Political Science - Front Pages ediv fy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp murpdhy; rfy ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;Fk; ghlE}y;fs; ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gLtJld; Mrpupau;fSf;F Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G

vii

murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;

f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

2010 Kjy; 13 Mk; juj;Jf;fhdJ

r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

kfufk

i

murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;

juk; - 13

Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

2010

© Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ISBN 978-955-654-369-8

r%f> tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwr%f> tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwr%f> tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwr%f> tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwr%f> tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw

nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

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murhq;f mr;rff; $l;Lj;jhgdk;

ghdYt> ghJf;f.

ii

iii

Kd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;Diu

,t;thrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bahdJ 2010 Kjy; juk; 13 ,w;fhd fw;wy; -fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpidj; jpl;lkpl;Lf;nfhs;tjw;fhf Mrpupau;fSf;Fg; gad;gLk;.

,e;E}iy Mf;Ftjpy; mbg;gilahff; nfhs;sg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lk; ,Jtiu ,Ue;jghlj;jpl;lj;jpypUe;J NtWgl;lJ. mk;khw;wj;ij ,dq;fz;Lnfhs;s Kd;tUk;cq;fSf;F mJ xU Nju;r;rpikag; ghlj;jpl;lk; vd;gijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;syhk;.,q;Fs;s xt;nthU Nju;r;rpAk; mNj tFg;gpy; mikag;ngw Ntz;Lk; vdvjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjpy;iy. rpyNtis mjw;fhf ePz;l fhyk; vLf;fyhk;. MapDk;Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fspy; fPo; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s fw;ww;NgWfs; mt;tj; juj;jpd;NghJmilag;gl Ntz;Lk;. vdNt cq;fs; tFg;G njhlu;gpy; ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ,f;fw;wy; NgWfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk; ngupJk; gadspf;Fk;.

,q;Fs;s nraw;ghLfs; cq;fis Xu; Mf;fuPjpahd Mrpupauhf Mf;Fk; Nehf;fpy;vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sit vdf; fUjTk;. Mrpupau; ika tFg;giwr;nranyhOq;if khw;wp khztu; ika epiynahd;iw Vw;gLj;JtNj gpujhdNehf;fkhFk;. vdNt khztu;fisAk; gy;NtW E}y; crhTifapd; ghYk;,izaj;jsj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtjpYk; topg;gLj;Jk; fw;wy; tha;g;Gfis KbAkhdvy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. fw;gpj;jypd;NghJ kuG uPjpahfFwpg;Gfis toq;Ftjw;Fg; gjpyhff; ftu;r;rpfukhd Gjpa fw;ww; Nfhl;ghLfs;Nghd;wtw;iw Kd;itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhfj; njhopy;El;gj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l njhlu;ghly; cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; tFg;giwapy; Mu;tk; nrYj;jNtz;Lk;. mjw;fhf KbAkhd msT njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy;Mf;fuPjpahfr; nraw;gly; Kf;fpakhFk;.

juk; 13 ,y; ,g;ghlj;ij fw;gpf;f Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ Kjypy; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij ed;Ftpsf;fTk;. tUlk; KotJk; ePq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; fw;gpj;jy; jpl;lkpliymwpKfg;gLj;Jtjhapd; mJ khztu;fSf;F Xu; Cf;Ftpg;ghf mikAk;.ghlj;jpl;lj;ij G+uzkhf epiwNtw;Wtjhy; khztu; ghlrhiyapd; kPJ Mu;tk;nfhs;tu;. ,f;fiyj;jpl;lr; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;ij ehl;Lf;F tpsf;Fk; tifapyhdtFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhff;Fwpg;gpl;l ghlj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; cj;Njrr; nranyhOq;F Clhf cq;fs; Mf;fj;jpwd;Mw;wiy kyur; nra;AkhW Ntz;LfpNwd;.

,t;topfhl;lw; Nfhitiaj; jahupg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j midj;J mwpQu;fSf;Fk;Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtf cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfs;cupj;jhFf. ,g;gzpf;fhd topfhl;liy toq;fpa gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; fyhepjp.cghyp Nrju mtu;fSf;Fk; mr;Rg; gjpTfis Nkw;nfhz;L ghlrhiyfSf;Fg;gfpu;e;jspf;Fk; gzpiag; nghWg;Ngw;w fy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafk;cl;gl;l cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fk; vdJ rpwg;ghd ed;wpfs; cupj;jhFk;. ,jpy;,lk;ngw;Ws;s tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd MNyhridfis vdf;FmDg;GtPu;fshapd; ed;wpAilatdhapUg;Ngd;.

tpky; rpak;gyhnfhltpky; rpak;gyhnfhltpky; rpak;gyhnfhltpky; rpak;gyhnfhltpky; rpak;gyhnfhlcjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%ftpQ;Qhd gPlk;

iv

fy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpfy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpfy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpfy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpfy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp

murpdhy; rfy ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;Fk; ghlE}y;fs; ,ytrkhf

toq;fg;gLtJld; Mrpupau;fSf;F Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bfSk;

toq;fg;gLtjhdJ fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;iffis cr;rg; gad;kpf;fjhf

Mf;Ftijf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;ljhFk;.

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rpfis khztu;fs; milAk; nghUl;L

tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspD}lhf khztu;fis topelj;Jk;

egu; MrpupaNuahthu;. vdNt> cq;fs; nghWg;ig kpfj; njspthf tpsq;fpf;

nfhz;L> ,t; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bia cr;rg; gaidg; ngWk; tifapy;

gad;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjd; %yk; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL njhlu;gpy; ey;ywpT ngWtjD}lhf

fw;wy; nraw;ghl;bypUe;J khztu;fs; cr;rg; gaidg; ngw;Wj; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis

milAk; nghUl;L mtu;fSf;F mwpT+l;Lk; nghWg;G cq;fisr; rhu;e;jNj.

jw;fhy cyfpd; rthy;fis ntw;wp nfhs;Sk; khztu; guk;giunahd;iw

cUthf;Fk; ghupa gzpapy; <Lgl;Ls;s cq;fSf;F> ,jd;%yk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;

nraw;ghLfspy; gz;Gj; ju Nkk;ghl;il Vw;gLj;j KbAk; vd ek;GfpNwd;.

lgps;A.vk;.vd;.N[.G];gFkhulgps;A.vk;.vd;.N[.G];gFkhulgps;A.vk;.vd;.N[.G];gFkhulgps;A.vk;.vd;.N[.G];gFkhulgps;A.vk;.vd;.N[.G];gFkhu

fy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafk;

fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;

‘,RUgha’

gj;juKy;y

2009. 07. 21

v

tsthsu; ngau;g;gl;bay;tsthsu; ngau;g;gl;bay;tsthsu; ngau;g;gl;bay;tsthsu; ngau;g;gl;bay;tsthsu; ngau;g;gl;bay;

MNyhridMNyhridMNyhridMNyhridMNyhrid

Nguhrpupau; yhy; NgNuuh - gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> (Kd;dhs;)

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jpU.tpky; rpak;gshnfhl - cjtpg;gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

;

,izg;ghsu;fs;,izg;ghsu;fs;,izg;ghsu;fs;,izg;ghsu;fs;,izg;ghsu;fs;jpUkjp. lgps;A.V.FKNje;jpup Rju;\pdp - nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jpU.v];.fUzhfud; - cjtpr; nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fiyj;jpl;l MNyhridfiyj;jpl;l MNyhridfiyj;jpl;l MNyhridfiyj;jpl;l MNyhridfiyj;jpl;l MNyhridNguhrpupau; vk;.X.V.j.nrha;rh - Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Nguhrpupau; etul;z gz;lhu - Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

jpU.vd;.gP.vk;. irg;jPd; - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

jpU.jk;k jprhehaf;f - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

jpU.kNf]; Nrdehaf;f - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; - nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

jpU.uQ;rpj; jpf;nty;y - tpupTiuahsu; - Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

nraw;wpl;l FOnraw;wpl;l FOnraw;wpl;l FOnraw;wpl;l FOnraw;wpl;l FOjpUkjp. lgps;A.V.FKNje;jpup Rju;\pdp - nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jpU.v];.fUzhfud; - cjtpr; nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOjpUkjp.vk;.vk;.[P.rP.uj;dhaf;f - cau;ju kfspu; ghlrhiy - fz;b

jpUkjp.v];.gP.Ngktjp - Gdpj Njhk]; kfspu; tpj;jpahyak; - khj;jiw

jpU.Nf.V.vd;.G\;gFkhu - nghNynfhl k.tp. - k`ufk

jpU.R[Pt kpup̀ hfy;y - ahf;futj;j k.tp. - fpj;jyt

jpU.gp.vk;.Rdpy; tpkyrpwp - = ghujp tpj;ahuj;d gpupntd - ngdpnjdpa

jpU. ruj; NgkFkhu njd;dNfhd; - n`l;bnghy kfh tpj;jpahyak; - n`l;bnghy

jpUkjp.B.vr;.gP. yyd;jpfh mNguj;d - FUnjdpa kfh tpj;jpahyak; - FUnjdpa

jpUkjp. jkuh tpN[uj;d - k`pe;j uh[gf;\ kfh tpj;jpahyak; - cf;nty;y

jpU.vk;.vr;.vk;.ahf;$j; - (Xa;Tngw;w) gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep.

jpUkjp.v];.ghyRe;juk; - (Xa;Tngw;w) gpujpg; guPl;irfs; Mizahsu;

jpU.vk;.N[.vk;.m];̀ u; - (Xa;Tngw;w) fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;

jpUkjp. v];.Mu;. ̀ ];kp - gjpAj;jPd; k.Njrpafy;Y}up> fz;b

jpU.v];.V.rp.vk;. fuhkj; - xa;T ngw;w mjpgu;> juk;-1

,izaj;js Kftup,izaj;js Kftup,izaj;js Kftup,izaj;js Kftup,izaj;js Kftup ----- www.nie.lk

fzpdp tbtikg;Gfzpdp tbtikg;Gfzpdp tbtikg;Gfzpdp tbtikg;Gfzpdp tbtikg;G - jpUkjp. Rgh\pdp Nltpl;

Kd; ml;ilg;glk;Kd; ml;ilg;glk;Kd; ml;ilg;glk;Kd; ml;ilg;glk;Kd; ml;ilg;glk;nry;tp V.vy;.v];.gp.mj;jgj;J - r%f> tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

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jpUkjp.\puhdp jPg;jpfh rkuf;nfhb - r%f> tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jpU.Mu;.vk;.&grpq;̀ - r%f> tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vi

cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;

gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; ii

Kd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;Diu iii

fy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpfy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpfy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpfy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpfy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp iv

tsthsu; gl;bay;tsthsu; gl;bay;tsthsu; gl;bay;tsthsu; gl;bay;tsthsu; gl;bay; v

01. myF 0901. myF 0901. myF 0901. myF 0901. myF 09 nghJ epu;thfk;> nghJf;nfhs;if>nghJ epu;thfk;> nghJf;nfhs;if>nghJ epu;thfk;> nghJf;nfhs;if>nghJ epu;thfk;> nghJf;nfhs;if>nghJ epu;thfk;> nghJf;nfhs;if>

Kfhikj;Jtk;Kfhikj;Jtk;Kfhikj;Jtk;Kfhikj;Jtk;Kfhikj;Jtk; 01 - 0601 - 0601 - 0601 - 0601 - 06

02. myF 1002. myF 1002. myF 1002. myF 1002. myF 10 NkhjYk; Nkhjy; jPu;Tk;NkhjYk; Nkhjy; jPu;Tk;NkhjYk; Nkhjy; jPu;Tk;NkhjYk; Nkhjy; jPu;Tk;NkhjYk; Nkhjy; jPu;Tk; 07 - 1807 - 1807 - 1807 - 1807 - 18

03. myF 1103. myF 1103. myF 1103. myF 1103. myF 11 ru;tNjr murpay;ru;tNjr murpay;ru;tNjr murpay;ru;tNjr murpay;ru;tNjr murpay; 19 - 2719 - 2719 - 2719 - 2719 - 27

04. myF 1204. myF 1204. myF 1204. myF 1204. myF 12 njupT nra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;GnjupT nra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;GnjupT nra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;GnjupT nra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;GnjupT nra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;G

khjpupfs;khjpupfs;khjpupfs;khjpupfs;khjpupfs; 28 - 4828 - 4828 - 4828 - 4828 - 48

05. myF 1305. myF 1305. myF 1305. myF 1305. myF 13 Rje;jpu ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;Gf;fspd;Rje;jpu ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;Gf;fspd;Rje;jpu ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;Gf;fspd;Rje;jpu ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;Gf;fspd;Rje;jpu ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;Gf;fspd;

tpNrl jhgdq;fSk; Vw;ghLfSk;tpNrl jhgdq;fSk; Vw;ghLfSk;tpNrl jhgdq;fSk; Vw;ghLfSk;tpNrl jhgdq;fSk; Vw;ghLfSk;tpNrl jhgdq;fSk; Vw;ghLfSk; 49 - 5749 - 5749 - 5749 - 5749 - 57

06. myF 1406. myF 1406. myF 1406. myF 1406. myF 14 ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo;,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo;,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo;,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo;,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo;

[dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;[dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;[dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;[dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;[dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; 58 - 6658 - 6658 - 6658 - 6658 - 66

07. myF 1507. myF 1507. myF 1507. myF 1507. myF 15 r%fj;jpy; nraw;gLk; murpaypd; ,ay;Gr%fj;jpy; nraw;gLk; murpaypd; ,ay;Gr%fj;jpy; nraw;gLk; murpaypd; ,ay;Gr%fj;jpy; nraw;gLk; murpaypd; ,ay;Gr%fj;jpy; nraw;gLk; murpaypd; ,ay;G 67 - 7067 - 7067 - 7067 - 7067 - 70

08. myF 1608. myF 1608. myF 1608. myF 1608. myF 16 G+Nfhs kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa uPjpahdG+Nfhs kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa uPjpahdG+Nfhs kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa uPjpahdG+Nfhs kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa uPjpahdG+Nfhs kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa uPjpahd

murpaypy; ,yq;ifmurpaypy; ,yq;ifmurpaypy; ,yq;ifmurpaypy; ,yq;ifmurpaypy; ,yq;if 71 - 10171 - 10171 - 10171 - 10171 - 101

ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL 102 - 109 102 - 109 102 - 109 102 - 109 102 - 109

1

myF 09myF 09myF 09myF 09myF 09 : nghJepUthfk;> nghJf;nfhs;if> Kfhikj;Jtk;: nghJepUthfk;> nghJf;nfhs;if> Kfhikj;Jtk;: nghJepUthfk;> nghJf;nfhs;if> Kfhikj;Jtk;: nghJepUthfk;> nghJf;nfhs;if> Kfhikj;Jtk;: nghJepUthfk;> nghJf;nfhs;if> Kfhikj;Jtk;

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 : -: -: -: -: - nghJ epUthfk;> nghJf;nfhs;if> Kfhikj;Jtk;

njhlu;ghd gFg;gha;tpy; <LgLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-:-:-:-:- 9.1 nghJ epUthfk;> nghJf;nfhs;if kw;Wk;

Kfhikj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfisg; gFg;gha;thu;.

9.2 nghJkf;fspd; eyDf;fhf> nghJf;nfhs;if

tFj;jy;> nghJ epUthfk; kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtk;

cjTk; tpjj;ijg; gFg;gha;thu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;� nghJ epUthfk; (murhq;f epUthfk;) vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

� nghJ epUthfj;jpd; mbg;gilahd mk;rq;fisAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;

tptupg;ghu;.

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� nghJf;nfhs;iff;Fk; nghJ epUthfj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

� nghJf;nfhs;ifia tFg;gjpYk; mjid eilKiwg;gLj;JtjpYk; gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;Ak; epUthf epWtdq;fisAk; egu;fisAk; ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

� Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ ahJ vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

� Kfhikj;Jtr; nrad;Kiwapd; mbg;gilahd ,ay;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;.

� nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jifapy; Kfhikj;Jtk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

ngWk; tpjj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;� ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gg; gFjpapy; ,lk;ngw;w eyNdhk;G (nghJey)

Ml;rpKiw tsu;r;rpAld; murpd; Kf;fpakhd nghWg;Gfspy; xd;whf nfhs;if

Mf;fk; mike;jJ. nghJ epUthfk; vd;gJ mt;thW jahupj;j nghJf;nfhs;iffis

eilKiwg;gLj;JtjhFk;.

� nghJf;nfhs;if vd;gjd; %yk; muR jdf;Fg; nghWg;G mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s

nghJ tplag; gug;Gfspy; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba cgha uPjpahd (Strategy)topfhl;liy tpsf;FjNy fUjg;gLfpwJ.

eyNdhk;Gk; murpy; mjpfkjpfkhNdhUf;F cr;r kfpo;r;rp Vw;glj;jf;f

tifapNyNa nghJf;nfhs;iffs; tFf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. murpaw;

Nghuhl;lj;jpd; rfy Nkhjy;fspdJk; ,WjpapYk; nfhs;if tFj;jy; %yk;

,Wjpj; jPu;khdk; vLf;fg;gLtNj mg;NghJ epfOfpwJ. r%fj;jpy; kdpjupd;

eyNdhk;gy;> nry;tk; ghJfhf;fg;gly;> me;j];J Nghd;w ngWkhdq;fs; mjpfhu

uPjpapy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ahu;> vjid> vt;thW> vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; vLg;gJ

vd;gijj; jPu;khdpj;jNy nghJf;nfhs;if jahupj;jy; %yk; nra;ag;gLtjhf

Nguhrpupau; ̀ uy;l; ynty; $Wtjw;fhd fhuzKk; mJthFk;. eyNdhk;gy;>

ghJfhg;G> nrhj;Jf;fs;> ew;ngau;> r%f me;j];J Nghd;witNa

,g;ngWkhdq;fshFk;. ,it r%fj;jpy; gfpug;gLk; tpjk; nghJf;

nfhs;ifapdhNyNa jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. kdpjupilNa mjpfhu tsg;gfpu;T

nghJf;nfhs;ifapD}lhfr; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.

2

mjd; tpisthf> r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tFg;G Kiw> murpay; mjpfhuk;>

cau; Fbfs;> cau;Fbay;yhNjhu; Mfpa mjpfhuf; fl;likg;Gf;fs; nfhs;if

tFj;jypd;NghJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;. nfhs;if tFj;jiy tpQ;Qhd

G+u;tkhfr; nra;ayhk;. mjw;fhf mwpitAk; (Knowledge) gFj;jwpitAk; (Rationality)

xd;wpizj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjpfkjpfkhNdhUf;F cr;r ed;ik fpilf;Fk;

tifapy; gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhZk;NghJ jk; trKs;s tpQ;Qhd

mwpitAk; gFj;jwpitAk; xd;WNru;j;J jPu;T fhz;gJ mtrpakhFk;.

nghJf;nfhs;iffs; Nkw;gb ,uz;L mk;rq;fspYk; gapyg;gLk;. Kjyhk;

mk;rj;jpd;gb nghJf;nfhs;if gw;wpg; gapyg;gLk;. ,uz;lhk; mk;rk;> nfhs;if

Mf;fj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s El;gr; nrad;Kiwia tpsf;Ftjhf mikAk;.

nfhs;if tFg;Nghu; vLf;Fk; jPu;khdq;fis ntw;wpfukhf newpg;gLj;Jk;

fiyiaAk; mwptpaiyAk; tpsf;FtJ Kfhikj;JtkhFk;.

tsq;fis tpidj;jpwDld; gad;gLj;jp> tpisjpwDila tifapy;

Fwpf;Nfhs;fis my;yJ Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;Fupa gzpfis cs;slf;fpa

nrad;Kiwnad mjidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. vdpDk; nghJf;nfhs;iffis

eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ nghJ epUthfkhdJ Kfhikj;Jtk; vDk;

nraw;ghl;Lf;F mg;ghYk; cs;s gzpfSlDk; njhlu;GWfpd;wJ. nghJ kf;fs;>

r%fk;> gpuNjrk; tiuapy; mjhtJ fs kl;lq;fs; tiuapy; nrd;W gpur;rpidfis

,dq;fz;L nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtw;Wf;F jPu;T fhz;gjw;Fk;> Nritfs;

toq;Ftjw;Fk; fUj;J NtWghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;Fkhf nghJ epUthfk;

nraw;glNtz;bAs;sJ. vdNt vy;yh epUthfpfSk; Kfhikahsu;fsy;y.

vy;yh Kfhikahsu;fSk; epUthfpfsy;y vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;

� nghJ epUthfk;

� nghJ epUthfk; vd;gJ murpd; epiwNtw;W mk;rkhFk;.

� mJ El;gr; nraw;ghLfis Mw;Wk; gpupthFk;.

� murJiw trKs;s tsq;fisr; rpf;fdkhfTk; ,yhgfukhd tifapYk;

gad;gLj;jp nray;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt mJ murpd; njhopy; me;jKk;

MFk;. (Business End if the Government).

� nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;JtijAk; Kiwg;gLj;JtijAk;

Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l vy;yhg; gzpfisAk; nghJepUthfk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

� nghJ eyNdhk;gypd; tsu;r;rpahdJ nghJepUthfj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;Ff;

fhuzkhfpAs;sJ.

� nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mwpTWj;jy; toq;fg;gLjy;> mtw;iw

eilKiwg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd nghwpKiwiaj; jpl;lkpLjy;.

� epUthf xOq;fikg;Gr; nrad;Kiwia elj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhf gzpf;FOthl;rp

(gzpj;Jiwahl;rp) vDk; xOq;F Kiwik fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. kf;];

ntgu; (Max Weber) vDk; r%ftpayhsu; ,J njhlu;ghd xU Nfhl;ghl;il

Kd;itj;Js;shu;.

3

� epUthfj;jpd;NghJ Jiwrhu; mwpT> njhopy;fshfr; nraw;gLjy;> cj;jpNahfG+u;t

flikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fis tfpj;jy; Mfpa epiyikfs; fhzg;gLk;. ,it

murpay; rhuhJ eilngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. nghJepUthfj;jpd; je;ij vdf;

fUjg;gLk; Nguhrpupau; Tl;Nuh tpy;rd; (Woodrow Wilson) 1887 ,y; epUthfg;

gpur;rpidfs;> murpaw; gpur;rpidfsy;y vdf; Fwpg;gpl;ljw;fhd fhuzk;

mJthFk;.

� nghJ epUthfj;Jf;fhd mur ,ae;jpuk; (mur nghwpKiw Ml;rpaikg;G)

jw;Nghija muRfspd; mikr;Rf;fs;> jpizf;fsq;fs;> $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;>

mjpfhu rigfs; vDk; epWtdq;fs; Clhff; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

nghJf;nfhs;ifnghJf;nfhs;ifnghJf;nfhs;ifnghJf;nfhs;ifnghJf;nfhs;if

� jkf;Fg; nghWg;Gf;fs; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s Jiwfspy; mDrupf;f Ntz;ba

cghaq;fs; (Strategy) nghJf;nfhs;iffshNyNa muRf;F Kd;itf;fg;gLk;.

� nfhs;if vd;gJ murpay; %yk; r%fj;Jf;Fr; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLk; ngWkhdj;

njhFjpahFk; vd `uy;l; y];Nty; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

� nghJf;nfhs;if tFj;jyhdJ gpujhdkhf murpay; epiwNtw;wjpfhuj;jpd;

xU nghWg;ghFk;. nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if> eyNdhk;gy; nfhs;if> Rfhjhuf;

nfhs;if> ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if vd;wthwhf mt;tj; Jiwf;Fupa

mbg;gilahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;Fk; jpwKiwfs; (cghaq;fs;)

nghJf;nfhs;ifAld; njhlu;GilajhFk;.

� nghJf;nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilahd ,ay;Gfs;.

- Fwpj;j Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;F ,yf;Ffs; ,Uj;jy;.

- nghJ ed;ikaspj;jiy Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l nghJf;nfhs;iffs;>

nghJkf;fspd; NjitfSf;F mikthf Ntz;Lk;.

- nghJf;nfhs;iffs; rl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. mit ePjpkd;w

mtjhdpg;Gf;F mikthff; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sd.

- nfhs;if tpQ;Qhdj;jpd;gb nghJf;nfhs;iffs; gpujhdkhf rpy fl;lq;fisj;

jhz;br; nry;tJ mtrpakhFk;.

1.1.1.1.1. nfhs;if Kidg;Gnfhs;if Kidg;Gnfhs;if Kidg;Gnfhs;if Kidg;Gnfhs;if Kidg;G (Policy Initiation)

,q;F Kd;Dupik mbg;gilapy; gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw

tpahf;fpahdQ; nra;jy;> xOq;FgLj;jy; Nghd;w gzpfisr; nra;J> nfhs;if

epfo;r;rp epuy; jahupf;fg;gLk;. ,q;F khw;Wf;nfhs;iffs; ,dq;fhzg;gLk;.

2.2.2.2.2. nfhs;ifia cUthf;fy; nfhs;ifia cUthf;fy; nfhs;ifia cUthf;fy; nfhs;ifia cUthf;fy; nfhs;ifia cUthf;fy; (Policy Formulation)

NkNy ,dq;fz;l gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd khw;Wf; nfhs;iffSs; kpfr;

rpwe;j khw;iwj; njupTnra;Jnfhs;tJ ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; epfOk;. ,e;j

njupTnra;ag;gl;l nfhs;ifiaj; jpl;lkpLjy;> mjid eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;

tpjj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; jpl;lkpliyAk; cs;slf;fp> nfhs;if tFj;jy;

nra;ag;gLk; re;ju;g;gk; ,JthFk;.

4

3.3.3.3.3. nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;jy;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;jy;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;jy;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;jy;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;jy; (Policy Implementation)

,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,J epUthfg; gzpahFk;.

nghJf; nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;JjyhdJ nghJepUthfj;jpdhy; khj;jpuk;

jdpahfr; nra;af;$ba xd;wy;y vd;gJ ,d;W Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jdpahu;Jiw> muRrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; (njhz;lu; mikg;Gf;fs;) fzprkhd

gq;if tfpf;fpd;wd. mtw;Wld; $l;lhfr; nraw;ghl;il cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.

4 .4 .4 .4 .4 . nfhs;iffis kjpg;gply;nfhs;iffis kjpg;gply;nfhs;iffis kjpg;gply;nfhs;iffis kjpg;gply;nfhs;iffis kjpg;gply; (Policy Evaluation)

nfhs;if %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l ,yf;F milag;ngw;Ws;sjh vd;gij

kjpg;gpLtJ ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; epfOk;. nfhs;ifia njhlu;e;Jk; Kd;ndLj;jy;>

mjid kPz;Lk; jahupj;jy;> nfhs;ifia KbTWj;jy; vd;gd kjpg;gPl;bd;

,Wjpapy; epfOk;.

eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; mDgtq;fis kjpg;gpLjYk; gpd;D}l;ly; nrad;KiwAk;

,jpy; mlq;Fk;.

nfhs;if tho;f;if tl;lk;nfhs;if tho;f;if tl;lk;nfhs;if tho;f;if tl;lk;nfhs;if tho;f;if tl;lk;nfhs;if tho;f;if tl;lk; (Policy Life Cycle)

nfhs;if Kidg;Gnfhs;if Kidg;Gnfhs;if Kidg;Gnfhs;if Kidg;Gnfhs;if Kidg;G(Policy Initiation)

nfhs;if tFj;jy;nfhs;if tFj;jy;nfhs;if tFj;jy;nfhs;if tFj;jy;nfhs;if tFj;jy;(Policy Formulation)

nfhs;if kjpg;gPLnfhs;if kjpg;gPLnfhs;if kjpg;gPLnfhs;if kjpg;gPLnfhs;if kjpg;gPL(Policy Evaluation)

nfhs;ifianfhs;ifianfhs;ifianfhs;ifianfhs;ifia

eilKiwg;gLj;jy;eilKiwg;gLj;jy;eilKiwg;gLj;jy;eilKiwg;gLj;jy;eilKiwg;gLj;jy;(Policy Implementation)

5

Kfhikj;Jtk;Kfhikj;Jtk;Kfhikj;Jtk;Kfhikj;Jtk;Kfhikj;Jtk;

� nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ngsjpf> kdpj

tsq;fs; %yk; cr;r gaidg; ngWtJ mtrpakhFk;. mjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk;

Kiwfs;> cj;jpfs;> Kfhikj;Jtj;jpdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk;. ngsjpf> kdpj

tsq;fis NkYk; $Ljyhd gaDilajhf> xOq;fhff; ifahSjy; Kfhik

nrad;KiwapDs; epfOjy; Ntz;Lk;.

