have

sucient

nancial and other resources and appropriate operaonal capacity to carry out their

funcons

eecvely; and

(f) shall take decisions by consensus, and take collecve responsibility for all Cabinet

decisions,

including those originally iniated individually by any member of Cabinet.

(g) The President and the Prime Minister will agree on the allocaon of Ministries between

them for

the purpose of day-to-day supervision.

20.1.3 The President

(a) chairs Cabinet;

(b) exercises execuve authority;

(c) shall exercise his/her powers subject to the provisions of the Constuon;

(d) can, subject to the Constuon, declare war and make peace;

(e) can, subject to the Constuon, proclaim and terminate maral law;

(f) confers honours and precedence, on the advice of Cabinet;

(g) grants pardons, respites, substutes less severe punishment and suspends or remits

sentences, on the

advice of Cabinet;

(h) chairs the Naonal Security Council;

(i) formally appoints the Vice Presidents;


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(j) shall, pursuant to this Agreement, appoint the Prime Minister pending the enactment

of the

Constuon of Zimbabwe Amendment no.19 as agreed by the Pares;

(k) formally appoints Deputy Prime Ministers, Ministers and Deputy Ministers in accord-

ance with this

agreement;

(l) aer consultaon with the Vice Presidents, the Prime Minister and the Deputy Prime

Ministers,

allocates Ministerial porolios in accordance with this Agreement;

(m) accredits, receives and recognises diplomac agents and consular ocers;

(n) appoints independent Constuonal Commissions in terms of the Constuon;

(o) appoints service/execuve Commissions in terms of the Constuon and in consulta -

on with the

Prime Minister;

(p) in consultaon with the Prime Minister, makes key appointments the President is

required to make

under and in terms of the Constuon or any Act of Parliament;

(q) may, acng in consultaon with the Prime Minister, dissolve Parliament;

(r) must be kept fully informed by the Prime Minister on the general conduct of the

government

business and;

(s) shall be furnished with such informaon as he/she may request in respect of any par-

cular maer

relang to the government, and may advise the Prime Minister and Cabinet in this regard.

20.1.4 The Prime Minister

(a) chairs the Council of Ministers and is the Deputy Chairperson of Cabinet;

(b) exercises execuve authority;


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(c) shall oversee the formulaon of government policies by the Cabinet;

(d) shall ensure that the policies so formulated are implemented by the enrety of

government;

(e) shall ensure that the Ministers develop appropriate implementaon plans to give eect

to the

policies decided by Cabinet: in this regard, the Ministers will report to the Prime Minister

on all issues

relang to the implementaon of such policies and plans;

(f) shall ensure that the legislaon necessary to enable the government to carry out its

funcons is in

place: in this regard, he/ she shall have the responsibility to discharge the funcons of the

Leader of

Government Business in Parliament;

(g) shall be a member of the Naonal Security Council;

(h) may be assigned such addional funcons as are necessary further to enhance the

work of the

Inclusive Government;

(i) shall, to ensure the eecve execuon of these tasks, be assisted by Deputy Prime

Ministers; and

(j) shall report regularly to the President and Parliament.

20.1.5 Council of Ministers

To ensure that the Prime Minister properly discharges his responsibility to oversee the imple-

mentaon of the

work of government, there shall be a Council of Ministers consisng of all the Cabinet

Ministers, chaired by the

Prime Minister, whose funcons shall be:

(a) to assess the implementaon of Cabinet decisions;

(b) to assist the Prime Minister to aend to maers of coordinaon in the government;


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(c) to enable the Prime Minister to receive briengs from the Cabinet Commiees;

(d) to make progress reports to Cabinet on maers of implementaon of Cabinet decisions;

(e) to receive and consider reports from the Commiee responsible for the periodic review

mechanism;

and

(f) to make progress reports to Cabinet on maers related to the periodic review

mechanism.

20.1.6 Composion of the Execuve

(1) There shall be a President, which Oce shall connue to be occupied by President

Robert Gabriel Mugabe.

(2) There shall be two (2) Vice Presidents, who will be nominated by the President and/

or Zanu-PF.

(3) There shall be a Prime Minister, which Oce shall be occupied by Mr Morgan Tsvangirai.

(4) There shall be two (2) Deputy Prime Ministers, one (1) from MDC-T and one (1) from

the MDC-M.

(5) There shall be thirty-one (31) Ministers, with een (15) nominated by ZANU PF, thir-

teen (13) by MDC-T

and three (3) by MDC-M. Of the 31 Ministers, three (3) one each per Party, may be

appointed from outside the

members of Parliament. The three (3) Ministers so appointed shall become members of

the House of Assembly

and shall have the right to sit, speak and debate in Parliament, but shall not be entled

to vote.

(6) There shall be een (15) Deputy Ministers, with (eight) 8 nominated by ZANU PF, six

(6) by MDC-T and

one (1) by MDC-M.

(7) Ministers and Deputy Ministers may be relieved of their dues only aer consultaon

among the leaders of

all the polical pares parcipang in the Inclusive Government.


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20.1.7 Senate

(a) The President shall, in his discreon, appoint ve (5) persons to the exisng posions

of Presidenal

senatorial appointments.

(b) There shall be created an addional nine (9) appointed senatorial posts, which shall be

lled by persons

appointed by the President, of whom, 3 will be nomina

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