� Kfhikj;Jtk; njhlu;ghf Kjd; Kjypy; Muha;e;j ngl;upf; Nlyu; vd;ghupd;

fUj;Jg;gb gaDWjp> tpidj;jpwd;> gFj;jwpT> ,yhgk; Mfpa ngWkhdq;fis

cr;rkhf;Fk; kpfr; rpwe;j Kiwia tpQ;Qhdr; Nrhjid %yk; fz;lwpjy;

Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fika Ntiynra;Ak; cz;ik tpQ;Qhdj;ijf; fz;lwpe;j

gpd;du;> kpfr;rpwe;j gzpazpapdiuj; njupTnra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Nkk;gLj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fsJ Cf;fq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jk; xJf;fPLfis toq;Fjy;

Ntz;Lk;. ,Jjhd; Kfhikj;Jtk;. mjd; %yk; KfhikahsUf;Fk;

gzpahsUf;Fk; ,ilNa ey;y gpizg;G Vw;gLk;.

� kw;WnkhU gok;ngUk; Kfhikj;Jt tpQ;Qhdpahfpa n`d;wp ngNahy; (HendryFayol) Kfhikj;JtkhdJ jpl;lkply;> xOq;fikj;jy;> fl;lisaply;>

,izg;ghf;fk;> fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vDk; gzpfis cs;slf;fpaJ vdf;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

� Y}ju; Fypf; ,jid NkYk; Nkk;gLj;jpAs;shu;. mjpy;>

- jpl;lkply; - Planning

- xOq;fikj;jy; - Organizing

- Ml;Nru;g;G - Staffing

- newpg;gLj;jy; - Directing

- ,izg;ghf;fk; - Coordination

- gjpTnra;jy; - Recording

- tuTnryTg;gLj;jy; - Budgetting

Mfpa gzpfis mlf;fpAs;shu;. ,J ‘POSDCORB’ View Point vDk; ngaupy;

gpugy;akile;Js;sJ. (Ngh];l;Nfhg;)

etPd Kfhikj;JtkhdJ Gjpa njhopDl;gKk; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; Gul;rpAk;

,ize;J cUthfpAs;sJ. ,d;W ,J kpd; Ml;rp (E - Governance) tiu

Kd;nrd;Ws;sJ. ,izak;> Kfhikr; nrad;Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

� tu;j;jfj;jpy; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;NghJ Efu;NthUf;Nf Kjyplk; fpilf;fpd;wJ.

� ,d;W nghJ epUthfj;Jf;Fg; gjpyhf nghJ Kfhikj;Jtk; vDk;

fye;Jiuahly; Kd;dpiyia mile;Js;sJ. tu;j;jf epUthfj;jpd; %yk;

fw;Wf;nfhs;sy; mq;F typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ.

6

� ,q;F Efu;NthUf;F - gpui[fSf;F Jyq;fy; uPjpahd nghJ Kfhikj;Jtk;

gw;wpa tplaq;fs; toq;fg;gLk;. ngw;w yPtpd; gzg;ngWkhdj;ij msj;jy;>

gzpapd; tpisit kjpg;gply;> gzp tpistpd; mbg;gilapy; nfhLg;gdT

toq;Fjy; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; ,q;F typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

� mjw;fika nghJ Kfhikj;JtkhdJ Ml;rpnra;jiy typAWj;jtpy;iy.

khwhf gaDWjp kpf;f nghJ jpwdha;ifia mJ typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.

,t;thwhdtw;iw tFg;gjd; ngWNgwhf ey;yhl;rp (Good Governance) r%fj;ijr;

nrd;wilAk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;

1. fUj;Jf;fsk;1. fUj;Jf;fsk;1. fUj;Jf;fsk;1. fUj;Jf;fsk;1. fUj;Jf;fsk;

tFg;G khztiuf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J nghJ epUthfk;> nfhs;if tFj;jy;>

Kfhikj;Jtk; vDk; jiyg;gpw;fika gpd;tUk; cg jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo;

tplaq;fisr; Nrfupf;FkhW mwpTWj;jy; toq;Fq;fs;.

� nghJ epUthfk; - mwpKfKk; mjd; mbg;gilahd mk;rq;fSk;

� murpaYf;Fk; epUthfj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G

� nghJf;nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; nfhs;if tFj;jy; nrad;Kiw

� Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; mjd; tsu;r;rpAk;.

khztu; jpul;ba jfty;fisf; fUj;Jf;fsj;jpy; Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspAq;fs;.

fUj;Jf;fsj;ijj; jpl;lkply;> cgjiyg;Gf;fis xJf;fpf; nfhs;sy;>

fUj;Jf;fis xOq;FgLj;jp Kd;itj;jy; Mfpad njhlu;ghf khztUf;F

mwpTWj;jy; toq;Fq;fs;.

2. fsg; gazk;2. fsg; gazk;2. fsg; gazk;2. fsg; gazk;2. fsg; gazk;

1. gpuNjrr; nrayhsu; mYtyfk; Nghd;w mur epWtdnkhd;wpd; jpl;lj;ijAk;

epUthff; fl;likg;igAk; Muha;jy;.

2. jdpahu;Jiw tzpf epWtdnkhd;wpd; jpl;lj;ijAk; epUthff; fl;likg;ig

Muha;jy;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz

1. Public Administration in theory and practice.

M.P.SharmaKitab Mahal – Alahabad – India – 1998

2. Public Administration conception theory Rumkaibasu

Starling Publisher Pvt.Ltd.

New Delhi – 2001

7

myF 10.0myF 10.0myF 10.0myF 10.0myF 10.0 ::::: NkhjYk; Nkhjy; jPu;Tk;NkhjYk; Nkhjy; jPu;Tk;NkhjYk; Nkhjy; jPu;Tk;NkhjYk; Nkhjy; jPu;Tk;NkhjYk; Nkhjy; jPu;Tk;(Conflict and Conflict Resolution)

Nju;r;rp 10.1Nju;r;rp 10.1Nju;r;rp 10.1Nju;r;rp 10.1Nju;r;rp 10.1 :-:-:-:-:- Nkhjy; jPu;Tf;fhf kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd tifapy;

jiyapLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-:-:-:-:- 10.1 Nkhjy; vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

10.2 Nkhjy; jPu;Tf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vz;zf;

fUf;fisg; gw;wpa mwpT+l;lj;ij ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;

� Nkhjy; vd;gJ ahJ vd ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhff; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW

tiutpyf;fzq;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;Jthu;.

� Nkhjy; %yq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.

� Nkhjy;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; tpisTfs; fhuzpfs; gw;wp mwpT+l;lk; ngWthu;.

� Nkhjy; jPu;Tld; njhlu;Gila gy;NtW vz;zf;fUf;fisg; gFj;jhuha;thu;.

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;

Nkhjy;> r%fj;jpd; rfy gbj;juq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; xU r%fj;

Njhw;wg;ghlhFk;. r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ,ay;ghd xU gz;ghfpa gy;tifikapd;

tpisNt NkhjyhFk; vdTk; Fwpg;gplyhk;. Ml;fspd; Mirfs;> Njitfs;>

Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> ngWkhdq;fs;> mq;fPfhuq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk;

gy;tifikNa Nkhjy;fshy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. r%f kl;lj;jpy; NkYk; gy

tplaq;fshy; FOg; gy;tifik cUthfpd;wJ. nkhop> rkak;> rhjp> gpuNjrk;

Nghd;w jdpj;Jt mk;rq;fs; ghupa gq;fspg;igr; nra;fpd;wd. vdNt r%f

kl;lj;jpy; gy;tifj; jd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mg;gy;tifik fhuzkhf

r%fj;jpd; rfy gbj;juq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; xU njhopw;ghlhf Nkhjiy

,dq;fhz Kbfpd;wJ. mJ r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fisAk;

Nghl;lhg;Nghl;b epiyg;ghLfisAk; ntspf;fhl;Lk; Xu; ClfKkhFk;. Nkhjy;

vDk; vz;zf;fU r%f elj;ijapd;NghJ Mf;fG+u ;tkhdjhfNth

mopTG+u;tkhdjhfNth ,Uf;f ,lKz;L. NkYk; NkhjyhdJ r%f

,af;fj;jd;ikapd; xU rf;jpAkhFk;.

Nkhjy; gw;wpAk; Nkhjiy Neakhd Kiwapy; jPu;f;Fk; tpjk; njhlu;ghfTk;

tpsf;fkspg;gJ ,e;j myfpd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk;. Kjyhtjhf Nkhjy;

vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ> mjd; Kjd;ikahd ,ay;Gfs; ahit> mjd;

%yq;fs; ahit> mjd; jd;ik ahJ> Nkhjy; Vw;gLtjpy; gq;fspf;Fk; gpujhd

fhuzpfs; ahit vd;gd Fwpj;J ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mLj;jjhf

Nkhjiy Neakhd tifapy; jPu;g;gJ njhlu;ghf ftdQ;nrYj;jg;gLfpd;J.

Nkhjy; - jPu;j;jy; njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUf;fshfpa Nkhjy; jtpu;j;jy;> Nkhjy;

,zf;fg;gLj;jy;> Nkhjy; Kfhik> Nkhjy; jPu;j;jy;> Nkhjy; epiykhw;wy;

vd;gd fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpd;wJ.

8

ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;

³ Nkhjy; - mwpKfk;Nkhjy; - mwpKfk;Nkhjy; - mwpKfk;Nkhjy; - mwpKfk;Nkhjy; - mwpKfk;

nghJg; gpuNahfj;jpy; Nkhjy; (Conflict) vDk; gjk; kl;Lkd;wp gpzf;F (Dispute)>

neUf;fb (Crisis)> rz;il (Fight)> td;Kiw (Violence) Nghd;w gjq;fSk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mt;tu;j;jq;fis Nehf;Fifapy; Nkhjy; vd;gjd; %yk;

gpzf;F> neUf;fb> rz;il> td;Kiw Nghd;wit fUjg;gLfpd;wd vdf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;. vdpDk; Nkhjy; Fwpj;J gFj;jwpT uPjpapy; Nehf;Fk;NghJ ,tw;Wf;Fk;

NkhjYf;Fk; ,ilNa njspthd NtWghL fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Nkhjy;fs; r%fj;jpy; vy;yhg; gbj;jsq;fspYk; kdpjj; njhlu;GfSlDk;

gpize;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nkhjy; vd;gJ ,UtUf;F ,ilNa my;yJ

mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhupilNa my;yJ ,uz;L jug;gpdUf;fpilNa my;yJ

,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l jug;gpdUf;fpilNa my;yJ ,uz;L ehLfSf;F ,ilNa

my;yJ ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l ehLfSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; ,zf;fg;ghlw;w

fytu epiyahFk;.

³ njupTnra;ag;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fs;njupTnra;ag;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fs;njupTnra;ag;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fs;njupTnra;ag;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fs;njupTnra;ag;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fs;

� Nghl;lh Nghl;bahd mgpyhi\fs;> gy;NtWgl;l jdpj;Jtq;fs; kw;Wk; kdg;ghq;F

khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf> Ml;fSf;F my;yJ FOf;fSf;F ,ilNa cUthFk;

vjpu;g;ig Nkhjy; vdyhk;.- James A. Schellenberg

xd;Wf;nfhd;W vjpuhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; - ,yf;Ffis milAk; Kaw;rpapd;NghJ

RahjPdkhd jdpahl;fSf;F ,ilapy; epfOk; ,ilj;njhopw;ghl;il Nkhjy;

vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.- J.L.Hocker and W.W.Wilmot

� xd;Wlndhd;W nghUe;jhj Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf; nfhz;l Ml;fs; ,Utu; my;yJ

mjw;F Nkw;gl;Nlhu; mJ njhlu;ghf fUj;J ntspapLk;NghJ r%f Nkhjy;fs;

Njhd;Wk;.

- Louis Kriesourz

� td;Kiwahd vjpu;g;gLjy;> Nghuhl;lk; my;yJ csuPjpapy; epfOk; Nghuhl;lNk

Nkhjy; MFk;.- The Webster English Dictionary

� Ml;FOf;fs; my;yJ muRfs; ghuJ}ukhd ,zf;fg;ghbd;ikfs; my;yJ

tpthjj;Jf;Fs;shfpAs;s epiyikfspy; Nkhjy;fs; cUthFk;.

- The Oxford Dictionary

9

fy;Lq; vd;gtuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Nkhjy; Kf;Nfhzpfy;Lq; vd;gtuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Nkhjy; Kf;Nfhzpfy;Lq; vd;gtuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Nkhjy; Kf;Nfhzpfy;Lq; vd;gtuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Nkhjy; Kf;Nfhzpfy;Lq; vd;gtuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Nkhjy; Kf;Nfhzp

#oikT

(Context)

kdg;ghq;F elj;ij

(Attitude) (Behaviour)

(%yk; : Miall, 1999 : 14)

Nkhjy; vd;why; vd;d vd Nehf;Fifapy; mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; Nkhjy; gw;wpa

fw;ifapd; tpUj;jpapy; ghupastpy; gq;fspg;G nra;Js;s Nguhrpupau; n[h`hd;

fy;Lq; (Johan Galtung) vd;gtuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nkhjy; ghFghl;Lf;fhd

khjpup Kf;fpakhdJ. mJ Nkhjy; Kf;Nfhzp vdg;gLk;. mjd;%yk; Nkhjypdhy;

fhl;lg;gLk; xd;Wlndhd;W njhlu;Gila mikg;Gf;fs;> kdg;ghq;Ffs;> elj;ijfs;

vd;gd njhlu;ghf ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjidg; gpd;tUk; glj;jpd; %yk;

tpsq;fpf;nfhs;syhk;.

,f;fhuzpfs; rpy Ntisfspy; ntt;NtwhfTk; rpy Ntisfspy; xd;Wlndhd;W

,ize;Jk; fhzg;glyhk;. ,q;F #oikT vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ NkhjYf;F

VJthFk; epiyikahFk;. nuhgl ; kpf ;nty; vd;gtupd; fUj;Jg ;gb>

,e;epiyikahdJ r%fg; ngWkhdq;fs; kw;Wk; r%f mikg;gpd; xt;thg;

nghUj;jg;ghL fhuzkhf cUthFk; kw;nwhU mk;rkhfpa kdg;ghq;F %yk;

Nkhjiy cUthf;Fk; cstpay; fhuzpfspd;ghy; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nkhjypd; kw;iwa mk;rkhf elj;ijiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. NkhjYld; njhlu;Gila

FOf;fshy; xUtUf;nfhUtu; mopT Vw;gLj;jy; njhlq;Fk;NghJ Nkhjypd;

elj;ijfs; njspthfj; njupAk;. Nkhjy; njhlu;ghd ‘fy;Lq;’ Kf;Nfhzj;jpd;gb

Nkhjnyhd;W Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ve;jNthu; mk;rj;jpYk; Muk;gpf;f ,lKz;L. vdNt

NkhjyhdJ tpfpjrkdw;w ,yf;Ffs;> kWjypf;Fk; kdg;ghq;Ffs;> mopTG+u;tkhd

elj;ijfs; fhuzkhf cUthf ,lKz;L.

Nkhjy; vd;gJ ,ay;gpNyNa Nflhd xd;wy;y. kdpj tuyhwhdJ Kjd;ikahf>

tFg;G Nkhjy;fspd; tuyhWk;> tFg;G Nkhjy;fSldhdtw;iw Kd;Ndhf;fpr;

nrYj;Jk; rf;jpAkhFk; vd fhy;khf;]; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. nghJthf Nehf;Fkplj;J>

r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs;> Nghl;lh Nghl;b> epiyg;ghLfis

ntspg;gLj;Jk; Xu; Clfkhf Nkhjy; nraw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ njupfpd;wJ. jdpahl;fs;

my;yJ r%ff; FOf;fs; mt;thwhd nghUj;jg;ghlw;w epiyikfSld; nraw;gLk;

tpjj;jpd;gb> NkhjyhdJ Mf;fG+u;tkhdjhfNth mopTG+u;tkhdjhfNth mika

10

,lKz;L. vdNt Nkhjypd; rf;jp rhjfkhd xd;whf my;yJ ghjfkhd xd;whf

mikayhk;. rpyNghJ Nkhjy; vDk; Njhw;wg;ghlhdJ r%f khw;wq;fisAk;

GJikg;ghLfisAk; ,dq;fhzj; Jizahf mikAk;. vdpDk; NkhjyhdJ>

kdpj capu;fis mopf;fj;jf;f xU neUf;fbahfNth MAjNke;jpa mopTG+u;tkhd

Nghuhl;lkhfNth khWkhapd; epr;rakhf mJ r%fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fg; ghupa

jilahf mikAk;. mjd; %yk; Vw;gLk; ngsjpf> cs uPjpahd jhf;fk; kpf

caupa kl;lj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gNj mjw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.

Nkw;gb tpsf;fq;fspd;gb ve;jnthU NkhjypYk; gpd;tUk; Kjd;ikahd ,ay;Gfs;

fhzg;gLk;.

Ø vjpu;j;jug;gpdu; mjw;F my;yJ vjpuhd ,Utu; my;yJ Nkw;gl;Nlhu;

fhzg;gLjy;.

Ø mtu;fs; gu];guk; vjpuhd topKiwfspy; <LgLfpd;wik.

Ø mtu;fsJ gu];guj; vjpu;j;njhopw;ghlhdJ tsj;jl;Lg;ghL my;yJ

epiyikfspd; tpfpj rkkpd;ik fhuzkhf cUthfpAs;sJ.

Ø mtu;fsJ elj;ijahdJ vjpu;j;jug;gpdUf;Fk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jjy;> Nrjk;

tpistpj;jy; kw;Wk; mopT Vw;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;lJ.

Ø mtu;fsJ gu];guj; njhopw;ghl;il ntspg;gilahff; fhzKbAkhifahy;

ntspj;jug;gpdUf;F mjid kjpg;gplTk; KbAk;.

Ø Nkhjypd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g mJ Mf;fG+u;tkhdjhfNth> mopTG+u;tkhdjhfNth

mika ,lKz;L.

Ø Nkhjy;fspy; rhjfkhd ,ay;GfSk; ghjfkhd ,ay;GfSk; fhzg;gLk;.

Ø mtu;fsJ elj;ijfs; %yk; vjpu;j;jug;gpdUf;F Nrjk; tpistpf;f>

fhaNkw;gLj;j my;yJ mtu;fis Kw;whf mopj;njhopf;f vjpu;ghu;j;jy;.

³ Nkhjypd; %yq;fs;Nkhjypd; %yq;fs;Nkhjypd; %yq;fs;Nkhjypd; %yq;fs;Nkhjypd; %yq;fs;

1. eypthd muR> murpd; cs;thup ghJfhg;Gg; gpur;rpidfs;> ,d mbg;gil>

Gtpapay; mbg;gil Nghd;w mikg;G rhu;e;j fhuzpfs;.

2. nghUshjhu Kiwikapy; ,lk;ngWk; Gwf;fzpg;Gfs;> etPdkakhf;fk; Nghd;w

nghUshjhu> r%ff; fhuzpfs;.

3. murpay; epWtdq;fspy; epfOk; khw;wq;fs;> Njrpa fUj;Jf;fs;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fisg;

Gwf;fzpj;jy;> ,ilf; FOf;fs;> murpay;> cau;Fb murpay; Nghd;w murpay;

fhuzpfs;.

4. gz;ghl;il khw;wpaikf;Fk; gpur;rpidfisf; nfhz;l FOf;fspd; tuyhWfs;.

11

jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; Nkhjy;fSs; ngUk;ghyhdit ,dk;> nkhop> tuyhW>

cupikfs; Nghd;w tplaq;fis Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L cUthfpAs;sd.

,t;thwhd Nkhjy;fs; ehl;bd; cs;thupahd Nkhjy;fshff; fUjg;gLk;. mtw;Ws;

ngUk;ghyhdit ePz;L nrd;W r%f neUf;fbfshf cUntLf;Fk;. vl;tl;

m]hu; (Edward Azar) vd;gtupd; fUj;Jg;gb ePbj;Jr; nrd;w Nkhjy;fspd; ghjfkhd

tpisTfs;> Njrpa kl;lk; njhlf;fk; ru;tNjr kl;lk; tiuapy; gue;J

nrd;Ws;sikiaf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

� mbg;gilapy; Nkhjy;fs; cUthtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; rpy fhuzpfis

,dq;fz;L nfhs;syhk;.

Ø fhuzpfs; - tuyhw;W uPjpahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lit>

gz;ilf;fhy> jw;fhy epge;jid gw;wpa

epiyikfs;.

Ø Njitfs;> tpUg;Gfs; - ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; nfsutk; njhlu;ghfj;

Njhd;Wk; Njitfs; gw;wpa czu;T.

Ø ngWkhdq;fs; - ePz;lfhy ek;gpf;iffSk; vLNfhs;fSk;.

Ø epiyikfs; - tpNrl NjitfisAk; MirfisAk;

epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd kpfr; rpwe;j

Kiwahfj; njupTnra;Jnfhs;sy;.

Ø Kiwfs; - Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjw;fhf kf;fs;

ifahSk; Kiwfs;.

Ø njhlu;ghly; Kwptiljy; - me;je;j kf;fs; gpuptpdu; my;yJ

jug;gpdupilNa fhzg;gLk; njhlu;ghly;

Kwptiljy;.

Ø mjpfhuj;Jtk; kw;Wk; tsq;fSf;fhd Nghl;b.

12

njhlu;ghly; rhu;e;j fhuzpfs; gz;ghLfSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;ghly;

Kwptiljy;

gz;ghl;Lf;

fhuzpfs; (rkak;>

rhjp> kf;fspdk;)

nghUshjhu> r%f

fhuzpfs;

jdpg;gl;l mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;>

kw;Wk; ehLfs;> FOf;fs;>

jdpahs;fs; nfhz;Ls;s

fUj;Jf;fspd;

nghUj;jg;ghbd;ik

fhuzkhf Nkhjy; cUthf

,lKz;L

fl;likg;G rhu;e;j

fhuzpfs;/ murpay;

fhuzpfs;

Nkhjy; cUthFk;Nkhjy; cUthFk;Nkhjy; cUthFk;Nkhjy; cUthFk;Nkhjy; cUthFk;

%yq;fs;%yq;fs;%yq;fs;%yq;fs;%yq;fs;

tsq;fspd; rkkw;w

gfpu;T

� mur epWtdq;fspy;

fhzg;gLk; rkkpd;ik.

� tpidj;jpwdpd;ik

� tpfpj rkdw;w

gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sjw;fpzq;f Nkhjiyj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;

fhuzpfs; ntt;NtWgl;litahf fhzg;gLk;. mf;fhuzpfspd; nry;thf;F fhuzkhf>

jdpahs; Nkhjy;fs;> jdpahs;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Nkhjy;fs;> ehLfSf;fpilapyhd

Nkhjy;fs;> Nkhjy;fs; vd;git cUthfyhk;. vdpDk; murwptpay; gapYk; ehk;

FO kl;l> mur kw;Wk; murhq;fq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Nkhjy;fs; njhlu;ghfNt

ftdQ;nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

13

³ Nkhjypy; jd;ikAk; ,dq;fhZk; tpjKk; mjidNkhjypy; jd;ikAk; ,dq;fhZk; tpjKk; mjidNkhjypy; jd;ikAk; ,dq;fhZk; tpjKk; mjidNkhjypy; jd;ikAk; ,dq;fhZk; tpjKk; mjidNkhjypy; jd;ikAk; ,dq;fhZk; tpjKk; mjid

tifg;gLj;jYk;tifg;gLj;jYk;tifg;gLj;jYk;tifg;gLj;jYk;tifg;gLj;jYk; (Nature of Conflict and Classification)

Nkhjypd; jd;ikNkhjypd; jd;ikNkhjypd; jd;ikNkhjypd; jd;ikNkhjypd; jd;ik

Nkhjnyhd;wpid mjd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfspd;gb Kiwahf vLj;Jf;fhl;lyhk;.

1. Mirfs; njhlu;ghd Nkhjy;fs;

2. ngWkhdq;fs; njhlu;ghd Nkhjy;fs;

3. njhlu;G njhlu;ghd Nkhjy;fs;

epyk; kw;Wk; tsq;fs; njhlu;ghd fhuzpfs; fhuzkhfj; Njhd;Wk; Nkhjy;fs;

%yk; Mirfs; njhlu;ghfj; Njhd;Wk; Nkhjy;fspd; Nfhyk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

rka fUj;Jf;fs;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; my;yJ ,dj;Jtk; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk;

Nkhjy;fspy; ngWkhdq;fs; rhu;e;j fhuzp Kjd;ik ngWk;. rpWghd;ik -

ngUk;ghd;ik> MSk; tFg;G> FbNaw;wg; gpuirfs;> FbNaw;wthj Msg;gLk;

tFg;Gk; mjpfhuk; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd Nkhjy;fs;> njhlu;Gfs; rhu;e;j

fhuzq;fshy; Njhd;Wk; Nkhjy;fshFk; vd tpahf;fpahdg;gLj;jyhk;.

,it jtpu Nkhjy;fis gpujhdkhf ,uz;L gFjpfshfg; gpupj;Jf; fhl;lyhk;.

1. rkr;rPuhd Nkhjy;fs; (Symmetric Conflicts)

2. rkr;rPuw;w Nkhjy;fs; (Asymmetric Conflits)

rkkhd jug;gpdUf;fpilNa cUthFk; Nkhjy;fs; rkr;rPuhd Nkhjy;fs; vdg;gLk;.

rpWghd;ik> ngUk;ghd;ikapdu;> epiy murhq;fk;> Nghuhl;lf;FO> vrkhd; -

mtuJ Copau;> Nrit toq;Fgtu; - Nrit nra;gtu; Nghd;w rkdw;w

jug;gpdUf;fpilNa Njhd;Wk; Nkhjy;fs; rkr;rPuw;w Nkhjy;fshFk; vd

tpahf;fpahdQ; nra;ayhk;.

Nkhjnyhd;W kdpj capu;fis mopf;Fk; xU neUf;fbahd my;yJ MAjNke;jpa

mopTG+u;tkhd Nghuhl;lkhf khWkhapd; epr;rakhf mJ r%fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F

Vw;gLk; jilahf mikAk;. mjw;fika kdpjUf;fpilNa cUthFk; mopTG+u;tkhd

Nkhjy;fis gpujhdkhf 03 kl;lq;fspy; ,dq;fz;L Kd;itf;fyhk;. mitahtd:-

1. tPl;L Nkhjy;fs ; (Domestic Conflicts)

2. murf Nkhjy;fs; (Intra - State Conflicts)

3. muRfSf;F ,ilNaahd Nkhjy;fs ; (Inter - State Conflicts)

,tw;Ws; ,uz;lhk;> %d;whk; tifiar; Nru;e;j Nkhjy;fs; %yk; epfOk; capu;r;

Nrjq;fs;> nrhj;Jr; Nrjq;fs;> #oy; Nrjq;fs; kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy mopTfis>

Njrpa kl;lj;jpYk; ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpYk; mDgtpf;f Ntz;b Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;fhy

cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; Nkhjy;fSs; ngUk;ghyhdit ,dj;Jtk;> nkhop> tuyhW>

cupikfs; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; rhu;e;jitahfj; Njhd;wpAs;sd. ,t;thwhd Nkhjy;fs;

murf Nkhjy;fs; vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; ngUk;ghyhdit ePbj;j r%f

neUf;fbfshf cUntLj;Js;sd. vl;tl; m]hu; vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjw;fika ePbj;j

14

r%f Nkhjy;fspy; ghjfkhd tpisTfs; Njrpa kl;lk; njhlf;fk; ru;tNjr

kl;lk; tiu tpuptile;Js;sJ. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;dzpg; gFjpapy; Njhd;wpa

murf nkhjy;fs; njhlu;ghff; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;Fk; nfy;tp n`hy;];up>

,k;Nkhjy;fSs; ngUk;ghyhdit mur epUthfk;> ehLfspd; nghWg;Gfs;> epiyik

Nghd;w tplaq;fspd; fhuzkhf Njhw;Wfpd;wd vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. kdpj

capu;fisg; gwpf;fj;jf;f Nkhjy;fisj; jtpu;g;gJ njhlu;ghf fhu;dp[p Mizf;FO

(Carnegie Commission) vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;F ,zq;f ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; E}W

kpy;ypaDf;Fk; Nkw;gl;Nlhu; Aj;jq;fs; fhuzkhf kuzpj;Js;sdu;.

³ Nkhjy; jPu;j;jy; gw;wpa vz;zf;fUNkhjy; jPu;j;jy; gw;wpa vz;zf;fUNkhjy; jPu;j;jy; gw;wpa vz;zf;fUNkhjy; jPu;j;jy; gw;wpa vz;zf;fUNkhjy; jPu;j;jy; gw;wpa vz;zf;fU

kdpjUf;fpilNa cUthFk; Nkhjy;fs; td;Kiw Nkhjy;fshf cUntLg;gjhy;

mopTG+u;tkhd tpisTfNs Vw;gLk;. vdNt mt;topTfis ,optsthf;fp>

kdpjUf;fpilNa cUthFk; Nkhjy;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;Fj; Njitahd cj;jpfis

MAk; gzpfs; r%f tpQ;Qhdq;fspd; JizAld; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

mjw;fika Nkhjy; jPu;T rhu;e;j vz;zf;fUf;fs; rpytw;iw ,dq;fhz;gJ

Kf;fpakhdJ.

i. Nkhjy; jtpu;j;jy; (Cease fire)

ii. Nkhjy; ,zf;fg;ghL (Mediation)

iii. Nkhjy; Kfhik (Management)

iv. Nkhjy; jPu;T (Resolution)

v. Nkhjy; epiykhw;wk ; (Transformation)

³ Nkhjy; jtpu;j;jy;Nkhjy; jtpu;j;jy;Nkhjy; jtpu;j;jy;Nkhjy; jtpu;j;jy;Nkhjy; jtpu;j;jy;

Nkhjy; jPu;Tf; fw;ifapDs; 1950 fspd; gpd;dNu Nkhjy; jPu;j;jy; vDk; tplak;

gpu];jhgpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. Nkhjy; jtpu;j;jyhdJ xU Gwj;Nj gy;NtW

ehLfspDs; Njhd;wpa mopT uPjpahd Nkhjy;fs; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l mopTfSf;fhd

xU vjpu;tpidahFk;. kWGwj;Nj> mJ MAjNke;jpa VjhtJ mopT uPjpahd

kl;lk; tiuapy; Nkhjy; tpUj;jpaile;J nry;y ,lkspf;fhj tifapy; mtw;iw

,yFthff; ifahsj;jf;f xU topKiwahFk;. ,jw;fika Nkhjy; jtpu;j;jiyg;

gpujhdkhf %d;W fl;lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. mitahtd:-

� vjpu;g;G tifahd Nkhjy; ,y;yhj epiyikapy; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mt;thwhdnjhd;W

Njhd;Wk; vdf; fUjp> mjidj; jtpu;g;gjw;Fj; Njitahd eltbf;iffis

vLj;jy;. mjhtJ mjd; vspikahd fUj;J> td;Kiw Nkhjy; Vw;glj;jf;f

rhj;jpaq;fisj; jtpu;j;jyhFk;.

15

� jw;NghJ Njhd;wpAs;s Nkhjnyhd;W vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mopTG+u;tkhf td;Kiw

epiyikahf cUntLf;Fk; vdf; fUjp mjidj; jtpu;g;gjw;F eltbf;if

vLj;jy;.

� MAjNke;jpa Nkhjy; kPz;Lk; Vw;gLtijj; jtpu;f;f eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

mjhtJ Nkhjnyhd;W jPu ;f;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; kPz;Lk; mk;Nkhjy;

jiyJ}f;fj;jf;f rhj;jpaq;fis ,y;yhJ xopj;J Mtd nra;jNy ,jd;

fUj;jhFk;.

Nkhjy; njhlu;ghf cld;ghlhd tifapy; njhopw;gLk;NghJ mopTG+u;tkhd

Nkhjy;fisj; jtpu;j;jy; Kjd;ik ngWk;. vdpDk; mJ vLj;j vLg;gpy; xNuabahfr;

nra;Jtpl Kbahj rpf;fyw;w xU nrad;KiwahFk;.

³ Nkhjy; ,zf;fg;ghLNkhjy; ,zf;fg;ghLNkhjy; ,zf;fg;ghLNkhjy; ,zf;fg;ghLNkhjy; ,zf;fg;ghL

Nkhjy; ,zf;fg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ> Nkhjy; jtpu;g;gpYk; ghu;f;f NtWgl;l xU

nrad;KiwahFk;. ,zf;fg;gLj;jypd;NghJ epfOtJ> td;Kiw Nkhjypd;

td;Kiwj;jd;ikia jzpj;jyhFk;. Nkhjy; jzpj;jypd;NghJ NkhjYf;F

VJthfTs;s tpNrlkhd kw;Wk; xl;Lnkhj;j fhuzq;fspd;ghy; fzprkhd ftdQ;

nrYj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. td;Kiw NkhJifapd; cf;fpuj;jd;ikia ,opthf;FtNj

mjd; Nehf;fkhapUj;jy; mjw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.

kpahy; cl;gl;l FOtpdu; ,jid Xu; xg;ge;jk; %yk; nra;ayhk; vd

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu;.

c-k;: 1998 ,y; tl mau;yhe;jpy; Vg;uy; 10 Mk; jpfjp ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l ngupa

nts;sp xg;ge;jKk; 2002 ngg;utup 22 Me; jpfjp ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;

mikg;gpw;Fk; ,ilNa ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l Gupe;Jzu;T cld;gbf;ifAk;

,jw;fhd rpwe;j cjhuzq;fshFk;.

,t;thwhf Xu; xg;ge;j;jpd; %yk; Nkhjiy ,zf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahdjhff;

fUjj;jf;f epiyik> NkhjYld; njhlu;Gila jug;gpd; Nkhjypy; rpiwg;gl;buhj

epiyikia mile;j epiyikahFk;. Nkhjy; ,zf;fg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd;

%yk; Nkhjypd; td;Kiwj;jd;ikiaj; jzpg;gNj ,Wjp Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;

mjid Nkhjypd; Kbthff; fUJtJ ,ayhjjhFk;. vt;thwhapDk; Nkhjy;

,zf;fg;ghL njhlu;ghd nrad;Kiwia ePz;lfhy Nkhjy; jPu;tpd; Muk;gf;

fl;lkhff; fUjyhk;.

³ Nkhjy; KfhikNkhjy; KfhikNkhjy; KfhikNkhjy; KfhikNkhjy; Kfhik

Nkhjy;fisf; ifahStjw;fhd Xu; cj;jpahf 1980 fspd; gpd;du; mwpKfk;

nra;ag;gl;l xU nrad;Kiwahf ‘Nkhjy; Kfhik’ iaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

Kjd;ikahd ikatplak; NkhjYld; njhlu;Gila jug;gpduplj;Nj cld;ghlhd

(+) elj;ij khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Vw;glj;jf;f

td;Kiwfis tiuaiwg;gLj;jYk; jtpu;j;jYkhFk;. td;Kiw Nkhjiy

tiuaiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Nkhjy; guTtijg; gFj;jha;tjw;FkhfNt kpahYk;

mtuJ FOtpdUk; Nkhjy; Kfhik vDk; gpuNahfj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

capNuhl;lkhd Nkhjnyhd;Wld; njhlu;GWk; gpd;tUk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis cr;r

msTf;F miljNy ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; Nkhjy; Kfhikapd; vjpu;g;ghu;g;ghf

mikfpwJ.

16

i. Nkhjypd; td;KiwiaAk; mopT kl;lj;ijAk; ,optsthf;fy;.

ii. Nkhjypd; cf;fpuj;jd;ikiaAk; kf;fis mopf;Fk; tifapyhdMAjq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; epiyik tiu guTtijAk; jtpu;j;jy;.

iii. NtW jpirfspy; fpilahf Nkhjy; guTtijj; jtpu;j;jy;.

,jw ; fika Nkhjy ; Kfhik vd ; gij ,uz ;L Jiwfs pd ;f P o ;tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jyhk;. mtw;Ws; xd;W Nkhjy; KfhikahFk;. Nkhjy;Kfhik vd;gJ td;Kiw Nkhjiy xU tiuaiwf;Ff; fl;Lg;gLj;jpitj;jpUj;jyhFk;. kw;iwaJ NkhjYld; njhlu;Gila jug;gpdiu Xu; ,ilj;njhopw;ghl;L khjpupnahd;wpd;ghy; nfhz;LtUjyhFk;. ,q;F ,j;jug;gpdupd;Mirfs;> vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs;> ngWkhdq;fSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk;; vjpuhdjd;ikfis ntspapLtJ NkhjypD}lhf epfOfpd;wikahy; mtw;iw cld;ghlhd(+) tifapy; ifahz;L nraw;gLjyhFk;.

³ Nkhjy; jPu;TNkhjy; jPu;TNkhjy; jPu;TNkhjy; jPu;TNkhjy; jPu;T

Nkhjy; jPu;T vDk; gjk; Nkhjy; fy;tpapy; khj;jpukd;wp NkhjYld; njhlu;Gilanrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghl;Lg; gug;gpYk; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNtNkhjy; jPu;T vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ vd;gJ njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fistpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. ngUk;ghyhd fy;tpapayhsu;fs;> nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;>Aj;jj;Jiw rpwg;gwpQu;fs;> ,uh[je;jpupfs; Nghd;Nwhu; jhk; njhlu;Gw;wpUf;Fk;Jiwapy; Nkhjy; jPu;T vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;j Kaw;rp nra;Js;sdu;.Aj;jj;Jiw rpwg;gwpQu;fs; Nkhjy; jPu;T vDk; gjj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.,J> mr;RWj;JtjD}lhf ntw;wpfukhd fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;LtUjy; %yk;my;yJ ,uhZt mjpfhuj;ij ntw;wpfukhfg; gpuNahfpj;jy; %yk; Aj;jj;ijKbTf;Ff; nfhz;LtUjy; my;yJ jtpu;j;jiyf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j ,uhZtNkhjy; jPu ;T mZFKiwia> (Nkhjy; jPu ;Tr; Nru;e;j ngUk;ghyhdNfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs;) mjpylq;fpAs;s td;Kiwj;jd;ik kw;Wk; mopit Vw;gLj;Jk;jd;ik fhuzkhf kWjypj;Js;sdu;. vdpDk; Nkhjy; jPu;tpw;F mjpfhuj;ijg;gpuNahfpg ;gJ mtrpak; vDk; mgpg ;gpuhaj;Jf;F rhu;ghfTk; fUj;Jj;njuptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nkhjy; jPu;T njhlu;ghf fUj;J njuptpf;Fk; kw;WnkhU gpuptpdu; NkNy tpgupf;fg;gl;lrfy vz;zf;fUf;fSld; NkYk; rpy mk;rq;fSk; mlq;fpAs;sd vdf; $Wfpd;wdu;.mf;fUj;jpd;gb Nkhjy; jPu;T vd;gJ Nkhjy; jtpu;j;jy;> Nkhjy; ,zf;fg;gLj;jy;>Nkhjy; jPu;j;jy;> Nkhjy; epiykhw;wy; Mfpa rfy mk;rq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpague;jNjhu; nrad;Kiwnahd;whFk;.

Mf;fG+u;tkhfTk; mfpk;ir KiwapYk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;J Nkhjy;fSld;njhlu;Gila rfy jug;gpduJk; jdpj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd ngWkhdq;fis ,dq;fz;Lmtu;fsJ khDlj; NjitfisAk; MirfisAk; ,dq;fz;L> Njitahdtoptiffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; Nkhjy; jPu;tpy; mlq;fpAs;sJ vd;gJ mtu;fsJmgpg;gpuhakhFk;. Nkhjy; ,zf;fg;gLj;jy; my;yJ Nkhjy; Kfhik vd;gdtw;wpy;,Ue;J NtWgl;l nray;fSk; Nkhjy; jPu;tpy; mlq;fpAs;sJ vd;gJ ,f;fUj;jpd;%yk; njspthfpd;wJ. Nkhjy; jPu;T vd;gJ gy Kf;fpakhd ,ay;Gfiscs;slf;fpAs;sJ vd;gJ Nkw;gb fUj;Jf;fis xl;Lnkhj;jkhf Nehf;Fk;NghJ

njspthfpd;wJ.

17

mitahtd : i. NkhjYld; njhlu;Gila kw;Wk; mjw;F mbg;gilahf mike;Js;s

fhuzpfis NtNuhL fisar; nraw;gLjy;.

ii. Nkhjy; jug;gpdupilNa Gjpa njhlu;Gfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhfr; nraw;gLjy;.

iii. cld;ghlhd (Positive) kdg;ghq;Ffisg; gpwg;gpj;jy;.

iv. td;Kiw kPz;Lk; jiyJ}f;Ftjw;fhd rhj;jpaq;fis ePf;Fjy;.

Nkhjy; jPu;tpd;NghJ ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gLk; Kf;fpakhd Xu; mk;rk;> NkhjYf;F

VJthfpa fhuzpfis Mokhf Muha;e;J mtw;iwj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf nraw;gLjyhFk;.

mjw;fika Nkhjy; jug;gpdUf;fpilNa Jz;bf;fg;gl;l njhlu;Gfis kPs

epWTtjw;Fk; kPz;Lk; Nkhjy; cUthjYf;fhd rhj;jpag;ghl;ilj; jtpu;g;gjw;Fk;

nraw;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt Nkhjy; jPu;T rpf;fyhd ePz;lfhyr; nrad;KiwahFk;

vdf; fUjyhk;.

³ Nkhjy; epiykhw;wk;Nkhjy; epiykhw;wk;Nkhjy; epiykhw;wk;Nkhjy; epiykhw;wk;Nkhjy; epiykhw;wk;

rpy gFg;gha;thsu;fs; ,jid Nkhjy; jPu;Tf;F mg;ghy; nrd;w njspthd xU

gbKiwahff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. kw;Wk; rpyu; Nkhjy; jPu;tpdJ xU tpUj;jpepiy

vd ,jid tptupj;Js;sdu;. Nkhjy; jPu;tpYk; ghu;f;f tpupthd fl;likg;G rhu;e;j

mk;rq;fspd;ghy; mjpf ftdQ; nrYj;Jk; re;ju;g;gk; Nkhjy; epiykhw;wk; vdf;

$Wfpd;wdu;.

Nkhjy; jPu;T %yk; NkhjYld; njhlu;Gila jug;gpdUf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk;

vjpu;g;Gj; jd;ikfisj; jzpj;J rfy jug;gpdUk; jpUg;jpailaf; $bathwhd

xU epiyikia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf nraw;gLtjhFk;. mjd; %yk; NkhjYld;

njhlu;Gila jug;gpdupd; kdg;ghq;Ffs;> elj;ijfs; Nghd;w mk;rq;fs; khw;wj;Jf;F

cs;shFtjpy; Fiwe;j msT ftdNk nrYj;jg;gLk;. Nkhjy; epiykhw;wj;jpd;

ClhfNt ,f;Fiwg;ghl;Lf;F gupfhuk; fhzg;gLk;.

Nkhjy; epiykhw;wj;ij %d;W tpjkhf tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jyhk;.

� xl;Lnkhj;j Nkhjy; #oikit (Context) khw;wpaikj;jy;.

� Nkhjy; jug;gpdupd; njhlu;Gfis khw;wpaikj;jy;.

� tYT+l;lYf;$lhf (Empowerment) NkhjYld; njhlu;Gila Ml;fspd;

kl;lq;fis khw;wpaikj;jy;.

,jw;fika> Nkhjy; epiykhw;wj;jpd;NghJ NkhjYld; njhlu;Gila r%f> murpay;

%yq;fspd;ghy; tpupthff; ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;bNaw;gLk;. mjd; %yk; Nkhjy;

njhlu;ghd cld;ghlw;w (-) NtWghLfs; cld;ghlhd (+) NtWghLfshf

khw;wpaikf;fg;gly;.

18

‘gPl;lu; nthyd;];uPd;’ vd;gtupd; fUj;Jg;gb> ntw;wpfukhd Nkhjy; epiykhw;wr;

nray; vd;gJ Nkhjy; jug;gpdUf;F ,ilNa NkhjYf;F VJthf cs;s fhuzq;fs;

kw;Wk; Nkhjypd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis khw;wpaikj;jyhFk;. mjD}lhf jug;gpdUf;F

,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfs; %yk; Nkhjnyhd;W my;yJ Aj;jnkhd;W cUthFk;

vDk; mr;rk; ,dpAk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.


� fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw elhj;Jjy;

� khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf xOq;fikj;J gpd;tUk; jiyg;GfSf;Nfw;g

Jiwfisg; gpupj;J toq;Ff.

- Nkhjiy tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;

- Nkhjy; jPu;T

- Nkhjiy epiykhw;wj;jpw;Fl;gLj;jy;

- Nkhjy; ,zf;fg;ghL

- NkhjYk; rkhjhdf; fy;tpAk;

� jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;gjw;fhf cupa fhyg;gFjpia toq;Ff.

� xt;nthU FOtpdhYk; jpul;lg;gLk; jfty;fis Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

� fye;Jiuahlypd;NghJ Kd;itg;gpd; cz;ikj;jd;ik> ju;f;fuPjpahdjh vd;git

njhlu;gpYk; Kiwahd topfhl;liy Nkw;nfhs;f.

� khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; kjpg;gpLf.


• Lederach J. 1995 : Preparing for Peace : Conflict Transformation Across Cultures,

New York : Syracuse University Press.

• Lund, M. 1996 : Preventing Violence Conflicts, Washington, DC : United States

Institute of Peace.

1. Miall, Hugh, Oliver Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse 1999 : Contemporary

Conflict Resolution, Cambridge : Polity Press.

2. Michael & Brown 1996 : The International Dimensions of International Conflict

Cambridge, MIT Press.

3. Schellenberg, James A, 1996 : Conflicts Resolution : Theory, Research &

Practice, New York : State University Press.

4. Uyangoda Jayawardana & N. Selvakkumaran 2000 : “Defining Negotiation” In

Conflict Resolution & Peace Studies; An Introductory Handbook, University of

Colombo, Center for Policy Research and Analysis (CEPRA)

5. Vayrynen, Raimo (ED) 1991 : “Conflict Resolution & Conflict Transformation

“New Direction in Conflict Transformation” New Direction in conflict Theory,

London : Saga Publishers.

19

myF 11myF 11myF 11myF 11myF 11 ::::: ru;tNjr murpay;ru;tNjr murpay;ru;tNjr murpay;ru;tNjr murpay;ru;tNjr murpay;

Nju;r;rp 11.0Nju;r;rp 11.0Nju;r;rp 11.0Nju;r;rp 11.0Nju;r;rp 11.0 : -: -: -: -: - ru;tNjr murpaypd;; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij ,ay;Gntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-:-:-:-:- ru;tNjr murpaypd; ,ay;G gw;wp tpupthf Muha;thu;.


� ru;tNjr murpaYk; mjDld; ,ize;j Kf;fpa ghj;jpuq;fSk; mtu;fspd;tfpghfq;fSk; gw;wp Njb mwpthu;.

� ru;tNjr murpaypy; muRfs; jkJ Njrpa mgpyhi\fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fg;gad;gLj;Jk; cj;jpfs; gw;wp Muha;thu;.

� muRfs; Njrpa Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L gad;gLj;Jk; cj;jpfshfntspehl;Lf; nfhs;iffs;> J}Jtu; Nritfs;> nghUshjhug; gyk;> csTr;Nrit> gpur;rhuk;> Nghu; eltbf;if vd;gd gw;wp EZfp Muha;thu;.

� ru;tNjr muRfSld; njhlu;G nfhs;tjpD}lhf ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; vOfpd;wKuz;ghLfs;> gpur;rpidfs; vd;gtw;Wf;Fj; jPu;T fhZjYk; Kfhikj;Jtk;nra;jYk; njhlu;ghd muRfspd; cj;jpfs; gw;wp Muha;thu;.

� mjpfhur; rkepiy> $l;Lg; ghJfhg;G> ru;tNjrr; rl;lk;> MAjg; gupfuzk;>Nghu; MAjq;fspd; fl;Lg;ghL> cyf murhq;fk; vd;gtw;iw mt; cj;jpfshf,dq;fhz;ghu;.


ru;tNjr murpaiyf; fw;gjd; %yk;> ru;tNjr murpay; vd;why; vd;d> mjd;nraw;ghLfspy; njhlu;Gila Kf;fpa ghj;jpuq;fs; ahtu;? mtu;fspd; elj;ij>ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; vt;thW cs;sJ?

ghj;jpuq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit? me;Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F mtu;fs;vt;thW nraw;gLfpwhu;fs;? mt;thW nraw;gLk;NghJ Vw;gLk; Nkhjy;fisj;jtpu;j;J cyf rkhjhdk;> ghJfhg;G vd;gtw;iwg; ghJfhj;J Kd;ndLj;Jr;nry;Yk; Kiw ahJ?

,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba cj;jpfs; ahit vd;git gw;wp Muha;e;jwpjNyvjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;Fk; Kf;fpa ghj;jpuq;fshf muRfs;> ru;tNjrmikg;Gfs;> gy; Njrpa fk;gdpfs; vd;gdTk; ru;tNjr r%fr; nraw;ghLfspy;jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;Jk; Kf;fpa egu;fs; gFjpapdu;vd ehd;F gFjpfis ,dq;fhz KbAk;. ,e;j myfpy; Kf;fpakhf ru;tNjrr%fj;jpy; Kf;fpa ghj;jpuq;fshff; fUjg;gLk; Rje;jpu Njrpa muRfspilNaahdnjhlu;Gfs; gw;wpf; fw;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy;jw;NghJ 200 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd muRfs; cs;sd. ,itepyg;gug;G> Fbj;njhif> tsq;fs;> nghUshjhu tY> ,uhZt gyk; Mfpatplaq;fspy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;ldthf cs;sd.

vdpDk; ru;tNjr murpaypy; midj;J muRfSk; rkkhd rl;l myFfshff;fUjg;gLk;. ,j;njhlu;Gfis mikjpg;Nghf;F njhlu;Gfs;> Nghu; uPjpahd

20

njhlu;Gfs; vd ,U gpupTfshf tFf;fyhk;. ,f;fhuzq;fspdhy; ru;tNjrmurpay; NghUk; rkhjhdKk; gw;wpa fw;wy; tplak; vd ,dq;fhzg;gLfpwJ.NtnwhU tpjj;jpy; $Wtjhdhy; muRfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; murpaiyf;fw;gjd; %yk; ru;tNjr murpay; ghlk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; fhzf;$ba rpwg;G mk;rk; mtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk;

mjpfhukpd;ikj; jd;ikahFk;. ,jw;F muRfspd; Gwelj;ijfisf;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F ru;tNjr r%fj;jpDs; Xu; murhq;fNkh xOf;fnewpf;

Nfhl;ghLfNsh ,y;yhikNa fhuzkhFk;. ,jd; ngWNgwhf muRfspd;

epiyj;jpUf;Fk; jd;ikAk;> muRfspd; ntspthupahd tpUg;Gfis

epiwNtw;WjYk; muRf;F cupa jdpg;gl;l mjpfhuj;jpYk; mjd; mstpYNk

jq;fpAs;sJ. ,jw;Nfw;g ru;tNjr murpaypy; vy;yh muRfSk; KbAkhdtiu

jkJ mjpfhuj;ij tpUj;jpnra;a nra;Ak; eltbf;iffspy; <LgLfpd;wd. ,e;j

mjpfhug; Nghl;b ,Wjpapy; muRfSf;fpilapy; Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;JtJld; muRfs; Nghupy; <LgLtjpYk; Kf;fpa nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtijf;

fhzyhk;. ru;tNjr r%fk; mjpfhukw;wjhf ,Ug;gjhYk; mjpy; muRfs;

Rje;jpukhfr; nraw;gl KbAkhjyhYk; tpku;rfu;fs; rpyu; ru;tNjr murpaiy

murhq;fk ; ,y;yhj murpay; (Politics Without Government) vd;W

,dq;fhz;fpd;wdu;.

muRfs; mjpfhug; gpzf;Ffspy; <LgLjy;> jkJ Njrpa tpUg;Gfs; my;yJ

ntspthup Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhFk;. me;Nehf;fq;fs; gpd;tUkhW

mikAk;.

1. Njrpa ghJfhg;G

2. Njrpa nghUshjhuj;ij cau;epiyg;gLj;jy;.

3. Njrpa eyd;fis Nkdpiyg;gLj;jy;.

4. Njrpa Gfiog; ghJfhj;J epiyj;jpUf;fr; nra;jy;.

5. Njrpa nfhs;iffisg; ghJfhj;J epiyj;jpUf;fr; nra;jy;.

,e;j Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L muRfs; gad;gLj;Jk; cj;jpfshtd:

1. ntspehl;L nfhs;iff;fhd ,uh[ je;jpuq;fs;.

2. nghUshjhu mjpfhuk;.

3. ntspg;gilj;jd;ikAk; jiyapLjYk;.

4. Nghu;.

21

ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if

xU ehL ntspthupahf epiwNtw;Wtjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?

mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;Jf;Nfw;g mit xOq;fikf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ vt;thW? vd;gdNt

ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if %yk; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. NtnwhU Kiwapy; $Wtjhdhy;

ru;tNjr njhlu;Gfspd; Clhf xU ehL epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;s vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; murpay;>

nghUshjhu> r%fk; gw;wpa Nehf;fq;fs; ahit? vd;gtw;iw ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk;. ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if ,uh[je;jpu mjpfhupfs; my;yJ J}Jtu;fs;

%ykhf nraYU ngWfpwJ. ,q;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kf;fpa cj;jpg;

fye;JiuahlyhFk;.

nghUshjhu mjpfhuk;nghUshjhu mjpfhuk;nghUshjhu mjpfhuk;nghUshjhu mjpfhuk;nghUshjhu mjpfhuk;

muRfs; Vida muRfspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpj; jkf;Fj; Njitahd tpjj;jpy;

ahjhapDk; xU murpid topelj;Jtjw;F my;yJ fPo;g;gbar; nra;tjw;F

gad;gLj;Jk; cj;jpahf nghUshjhu rf;jp fhzg;gLfpwJ.

tu;j;jf xg;ge;jk;> Nkyjpfkhdtw;iw mopj;jy;> gif muRfspd; nrhj;Jf;fis

jilnra;jy;> nghUl;fs; thq;Ftij epWj;Jjy; Mfpadtw;iw ,jw;Fg;

gad;gLj;jyhk;.

CLUTjYk; jiyapLjYk;CLUTjYk; jiyapLjYk;CLUTjYk; jiyapLjYk;CLUTjYk; jiyapLjYk;CLUTjYk; jiyapLjYk;

muRfs;> gifik ehl;bd; cs; tplaq;fspy; ,ufrpa KiwfspD}lhf gy;NtW

jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jp me;j muir jkf;Fj; Njitahd tpjj;jpy; topg;gLj;Jtjw;F

eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; CLUty; MFk;. gifik ehl;bd; murpay;

nraw;ghLfspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; murpd; elj;ijia khw;wpaikj;jy;>

jiyapLjy; vdg;gLk;. ,jd; nghUl;L muRfs; ntspg;gilaw;w Kiwfisg;

gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,ufrpa csTr; Nrit> NtW kiwKfkhd cj;jpfs;.

Nghu;Nghu;Nghu;Nghu;Nghu;

NkNy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s %d;W topfshYk; muRfs; jkJ Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;w

KbahjNghJ ,Wjpahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; fUtpNa Nghu; MFk;. MAjq;fs; %yk;

giftiuj;; jhf;fp xd;wpy; Kw;wpYk; mopNtw;gLj;jy; md;Nwy; vjpupia

typikapof;fr; nra;J jkf;Fj; Njitahd tpjj;jpy; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;.

22

muRfs; jkJ Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; cj;jpfspy; mjpf

nryT nfhz;lJk; mjpf mopit Vw;gLj;JtJkhd cj;jpNa Nghu; MFk;.

ahjhapDk; gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gjw;Fg; Nghiug; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;du; muRfs;

Kjypy; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba Kd; eltbf;iffs; %d;W cs;sd.

1. vOe;Js;s gpur;rpidia Kjypy; ,uh[je;jpu topKiw %yk; jPu;g;gjw;F

Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

2. ,uh[je;jpu Kiw Njhy;tpAw;why; ,uhZt eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLnkd

mr;RWj;jp> Kd; mgha mwptpg;G tpLj;jy;.

3. mr;RWj;jy; %yk; giftu; fPo;g;gbahtpby; vjpupf;F vjpuhf td;Kiwia

Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

,k; Kd;eltbf;iffs; Njhy;tpaile;jhy; kl;LNk ,Wjpahf MAjq;fshy;

jhf;Fjiy elhj;jp Nghu; epiyikia muRfs; Vw;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

ahjhapDk; xU muR NtnwhU muRld; Neubahfg; Nghu; njhLf;f fUjpdhy;

Kjyhtjhfg; gpd;tUk; epge;jidfis epiwNtw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

1. jkJ ehl;bd; Njrpa ghJfhg;G Mgj;jhd epiyikf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

vd;gij ehl;L kf;fSk; cyf kf;fSk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sr; nra;jy;.

2. Nghupy; <Lgl;lhy; ntw;wp ngWk; tiu Nghu; nra;jypy; kpFe;j kdTWjp

nfhz;bUj;jy;.

3. murpay; Nehf;fq;fs;> ,uhZt Nehf;fq;fs; vd;gtw;iwj; njspthff;

fhl;Ljy;.

4. Fwpj;j Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F kl;Lk; NghJkhd msT ,uhZt

gyj;ij <LgLj;jy;.

5. ehl;L kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifiag; G+uzkhfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

NkNy fhl;lg;gl;l tplaq;fs; %yk;> ru;tNjr murpaypy; muRfspd; epiyj;jpUj;jYk;

nraw;ghLfSk; njhlu;ghf muRfSf;F cupa mjpfhuq;fspd; mstpw;Nfw;g

ngUksT jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.

vdNt ru;tNjr murpaiyf; fw;Fk;NghJ Njrpa mjpfhuk; gw;wpAk; fl;lhak;

fw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.

23

Njrpa mjpfhuk;Njrpa mjpfhuk;Njrpa mjpfhuk;Njrpa mjpfhuk;Njrpa mjpfhuk;

`hd;]; N[ Nkhu;fd;Njh Fwpg;gpLtjw;F Vw;g xU muRf;F NtnwhU murpd;

vz;zk;> nraw;ghL vd;gtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; ,Uf;Fnkdpy;> Njrpa

mjpfhuk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ. NtnwhU Kiwapy; $Wtjhdhy; ahjhapDk;

murpd; tpUg;ig> NtnwhU murpd; kPJ gbar; nra;J> jkf;Fj; Njitahd

tpjj;jpy; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mjw;Ff; fPo;gbahjtplj;J nry;thf;ifg; gpuNahfpj;jy;

%yk; fPo;g;gbar;nra;aTk; cs;s Mw;wy; Njrpa mjpfhuk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

murpd; Njrpa mjpfhuk;> nraw;ghl;L cUthf;fk; gpd;tUk; cj;jpfs; %yk;

,lk;ngWk;.

1. nry;thf;ifg; gpuNahfpj;jy;.

2. nfhilfis toq;Fjy;.

3. jz;lid tpjpj;jy;.

4. gyg; gpuNahfk;/ mjpfhug; gpuNahfk;

nry;thf;ifg; gpuNahfpj;jy;nry;thf;ifg; gpuNahfpj;jy;nry;thf;ifg; gpuNahfpj;jy;nry;thf;ifg; gpuNahfpj;jy;nry;thf;ifg; gpuNahfpj;jy;

mjpfhur ; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLtjw;F ru ;tNjr murpaypy; ngUksT

cgNahfpf;fg;gLtJ ,k;KiwahFk;. cjhuzkhf A vd;Dk; muRf;F B vd;w

murpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtjw;Fj; NjitNaw;gLk;NghJ mJ thjg;

gpujpthjq;fs; %yk; my;yJ ju;f;f uPjpahd cj;jpfs; %yk; my;yJ Fwpj;j

tplaj;ij Kw;whf kPz;Lk; tpahf;fpahdk; nra;tjd; %yk; B murpd; vz;zk;>

nraw;ghL vd;gtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtij vLj;Jf;fhl;l KbAk;. ,uh[je;jpu Kiw

%yk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F muRfs; ,k; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jk;.

nfhil toq;Fjy;nfhil toq;Fjy;nfhil toq;Fjy;nfhil toq;Fjy;nfhil toq;Fjy;

gy;NtW nfhilfis toq;Fjy; %yk; xU ehL NtnwhU ehl;bd; elj;ijia

jkf;Fj; Njitahd tpjj;jpy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kaw;rp vLg;gNj ,jdhy; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

cjhuzkhf nghUshjhu cjtp toq;Fjy;> murpay; uPjpapy; nra;Ak; cjtpfs;>

gil cjtpfs;> nghUs; cjtpfs; vd;gd ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

jz;lid tpjpj;jy;jz;lid tpjpj;jy;jz;lid tpjpj;jy;jz;lid tpjpj;jy;jz;lid tpjpj;jy;

,jdhy; fUjg;gLtJ KjyPLfis toq;Ftij epWj;JtjhFk;. ,jw;Nfw;g

nfhilfis toq;FjYk; jz;lid tpjpj;jYk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,ize;J

fhzg;gLk;. ,J jtpu vjpupf;F vjpuhf gy;NtW gpurhuq;fs;> Nfhg%l;Lk;

nraw;ghLfs;> vjpupf;F vjpuhd NtW muRfSf;F ntspg;gilahd cjtp toq;Fjy;

Mfpa cj;jpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

24

mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;

capu;g;Gld; mjpfhur; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLtijNa ,J fUJfpd;wJ. mjhtJ

Nghu; eltbf;if %yk; mjpfhur; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLjy;. xU muR Njrpa

gyj;ij cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tjpy; gy fhuzpfs; ,ize;Js;sd.

1. ,aw;ifahd fhuzpfs; - ehl;bd; miktplk;> ,aw;if tsk;> rdj;njhif.

2. tpQ;Qhdk;> njhopDl;gk;> ifj;njhopy; fhuzpfs;> njhopDl;gj; jpwd;>

tptrhak;rhu; jpwd;> gilj;jpwd;.

3. murpay; fhuzpfs; - murhq;fj;jpd; jd;ik> gzpf;FO Kiw

(cj;jpNahfG+u;t mjpfhu Kiw) cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjk;> mjd;

tpidj;jpwd;.

murpay; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; ,ay;G> mur Nritapd; gz;Gj;juk;

4. r%fk; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fs; rhu;e;j fhuzpfs; - ehL Vw;Wf;nfhz;l Njrpa

fUj;Jf;fs;> Njrpa czu;Tfs;> Njrpa jdpj;Jtk;> r%ff; fl;likg;G>

Njrpa xUikg;ghL.

5. ntspthup kw;Wk; NtW fhuzpfs; - ehl;;bd; ngUikAk; ew;ngaUk;>

ntspehl;L cjtpiag; ngWk; Mw;wy;> ,ufrpa csTr; Nritapd;

tpidj;jpwd;.

NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tplaq;fspdhy; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; epyTk; mjpfhukpd;ik

fhuzkhf muRfs; jhk; tpUk;gpathW elg;gjw;F ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy;

,lkspf;fg;gl;Ls;snjd;gJ vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf

muRfSf;fpilNa rkhjhdj;Jf;Fg; gjpyhf Aj;j epiyikfs; mbf;fb

Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,e;epiyik fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhtpbd; ru;tNjr rkhjhdk; vd;gJ

xUNghJk; mila Kbahj fdthfNt ,Uf;Fk;.

muRfSf;filNa mjpfhug; Nghl;biaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp ru;tNjr r%fj;ij cUthf;fp

Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yjy; vt;thW? - ru;tNjr murpaiyf; fw;Fk;NghJ ftdpf;f

Ntz;ba ,d;ndhU Kf;fpakhd tplakhf ,jid ,dq;fhzyhk;.

muRfSf;fpilapy; ,lk;ngWk; mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp ru;tNjr

rkhjhdj;ij cUthf;fp Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;fhf ru;tNjr murpaypy;

gad;gLj;jf;$ba cj;jpfs; rpy cs;sd. mitahtd:

1. mjpfhur; rkepiy

2. $l;Lg; ghJfhg;G

3. ru;tNjrr; rl;lk;

4. MAjf; fl;Lg;ghLk; MAjg; gupfuzKk;

5. cyf murhq;fk;

25

mjpfhur; rkepiymjpfhur; rkepiymjpfhur; rkepiymjpfhur; rkepiymjpfhur; rkepiy

,e;j vz;zf;fUtpd; mbg;giliag; gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; vLj;Jf;fhl;lyhk;.

� mjpfhur; rkkpd;ik epiyikfs; epyTk;NghNj muRfs; Nghupy; <LgLfpd;wd.

� muRfs; rkkhd mjpfhuKiladthf ,Ug;gpd; Nghupy; <Lgl Kd;tukhl;lhJ.

Vnddpy; rkkhd mjpfhuKila ,U ehLfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W Nghu;nra;Ak;NghJ

ve;ehLk; ntw;wpia cWjpahfg; ngwKbahjpUg;gjdhyhFk;.

� ,jdhy; muRfspy; mjpfhuq;fis rk msthdjhf mikg;gpd; muRfSf;F

,ilapy; Nghu; Vw;gLtijj; jtpu;j;J ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ij ghJfhj;J

Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y KbAk;.

� mjpfhur; rkepiy cUthf;fg;gLjiy> muRfs; jdpj;jdpahfr; nra;aKbAk;.

md;Nwy; muRfs; $l;lhd kl;lj;jpy; nra;aKbAk;.

,e;jj; ju;f;fk; cz;ikiag; Nghyj; Njhd;wpdhYk; jw;fhyj;jpy; cyfpy;

cUthfpAs;s muRfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;Js;sikahYk; mtw;wpw;fpilNa

msTf;fjpfkhd gue;jsT NtWghL fhzg;gLtjpdhYk; mjpfhur; rkepiy

vz;zf;fU nrad;Kiw uPjpapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$banjhd;wy;y.

$l;Lg; ghJfhg;G$l;Lg; ghJfhg;G$l;Lg; ghJfhg;G$l;Lg; ghJfhg;G$l;Lg; ghJfhg;G

rkhjhdj;ij tpUk;Gk; muRfs; midj;Jk; xd;whf ,ize;J> jkJ $l;Lg;

mjpfhuj;ij rkhjhdj;Jf;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gLk; muRfSf;F my;yJ mur

FOf;fSf;F vjpuhfg; gad;gLj;jp> Mf;fpukpg;Gj; jd;ikAs;s muR my;yJ

murff; FOf;fis mlf;fp> ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jp Kd;ndLj;Jr;

nry;Yjy; vd;Dk; mbg;gil kPJ ,e;j vz;zf;fU cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

� 1918 ,y; ru;tNjrr; rq;fk;> 1945 ,y; If;fpa ehLfs; rig vd;gd jhgpf;fg;gl;lik>

,e;Nehf;fj;ijf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;NlahFk;.

� vdpDk; ,uz;L mikg;GfSk; vjpu;ghu;j;j tpjj;jpy; $l;Lg; ghJfhg;G vz;zf;fU

nraw;ghl;il Kd;ndLf;f ,ayhjpUe;jd. ,jw;F ,e;j mikg;Gf;fspd; cWg;G

muRfspilNa $l;Lg; ghJfhg;Gr; nraw;ghL cUthfj; Njitahd nghJ

tpUg;gpid Vw;gLj;j KbahikNa fhuzkhFk;.

� vt;thwhapDk; mjpfhur; rkepiyia tpl $l;Lg; ghJfhg;G eilKiwapy;

nraw;gLj;jf;$ba cghakhFk;.

26

ru;tNjrr; rl;lk;ru;tNjrr; rl;lk;ru;tNjrr; rl;lk;ru;tNjrr; rl;lk;ru;tNjrr; rl;lk;

� ru;tNjr muRfspd; njhlu;Gfs; nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l rl;lj; njhFjpia

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLkhapd; muRfSf;F ,ilNa

Vw;gLk; Nkhjy;fs;> gpur;rpidfs; vd;gtw;iw Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;J ru;tNjr

rkhjhdj;ij epiyepWj;j KbAk; vd;gJ ,e;j vz;zf;fUtpdhy;

typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

� vdpDk; ,J njhlu;ghf vOe;Js;s gpur;rpidfs; ,uz;L cs.

1. ru;tNjrr; rl;lk; ahUf;fhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?

2. ru;tNjrr; rl;lk; ahuhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?

� rl;lthf;fk;> epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; vd;gd nfhz;l rl;lq;fis Mf;fp> muRfspd;

,iwik mjpfhuj;Jf;F Nkyhfr; nraw;gLtjw;fhd Mw;wy; cila cyf

murhq;fk; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; ,y;yhjpUg;gjdhy; NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l

gpur;rpidfs; ,uz;Lk; vOe;Js;sd.

� ru;tNjrr; rl;lk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; rl;lj;njhFjp> ru;tNjr muRfspd;

njhlu;Gfspd;NghJ fhzf;$bajhapUe;jNghJk; me;jr; rl;lq;fisg;

gpd;gw;WtNjh> gpd;gw;whJ tpLjNyh muRfspd; RNar;irahd tpUg;gpd; kPNj

jq;fpAs;sJ.

� ,jdhy; ru;tNjrr; rl;lk; muRfspd; ntspthup elj;ijiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f cgfuznkhd;wy;y.

MAjq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; MAjg; gupfuzKk;MAjq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; MAjg; gupfuzKk;MAjq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; MAjg; gupfuzKk;MAjq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; MAjg; gupfuzKk;MAjq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; MAjg; gupfuzKk;

� ,e;j vz;zf;fU cUthf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ muRfs; Nghu; nra;tJ MAjq;fisf;nfhz;bUg;gjdhyhFk;. vdNt muRfspd; Nghu; MAjq;fis ,y;yhnjhopg;gpd;muRfs; Nghu; nra;a khl;lh vdf; fUJtjd; mbg;gilapyhFk;.

� muRfsplk; cs;s Nghu; MAjq;fis ,y;yhnjhopf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,e;jvz;zf;fU %yk; typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

� Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpapy; ,e;jf; fUj;J kpfr; rupahf ,Ug;gpDk; nrad;Kiwapy;,jid eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; gy gpur;rpidfs; cs;sd.

� Kf;fpa gpur;rpid vd;dntdpy; Nghu; MAjq;fs; ,y;yhJ muRfspd; NjrpaghJfhg;ig eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ vt;thW vd;gjhFk;.

� vt;thnwdpDk; 1945 ,d; gpd;du; If;fpa ehLfs; rigAk; jdpg;gl;l kl;lj;jpYk;muRfspd; Nghu; MAjq;fs; fl;Lg;ghL> MAjg; gupfuzk; njhlu;ghdeltbf;iffs; gytw;iw vLj;Js;sd.

� vdpDk; ,d;dKk; Kw;whf MAjg; gupfuzj;Jf;F muRfs; Kd;tuhjpUg;gJld;Nghu; MAj cw;gj;jpiaAk; muRfs; epWj;jptpltpy;iy.

27

cyf murhq;fk;cyf murhq;fk;cyf murhq;fk;cyf murhq;fk;cyf murhq;fk;

� muRfspd; ntspthup elj;ijfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j rl;lthf;f> epiwNtw;W>

ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; nfhz;l cyf murhq;fk; xd;W mikf;f

Ntz;Lnkd;gjpy; ,e;j vz;zf;fU ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

,J ntWkNd xU vz;zf;fU kl;LNk. eilKiwapy; ,t;thwhd murhq;fk;

mikg;gJ xU fdT vd tpku;rfu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;.

fhuzk; cyf kl;lj;jpy; jd;dhjpf;f mjpfhuKila cyf murhq;fj;ij

cUthf;Ftjw;F muRfs; jkJ jdpg;gl;l ,iwikajpfhuj;ij tpl;Ltpl

tpUk;ghikahFk;.


� Ra Mf;fnkhd;iwj; jahupj;jy;

� nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fisg; gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; jpul;Lf.

- ru;tNjr murpaiy mwpe;J nfhs;sy;

- ru;tNjr cwTfs; eilngWk; Kiw

1. ntspTwTf; nfhs;iffSk; J}Jtu; NritAk;

2. nghUshjhu gyk;

3. Aj;jk;

- ru;tNjr cwTfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiw

1. $l;Lg;ghJfhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jjy;

2. mjpfhur; rkepiy

3. ru;tNjrr; rl;lk;

4. MAjg; gupfuzk;

5. cyf murhq;fk;

� Nkw;gb jiyg;GfSf;Fj; Njitahd crhj;Jizfis khztu;fSf;F

toq;fTk;

� midj;J khztu;fSk; Nkw;gb jiyg;GfSf;Fupa jfty;fisj; jdpj;jdpahfj;

jpul;b Ra Mf;fnkhd;iwr; nra;tjw;F topg;gLj;jTk;. (Ra Mf;fj;ij

Rtu;g;gj;jpupiff;F toq;Fk; Kfkhf fl;Liu tbtpy; jahupf;fTk;)

� khztu;fs; jdpj;jdpahfr; nra;j Ra Mf;fq;fis kjpg;gPl;bw;Fl;gLj;jp

mtw;iwr; Rtu;g;gj;jpupifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.


Rama S. Melkote - International Relationship Palmer & Perkins.

Palmer & Perkins - International RelationshipJohn. T. Ronke - International Politics on World Stage.

28

myF 12myF 12myF 12myF 12myF 12 : -: -: -: -: - njupT nra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;GnjupT nra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;GnjupT nra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;GnjupT nra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;GnjupT nra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;Gkhjpupfs;khjpupfs;khjpupfs;khjpupfs;khjpupfs;

Nju;r;rp 12Nju;r;rp 12Nju;r;rp 12Nju;r;rp 12Nju;r;rp 12 :-:-:-:-:- nghUj;jkhd Ml;rpKiwnahd;iwVw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murpayikg;G khjpupfs; gw;wpMuha;e;jwpthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 12.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 12.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 12.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 12.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 12.1 :-:-:-:-:- njupTnra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;G khjpupfspd;mbg;gilahd ,ay;Gfis Muha;thu;.

12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 :-:-:-:-:- Nkw;gb murpayikg;G khjpupfs; gw;wp xg;gPl;LuPjpapy; EZfp Muha;thu;.


� murpayikg;G khjpupfspd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

� murpayikg;G khjpupfspd; rl;lj;Jiw epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw vd;gd

gw;wp xg;gPl;Lg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.

� me;ehLfspd; fl;rpKiw gw;wpg; guprPyid nra;thu;.

� [dhjpgjp> mikr;ruit Kiwik> murpayikg;G khjpupfspd; mbg;gilfis

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.

� xU ehl;by; murpay; cWjpg;ghL Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd murpayikg;G vJntd EZfp Muha;thu;.

� gy;ypd kf;fisf; nfhz;l r%fj;jpy; Njrpa xw;Wikia cUthf;fp> “xU

Njrpaj;Jf;fhf xU ehL” vd;w jj;Jtj;jpd; kPJ muR cUthf;fg;gLtjw;F

kpfg; nghUj;jkhd murpayikg;G khjpup vJntd;gij EZfp Muha;thu;.


cyfpy; eilKiwapy; cs;s gy;NtW murpayikg;G khjpupfisf; fw;wNy

,e;j myfpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ngupa gpupj;jhdpah> If;fpa mnkupf;f

muRfs;> gpuhd;];> ,e;jpah> Rtpl;ru;yhe;J Mfpa ehLfspd; murpayikg;gpd;

rpwg;gk;rq;fs;> rl;lj;Jiw> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw vd;gtw;wpd; fl;likg;G>

murpay; fl;rp Kiwfs; vd;gd gw;wp ,q;F ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLk;.

gpupj;jhdpah> If;fpa mnkupf;f muRfs; Mfpa ehLfspy; rl;lj;JiwAk;

epiwNtw;Wj;JiwAk; rdehaf murpayikg;gpy; nraw;gLtij gpujpgypg;gJld;>

gpuhd;]pa murpayikg;ghdJ gpupj;jhdpahtpdJk; If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpdJk;

murpayikg;Gf; Nfhyq;fspd; ,izg;ghff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,e;jpah fyhrhug;gd;ikj; jd;ik nfhz;l r%f mikg;gpy; gpuNjr> nkhop

Ntw;Wikfs;> mtw;wpd; rpwg;ghd tuyhw;Wg; ghuk;gupak; vd;gtw;iwf;

fUj;jpw;nfhz;L me;ehl;Lf;Nf cupj;jhd kuGupikrhu; rk\;b Ml;rpia

mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

29

cyfpNy Neub rdehafj;ijf; nfhz;l xNu ehlhd Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpy; $l;L

epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw %yk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ijr; nraw;gLj;Jk; [dhjpgjp>

mikr;ruit vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l fyg;G murpayikg;G Kiw

nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Rtp]; Kiwapd; cWjpg;ghLk; J}a;ikAk;

rdehafj;jd;ikAs;s epWtdq;fspd; rpwe;j xd;wpizg;G> xj;Jiog;G>

khw;wq;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jypYk; jq;fpAs;sd.

,jw;Nfw;g gy;ypd kf;fs; nfhz;l r%fj;jpy; xw;Wik> murpay; cWjpg;ghL

vd;gd cUthf;fg;gl;L “xU Njrpaj;Jf;fhf> xU ehL” vd;w jj;Jtj;jpd; kPJ

muir cUthf;Ftjpy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhd murpayikg;G khjpup vJntd;gij

EZfp Muha;jNy ,e;j myfpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

30

cs;slf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd Ie;J murpayikg;Gf;fspd; murpay;cs;slf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd Ie;J murpayikg;Gf;fspd; murpay;cs;slf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd Ie;J murpayikg;Gf;fspd; murpay;cs;slf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd Ie;J murpayikg;Gf;fspd; murpay;cs;slf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd Ie;J murpayikg;Gf;fspd; murpay;

epWtdq;fspd; mikTr; Nru;f;if> mtw;wpd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;>epWtdq;fspd; mikTr; Nru;f;if> mtw;wpd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;>epWtdq;fspd; mikTr; Nru;f;if> mtw;wpd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;>epWtdq;fspd; mikTr; Nru;f;if> mtw;wpd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;>epWtdq;fspd; mikTr; Nru;f;if> mtw;wpd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;>

fl;likg;G> mjpfhuk;> gzpfs; vd;gd gw;wpaNjhu; xg;gPLfl;likg;G> mjpfhuk;> gzpfs; vd;gd gw;wpaNjhu; xg;gPLfl;likg;G> mjpfhuk;> gzpfs; vd;gd gw;wpaNjhu; xg;gPLfl;likg;G> mjpfhuk;> gzpfs; vd;gd gw;wpaNjhu; xg;gPLfl;likg;G> mjpfhuk;> gzpfs; vd;gd gw;wpaNjhu; xg;gPL

epajpfs;epajpfs;epajpfs;epajpfs;epajpfs; gpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpah mnkupf;fhmnkupf;fhmnkupf;fhmnkupf;fhmnkupf;fh gpuhd;];gpuhd;];gpuhd;];gpuhd;];gpuhd;]; ,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah Rtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;J

mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs; xw;iwahl;rp>

vOjg;glhj

nefpo;Tila Kbf;

Fupa ghuhSkd;w

rdehaf

murpayikg;G

(ke;jpup rig Ml;rp)

rk\;b> nefpohj>

vOjg;gl;l mjpfhug;

gfpu;T

mbg;gilapyhd>

epiwNtw;W

mjpfhuKs;s

rdhjpgjp Kiwik.

([dhjpgjp Ml;rp)

xw;iwahl;rp>

nefpohj> vOjg;gl;l>

gy;fl;rp Kiw

nfhz;l rdhjpgjp

kw;Wk; mikr;ruit

KiwAld;$ba

fyg;G Kiwapyhd

murpayikg;G.

(fyg;G Ml;rpKiw)

ghjpr; rk\;b>

nefpohj> vOjg;gl;l>

ngaustpyhd

epiwNtw;W

mjpfhuj;Jldhd

fgpndw; ghuhSkd;w

Ml;rp Kiwik

nfhz;lJ.

(ke;jpup rig Ml;rp)

rk\;b> nefpohj>vOjg;gl;l> FbauR>epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;$l ;L e pUthff ;FOtplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s $l;L epiwNtw;W$l;L epiwNtw;w Ml;rp Kiwmur payikg ;igf ;

nfhz;lJ.

murpayikg;G khjpupfspy; rl;lthf;fj;Jiwmurpayikg;G khjpupfspy; rl;lthf;fj;Jiwmurpayikg;G khjpupfspy; rl;lthf;fj;Jiwmurpayikg;G khjpupfspy; rl;lthf;fj;Jiwmurpayikg;G khjpupfspy; rl;lthf;fj;Jiw

fl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;G ghuhSkd;wkghuhSkd;wkghuhSkd;wkghuhSkd;wkghuhSkd;wk; <uq;f

rigfSilaJ.

- nghJkf;fs; rig

- gpuGf;fs; rig

fhq;fpu]fhq;fpu]fhq;fpu]fhq;fpu]fhq;fpu]; <uq;f

rig nfhz;lJ.

- gpujpepjpfs; rig

- nrdw; rig

ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;

<uq;f rigfSilaJ.

- Njrpa rig

- nrdw; rig

ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;

<uq;f rigfSilaJ.

- Nyhf; rgh

- ,uh[;a rgh

rk\;b rigrk\;b rigrk\;b rigrk\;b rigrk\;b rig <uq;f

rigfs; nfhz;lJ.

(Federal Assembly)

- Njrpa rig

(National Council)

- khepy rig (Council of State)

mikTr;mikTr;mikTr;mikTr;mikTr;

Nru;f;ifAk;Nru;f;ifAk;Nru;f;ifAk;Nru;f;ifAk;Nru;f;ifAk;

gjtpf;fhyKk;gjtpf;fhyKk;gjtpf;fhyKk;gjtpf;fhyKk;gjtpf;fhyKk;

nghJkf;fs; rignghJkf;fs; rignghJkf;fs; rignghJkf;fs; rignghJkf;fs; rig

� 635 Ngu;

� jdpj;Nju;jy;

njhFjp

Kiwapy; njupT.

gjtpf;fhyk;

� 5 tUlq;fs;

gpujpepjpfs; riggpujpepjpfs; riggpujpepjpfs; riggpujpepjpfs; riggpujpepjpfs; rig

� 438 Ngu;

� vspa

ngUk;ghd;ik

gpujpepjpj;Jt

Kiwapy;

njupTnra;ag;-

gLjy;.

� gjtpf;fhyk;

2 tUlq;fs;

Njrpa rigNjrpa rigNjrpa rigNjrpa rigNjrpa rig

� 577 Ngu;

� jdpj;Nju;jy;

njhFjp

mbg;gilapYk;

,ul;il

thf;FKiw

mbg;gilapYk;

njupTnra;ag;-

gLjy;.

� gjtpf;fhyk;

5 tUlq;fs;

Nyhf; rghNyhf; rghNyhf; rghNyhf; rghNyhf; rgh

� 545 Ngu;

� gpuNjrthup

gpujpepjpj;Jt

Kiw

mbg;gilahd

ru;trd

thf;Fupikapdhy;

njupthFjy;.

� gjtpf;fhyk;

5 tUlq;fs;

Njrpa rigNjrpa rigNjrpa rigNjrpa rigNjrpa rig

� 200 Ngu;

� tpfpjhrhug;

gpujpepjpj;Jt

Kiwapy;

njupTnra;ag;-

gLtu;.

� gjtpf;fhyk;

4 tUlq;fs;

31

gpujpepjpfs; riggpujpepjpfs; riggpujpepjpfs; riggpujpepjpfs; riggpujpepjpfs; rig

� rl;lq;fis

cUthf;Fjy;.

mbg;gil

rl;lq;fs;>

rhjhuz

rl;lq;fs;>

cj;juTfSk;

fl;lisfSk;

Nyhf; rigNyhf; rigNyhf; rigNyhf; rigNyhf; rig

� rl;lq;fis

cUthf;Fjy;.

� epjpr;

nraw;ghLfSf;F

mq;fPfhuk;

toq;Fjy;.

� epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw

fl;Lg;gLj;jYk;

newpg;gLj;jYk;.

rk\;b rigrk\;b rigrk\;b rigrk\;b rigrk\;b rig

� ,U rigfSf;Fk;

tpNrl Kd;Dupik

toq;fg;gltpy;iy.

� epjpr; rl;ltiuig

,U rigfspYk;

Muk;gpf;f KbAk;.

� ,U rigfSf;Fk;

KOikahd rk

cupik cz;L.

gpujpepjpfs; riggpujpepjpfs; riggpujpepjpfs; riggpujpepjpfs; riggpujpepjpfs; rig� rl;lq;fis

cUthf;Fjy;.� epjprhu;

tplaq;fSf;Fmq;fPfhuk;toq;Fjy;.

� rdhjpgjpf;Fvjpuhd Fw;wg;gpNuuiziaj;(Impeachment)

njhLj;jy;.

epajpfs;epajpfs;epajpfs;epajpfs;epajpfs; gpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpah mnkupf;fhmnkupf;fhmnkupf;fhmnkupf;fhmnkupf;fh gpuhd;];gpuhd;];gpuhd;];gpuhd;];gpuhd;]; ,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah Rtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;J

gpuGf;fs; riggpuGf;fs; riggpuGf;fs; riggpuGf;fs; riggpuGf;fs; rig

� 2008 Nk 5 tiu

732 Ngu;

� kuGtopahfTk;

epakdk;

%yKk;

nrdw; rignrdw; rignrdw; rignrdw; rignrdw; rig

cWg;gpdu;

vz;zpf;if 100

� nrdw;

cWg;gpdu;fspd;

gq;fpdu; 2

tUlq;fSf;F

xUKiw

Gjpjhfj; njupT-

nra;ag;gLtu;.

� gjtpf;fhyk;

6 Mz;Lfs;


cWg;gpdu;

vz;zpf;if 321

� nrdw;

cWg;gpdu;fspd;

gq;fpdu; 3

tUlq;fSf;F

xUKiw

Gjpjhfj; njupT-

nra;ag;gLtu;.

� Nju;jy; fy;Y}up

%yk; njupT-

nra;ag;gLtu;.

� gjtpf;fhyk;

9 Mz;Lfs;

uh[;a rghuh[;a rghuh[;a rghuh[;a rghuh[;a rgh

� cWg;gpdu;

vz;zpf;if 250

� [dhj pgj pahy ;

njupTnra;ag;gLk;

12 cWg;gpdu;fSk;

khe py muR

rl;lrig gpujpepjpfs;

238 NgUk; cs;s

lf;fg;gl;Ls;ssu;.

� cWg;gpdu;fSs;

gq;fpdu;

,uz;L

tUlq;fSf;F

xUKiw njupT.

� gjtpf;fhyk;

6 Mz;Lfs;

khepy rigkhepy rigkhepy rigkhepy rigkhepy rig

� cWg;gpdu;

vz;zpf;if 46

� KOikahd

fd;ld;fspy;

,Ue;J

,t;tpuz;LNgUk;

miu

fd;ld;fspy;

,Ue;J jyh

xU gpujpepjp

tPjKk; njupT-

nra;ag;gLtu;.

� gjtpf;fhyk;

3 Mz;Lfs;

njupTnra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;G khjpupfspd; rl;lj;JiwnjupTnra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;G khjpupfspd; rl;lj;JiwnjupTnra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;G khjpupfspd; rl;lj;JiwnjupTnra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;G khjpupfspd; rl;lj;JiwnjupTnra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;G khjpupfspd; rl;lj;Jiw

mjpfhuq;fSk;mjpfhuq;fSk;mjpfhuq;fSk;mjpfhuq;fSk;mjpfhuq;fSk;

gzpfSk;gzpfSk;gzpfSk;gzpfSk;gzpfSk;nghJkf;fs; rignghJkf;fs; rignghJkf;fs; rignghJkf;fs; rignghJkf;fs; rig

� rpk;khrd

ciuia

mq;fPfupj;jy;.

� rl;lq;fs;

cUthf;Fjy;.

� epjp / epu;thfk;>

� epiwNtw;Wj;

Jiwiaf;

fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.

mikTr;mikTr;mikTr;mikTr;mikTr;

Nru;f;ifAk;Nru;f;ifAk;Nru;f;ifAk;Nru;f;ifAk;Nru;f;ifAk;

gjtpf;fhyKk;gjtpf;fhyKk;gjtpf;fhyKk;gjtpf;fhyKk;gjtpf;fhyKk;

1

3

1

3

1

3

32

epajpepajpepajpepajpepajp gpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpah mnkupf;fhmnkupf;fhmnkupf;fhmnkupf;fhmnkupf;fh gpuhd;];gpuhd;];gpuhd;];gpuhd;];gpuhd;]; ,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah Rtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;J

� nghJkf;fspd;

gpur;rpidfis

Kd;itj;jy;.

� vjpu;fhyj;

jiytu;fisg;

gapw;Wtpj;jy;.

� epiwNtw;Wf;

FOf;fis

epakpj;jy;.

� ePjpgjpfis

ePf;Fjy;.

gpuGf;fs; riggpuGf;fs; riggpuGf;fs; riggpuGf;fs; riggpuGf;fs; rig

� rhjhuz

rl;lq;fis

Muk;gpf;Fk;

mjpfhuk;


i. rl;lj;Jiwrl;lj;Jiwrl;lj;Jiwrl;lj;Jiwrl;lj;Jiw

mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;

� rhjhuz

rl;lq;fis

Muk;gpj;jy;.

� epjpr;rl;lq;fspy;

jpUj;jk; nra;jy;

� rl;lnkhd;W

epiwNtw;wg;-

gLtjw;F nrdw;

rigapd;

mq;fPfhuk;

mtrpakhFk;.

� Fw;wg;gpNuuiz

ia tprhuiz

nra;jy;.

ii. epakpf;Fk;epakpf;Fk;epakpf;Fk;epakpf;Fk;epakpf;Fk;

mjpfhuk;mjpfhuk;mjpfhuk;mjpfhuk;mjpfhuk;

� [dhjpgjpahy;

epiwNtw;wg;gl

Ntz;ba

epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw

epakdq;fSf;F

mq;fPfhuk;

toq;Fjy;.

� epjp epu;thfj;jpy;;

KOikahd

mjpfhukpy;iy.

� [dhjpgjpf;F

vjpuhf Fw;wg;

gpNuuiz

nfhz;LtUjy;.

� murhq;fj;Jf;F

vjpuhd

ek;gpf;ifapy;yh

gpNuuiz

nfhz;LtUjy;.

� 12 ehl;fSf;F

Nky; Nghu;r;

rl;lj;ij ePbf;f

mq;fPfhuk;

toq;Fjy;.

� xg;ge;jk;>

nghUj;jiz

vd;gdtw;Wf;F

mq;fPfhuk;

toq;Fjy;.

� Mizf;-

FOf;fis

epakpj;jy;.

� epiwNtw;Wj;

Jiwf;Fj;

Njitahd

ngUk;ghd;ikia

toq;Fjy;.

uh[;a riguh[;a riguh[;a riguh[;a riguh[;a rig

(Nkw;rig)

� epjpr;rl;lq;fis

Muk;gpf;fNth

jpUj;jk;

nra;aNth

KbahJ.

� mur epjpf;-

FOtpYk; mur

Kaw;rpahz;ik

FOtpYk;

cWg;Gupik

,r;rigf;F

cz;L.

� rhjhuz

rl;lq;fisj;

njhlq;f KbAk;.

� ,uz;L

rigfSf;Fk;

nghWg;Gf;fs;

cs;sJ.

rk\;b rigf;Fupark\;b rigf;Fupark\;b rigf;Fupark\;b rigf;Fupark\;b rigf;Fupa


gzpfSk;gzpfSk;gzpfSk;gzpfSk;gzpfSk;

rl;lj;Jiwrl;lj;Jiwrl;lj;Jiwrl;lj;Jiwrl;lj;Jiw

� rk\;b rl;lq;fs;>

fl;lisr;

rl;lq;fis

mq;fPfupj;jy;.

� tUlhe;j

tuTnryTj;

jpl;lj;ij

mq;fPfupj;jy;.

33

Nyhf; rigf;FNyhf; rigf;FNyhf; rigf;FNyhf; rigf;FNyhf; rigf;Fcupj;jw;w uh[;acupj;jw;w uh[;acupj;jw;w uh[;acupj;jw;w uh[;acupj;jw;w uh[;arigf;F kl;Lk;rigf;F kl;Lk;rigf;F kl;Lk;rigf;F kl;Lk;rigf;F kl;Lk;cupj;jhdcupj;jhdcupj;jhdcupj;jhdcupj;jhdmjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;� murpay; ahg;gpd;

312tJcWg;Giuf;Fmika mfpy,e;jpa uPjpapNyhmy;yJ khepyj;jpw;Nfh ,uz;bw;Fk; cupa mfpy,e;jpa Nritiaj;jhgpf;Fk;mjpfhuj;ijg;ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Ftoq;Fjy;.

� murpay; ahg;gpd;249tJcWg;Giuf;Fmika uh[;arigapdhy;ngUk;ghd;ikthf;Ffspdhy;epiwNtw;wg;gLk;jPu;khdk; xd;wpd;%yk; khepymuRfspd;mjpfhug;gl;baypy;cs;s ve;jnthUtplak; njhlu;gpYk; rl;lj;ijg;gpwg;gpf;Fk;mjpfhuj;ijg;ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;FxU tUlfhyj;Jf;Ftoq;Fjy;.

ehl;bd; ntspthupg;

ghJfhg;G>

,iwik

vd;gtw;iw

cWjpg;gLj;Jk;

rl;ljpl;lq;fis

eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

� fd;ud;fspd;

(Conton)

(Nfhl;lk;)

Ms;Gy

xUikg;ghl;ilAk;

fd;ud;fspd;

murpay;

mikg;Gfspd;

ePbj;j

jd;ikiaAk;

Rtpl;ru;yhe;J

ehl;bd; cs;sfg;

ghJfhg;igAk;

rkhjhdj;ijAk;

cWjpg;gLj;Jk;

topKiwfis

Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

cjhuzk;:-

� mur

nrayhsu;fisAk;

cau; ePjpkd;wk;>

rk\;b ePjpkd;wk;

vd;gtw;wpd;

ePjpgjpfisAk;

cau;kl;l mur

mjpfhupfisAk;

epakpf;Fk;NghJ.

iii. xg;ge;jq;fisxg;ge;jq;fisxg;ge;jq;fisxg;ge;jq;fisxg;ge;jq;fis

mq;fPfupf;Fk;mq;fPfupf;Fk;mq;fPfupf;Fk;mq;fPfupf;Fk;mq;fPfupf;Fk;


� ntspehl;Lldhd

xg;ge;jq;fs;

nry;Ygbahf

Ntz;Lkhapd;

nrdw; rigapd;

ngUk;ghd;ik

mq;fPfhuk;

NjitahFk;.

iv. Fw;wg; gpNuuizFw;wg; gpNuuizFw;wg; gpNuuizFw;wg; gpNuuizFw;wg; gpNuuiz

kPjhd jPu;g;GkPjhd jPu;g;GkPjhd jPu;g;GkPjhd jPu;g;GkPjhd jPu;g;G

toq;Fk;toq;Fk;toq;Fk;toq;Fk;toq;Fk;



� gpujpepjpfs;

rigahy;

mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L

mDg;gg;gLk;

rl;lq;fis

mq;fPfupj;jy;.

� rl;lq;fis

fhye;jho;j;Jjy;.

epjp

kNrhjhf;fis

xU khjj;Jf;F

fhye;jho;j;j

KbAk;.

rhjhuz

kNrhjhf;fis

xU tUlj;Jf;F

fhye;jho;j;j

KbAk;.

� gpupj;jhdpa

ePjpj;Jiwapy;

kPAau;

ePjpkd;wkhfr;

nraw;gLjy;.


� %d;W tplaq;fs;

jtpu Vida

tplaq;fspy;

nghJkf;fs;

rigf;F rkkhd

mjpfhuq;fisf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ.

� epjp

kNrhjhf;fis

nrdw; rigapy;

Muk;gpf;f

KbahJ.

� murhq;fj;Jf;F

vjpuhf

nfhz;Ltug;gLk;

ek;gpf;ifapy;yhg;

gpNuuizia

Kjypy;

nrdw;rigapy;

rku;g;gpf;f

KbahJ.

�

mikr;ruitahdJ

nghJkf;fs;

rigf;F nghWg;G

$Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

2

3

2

3

34

v. tprhuiztprhuiztprhuiztprhuiztprhuiz

nra;tjw;fhdnra;tjw;fhdnra;tjw;fhdnra;tjw;fhdnra;tjw;fhd


epiwNtw;Wj;JiwepiwNtw;Wj;JiwepiwNtw;Wj;JiwepiwNtw;Wj;JiwepiwNtw;Wj;Jiw

rk\;b cWg;gpdu;fs;>

rk\;b ePjpr; rigapd;

ePjpgjpfs;> rhd;ryu;

,uhZtj; jsgjp

MfpNahiuj;

njupTnra;jy;.

� Vida

mjpfhupfisj;

njupTnra;J

epakpj;jy;

my;yJ

epue;jukhf;Fk;

cupik.

� rptpy; Nrit

eltbf;iffis

fz;fhzpj;jy;.

� rk\;b

,uhZtj;ij

fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.

� Nghu; gpufldk;

nra;jy; kw;Wk;

rkhjhd

xg;ge;jq;fspy;

xg;gkply;.

� rk\;br;

nraw;ghLfisf;

fz;fhzpj;jy;.


NyhNyhNyhNyhNyhfffff; rigAk;; rigAk;; rigAk;; rigAk;; rigAk;

uh[;a rigiaAk;uh[;a rigiaAk;uh[;a rigiaAk;uh[;a rigiaAk;uh[;a rigiaAk;

$l;lhf mDgtpf;Fk;$l;lhf mDgtpf;Fk;$l;lhf mDgtpf;Fk;$l;lhf mDgtpf;Fk;$l;lhf mDgtpf;Fk;

mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;

� [dhjpgjpia

epakpj;jy;.

� [dhjpgjpf;F

vjpuhf Fw;wg;

gpNuuiz

rku;g;gpj;jy;.

� cg [dhjpgjp>

cau; ePjpkd;w

ePjpgjpfs;>

,e;jpahtpd;

fzf;fha;thsu;

ehafk;

MfpNahiug;

gjtpapypUe;J

ePf;Fjy;.

� mtrufhyr;

rl;lj;ij

gpufldg;gLj;j

mq;fPfhuk;

toq;Fjy;.

35

� kj;jpa murhq;f

rig ,uz;bYk;

ngUk;ghd;ik

mq;fPfhuKk;

FbauRfspd;

khehl;by;

gq;fpd;

mq;fPfhuk;

ePjpj;JiwePjpj;JiwePjpj;JiwePjpj;JiwePjpj;Jiw

rk\;b mjpfhupfSf;F

,ilapyhd gzp

tiuaiw gw;wpa

Kuz;ghLfSf;Fj;

jPu;TfhZjy;.

� rk\;b ePjpr;

rigapd;

ePjpgjpfis

epakpj;jy;.

� kd;dpg;G>

nghJkd;dpg;G

toq;Fk; NghJ

,iwik

mjpfhuj;ijr;

nraw;gLj;jy;.

� kf;fs; fUj;Jf;

fzpg;G %yk;.

� murpay;

ahg;gpw;Nfw;g

kf;fs;

njhlf;fj;jpd;

%yk;.

gpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpah mnkupf;fhmnkupf;fhmnkupf;fhmnkupf;fhmnkupf;fh gpuhd;];gpuhd;];gpuhd;];gpuhd;];gpuhd;]; ,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah Rtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;J

jpUj;jq;fs;jpUj;jq;fs;jpUj;jq;fs;jpUj;jq;fs;jpUj;jq;fs;

nra;af;$banra;af;$banra;af;$banra;af;$banra;af;$ba

Kiwfs; %d;W.Kiwfs; %d;W.Kiwfs; %d;W.Kiwfs; %d;W.Kiwfs; %d;W.

1. kj;jpa

murhq;fj;jpd;

vspa

ngUk;ghz;ik

mq;fPfhuk; %yk;

nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;.

� cWg;gpdu; rig

,uz;bdJk;

mq;fPfhuKk;>

kf;fs; fUj;Jf;

fzpg;gpd;

mq;fPfhuKk;

ngWjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

� ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;

rhjhuz

ngUk;ghd;ik

apdhy;

2

3

epajpepajpepajpepajpepajp

murpay; ahg;Gmurpay; ahg;Gmurpay; ahg;Gmurpay; ahg;Gmurpay; ahg;G

jpUj;jq;fs;jpUj;jq;fs;jpUj;jq;fs;jpUj;jq;fs;jpUj;jq;fs;

3

4

36

2. kj;jpa

murhq;fj;jpd;

rl;lj;Jiwapd;>

,U rigfspYk;

jdpj;jdpahf

tpNrl

ngUk;ghd;ik

mq;fPfhuj;JlDk;

khepy muRfspd;

miug;gq;fpdJ

mq;fPfhuj;JlDk;.

3. kj;jpa

rl;lj;Jiwapd;

,uz;L

rigfspdJk;

jdpj;jdpahd

tpNrl

ngUk;ghd;ikAld;

jpUj;jk;

nra;ag;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

3

5

� ,U rigfSk;

xd;wpize;j

$l;lj;jpy;

gq;F mq;fPfhuk;

gpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpahgpupj;jhdpah mnkupf;fhmnkupf;fhmnkupf;fhmnkupf;fhmnkupf;fh gpuhd;];gpuhd;];gpuhd;];gpuhd;];gpuhd;]; ,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah Rtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;JRtpl;ru;yhe;Jepajpepajpepajpepajpepajp

37

� ,uz;L gpupTfs;,uz;L gpupTfs;,uz;L gpupTfs;,uz;L gpupTfs;,uz;L gpupTfs;

1. ngausTngausTngausTngausTngausT


� murp / murd;

� guk;giuahdJ

2. cz;ikcz;ikcz;ikcz;ikcz;ik


� gpujk ke;jpup

cl;gl;l

mikr;ruit.

� nghJj;

Nju;jypd; gpd;du;

ngUk;ghd;ik

Mrdq;fis

ntd;w fl;rpj;

jiytu;

kd;dupdhy; /

murpahy; gpujk

ke;jpupahf

epakpf;fg;gLthu;.

epiwNtw;W rdhjpgjpepiwNtw;W rdhjpgjpepiwNtw;W rdhjpgjpepiwNtw;W rdhjpgjpepiwNtw;W rdhjpgjp

� jdpahd Nju;jy;

xd;wpdhy;

mjhtJ

Nju;jy; fy;Y}up

xd;wpdhy;

epakpf;fg;gLjy;.

� gjtpf;fhyk;

4 Mz;Lfs;

� Nju;jy;

nrad;Kiw gy

gbKiwfspy;

,lk;ngWk;.

1. Ntl;G kDit

jhf;fy; nra;jy;.

2. fl;rpapd; Ntl;G

cupik ngWjy;.

3. Nju;jy;

fy;Y}upf;fhd

gpujpepjpfisj;

Nju;e;njLj;jy;.

4. Nju;jy;

fy;Y}upapd;

cWg;gpdu;fs;[dhjpgjpiaj;

njupTnra;J

epakpg;gjw;F

thf;Ffisg;

gad;gLj;Jtu;.

,U rigfisAk;,U rigfisAk;,U rigfisAk;,U rigfisAk;,U rigfisAk;nfhz;lJ.nfhz;lJ.nfhz;lJ.nfhz;lJ.nfhz;lJ.

1. [dhjpgjp2. gpujk ke;jpup>

mikr;ruit

[dhjpgjp[dhjpgjp[dhjpgjp[dhjpgjp[dhjpgjp

� ,ul;il thf;FKiwahy;Neubahdkf;fs;thf;Ffshy;njupTnra;ag;gl;Lepakpf;fg;gLjy;.

� KjyhtJNju;jypy; vtUk;ngUk;ghd;ikiangwhjNghJ ,Uthuq;fSf;Fs;,uz;lhtJNju;jy;elj;jg;gLk;.

� mjp$bathf;Ffisg;ngw;w ,Utu;kl;LNk,uz;lhk; fl;lNju;jypy;Nghl;baplyhk;.

� gjtpf;fhyk;5 Mz;Lfs;.

,U gFjpfs;,U gFjpfs;,U gFjpfs;,U gFjpfs;,U gFjpfs;

nfhz;lJ.nfhz;lJ.nfhz;lJ.nfhz;lJ.nfhz;lJ.

� ngausTngausTngausTngausTngausT


� [dhjpgjp

cg [dhjpgjp

� Nju;jy; fy;Y}up

%yk; njupT-

nra;ag;gLthu;.

� gjtpf;fhyk;

5 Mz;Lfs;

cz;ikcz;ikcz;ikcz;ikcz;ik


� gpujk ke;jpup

cs;spl;l

mikr;ruit

� [dhjpgjpahy;

epakpf;fg;gLthu;.

� Nju;jypd; gpd;du;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;

ngUk;ghd;ik

Mrdq;fisf;

nfhz;l fl;rp

cWg;gpdu;fspy;

,Ue;J

mf;fl;rpapd;

jiytu; gpujk

ke;jpupahf

epakpf;fg;gLjy;.

$l;L $l;L $l;L $l;L $l;L (Collective

Executive)


� 7 cWg;gpdu;fis

nfhz;lJ.

� rk\;b rigahy;

epakpf;fg;gLjy;.

� rk\;b rig vd

miof;fg;gLk;.

� jiytu; xUtu;

,Ug;gJld; mtu;

Vida rkkhd

mq;fj;jtu;fspy;

Kjd;ikahdtUk;

Mthu;.

� jiytu; Vida

rfmq;fj;jtu;fis

tpl Nkd;ik

epiyiaf;

nfhz;bUg;gJ

,y;iy.


epiwNtw;Wj;JiwiaepiwNtw;Wj;JiwiaepiwNtw;Wj;JiwiaepiwNtw;Wj;JiwiaepiwNtw;Wj;Jiwia

epakpj;jYk;epakpj;jYk;epakpj;jYk;epakpj;jYk;epakpj;jYk;

gjtpf;fhyk;gjtpf;fhyk;gjtpf;fhyk;gjtpf;fhyk;gjtpf;fhyk;

38

� gpujk ke;jpupapd;

MNyhridapd;

Ngupy;

mikr;ruit

epakpf;fg;gLjy;.

� gjtpf;fhyk; 5

Mz;Lfs;

my;yJ

rl;lthf;fj;-

Jiwapd;

ngUk;ghd;ik

MjuT

,Uf;Fk;tiu.

5. thf;Ffs;

fzf;fplg;gLjYk;

[dhjpgjp

rj;jpag;gpukhzk;

nra;J gzpfisg;

nghWg;Ngw;wYk;.

cg [dhjpgjpcg [dhjpgjpcg [dhjpgjpcg [dhjpgjpcg [dhjpgjp

� [dhjpgjpj;

Nju;jypNyNa

cg[dhjpgjpAk;

epakpf;fg;gLthu;.

� [dhjpgjpf;F

cjTtjw;F

mikr;ruit

xd;W

epakpf;fg;gLjy;.

� mikr;ruitcWg;gpdu;fs;mur Nritmjpfhupfspy;,Ue;Jepakpf;fg;gLtu;.

� gpujku;gpujku;gpujku;gpujku;gpujku;

� rdhjpgjpapdhy;

epakpf;fg;gLthu;.

� mikr;ru;fs;mikr;ru;fs;mikr;ru;fs;mikr;ru;fs;mikr;ru;fs;

gpujk ke;jpupapd;jPu;khdj;jpd;gb[dhjpgjpahy;epakpf;fg;gLthu;.

� gpujk ke;jpupapd;

MNyhridg;gbmikr;ruitepakpf;fg;gLk;.

� gjtpf;fhyk;5 Mz;Lfs;.

� ehd;F tUl

gjtpf;fhyj;Jf;F.

� jkf;Fxg;gilf;fg;gl;lgzpfiskdrhl;rpf;FKuzpd;wpepiwNtw;wpdhy;gjtpapy; ,Ue;JePf;fg;glkhl;lu;fs;.

� ngUk;ghYk;Rtp]; rk\;bcWg;gpdu;fspd;gjtpf;fhyk; 10tUlq;fSf;FNkw;gl;lJ.


39


[dhjpgjpf;F cupamjpfhuKk;gzpfSk;3 %yhjhuq;fspy;,Ue;J Njhw;wk;ngWfpwJ.

1. murpay;mikg;gpdhy;cupj;jhf;fg;gl;lmjpfhuq;fs;

� [dhjpgjpjdpahfnraw;gLj;Jk;mjpfhuq;fs;

� nrdw; rigAld;$l;lhfr;nraw;gLj;jf;$bamjpfhuk;

� fhq;fpu]{ld;$l;lhfr;nraw;gLj;jf;$bamjpfhuq;fs;.

2. xJf;fg;gl;lepuypd; fPo;cupj;jhFk;mjpfhuq;fs;

3. ePjpkd;w jPu;g;Gfs;%yk; cupj;jhdmjpfhuq;fs;


rl;lj;Jiw rhu;e;jrl;lj;Jiw rhu;e;jrl;lj;Jiw rhu;e;jrl;lj;Jiw rhu;e;jrl;lj;Jiw rhu;e;j


� ghuhSkd;wj;ij$l;Ljy;.mku;Tfisg;gpw;Nghly;>fiyj;jy;.

� uh[;a rghTf;F12cWg;gpdu;fisepakpj;jy;.

� Mq;fpNyh,e;jpau;fSf;fhf6 Ngiuepakpj;jy;.

� ghuhS-kd;wj;Jf;Fnra;jpfs;mDg;Gjy;.

� rl;l tiuGgw;wpafUj;Jf;fistoq;Fjy;.

rk\;b rigrk\;b rigrk\;b rigrk\;b rigrk\;b rig

� rl;lj;Jiw epiw

Ntw;Wj;Jiw>ePjpj;Jiw>epjpj;Jiw vd;gd.

rl;lthf;frl;lthf;frl;lthf;frl;lthf;frl;lthf;feltbf;iffs;eltbf;iffs;eltbf;iffs;eltbf;iffs;eltbf;iffs;

� midj;Jrl;lq;fSf;Fk;njhlf;fkhf,Uj;jy;.

� jdpg;gl;lcWg;gpdu;fs;Kd;itf;Fk;rl;ltiuigg;gw;wpa jkJfUj;Jf;fisntspaply;.

ngausTngausTngausTngausTngausT


(kd;du; (kd;du; (kd;du; (kd;du; (kd;du; / murp) murp) murp) murp) murp)

� muRj; jiytu;MAj gilj;jsgjp

� rl;lthf;fg;gzpfs;.

� epiwNtw;Wj;-Jiw gzpfs;

� ePjpj;Jiwg;gzpfs;

� kuG topg;gzpfs;

cz;ikcz;ikcz;ikcz;ikcz;ikepiwNtw;Wj;JiwepiwNtw;Wj;JiwepiwNtw;Wj;JiwepiwNtw;Wj;JiwepiwNtw;Wj;Jiw

(gpujk ke;jpup>mikr;ruit)

gpujk ke;jpupgpujk ke;jpupgpujk ke;jpupgpujk ke;jpupgpujk ke;jpup

� mikr;ruitiamikj;jy;.mikr;Rg;gjtpfisg;gfpu;e;jspj;jy;.

� mikr;ruitiakPsikj;jy;.


murpdJk;murhq;fj;jpdJk;epiwNtw;Wj;JiwapdJk;jiytuhf,Ug;gJld;MAjg;gilfspd;gpujhd fl;lisapLk;mjpfhupahfTk;cs;shu;.

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . ehl;Lj;ehl;Lj;ehl;Lj;ehl;Lj;ehl;Lj;jiytuhfjiytuhfjiytuhfjiytuhfjiytuhf

� gpuhd;]paFbauirgpujpepjpj;Jtk;nra;jy;.

� Njrpatpohf;fspy;gq;Fgw;wy;.

� mur nra;jpfs;>mwptpg;Gf;fisntspapLjy;.

� nfsutq;fistoq;Fjy;.

� mur,yr;rpidiaf;ifahSjy;.




40

� Gjpa khepymuRfs;Vw;gLj;jy;.Vw;nfdNtcs;s khepyvy;iyfiskhw;wpaikj;-jYf;fhfKd;itf;fg;gLk;rl;ltiuTf;Fmq;fPfhuk;toq;Fjy;.

� ghuhSkd;wmku;Tfs;eilngwhjre;ju;g;gq;fspy;fl;lisfs;%yk;rl;lq;fisg;gpwg;gpf;Fk;mjpfhuk;

epiwNtw;Wj;JiwepiwNtw;Wj;JiwepiwNtw;Wj;JiwepiwNtw;Wj;JiwepiwNtw;Wj;Jiwmjpfhuk;mjpfhuk;mjpfhuk;mjpfhuk;mjpfhuk;

� mur NritMizf;FOitepakpj;jy;.

� khepy muRfspd;MSeiuepakpj;jy;.

� ghuhSkd;wmku;Tfs;eilngwhjre;ju;g;gq;fspd;fl;lisfs;%yk;rl;lq;fistpjpf;Fk;mjpfhuk;.

� mikr;ruit

jahupf;Fk;fl;lisfSf;Fk;cj;juTfSf;Fk;,Wjp mq;fPfhuk;toq;Fjy;.

� mikr;ruitapy;jpUj;jq;fs;Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

1. epiwNtw;Wj;jiytu;

2. MAjg;gilfspd;fl;lisapLk;mjpfhup.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lNkw;Fwpg;gpl;lNkw;Fwpg;gpl;lNkw;Fwpg;gpl;lNkw;Fwpg;gpl;lmjpfhuq;fs; jtpu;e;jmjpfhuq;fs; jtpu;e;jmjpfhuq;fs; jtpu;e;jmjpfhuq;fs; jtpu;e;jmjpfhuq;fs; jtpu;e;jmurpayikg;Gmurpayikg;Gmurpayikg;Gmurpayikg;Gmurpayikg;Gahg;gpdhy;ahg;gpdhy;ahg;gpdhy;ahg;gpdhy;ahg;gpdhy;cupj;jhf;fg;gLk;cupj;jhf;fg;gLk;cupj;jhf;fg;gLk;cupj;jhf;fg;gLk;cupj;jhf;fg;gLk;mjpfhuq;fs;.mjpfhuq;fs;.mjpfhuq;fs;.mjpfhuq;fs;.mjpfhuq;fs;.

� mikr;ruitf;Fj;jiyikjhq;Fjy;.

� nghJkf;fs;rigapy;jiytuhf,Uj;jy;.

� gpujpepjpfspd;rigiaf;fiyj;jy;.

� murupd;MNyhrfuhfTk;njhlu;ghsuhfTk;eltbf;iffs;Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

� ehl;bd;mgptpUj;jpf;Fj;Njitahdjpl;lq;fisj;jahupj;jYk;mDkjpngw;Wf;nfhs;sYk;

� NjrpaghJfhg;igcWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

epjp eltbf;iffs;epjp eltbf;iffs;epjp eltbf;iffs;epjp eltbf;iffs;epjp eltbf;iffs;

� tUlhe;jtuTnryTjpl;lj;ijj;jahupj;jy;.

� Gifapuj NritNghd;w NjrpaKaw;rpfisKfhik nra;jy;.

epiwNtw;WepiwNtw;WepiwNtw;WepiwNtw;WepiwNtw;Weltbf;iffs;eltbf;iffs;eltbf;iffs;eltbf;iffs;eltbf;iffs;

� rk\;bmurpayikg;gpdhy;mDkjpf;fg;gl;lrl;lq;fs;>fl;lisr;rl;lq;fiseilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

� ntspehl;L

mYty;fisNkw;nfhs;sy;.

� ehl;bd; rl;lk;>

xOq;ifepiyehl;Ljy;.

cg [dhjpgjpcg [dhjpgjpcg [dhjpgjpcg [dhjpgjpcg [dhjpgjp� nrdw; rigapd;nrdw; rigapd;nrdw; rigapd;nrdw; rigapd;nrdw; rigapd;

jiytu; Mthu;.jiytu; Mthu;.jiytu; Mthu;.jiytu; Mthu;.jiytu; Mthu;.

� jPu;khdpf;Fk;thf;fpidmspf;Fk;mjpfhuk;

� gjtpf;fhyk;Kbtiltjw;FKd; [dhjpgjpgjtpntWikahdhy;vQ;rpa gjtpf;fhyj;Jf;F[dhjpgjpgjtpf;Fepakdk;ngWjy;.

� eilKiwapy;,g;gjtpf;FKf;fpaj;Jtk;vJTk; ,y;iy.

fgpdw;fgpdw;fgpdw;fgpdw;fgpdw;(mikr;ruit)(mikr;ruit)(mikr;ruit)(mikr;ruit)(mikr;ruit)

� Neubahf

[dhjpgjpapd;fPOs;sepWtdkhFk;.[dhjpgjpf;Fcjtptoq;Fk;epWtdkhFk;.


mjpfhuKk;mjpfhuKk;mjpfhuKk;mjpfhuKk;mjpfhuKk;


41

� gpujhdfl;lisapLk;mjpfhupahfr;nraw;gLjy;.,r;nraw;ghl;by;gpujk ke;jpupcs;spl;lfgpdw;wpd;mq;fPfhuj;Jf;Ff;fPo;g;gbjy;.

ePjpj;JiwePjpj;JiwePjpj;JiwePjpj;JiwePjpj;Jiwmjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;

� cau; ePjpkd;wk;cs;spl;lNkdpiyePjpkd;wq;fSf;FePjpgjpfisepakpj;jy;.

� Fw;wthspfSf;Fkd;dpg;Gtoq;Fjy;.

Fwpg;gpl;l epu;thff;Fw;wr;rhl;Lfisg;guprPypj;jy;.

mtrufhymtrufhymtrufhymtrufhymtrufhyepiyikfspy;epiyikfspy;epiyikfspy;epiyikfspy;epiyikfspy;mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;mjpfhuq;fs;3 tifahdit3 tifahdit3 tifahdit3 tifahdit3 tifahdit

1. Njrpa rigiafiyf;Fk;mjpfhuk;

2. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy;mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;LeilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf[dhjpgjpf;Frku;g;gpf;fg;gLk;rl;lq;fs; gw;wpamjpfhuk;

3. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;ciuahw;Wtjw;Fk; nra;jpfs;mDg;Gtjw;Fkhd mjpfhuk;

4. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy;tpjpf;fg;gLk;rl;lq;fisg;gpufldg;gLj;Jk;mjpfhuk;

5. ePjpj;Jiwmjpfhuq;fs;

6. Vida rpwg;Gmjpfhuq;fs;

i. mtrufhymjpfhuq;fs;

fgpdw;fgpdw;fgpdw;fgpdw;fgpdw;

1. jdpg;gl;l gzpfs;1. jdpg;gl;l gzpfs;1. jdpg;gl;l gzpfs;1. jdpg;gl;l gzpfs;1. jdpg;gl;l gzpfs;� mikr;ru; vd;w

uPjpapy;xg;gilf;fg;gl;ljkJjpizf;fsj;;;Jf;Fcupa gzpfs;

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . $l;Lg; gzpfs;$l;Lg; gzpfs;$l;Lg; gzpfs;$l;Lg; gzpfs;$l;Lg; gzpfs;� nfhs;iffis

cUthf;Fjy;.

� muir top

elhj;JjYk;jiyikj;Jtj;ijtoq;FjYk;

� ,iwikmjpfhuKilaNjrpaepiwNtw;Wj;jiytuhfnraw;gLjYk;jpizf;fsr;nraw;ghLfisxUq;fpizj;jYk;

� epjpj;Jiwj;jPu;khdq;fisNkw;nfhs;sy;.

� [dhjpgjp

tpUk;Gk; tiumjpfhuj;jpy;,Uf;f KbAk;.

� mikr;ruit[dhjpgjpf;Fkl;LNk nghWg;G$wNtz;bajhFk;.


mjpfhuKk;mjpfhuKk;mjpfhuKk;mjpfhuKk;mjpfhuKk;


42

1. mur mtrufhyepiyik

2. gpuhe;jpamuRfspy;murpayikg;Gf;FVw;w Ml;rprPu;FiyAk; NghJVw;gLk;mtrufhyepiyik

3. epjp mtrufhyepiyik

cg [dhjpgjpcg [dhjpgjpcg [dhjpgjpcg [dhjpgjpcg [dhjpgjp

� cj;jpNahf-

G+u;tkhf uh[;a

rigapy;

jiyik

tfpg;ghu;;.

� gjtpf;fhyk;

Kbtila Kd;

[dhjpgjp gjtp

ntWikahFk;NghJ

vQ;rpa gjtpf;-

fhyj;Jf;F

[dhjpgjp

gjtpf;F

epakdk;

ngWjy;.


ii. kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fzpg;gPl;ilelj;Jk; mjpfhuk;

iii. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;tpjpf;fg;gLk;rl;ljpl;lq;fs;murpayikg;Gf;FVw;wdth vd;gijg;guprPypj;jy;.

iv. ntspehl;LmYty;fs;njhlu;ghdmjpfhuk;

43

gpujk ke;jpupgpujk ke;jpupgpujk ke;jpupgpujk ke;jpupgpujk ke;jpup

� mikr;ruitiaepakpj;jy;.

� mikr;ruitapd;mr;rhzpahfmikjy;.

� rdhjpgjpf;Fk;mikr;ruitf;Fk;,ilNanjhlu;gpidVw;gLj;jy;.

� rdhjpgjpf;Fk;mikr;ruitf;Fk;,ilapy;,izg;ghsuhf,Uj;jy;.

� murpd;nraw;ghLfis,izj;jy;.

� Nyhf; rghTf;Fk;kf;fSf;Fk;jiytuhf,Uj;jy;.

mikr;ruitmikr;ruitmikr;ruitmikr;ruitmikr;ruit

� ehl;bd;mgptpUj;jpf;fhdnfhs;iffistFj;jy;.


44

kpf cau; ePjpkd;wk;

cr;r ePjpkd;wkhFk;.

fPo;kl;lj;jpyhd

ePjpkd;wq;fs; gy cs

1. murpayikg;G

rl;lq;fshy;

jhgpf;fg;gl;l

ePjpkd;wq;fs;

� rk\;b

Nkd;;KiwaPl;L

ePjpkd;wk;

� khtl;l

ePjpkd;wk;

2. murpayikg;G

ePjpkd;wk;

� Rq;f tup

ePjpkd;wk;

� Rq;ftupf;

fhg;Gupik

ePjpkd;wk;

� tUkhd tup

ePjpkd;wk;

� ,uhZt

Nkd;KiwaPl;L

ePjpkd;wk;

2 tif

ePjpkd;wq;fs;

1. rhjhuz

ePjpkd;wq;fs;

2. epu;thf

ePjpkd;wq;fs;

rhjhuz

ePjpkd;wq;fs;

1. rptpy;

ePjpkd;wq;fs;

2. Fw;wtpay;

ePjpkd;wk;

rptpy; ePjpkd;wk;rptpy; ePjpkd;wk;rptpy; ePjpkd;wk;rptpy; ePjpkd;wk;rptpy; ePjpkd;wk;

rkhjhd ePjthd; (1)

Muk;g ePjpkd;wq;fs;

(2)

Nkd;KiwaPl;L

ePjpkd;wk; (3)

nfN\rj;

ePjpkd;wk; (4)


ePjpj;Jiwf;ePjpj;Jiwf;ePjpj;Jiwf;ePjpj;Jiwf;ePjpj;Jiwf;

fl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;G

2 gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ

1. rptpy; ePjpkd;wk;

2. Fw;wtpay;

ePjpkd;wk;

rptpy; ePjpkd;wrptpy; ePjpkd;wrptpy; ePjpkd;wrptpy; ePjpkd;wrptpy; ePjpkd;w

epWtdk;epWtdk;epWtdk;epWtdk;epWtdk;

gpuGf;fs; rig

cr;rePjpkd;wk; (vi)

Nky;

KiwaPl;L

ePjpkd;wk;

Nky;

ePjpkd;wk;

cr;rePjpkd;wk;

Nkd;

KiwaPl;L

ePjpkd;wk;(v)

Nky;

ePjpkd;wk;

murpapd;

ePjpkd;wk;

(ii)

FLk;g

ePjpkd;wk;(iii)

rhd;rpyu;

gpupT (iv)

nfsz;b ePjpkd;wk; (i)

� gpujk

ke;jpupapd;

topfhl;lypd;fPo;

epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw

eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

� rl;lj;Jiweltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

� tuT nryTj;

jpl;lq;fisj;jahupj;jy;

cl;gl;l epjp

eltbf;iffs;

� murpay; kw;Wk;

NjrpaNjitfisg;

ghJfhj;J

,e;jpahtpd;

xUikg;ghl;il

cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

ePjpj;JiwePjpj;JiwePjpj;JiwePjpj;JiwePjpj;Jiw

45


fl;likg;G Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wk;Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wk;Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wk;Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wk;Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wk;

gpuGf;fs; rig

Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wk;Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wk;Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wk;Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wk;Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wk;

nghyp]; ePjpkd;wk;(1)

Nkd;KiwaPl;L

ePjpkd;wk; (2)

v]ap];

ePjpkd;wk; (3)

jz;lid

ePjpkd;wk; (4)gpupT fTd;rpy; (iii)

murpapd;

ePjpkd;wk;

gpuNjr ePjpkd;wk; (iv)

Nkd;KiwaPl;L

ePjpkd;wk; (v)

epu;thf ePjpkd;wk;epu;thf ePjpkd;wk;epu;thf ePjpkd;wk;epu;thf ePjpkd;wk;epu;thf ePjpkd;wk;

1. gpuNjr rig

2. uh[;a rgh

ePjpkd;w

eltbf;iffspy; kpf

cau;e;j

ePjpkd;wkhdJ

kP cau; ePjpkd;wk;

fTd;rpy; MFk;.

Kk;khj

ePjpkd;wq;fs; (ii)

rkhjhd ePjthd;fs;(i)

46

gy;fl;rpKiwgy;fl;rpKiwgy;fl;rpKiwgy;fl;rpKiwgy;fl;rpKiw

� r%fg;gy;tifikmy;yJ nkhop>rkak;>gpuNjrg;gpupTfs;nfhz;lfl;rpKiw

� 1948 - 1970 tiumurpay;fl;rpfspilNafhq;fpu]; fl;rpMjpf;fk;nfhz;bUe;jJ.1970 fspd; gpd;me;epiy khwpaJ.

� vdpDk; fhq;fpu];fl;rp jtpu NjrpaxUikg;ghl;ilcUthf;Fk;jj;Jtk; nfhz;lNjrpa kl;lmurpay; fl;rpvJTk;,Jtiuapy;,e;jpa murpay;Kiwapy; Njhw;wk;ngwtpy;iy.

gpujhd fl;rpfSk;rpWfl;rpfs; gyTk;fhzg;gLjy;.

� Vida ehLfspd;murpay;fl;rpfSf;fhdgzpfistplFiwe;jsTKf;fpaj;Jtj;ijNaRtp]; murpaypy;fl;rpfs; ngWfpd;wd.

,jw;fhd fhuzq;fs;,jw;fhd fhuzq;fs;,jw;fhd fhuzq;fs;,jw;fhd fhuzq;fs;,jw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

� ePz;lfhykhfepyTk; Kf;fpak;tha;e;jgpur;rpidfs; vJTk;fl;rpfshy;Kd;itf;fg;glhik.

� nghUshjhu tplak;gw;wpa ghjfkhdepiyikfs;fhzg;glhik.

� rkak;rhu; vjpu;g;Gfs;epythik.

gy fl;rpKiwgy fl;rpKiwgy fl;rpKiwgy fl;rpKiwgy fl;rpKiw

gy fl;rpKiwepyTtjd;fhuzq;fs;

� gpuhd;]pd;tuyhw;WuPjpahd murpay;vr;rq;fs;

� gpuhd;]pakf;fspd;cstpay;,ay;G

� gy;ypd kf;fs;� gpuNjrthjk;� fUj;Jf;fspd;

gy;tifik� gpujpepjpj;Jt

Kiwapd; ,ay;G� fl;rpfSf;F

,ilapy;mbg;gilxUikg;ghbd;ik

� vg;NghJk; khWk;,ay;G

� murpay;Nghf;Ffspd;cWjpj;jd;ik

�� ,Ufl;rp; Kiw,Ufl;rp; Kiw,Ufl;rp; Kiw,Ufl;rp; Kiw,Ufl;rp; Kiw� ePz;lfhy

tsu;r;rpapd;gyd;

� rpwe;jxOq;fikg;G

� mbg;gilnfhs;ifnjhlu;ghfKf;fpa ,Ufl;rpfSf;Fk;,ilapy; epyTk;xUikg;ghL

� gyk; kpf;fMSk; fl;rpNghyNtvjpu;f;fl;rpAk;tpsq;Fjy;.

� fhyj;jpd;Njitf;Nfw;gfl;rp nfhs;iffisj;jahupj;jy;.

�� ,Ufl;rp Kiw,Ufl;rp Kiw,Ufl;rp Kiw,Ufl;rp Kiw,Ufl;rp Kiw� murpayikg;G

Njitf;Nfw;gcUthf;fg;gl;lfl;rpfshfmikahik.

� gytPdkhdfl;rpKiw

� fl;rpf;nfhs;iffs;vg;NghJk;khw;wj;Jf;Fcs;shjy;.

� fl;rpf;nfhs;iffSf;F,ilapy;NtWghLfs;FiwT.

� Nju;jy; Nehf;fhdfl;rpKiw

� ,Wf;fkhdNfhl;ghl;Lgpupg;NghcWjpahd r%ftFg;Gmbg;gilNahfhzg;glhik.

� nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk;FOf;fs;xd;WNrUk;epiyikfhzg;gLjy;.


mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;

fl;rpKiwfl;rpKiwfl;rpKiwfl;rpKiwfl;rpKiw

47

� rl;lj;Jiw rigFWfpajhf,Uj;jy;.

� fl;rpfs; vspatpjj;jpy;mikf;fg;gl;L,Uj;jy;.

� ntw;wp ,Wkhg;G,d;ik.

� kf;fs; jPu;g;Gthf;nfLg;G

� tu;f;f Ngjk;,d;ik.

� ePz;lfhykhfxU fl;rpNaKf;fpaj;Jtk;ngw;Wf;fhzg;gl;lik.

� ed;ikfisg;gfpu;e;Jnfhs;Sk;Kiwapd;ik.

� ehl;Lg;gw;W.


48


� tpdhtpilr; rQ;rpif xd;iwj; jahupf;Ff

� njupT nra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;Gf;fspd; murpay; ];jhgdq;fs; njhlu;gpy;

Nkw;gb rQ;rpifiaj; jahupf;Ff.

� njupT nra;ag;gl;l ehLfspd; rl;lj;Jiw> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw

njhlu;gpy; tpdhf;fisj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; ftdQ;

nrYj;Jf.

1. njupT nra;ag;gl;l ehLfspd; rl;lj;Jiw> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw

];jhgdq;fSf;F gpujpepjpfis epakpj;jy;> ePf;Fjy;> gjtpf;fhyk;

2. njupT nra;ag;gl;l ehLfspd; rl;l> epiwNtw;W> ePjpj;Jiwfspd; mjpfhuKk;

gzpfSk;

3. njupT nra;ag;gl;l ehLfspd; cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; fl;likg;G>

mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

� FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J jiyg;GfSf;Nfw;g tpdh-tpilfisj; jahupf;Ff.

� tpdhf;fisj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba %yhjhuq;fs;

Fwpj;J khztiuj; njspTgLj;Jf.

� midj;J FOf;fSk; jahupj;j tpdhf;fis xd;wpizj;J tpdh tpil

rQ;rpifiaj; jahupf;f.

� nghUj;jkhd tifapy; kjpg;gpLf.


• Indian Government & Politics - Johari. J.C.

• Government & Politics ih the united states Hathorn - Peuniman - Ferber

49

myF 13.0myF 13.0myF 13.0myF 13.0myF 13.0 : -: -: -: -: - Rje;jpu ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;Gf;fspd;Rje;jpu ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;Gf;fspd;Rje;jpu ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;Gf;fspd;Rje;jpu ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;Gf;fspd;Rje;jpu ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;Gf;fspd;

tpNrl jhgdq;fSk; Vw;ghLfSk;tpNrl jhgdq;fSk; Vw;ghLfSk;tpNrl jhgdq;fSk; Vw;ghLfSk;tpNrl jhgdq;fSk; Vw;ghLfSk;tpNrl jhgdq;fSk; Vw;ghLfSk;

Nju;r;rp 13Nju;r;rp 13Nju;r;rp 13Nju;r;rp 13Nju;r;rp 13 :-:-:-:-:- Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;Gr;

rl;lq;fspy; cs;s tpNrl murpay;

jhgdq;fspdJk; Vw;ghLfspdJk; ,ay;Gfis

,dq;fhz;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13.1 :-:-:-:-:- Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;Gr;

rl;lq;fspy; cs;s tpNrl Vw;ghLfs; gw;wp xg;gPl;L

uPjpapy; Muha;thu;.

13.2 13.2 13.2 13.2 13.2 :-:-:-:-:- Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;Gr;

rl;lq;fspy; cs;s murpay; jhgdq;fs; gw;wp

xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; Muha;thu;.


� Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lq;fspy; tpNrlkhff;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;l murpay; Vw;ghLfisAk; mjd; ,ay;GfisAk; ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

� mjw;fika me;j Vw;ghLfspy; mbg;gil cupikfs;> nkhop cupikfs;>

rpWghd;ikapdupd; cupikfs;> gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw> epjp epWtdq;fs; vd;gd

gw;wp Muha;thu;.

� Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lq;fspy; cs;s murpay;

jhgdq;fshd 1972 ,d; murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;> 1978 ,d; murpayikg;Gr;

rig> Nju;jy; Mizf;FO> kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO vd;gdtw;wpd;

mjpfhuq;fs;> ,ay;Gfs;> gzpfs; vd;gdtw;iw tpgupg;ghu;.

� gpuNjr Ml;rp epWtdq;fs; vd;w tifapy; 1948 Kjy; ,d;Wtiu cs;s

cs;Suhl;rp Kiw> khfhz rig Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf Muha;thu;.


1948 ngg;utup 04 Mk; jpfjp ,yq;if gpupj;jhdpa FbNaw;w Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J

Rje;jpuk; ngw;wJ. mJ Kjy; ,d;Wtiu mur epUthfk; 3 murpayikg;Gr;

rl;lq;fspd; fPo; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

- 1947 ,d; Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G.

- 1972 ,d; KjyhtJ FbauR murpayikg;G.

- 1978 ,d; ,uz;lhtJ FbauR murpayikg;G.

jw;NghJ 1978 ,d; ,uz;lhtJ FbauR ahg;G nraw;ghl;by; cs;sJ. ,e;j

murpayikg;Gf;fs; %d;iwAk; Nehf;Fk;NghJ mit xt;nthd;wpd; %yKk;

mur epUthf mjpfhuq;fis nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf kuG Kiwahd rl;lj;Jiw>

epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw Mfpa njhFjpf;F Nkyjpfkhf tpNrl jhgdq;fs;

gy murpayikg;Gf;fs; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sik njspthfpwJ.

50

mNjNghd;W gy;ypd r%fj;jpd; midj;J kf;fs; FOtpdJk; Rje;jpuq;fisAk;

cupikfisAk; ghJfhf;Fk; tpjkhf tpNrl Vw;ghLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s

tpjKk; ,e;j %d;W murpayikg;Gf;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

NkNy fhl;lg;gl;l tpjkhf xt;nthU murpayikg;G %ykhf cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s

tpNrl Vw;ghLfisAk; tpNrl jhgdq;fisAk; ,dq;fhz;gJk; mit

nraw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; njhlu;ghfTk; tpsf;fk; ngWtNj ,e;j myfpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;

gy;ypd r%fnkhd;wpd; murpayikg;G xd;wpd; %yk; Njrpaj;ij

cUthf;Ftjw;fhf capu;Gldhd nraw;ghl;il epiwNtw;WtJ mjd; xU

gzpahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. tpNrlkhf ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,dnkhd;Wk; rpwpa

,dq;fs; gyTk; cs;s ,yq;if Nghd;w gy;ypd r%fnkhd;wpy; midj;J

,dq;fspdJk; cupikfis rkkhfg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l Kaw;rpfs;

,e;ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;duhd murpayikg;Gfs; gw;wpa fw;iffspy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thwhf nraw;gl;l tpjj;ij ,uz;L Jiwfspd; fPo;

fhl;lyhk;.

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . murpayikg;Gf;fspy; tpNrl Vw;ghLfisr; nra;jy;murpayikg;Gf;fspy; tpNrl Vw;ghLfisr; nra;jy;murpayikg;Gf;fspy; tpNrl Vw;ghLfisr; nra;jy;murpayikg;Gf;fspy; tpNrl Vw;ghLfisr; nra;jy;murpayikg;Gf;fspy; tpNrl Vw;ghLfisr; nra;jy;

cjhuzk;:

� 1948 ,d; murpayikg;gpy; rpWghd;ikapdupd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf Nru;f;fg;gl;bUe;j

29 tJ cWg;Giu.

� gy mq;fj;jtu; Nju;jy; njhFjp Kiw.

� ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F epakd cWg;gpdu;fs; 6 Ngu; epakpf;fg;gLjy;.

� nrdl; rigf;F epakd cWg;gpdu;fs; 15 Ngu; epakpf;fg;gLjy;.

� 1972> 1978 murpayikg;Gf;fspy; mbg;gil cupikfs; gpufldk;.

� 1978 ,d; murpayikg;gpy;> rl;lq;fspd; rl;lthf;f ,ay;ig Ma;tjw;fhd

mjpfhuk; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sik. (rl;lKd;dha;T - Judicial

Preview)

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . ,uz;lhtJ murpayikg;gpd; %yk; tpNrl jhgdq;fs; cUthf;fg;,uz;lhtJ murpayikg;gpd; %yk; tpNrl jhgdq;fs; cUthf;fg;,uz;lhtJ murpayikg;gpd; %yk; tpNrl jhgdq;fs; cUthf;fg;,uz;lhtJ murpayikg;gpd; %yk; tpNrl jhgdq;fs; cUthf;fg;,uz;lhtJ murpayikg;gpd; %yk; tpNrl jhgdq;fs; cUthf;fg;

gl;lik.gl;lik.gl;lik.gl;lik.gl;lik.

cjhuzk;:

� 1947 ,y; nrdl;rig.

� mur Nrit Mizf;FO

� ePjpr; Nritfs; Mizf;FO.

� vy;iy epu;za Mizf;FO.

Ø 1972 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;G1972 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;G1972 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;G1972 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;G1972 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;G

� murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;.

� mur Nrit xOf;fhw;Wr; rig.

� mur Nrit MNyhridr; rig.

� ePjpr; Nrit xOf;fhw;Wr; rig.

� ePjpr; Nrit MNyhridr; rig.

51

Ø 1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;G1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;G1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;G1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;G1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;G

� mur Nrit Mizf;FO> ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO> kdpj cupikfs;

Mizf;FO> ,yQ;r> Coy; tprhuiz Mizf;FO jhgpf;fg;gl;lik.

� xk;G+l;];kd; gjtp.

Nkw;gb Mizf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdu;fis epakpg;gJ njhlu;ghf NgusT

khw;wq;fs; 17 tJ murpayikg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jk; %ykhf murpayikg;gpy;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. me;Nehf;fj;Jf;fhf murpayikg;Gg; Nguit vDk; tpNrl

jhgdnkhd;W mikf;fg;gl;lJ. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Vw;ghLfs;> jhgdj;

njhFjpfs; njhlu;ghf tpgukhf Muha;e;J ey;yhl;rpf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd

Vw;ghLfs;> jhgdq;fs; ahit vdg; gFg;gha;T nra;jNy ,t;tikg;gpd; Kf;fpa

gzpahFk;.

Ø gpuNjr Ml;rp - 1948 Kjy; ,d;WtiugpuNjr Ml;rp - 1948 Kjy; ,d;WtiugpuNjr Ml;rp - 1948 Kjy; ,d;WtiugpuNjr Ml;rp - 1948 Kjy; ,d;WtiugpuNjr Ml;rp - 1948 Kjy; ,d;Wtiu

1947 Kjy; ,d;Wtiu ,yq;ifapy; cs;Suhl;rp Kiwapd; guk;gy; gw;wp ,e;j

myfpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLk;. 1940 fspy; fhzg;gl;l cs;Suhl;rp Kiwapy;

fpuhk rigfs;> efu rigfs;> gl;bd rigfs;> khefu rigfs; vd;gd

fhzg;gl;ld. jw;NghJ mt;tikg;G Kiwapy; ngUksT khw;wq;fs;

epfo;e;Js;sd. mtw;iw jhgd uPjpahd khw;wq;fs; vdTk; gzpfs; uPjpahd

khw;wq;fs; vdTk; milahsg;gLj;jyhk;.

jhgd uPjpahd khw;wq;fs; vd;wtifapy; md;W fhzg;gl;l fpuhk rig

Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhf gpuNjr rig Kiw fhzg;gLfpwJ. mj;Jld; Kd;du;

fhzg;gl;l efu rigfSk; khefu rigfSk; ,aq;Ffpd;wd. ,t; cs;Suhl;rp

epWtdq;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf vz;zpf;ifapy; mjpfupj;Js;sd. gzpfs; uPjpahf

Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fisAk; ,e;epWtdq;fs; njhlu;gpy; fz;Lnfhs;s KbAk;.

mjhtJ mtw;wpd; mjpfhuq;fspdJk; gzpfspdJk; msT mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

cs;Suhl;rp Kiwnahd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wik ey;tho;Tf;Fj; Njitahd

mbg;gil mk;rq;fspy; xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; gpuNjr Ml;rpapy;

kf;fs; gq;Fnfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; mjpfupf;fpd;wikNa ,jw;fhd

fhuzkhFk;. NkYk; gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gue;jstpyhd kf;fs; gq;fspg;Gk;

fpilf;fpd;wJ. gpuNjr tsq;fisg; gpuNjr kl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s

KbAk;.

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; cs;Suhl;rp njhlu;ghf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Kf;fpakhd

khw;wkhf 1978 ,d; murpayikg;Gf;F nra;ag;gl;l 13 tJ jpUj;jk; %yk;

cUthf;fg;gl;l khfhz rigfs; Kiwiaf; fhl;lyhk;. murpayikg;Gr;

rl;lj;jpd; %ykhfNt khfhz rigfSf;F mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sik

khfhz rigfs; Kiwapy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa gz;ghFk;. khfhz rig

Ml;rpKiwia gpuNjr Ml;rpKiwapy; kpf Kf;fpa tplankhd;whff; fhl;lyhk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l mwpKfj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; ftdk;

nrYj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

52

(m) ,yq;if cs;Suhl;rp Kiwapd; guk;gy;. (1947 Kjy; ,d;W tiu)

(M) cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;.

(,) fl;likg;G> cWg;gpdu;fs; njupTnra;ag;gLk; tpjk;> mtu;fis ePf;Fk; tpjk;.

(<) kj;jpa muRf;Fk; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;.

(c) cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; gyq;fSk; gytPdq;fSk;.

(C) 1978 ,d; murpayikg;Gf;fhd 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; mbg;gil gz;GfSk;

khfhz rigfs; epWtg;gLjYk;.

(v) khfhz rigfs; Kiwapd; jhgdf; fl;likg;G.

(V) mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;.

(I) gpujpepjpfs; njupTnra;ag;gLk; Kiw.

(x) khfhz mur Nrit.

(X) khfhzq;fSf;fpilNaahd Nrit.

� khfhz rigfs; Kiwapd; gyq;fSk; gytPdq;fSk;.

53

1. Vw;ghLfs;1. Vw;ghLfs;1. Vw;ghLfs;1. Vw;ghLfs;1. Vw;ghLfs;

m. 6 tJ cWg;Giu - Gj;j kjj;Jf;F

Kjd;ik ,lk; toq;Fjy;.

M. nkhopf;fhd Vw;ghLfs;.

i. 7 tJ cWg;Giu - mur fUk nkhop

rpq;fs nkhopahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.ii. 8 tJ cWg;Giu - mur epUthfj;jpy;

jkpo;nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjk; 1958

,d; 28 Mk; ,yf;f jkpo;nkhopiag;

gad;gLj;Jjy; njhlu;ghd rl;lj;jpd;

Vw;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba tpjk;.

,. 16> 17 Mk; cWg;Giufs; - rdehaf

r%f Kiwnahd;iw cUthf;Fk;

,yf;if nfhz;l Nfhl;ghLfs;.

<. 18 tJ cWg;Gupik - mbg;gil

cupikfSk; ehdhtpj cupikfSk;.c. mur epjpf; fl;Lg;ghL. 84> 85> 86> 87> 88>

89> 90 tJ cWg;Giufs;.

ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;

i> m> M. Mfpa cWg ;Giufs ;

nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l tpjKk; mtw;wpd; r%f

murpay; tpisTfSk;.

1947 - 19781947 - 19781947 - 19781947 - 19781947 - 1978

murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; cs;s tpNrl Vw;ghLfisAk;murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; cs;s tpNrl Vw;ghLfisAk;murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; cs;s tpNrl Vw;ghLfisAk;murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; cs;s tpNrl Vw;ghLfisAk;murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; cs;s tpNrl Vw;ghLfisAk;

jhgpf;fg;gl;l jhgdq;fisAk; ,dq;fhZjy;jhgpf;fg;gl;l jhgdq;fisAk; ,dq;fhZjy;jhgpf;fg;gl;l jhgdq;fisAk; ,dq;fhZjy;jhgpf;fg;gl;l jhgdq;fisAk; ,dq;fhZjy;jhgpf;fg;gl;l jhgdq;fisAk; ,dq;fhZjy;

1947 Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G1947 Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G1947 Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G1947 Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G1947 Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G 1972 murpayikg;G1972 murpayikg;G1972 murpayikg;G1972 murpayikg;G1972 murpayikg;G 1978 murpayikg;G1978 murpayikg;G1978 murpayikg;G1978 murpayikg;G1978 murpayikg;G


rpWghd;ikapdUf;fhfrpWghd;ikapdUf;fhfrpWghd;ikapdUf;fhfrpWghd;ikapdUf;fhfrpWghd;ikapdUf;fhf

Nru;f;fg;gl;bUe;j ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfs;Nru;f;fg;gl;bUe;j ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfs;Nru;f;fg;gl;bUe;j ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfs;Nru;f;fg;gl;bUe;j ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfs;Nru;f;fg;gl;bUe;j ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfs;

m. 29 tJ cWg;Giu

M. 11 tJ cWg;Giu

,. 8 tJ cWg;Giu - nrdl; rigf;F

15 Ngu; epakpf;fg;gLjy;.

<. 41.5 cWg;Giu - gy mq;fj;jtu;

Nju ; jy ; njhFj pfs ;

cUthf;fg;gl;lik.

c. ePjpaikr;ru; nrdl; rigapypUe;J

njupT nra;ag;gLjy;. (48 tJ

cWg;Giu)

2. jhgdq;fs;2. jhgdq;fs;2. jhgdq;fs;2. jhgdq;fs;2. jhgdq;fs;

m. 58.1 cWg;Giu - mur Nrit

Mizf;FO.

M. 53 tJ cWg;Giu - ePjpr; Nritfs;

Mizf;FO.

,. 40 tJ cWg;Giu - vy;iy epu;za

Mizf;FO.

<. ePjpaikr;ru; epakpf;fg;gLk; tpjk;.


m. kf ; fs ; ,iwikAk ; mij

nraw;gLj;Jk; tpjKk;.

M. Njrpa vz;zq;fs; njhlu ;ghd

Vw;ghLfs;.

,. Gj;j kjk; njhlu;ghd Vw;ghLfs;.

<. mbg;gil cupikfs;.

c. nkhop Vw;ghLfs;.

C. gpurhTupik.

v. mur nfhs;iffis newpg;gLj;Jk;

Nfhl;ghLfSk; mbg;gil flikfSk;.

V. kf;fs; fUj;Jf; fzpg;G njhlu;ghd

Vw;ghLfs;.

ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs

i. Vw;;ghLfspd; ,ay;Gfs;.

ii. rl;lG+u;t jd;ikAk; gpuNahfKk;;

iii. Nkw;gb tplaq;fs; njhlu ;ghd

murpayikg;G tiuaiwfs;.

54

2. jhgdq;fs;2. jhgdq;fs;2. jhgdq;fs;2. jhgdq;fs;2. jhgdq;fs;

m. murpayikg;Gr; rig.

� fl;likg;G

� cWg;gpdu;fs; epakpf;fg;gLk; tpjk;.

� mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;.

� gpd;tUk; jhgdq;fspy; epakdq;fs;

nra;ag;gLk; tpjk;.

i. Nju;jy; Mizf;FO.

ii. mur Nrit Mizf;FO.

iii. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO.

iv. ,yq ;if kd pj cu pikfs ;

Mizf;FO.

v. ,yQ;r Coy; Kiwg;ghl;L tprhuiz

Mizf;FO.

vi. epjp Mizf;FO.

vii. vy;iy epu;za Mizf;FO.

� ,j;jhgdq;fspd;>

i. fl;likg;G

ii. gjtpf;fhyk;

iii. rk;gsq;fSk; Vida nfhLg;gdTfSk;

iv. mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; Mfpatw;wpd;

kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

ii. m> M Vw;ghLfs; %yk; rkkhd

gpuirfs; rk re ;ju ;g ;gk ; vDk;Nfhl;ghLfspy; cz;lhd jhf;fq;fs;.

iii. m> M Vw ;ghLfs ; Njr paj ;ijcUthf;Ftjpy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fq;fs;.

iv. , Vw;ghl;by; cs;s jj;Jtj;jpd; ,ay;Gk;mtw;wpd; gpuNahfr; nraw;ghLfSk;.

v. < Vw;ghl;bd; fPo; toq;fg;gl;l mbg;gilcupikfspd; ,ay;GfSk; mtw;wpd;

gpuNahfr; nraw;ghLfSk;.

vi. mur epjpf;fl;Lg;ghl;il nraw;gLj;jpa

tpjk;> fzf;fhsu; ehafk; gjtp> mtiu

epakpf;Fk;> gjtp ePf;Fk; tpjk;>

mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;.

tpNrl jhgdq;fs;

i. murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;.

ii. ePjpr; Nritfs; MNyhridr; rig.

iii. ePjpr; Nritfs; xOf;fhw;Wr; rig.

iv. mur Nrit MNyhridr; rig.v. mur Nrit xOf;fhw;Wr; rig.

vi. Nju;jy; Mizf;FO.



m. rpWghd;ikapdupd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd

Vw;ghLfspd;>

i. ,ay;Gfs;.

ii. gpuNahfk;

iii. Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;s ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfspd;

ntw;wp> Njhy;tpfs;.iv. Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;s Vw;ghLfspd; Fiw>

epiwfs;

M. 2> 3> 4 Mfpa jhgdq;fspd;>

i. fl;likg;G.

ii. cWg;gpdu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;l tpjk;>

gjtpf;fhyk;> gjtp ePf;Fjy;.iii. nrYj ;JiffSk ; Vida

nfhLg;gdTfSk;.

iv. RahjPdj;jd;ikiag; ghJfhg;gjw;F

Nru;f;fg;gl;bUe;j Vw;ghLfs;.

v. RahjPdkhd mur NritiaAk; ePjpr;

NritfisAk; elj;jpr; nry;tjw;F 2>3 Mfpa jhgdq;fspd; gq;fspg;ig

Muha;jy;.

vi. vj pu ; ghu ;f ;fg ; gl ;l ,yf ;Ffs ;

milag;gl;ldth> ,y;iyah vdg;

guPl;rpj;jy;.

55


i. murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpd;

m. fl;likg;G.

M. cWg;gpdu; epakpf;fg;gl;l tpjk;>

ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F miof;Fk; tpjk;>

,. tplag;gug;G> mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;.

<. rl;l tiuGfspd; rl;lthf;fj; jd;ikia

guPl;rpg;gjw;fhf murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;

ftdk; nrYj;Jk; tpjKk; mjidr;

nra;gtu; ahtu; vd;gJk;.

c. rhjhuz rl;lq;fs;> mtru rl;lq;fs;

njhlu;ghf murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;

nraw;gl Ntz;ba tpjk;.

C. mur payikg ;G > e Pj pkd ;wj ;j pd ;

Rahj Pdj ;ijg ; ghJfhg ;gjw ;fhf


v. gpuNahfr; nrad;Kiw.

f P o ; Fw p g ; g p lg ; gLk ; e p j p > mur

cj ;j pNahfj ;ju ;fs pd ; e pakdk ;

njhlu;ghf murpayikg;Gr; rigapd;

flikfs;. (gzpfs;)

i. gpujk ePjpauru;fs;> cr;r ePjpkd;w

ePjpgjpfs;.

ii. Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiytUk;

mjd; Vida ePjpgjpfSk;.

iii. ePjpr ; Nritfs; Mizf;FOtpd;

jiytu; jtpu;e;j Vida cWg;gpdu;fs;.

iv. rl;l khmjpgu;

v. epu;thf eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghd

ghuhSkd;w Mizahsu; (xk;Gl;];kd;)

vi. ghuhSkd;wr; nrayhsu;.

m. kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhf;Fk;>

i. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; gzpfs;.

ii. kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FOtpd;

flikfs;.

iii. xk;Gl;];kdpd; (Mshl;rp mjpfhupapd;)

flikfs;.

,j;jhgdq;fs; njhlu;ghf Mokhff;

fw;wy; mtrpak;.


56

ii. epjpr; Nrit MNyhridr; rig> epjpr;

Nrit xOf;fhw;Wr; rig> mur Nrit

MNyhridr; rig> mur Nrit

xOf;fhw;Wr; rig vd;gtw;wpd;>

m. fl;likg;G.

M. cWg;gpdu;fs; epakpf;fg;gLk; tpjk;>

gjtp ePf;Fk; tpjk;> gjtpf;fhyk;>

rk;gsq;fSk; nfhLg;gdTfSk;.

,. mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;.

<. Rahj Pdj ;jd;ikiag; ghJfhf ;f


c. epjpr; NritapdJk; mur NritapdJk;

RahjPdj;jd;ikf;F Vw;gl;l jhf;fq;fs;

- rhjfkhd> ghjfkhd tpisTfs;.

iii. Nju;jy; Mizahsu;

m. murpayikg;gpd; 82> 83 cWgGiu

fspy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s tpjkhf epakdk;

nra ;jy ; > gjtp ntw ;w plkhjy ; >

rk ;gsq;fSk; nfhLg ;gdTfSk;

gjt pf ; f hyk ; > mj pfh uq ; fSk ;

gzpfSk;.


57


� vz;zf;fU glnkhd;iw cUthf;Fjy;

� tFg;giwapy; khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; FOf;fshf;fp> ,yq;if,yq;if,yq;if,yq;if,yq;if

murpayikg;Gr; rl;lq;fspy; cs;s tpNrl Vw;ghLfSk; jhgdq;fSkmurpayikg;Gr; rl;lq;fspy; cs;s tpNrl Vw;ghLfSk; jhgdq;fSkmurpayikg;Gr; rl;lq;fspy; cs;s tpNrl Vw;ghLfSk; jhgdq;fSkmurpayikg;Gr; rl;lq;fspy; cs;s tpNrl Vw;ghLfSk; jhgdq;fSkmurpayikg;Gr; rl;lq;fspy; cs;s tpNrl Vw;ghLfSk; jhgdq;fSk ;

vDk; jiyg;gpy; gpd;tUk; Jiwfs; Clhf vz;zf;fU glnkhd;iwg;

G+uzg;gLj;j MNyhrid toq;Fq;fs;.

� Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;if murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; cs;s tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;.

1. mbg;gil cupikfSk; ,duPjpahd cupikfSk;.

2. Nju;jy; KiwfSk; gpujpepjpj;Jt KiwfSk;.

3. epjpf;fl;Lg;ghl;L cghaq;fs;.

� Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;if murpayikg;Gr; rl;lq;fshy; jhgpf;fg;gl;l murpay;

jhgdq;fs;.

1. 1972 ,d; murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;.

2. ghuhSkd;w Mizahsu; gjtp. (Mshl;rp mjpfhup)

3. murpayikg;Gr; rig.

4. Nju;jy; Mizf;FO.

5. 1947 ,y; ,Ue;J ,Jtiu fhzg;gl;l ,yq;if cs;Suhl;rp cghaq;fs;.

� vz;zf;fUg; glnkhd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;fhf kw;WnkhU $l;lhd

Kd;gapw;rpnahd;wpy; <LgLq;fs;.

� ,izg;Gg; gjq;fs; %yk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;GgLk; tpjk; njhlu;ghf ftdk;

nrYj;Jq;fs;.

� khztu; FOf;fs; jahupj;j vz;zf;fUg; glj;ij tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr;

re;ju;g;gk; toq;fpf; fye;JiuahlYf;F topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

� fye;Jiuahlypd; gpd; nghJthd $l;L vz;zf;fU glnkhd;iw cUthf;fp

mjd; Clhf Fiwfis eptpu;j;jp nra;Jnfhs;sr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.

crhj;Jiz E}y;crhj;Jiz E}y;crhj;Jiz E}y;crhj;Jiz E}y;crhj;Jiz E}y;

1. FNu> N[hrg; : Constitutional and Administrational law of Sri Lanka.

58

myF 14.0myF 14.0myF 14.0myF 14.0myF 14.0 : -: -: -: -: - ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo;,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo;,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo;,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo;,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo;

[dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;[dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;[dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;[dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;[dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

Nju;r;rp 14Nju;r;rp 14Nju;r;rp 14Nju;r;rp 14Nju;r;rp 14 :-:-:-:-:- 1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; rdhjpgjpapd;

mjpfhuq;fisAk; gzpfisAk; ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.1 :-:-:-:-:- 1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpy; Vida

jhgdq;fs; njhlu;ghf rdhjpgjpapd;

mjpfhuq;fisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.


� mikr;ruit njhlu;ghd rdhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; gzpfisAk;

tpsf;Fthu;.

� rl;lthf;fj;Jiw njhlu;ghf rdhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; gzpfisAk;

vOjpf;fhl;Lthu;.

� ePjpj;Jiw njhlu;ghf rdhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; gzpfisAk; Muha;thu;.

� murNrit njhlu;ghd rdhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk;

ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.


,uz;lhtJ FbauR ahg;gpd; fPo; rdhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

me;j];Jk; gw;wp Nehf;Fifapy; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; 30 tJ cWg;Giuapd;

kPJ Kjypy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,yq;iff; Fbaurpy; rdhjpgjp

xUtu; ,Ug;ghu;. mtu; murpd; jiytuhthu;. epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; jiytuhthu;.

MAjg;gilfspd; fl;lisj; jsgjpAkhthu;. ,e;j cWg;Giuia MuhAk;NghJ

murpay; Kiwnahd;wpd; fPo; mur mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;Jk; midj;J mjpfhu

%yq;fisAk; xd;W Nru;j;J 1978 ,d; rdhjpgjpg; gjtp cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sik

Gydhfpd;wJ. ,yq;if vDk; fg;gypd; khYkp rdhjpgjpahthu;. mjd;gb

rdhjpgjpg; gjtpf;F epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fs; khj;jpukpd;wp rl;lthf;f> ePjpj;Jiw>

mur Nrit njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fSk; fUkq;fSk; cs;sd. ,e;j myfpd;

%yk; mikr;ruit> rl;lthf;fj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw> mur Nrit Mfpa jhgdq;fs;

njhlu ;ghf rdhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; gw;wp Muha

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.


1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; nrad;Kiw1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; nrad;Kiw1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; nrad;Kiw1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; nrad;Kiw1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; nrad;Kiw

Ø [dhjpgjpAk; mikr;ruitAk;[dhjpgjpAk; mikr;ruitAk;[dhjpgjpAk; mikr;ruitAk;[dhjpgjpAk; mikr;ruitAk;[dhjpgjpAk; mikr;ruitAk;

1978 murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; 30.2 cWg;Giuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sjd;gb

,yq;iff; Fbaurpd; rdhjpgjp murpd; epiwNtw;Wj;JiwapdJk;

murhq;fj;jpdJk; jiytu; vd;gJld; MAjg;gilfspd; gpujhd fl;lisapLk;

mjpfhupAk; Mthu;.

59

43.1 cWg;Giuapd; fPo; FbauR epu;thfj;ij nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf epu;thfk;

njhlu;ghd MizapLk; mjpfhuk; nfhz;l mikr;ruit xd;W ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;

mikr;ruit ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F $l;lhfg; nghWg;Gf; $wTk; gjpyspf;fTk;

fl;Lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

43.2 cWg;Giuapd;gb rdhjpgjp mikr;ruitapd; mq;fj;jtuhtJld; mjd;

jiytUkhthu;. rdhjpgjpf;Fk; mikr;ruitf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G Nkw;gb

cWg;Giuapd; Clhf cUthfpd;wJ.

� mikr;ruit njhlu;ghf rdhjpgjpf;Fupa flikf;$W> 43.3 cWg;Giuapy;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s tpjkhf gpujku; gjtpf;F xUtiu epakpg;gjd; %yk;

Muk;gkhfpwJ. rdhjpgjpf;Fk; mikr;ruitf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G

,t;TWg;Giu Clhf cUthfpwJ.

� ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mjpfkhNdhupd; ek;gpf;if ngWgtu; vd rdhjpgjp fUJk;

gpujpepjpia gpujku; gjtpf;F epakpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

� mikr;ruit cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; mikr;Rf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk;

mikr;ru;fSf;F xJf;fg;gLk; tplaq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk; rdhjpgjpahy;

jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mt;thW jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; ghuhSkd;wg;

gpujpepjpfspy; ,Ue;J mikr;Rf;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghd mikr;ru;fs; rdhjpgjpahy;

epakpf;fg;gLthu;. ,jw;fhf Njitnadpd;> gpujk mikr;rupd; mgpg;gpuhaj;ijg;

ngwyhk;.

� mikr;ruitia epakpf;Fk;NghJ jd;dplk; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUJk;

ve;jnthU mikr;irAk; mNjNghd;W mikr;ru;fSf;F toq;fg;glhj ve;jnthU

tplaj;ij my;yJ fUkj;ij jdf;Ff; fPo; itj;jpUf;fTk; rdhjpgjpf;F KbAk;.

,jd;gb rdhjpgjpf;Ff; fPo; itj;jpUf;ff;$ba mikr;Rf;fspd; vz;zpf;if

vt;tsT vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; tiuaiwfs; ,y;iy vd;gNjhL mJ rdhjpgjpapd;

tpUg;gg;gb jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. mikr;ruitapd; fl;likg;Gk;> mikr;ru;fSf;Fupa

tplaq;fisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; jdJ tpUg;gg;gb khw;wpaikf;Fk; mjpfhuKk;

rdhjpgjpf;F cz;L. ,jd;gb gpujk mikr;ru;fs; cl;gl ve;jnthU

mikr;riuAk; gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;f KbtJld; mt;thW khw;wk; nra;jy;

mikr;ruitapd; njhlu;r;rpj;jd;ikiaAk; mikr;ruit ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F

nghWg;Gf; $Wk; njhlu;r;rpj;jd;ikiaAk; vt;tpjj;jpYk; ghjpf;fhJ. ,t;thW

nra;ag;gLk; khw;wq;fs; rdhjpgjp gjtpapy; epiyj;jpUg;gjid vt;tpjj;jpYk;

ghjpf;fhJ.

� rdhjpgjp> mikr;ruitapd; jiytuhthu;. mjd;gb mikr;ruitf; $l;lq;fisf;

$l;Ljy;> jiyik tfpj;jy;> mikr;ruitf; $l;lq;fspd; epfo;r;rpfs; epuiyj;

jahupj;jy; vd;gd mtuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ahjhapDk; xU nfhs;if

rhu;e;j tplankhd;iw mikr;ruit mq;fPfhuj;Jf;fhf Kd;itf;f ve;jnthU

mikr;rNuh jPu;khdpj;jhy; mt;tplak; Kjypy; rdhjpgjpaplk; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;L

mtupd; fUj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

60

� rdhjpgjp mikr;ruitapd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; mikr;ruit

ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F $l;lhf nghWg;G $wNtz;ba NghjpYk; rdhjpgjp

mj;Njitapy; ,Ue;J ePq;fpatuhthu;. mNjNghd;W mikr;ru;fSf;F vjpuhf

ePjpkd;wq;fspy; tof;Fj; njhlu KbAkhapDk; rdhjpgjpf;F vjpuhf mt;thW

nra;a KbahJ. kWgf;fj;jpy; murhq;fj;Jf;F vjpuhf Kd;itf;fg;gLk;

ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPu;khdnkhd;W epiwNtw;wg;gLtjdhNyh murpd; nfhs;ifg;

gpufldk; my;yJ tuTnryTj; jpl;l Nahridfs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;

Njhy;tpailtjd; %yNkh mikr;ruit gjtp ePf;fg;gl;lNghJk; me;epiyikfs;

rdhjpgjpg; gjtpapy; my;yJ mg;gjtpAld; epiyj;j jd;ikapy; vt;tpj

ghjpg;igAk; Vw;gLj;jhJ.

� mikr;ruitapd; fl;likg;igj; jPu;khdpj;jy;> mikr;ru;fis epakpj;jy;>

mtu;fSf;F tplaq;fisg; nghWg;gspj;jy;> murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffisj;

jPu;khdpj;jy; Mfpa midj;Jk; njhlu;ghf rdhjpgjp xg;ghUk; kpf;fhUkw;w

mjpfhuj;ij mDgtpf;fpd;whu;.

rdhjpgjpAk; rl;lthf;fj;JiwAk; rdhjpgjpAk; rl;lthf;fj;JiwAk; rdhjpgjpAk; rl;lthf;fj;JiwAk; rdhjpgjpAk; rl;lthf;fj;JiwAk; rdhjpgjpAk; rl;lthf;fj;JiwAk;

42 tJ cWg;Giu:42 tJ cWg;Giu:42 tJ cWg;Giu:42 tJ cWg;Giu:42 tJ cWg;Giu: murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; %ykhfTk; kf;fs; ghJfhg;Gj;

njhlu;ghf eilKiwapy; mKypy; ,Uf;Fk; rl;lq;fs; cs;slq;fyhf NtW

ahjhapDk; rl;lq;fspd; fPOk; jdJ mjpfhuk;> nghWg;G> fUkq;fs; vd;gtw;iw

cupaKiwapy; epiwNtw;Wjy; njhlu;gpy; rdhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F nghWg;G

$Wthu;.

,e;j Vw;ghL gpuNahfg; ngWkjp nfhz;lJ vdf; fUjKbahJ. Vnddpy;

rdhjpgjp rl;lthf;fj;Jiwapd; cWg;gpdu; xUtu; my;y vd;gJk; nghWg;Gf;fis

kPWk;NghJ mJ njhlu;ghf Nfs;tpfs; vOg;gp nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;wr;

nra;tjw;F rl;lthf;fj;Jiwf;F cs;s mjpfhuk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sikAk;

fhuzkhFk;. rdhjpgjpapd; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp ghuhSkd;wk; Nfs;tpfs; vOg;g

KbAkhapDk; rghehafupd; mDkjpAld; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; tpNrl

Kd;nkhopf;Nfw;gNt mt;thW nra;aKbAk;. Fw;wg; gpNuuiz (Impeachment)xd;wpd; fPo; khj;jpuNk mtiu ghuhSkd;wk; gjtpePf;fk; nra;aKbAk;. mJ

cz;ikapy; kpfTk; fbdkhdJk; rpf;fyhdJkhd nrayhFk;. vdNt 42 tJ

cWg;Giu ntWkNd ngaustpyhdJ vd;gNjhL ngWkhdk; mw;w Xu; myq;fhu

cWg;GiuahFk;.

65.1 cWg;Giu:65.1 cWg;Giu:65.1 cWg;Giu:65.1 cWg;Giu:65.1 cWg;Giu: ,t;TWg;Giuf;F mika cWg;Giu 41 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s

tpjkhf ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; nrayhsu; ehafk; rdhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk;. 41 Mk; cWg;Giuf;fika nrayhsu; ehafk; gjtpf;F epakpf;fg;gLk;

egu;> rdhjpgjpapdhy; murpayikg;Gr; rigf;F rpghupR nra;ag;gl Ntz;baJld;

murpayikg;Gr; rig mjid mq;fPfupj;jhy; khj;jpuNk rdhjpgjp me;egiu

epakdQ; nra;a KbAk;.

61

65.1 cWg;Giu:65.1 cWg;Giu:65.1 cWg;Giu:65.1 cWg;Giu:65.1 cWg;Giu: ,t;TWg;Giuf;F mika ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; nrayhsu;

ehafj;ij mtuJ gjtpf; fhyj;Jf;F Kd;du; gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;Fk; mjpfhuk;

rdhjpgjpf;F cz;L. vdpDk; ,t;tjpfhuj;ijg; gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

khj;jpuNk gpuNahfpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

m.65.5.(,) cWg;Giuf;Nfw;gm.65.5.(,) cWg;Giuf;Nfw;gm.65.5.(,) cWg;Giuf;Nfw;gm.65.5.(,) cWg;Giuf;Nfw;gm.65.5.(,) cWg;Giuf;Nfw;g nrayhsu; ehafk; Neha;tha;g;gLk;NghJ my;yJ

cly;> cstpay; uPjpahf gytPdkilAk;NghJk;.

m.65.5.(<) cWg;Giuf;Fm.65.5.(<) cWg;Giuf;Fm.65.5.(<) cWg;Giuf;Fm.65.5.(<) cWg;Giuf;Fm.65.5.(<) cWg;Giuf;F mika ghuhSkd;wk; nrayhsu; ehafj;Jf;F vjpuhf

epiwNtw;Wk; gpNuuiz xd;wpd; %yk;.

65.6 cWg;Giu. 65.6 cWg;Giu. 65.6 cWg;Giu. 65.6 cWg;Giu. 65.6 cWg;Giu. ,t;TWg;Giuf;F mika nrayhsu; ehafk; jkJ gjtpf;Fupa

flikfis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;s ,ayhJ NghFkplj;J nrayhsu; ehafj;Jf;F

gjpy; flikahw;w 41., cWg;Giuf;F mika egu; xUtiu epakpf;f rdhjpgjpf;F

mjpfhuk; cz;L.

70 cWg;Giu: 70 cWg;Giu: 70 cWg;Giu: 70 cWg;Giu: 70 cWg;Giu: ,t;TWg;Giuf;F Vw;g rl;lthf;fj;Jiwapdiu (ghuhSkd;wj;ij)

$l;Ljy;> gpw;NghLjy;> fiyj;jy; vd;gd rdhjpgjpahy; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

m .m .m .m .m . gpw;NghLjy;.gpw;NghLjy;.gpw;NghLjy;.gpw;NghLjy;.gpw;NghLjy;. 70.2 cWg;Giuf;F mika rdhjpgjpahy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;

$l;lj;ijg; gpw;NghLtjw;fhd gpufldj;jpy; mjid kPz;Lk; $l;Lk; jpfjpAk;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;jpfjp gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;l jpfjpapy;

,Ue;J ,uz;L khjq;fSf;F Nkw;glyhfhJ.

M. fiyj;jy;.M. fiyj;jy;.M. fiyj;jy;.M. fiyj;jy;.M. fiyj;jy;. 70 tJ cWg;Giuapy; a, b, c, d Mfpa Jiz cWg;Giufspy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Vw;ghLfSf;F mikaNt rdhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; fiyj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

70 70 70 70 70 a cWg;Giu: cWg;Giu: cWg;Giu: cWg;Giu: cWg;Giu: nghJj;Nju;jy; xd;wpd; gpd; Gjpjhfj; njupTnra;ag;gl;l

ghuhSkd;wnkhd;wpdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l jPu;khdk; xd;wpd; %yk; Nfhupf;if

tplg;gl;lhnyhopa njupTnra;ag;gl;l jpdj;jpy; ,Ue;J xU tUlk; nry;Yk;tiu

ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; fiyj;jyhfhJ.

70 70 70 70 70 b cWg;Giu: cWg;Giu: cWg;Giu: cWg;Giu: cWg;Giu: nghJj;Nju;jy; xd;wpd; gpd; ghuhSkd;wk; $Lk; Kjy;

mku;tpd;NghJ Kd;itf;fg;gLk; murhq;ff; nfhs;ifg; gpufldk;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; epuhfupf;fg;gl;lhYk; $l rdhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wj;ijf;

fiyj;jy; $lhJ.

70 70 70 70 70 c cWg;Giu: cWg;Giu: cWg;Giu: cWg;Giu: cWg;Giu: rdhjpgjpf;nfjpuhf Fw;wg; gpNuuiz xd;W Kd;itf;fg;gl;L

mJ epfo;r;rp epuypy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Ntis ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; fiyj;jy;

$lhJ.

70 70 70 70 70 d cWg;Giu: cWg;Giu: cWg;Giu: cWg;Giu: cWg;Giu: tUlhe ;j tuTnryT mwpf ;if ghuhSkd;wj ;jhy ;

epuhfupf;fg;gl;L ,uz;lhk; KiwAk; mJ epuhfupf;fg;gl;lhy; 70 tJ cWg;Giuiaf;

ftdpahJ ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; fiyf;fyhk;.

62

33.m cWg;Giu:33.m cWg;Giu:33.m cWg;Giu:33.m cWg;Giu:33.m cWg;Giu: murhq ;fj ; j pd ; nfhs ;ifg ; g p ufldj ;ijg ;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpj;jy;.

33.M cWg;Giu:33.M cWg;Giu:33.M cWg;Giu:33.M cWg;Giu:33.M cWg;Giu: ghuhSkd;w Kjy; mku;TfSf;F jiyik jhq;Fjy;.

,e;j Vw;ghLfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf ghuhSkd;wk; rdhjpgjpAldhd njhlu;Gfis

mikr;ruit Clhfr; nra;ayhk;. mikr;ruit> rdhjpgjpiaAk;

ghuhSkd;wj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; gpizg;G MFk;. kWGwk; Fw;wtpay;

gpNuuiznahd;iwr; rdhjpgjpf;F vjpuhf Kd;itf;f KbAnkd;gJ khj;jpuNk

ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F cs;s xNunahU mjpfhukhFk;. vdpDk; mJ mt;tsT

vspjhd fhupaky;y. rdhjpgjpf;Fk; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,j;njhlu;Gf;

Nfhyj;j pid mtjhdpf ;Fk ;NghJ epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk ; %yKk;

mikr;ruitA+lhfTk; ngUk;ghd;ik gyk; ,Ug;gpd; jdJ fl;rpA+lhfTk; jkf;F

tpUg;gkhd Kiwapy; ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gJ

njspthfpwJ. vdpDk; rl;lthf;fj;Jiw rdhjpgjp kPJ nrYj;jf;$ba nry;thf;F

kpfTk; Fiwe;jjhfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ.

[dhjpgjpAk; ePjpj;JiwAk;[dhjpgjpAk; ePjpj;JiwAk;[dhjpgjpAk; ePjpj;JiwAk;[dhjpgjpAk; ePjpj;JiwAk;[dhjpgjpAk; ePjpj;JiwAk;

1978 ,d; 2 Mk; ,yf;f ePjpkd;w Vw;ghl;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; fPo;tUk; ePjpkd;w

Kiw mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. cr;r ePjpkd;wk;

2. Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;

3. Nky; ePjpkd;wk;

4. khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs;

5. ePjthd; ePjpkd;wq;fs;

6. Muk;g ePjpkd;wq;fs;

� ,tw;wpy; Kjy; %d;W ePjpkd;wq;fSk; cau;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fs; vdTk;

Vidait fPo;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

� 1978 ,d; murpayikg;G %yk; 1972 ,d; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ijtpl $ba

mjpfhuq;fs;> ePjpj;Jiw njhlu;ghf rdhjpgjpf;Fg; nghWg;gspf;fg;gl;bUe;jNghJk;

17 tJ murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; mikf;fg;gl;l murpayikg;Gr;rig

%yk; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuq;fis XusTf;Ff; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kaw;rpfs;

vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

� cr;r ePjpkd;w> Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;

,r;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; rdhjpgjpf;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

� 107 (1) gpujk ePjp murUk; Nkd;KiwaPl;;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiytUk; cr;r

ePjpkd;wj;jpdJk; Nkd;Kiwapl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpdJk; midj;J ePjpgjpfSk; 41

(,) cWg;Giuapd; Vw;ghLfSf;F mika rdhjpgjpahy; jdJ Ra

ifnahg;gj;ijf; nfhz;l Mtznkhd;wpd; %yk; epakpf;fg;gLtu;.

63

� 17 tJ murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;s 41 (,) cWg;Giuapy;>

rdhjpgjp %yk; murpayikg;Gr; rigf;F nra;ag;gLk; rpghuprpd; Ngupy; rig

mDkjpj;jhy; khj;jpuNknahopa ,e;j murpayikg;gpd; gpd;dpizg;gpy;

Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ve;jg; gjtpf;Fk; rdhjpgjpahy; vtUk; epakpf;fg;gLjy; $lhJ

vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; %yk; rdhjpgjpapd; epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijf;

fl;Lg;gLj;j Kaw;rpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

m. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf 41 (,) cWg;Giu %yk; rdhjpgjpapdhy; murpayikg;Gr;

rigf;F nra;ag;gLk; rpghuprpd; Ngupy;> mr;rpghupir Muha;e;J murpayikg;Gr;

rig mDkjp toq;fpajd; gpd;du; ePjpj;Jiwf;fhd gpd;tUk; epakdq;fis

rdhjpgjp Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

1. gpujk ePjpauru;> cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Vida ePjpgjpfs;.

2. Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiytUk; Vida ePjpgjpfSk;.

3. ePjpr; Nritfs; Mizf;FOtpd; jiytu; jtpu;e;j Vida cWg;gpdu;fs;.

4. rl;lkh mjpgu;.

M. 107.4 cWg;Giu:107.4 cWg;Giu:107.4 cWg;Giu:107.4 cWg;Giu:107.4 cWg;Giu: g pujk e Pj pauru ; > Nky; e Pj pkd;w e Pj pgjpfs; >

Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiytUk; Vida ePjpgjpfSk; rdhjpgjp

Kd;dpiyapy; nra;Ak; rj;jpag; gpukhzj;jpd; %yk; jkJ flikfisg;

nghWg;Ngw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.

,. 109.1 cWg;Giu:109.1 cWg;Giu:109.1 cWg;Giu:109.1 cWg;Giu:109.1 cWg;Giu: cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;> Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjp

xUtiu> ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fr; r%fkspf;fhj mq;fj;jtu;fs; cl;gl 1/2 gq;fpdupd;mq;fPfhuj;Jld; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l jPu;khdk; xd;wpd; Ngupy; gjtpapy; ,Ue;J

ePf;Ftjw;fhd mjpfhuk; rdhjpgjpf;F cz;L.

<. 109.1 cWg;Giu:109.1 cWg;Giu:109.1 cWg;Giu:109.1 cWg;Giu:109.1 cWg;Giu: cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh

jw;fhypfkhf Vw;gLk; ntw;wplq;fSf;fhf 42(,) cWg;Giuapy; cs;sgb gjpy;

flik Mw;Wk; ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; rdhjpgjpf;F cz;L.

c. 110.1 cWg;Giu:110.1 cWg;Giu:110.1 cWg;Giu:110.1 cWg;Giu:110.1 cWg;Giu: cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd;

ePjpgjp xUtUf;F kw;WnkhU vOjg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gpwpnjhU fUknkhd;iwr;

nra;AkhW tpjpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; rdhjpgjpf;F cz;L.

C. 110.3 cWg;Giu:110.3 cWg;Giu:110.3 cWg;Giu:110.3 cWg;Giu:110.3 cWg;Giu: cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;L

ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh epue;ju Nritapy; ,Uf;Fk; ePjpgjp xUtu; Xa;T ngw;w gpd;du;

rdhjpgjpapd; vOj;J %ykhd tpUg;gk; ,d;wp ePjpj;Jiw eltbf;iffspy;

<LgLjy; MfhJ.

v. 111.2 (m) cWg;Giu:111.2 (m) cWg;Giu:111.2 (m) cWg;Giu:111.2 (m) cWg;Giu:111.2 (m) cWg;Giu: ePjpr; Nritfs; Mizf;FOtpd; rpghuprpd; Ngupy;

rdhjpgjp Nky; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis epakpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

V. 112 (M) cWg;Giu:112 (M) cWg;Giu:112 (M) cWg;Giu:112 (M) cWg;Giu:112 (M) cWg;Giu: ePjpr; Nritfs; Mizf;FOtpd; rpghuprpd; Ngupy; Nky;

ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis rdhjpgjp gjtpapy; ,Ue;J epWj;jp itf;f KbAk;.

NkYk; mtu;fs; rdhjpgjpapd; tplaf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F cl;gLtu;.

64

I. 34.1 cWg;Giu:34.1 cWg;Giu:34.1 cWg;Giu:34.1 cWg;Giu:34.1 cWg;Giu: Fw;wthspfSf;Fg; nghJ kd;dpg;G toq;Fk; mjpfhuk;

rdhjpgjpf;F cz;L. mjd;gb>

1. KOikahd kd;dpg;G my;yJ rl;l uPjpahd epge;jidfSldhd kd;dpg;G

toq;Fjy;.

2. tpjpf;fg;gl;l jz;lidia fhytiuaiwapd;wp my;yJ fhy tiuaiwAld;

gpw;NghLjy;.

3. tpjpf;fg;gl;l jz;lidf;Fg; gjpyhf vspikahd jz;lid xd;iw toq;Fjy;.

4. tpjpf;fg;gl;l jz;lid xd;iw Kw;whf ePf;Fjy;> miuthrpahff; Fiwj;jy;>

jz;lg ; gzk; xd;iw KOikahf ePf ;Fjy; my;yJ Fiwj;jy;.

muRlikahf;fg;gl;l nrhj;J xd;iw KOikahf my;yJ gFjpastpy; iftply;.

x. 129.1 cWg;Giu:129.1 cWg;Giu:129.1 cWg;Giu:129.1 cWg;Giu:129.1 cWg;Giu: rdhjpgj p cau ; e Pj pkd ;wj ;j pd ; MNyhridfisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk;.

NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Vw;ghLfis Nehf;Fk;NghJ epakpj;jy;> ePf;Fjy;> kd;dpg;G

toq;Fjy; Mfpa tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf rdhjpgjpaplk; rpy ePjpj;Jiw

mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sik GydhfpwJ. vdpDk; mt;tjpfhuq;fisg;

g puNahfpf ;Fk ;NghJ e Pj pj ;Jiwapy ; nry;thf ;F nrYj;Jk ; msT

tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

[dhjpgjpAk; mur NritAk;[dhjpgjpAk; mur NritAk;[dhjpgjpAk; mur NritAk;[dhjpgjpAk; mur NritAk;[dhjpgjpAk; mur NritAk;

murpayikg;Gr ; rl ;lj ;j pd ; 30.1 cWg;Giuf;F mika rdhjpgjp

epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; jiytuhthu;. ,jd; gpufhuk; KOikahd mur

NritiaAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jdp mjpfhuk; rdhjpgjpf;F cz;L. mur Nritiaf;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;NghJ rdhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fis nraw;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;

gytw;iwf; fhzyhk;.

m. rdhjpgjpapd; RatpUg;gg;gb mur Nritapy; nra;af;$ba epakdq;fs; cau;

mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; ,t;tifapy; mlq;Ftu;.

M.murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;Jld; ,ize;J nra;aNtz;ba epakdq;fs;. ,J ,Utif

,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ.

1. murpayikg;Gr; rigapd; rpghuprpd; Ngupy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba epakdq;fs;.

,jpy; gpd;tUk; epakdq;fs; mlq;Fk;.

1. Nju;jy; Mizf;FO

2. mur Nrit Mizf;FO

3. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO

4. yQ;rk;> Coy; njhlu;ghd Kiwg;ghLfis tprhupf;Fk; Mizf;FO

65

2. murpayikg;Gr; rigapd; mDkjpapd; fPo; rdhjpgjpahy; toq;fg;gLk; epakdq;fs;.

,jpy; gpd;tUk; epakdq;fs; mlq;Fk;.

1. rl;l khmjpgu;

2. fzf;fha;thsu; ehafk;

3. nghyp]; kh mjpgu;

4. xk;Gl;];kd; (Mshl;rp mjpfhup/ FiwNfsjpfhup/ epu;thfj;Jf;fhd

ghuhSkd;w Mizahsu;)

5. ghuhSkd;wr; nrayhsu; ehafk;

3. [dhjpgjpAk; mur Nrit Mizf;FOTk;

mur Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; xd;gJ NgUk; mtu;fspy; xUtu;

jiytuhfTk; murpayikg;Gr; rigapd; rpghuprpd; Ngupy; rdhjpgjpapdhy;

epakpf;fg;gLtu;.

murpayikg;Gr; rigapd; rpghuprpd; Ngupy; Mizf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdu;fis

gjtp ePf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; rdhjpgjpf;F cz;L. NkYk; Mizf;FOtpd;

mq;fj;jtu;fSf;F ,uz;L khjq;fSf;F Nkw;glhj fhyj;Jf;F yPT

mDkjpf;fTk; mf;fhyg;gFjpf;fhf kw;WnkhUtiu epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuKk;

rdhjpgjpf;F cz;L.

murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; 55.3 cWg;Giuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tpjkhf

midj;Jj; jpizf;fsj; jiytu;fisAk; epakpj;jy;> gjtp cau;j;Jjy;>

,lkhw;wk; nra;jy;> xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;> Ntiy ePf;fk;

nra;jy; Mfpad mikr;ruitf;F cupaitfshFk;. Mizf;FOtpd;

fUj;Jf;fisg; ngw;W ,e;j mjpfhuq;fis mikr;ruit nraw;gLj;Jjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,U ruj;Jf;fspYk; rdhjpgjp gjtpia xg;GNehf;Fifapy;

rdhjpgjp mikr;ruitapd; cWg;gpdUk; mjd; jiytUk; Mthu; vd;w fUj;J

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. rdhjpgjp> jpizf;fsj; jiytu;fis jd; Ra

tpUg;gj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; epakdk; nra;tjw;fhd mjpfhuk; eilKiwapy;

fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. Vida tplaq;fs; vJTk; rdhjpgjp mwpahkNyh

rdhjpgjpapd; mDkjpapd;wpNah eilngWtjpy;iy. mur Nritia epu;tfpg;gjpy;

rdhjpgjp xg;Gtikaw;w mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Ws;shu; vd;gJ ,jd;%yk;

njspthfpwJ. murpayikg;Gr; rig nraypoe;J fhzg;gLk; fhyg;gFjpfspy;

mur Nritapd; mNef epakdq;fs; rdhjpgjpapdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd

vd;gjid cjhuzq;fshff; fhl;lyhk;.

66

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL

� xg;gil

1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij Muha;e;J 1978 Mk; Mz;L

murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpYs;s fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s jhgdq;fs; njhlu;ghf

rdhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; gzpfisAk; ml;ltizg;gLj;j khztu;fis

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

1. [dhjpgjpAk; mikr;ruitAk;

2. [dhjpgjpAk; rl;lthf;fj;JiwAk;

3. [dhjpgjpAk; ePjpj;JiwAk;

4. [dhjpgjpAk; mur NritAk;

1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpid Ma;Tnra;J NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l jfty;fs;

njhlu;ghf rdhjpgjpf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fs;> fUkq;fs; gw;wpa rl;l uPjpahd

Vw;ghLfs; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;jr; nra;Aq;fs;.

%yhjhuk;%yhjhuk;%yhjhuk;%yhjhuk;%yhjhuk;

1978 Mk; Mz;L ,yq;if rdehaf Nrh\yprf; Fbaurpd; murpayikg;Gr;

rl;lk;.

67

myF 15myF 15myF 15myF 15myF 15 . 0. 0. 0. 0. 0 : -: -: -: -: - r%fj;jpy; nraw;gLk; murpaypd; ,ay;Gr%fj;jpy; nraw;gLk; murpaypd; ,ay;Gr%fj;jpy; nraw;gLk; murpaypd; ,ay;Gr%fj;jpy; nraw;gLk; murpaypd; ,ay;Gr%fj;jpy; nraw;gLk; murpaypd; ,ay;G

Nju;r;rp 15Nju;r;rp 15Nju;r;rp 15Nju;r;rp 15Nju;r;rp 15 :-:-:-:-:- r%fj;jpy; nraw;gLk; murpaypd; ,ay;ig

,dq;fhzy;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 15.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 15.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 15.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 15.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 15.1 :-:-:-:-:- murpay; KiwapYs;s murpay; fl;rpfspd;

gzpfs; gw;wp Muha;thu;.

15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 :-:-:-:-:- mKf;ff; FOf;fs;> kf;fs; mgpg;gpuhak;> ntFrd

Clfq;fs;> murpay; nrad;Kiwfs;

eilKiwf;F tUk; tpjk; gw;wp Muha;thu;.


� jw;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if murpay; Kiwapy; murpay; fl;rpfspd; gzpfis tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;thu;.

� mKf;ff; FOf;fs;> kf;fs; mgpg;gpuhak;> ntFrd Clfq;fs; vd;gd murpay;

nraw;ghLfspy; ,aq;Fk; tpjj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.

� jw;fhy ,yq;if murpay; nraw;ghl;bd; ,aq;Fepiy njhlu;ghf xg;gPl;L

uPjpapy; fw;ghu;.


,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpy; nraw;gLk; murpaypd; ,ay;G njhlu;ghf tpsf;fk;

nfhLg;gNj ,t;tyfpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. mjw;fhf murpay; fl;rpfspd; flikfis

Ma;T nra;tJk; mOf;ff; FOf;fs;> kf;fs; mgpg;gpuhak;> ntFrd Clfq;fs;

vd;gd murpaypy; Vw;gLj;Jk; nry;thf;Ffs; njhlu;gpy; tpku;rd uPjpahd

Ma;T nra;jYk; ,jpy; mlq;Ffpd;wd. ,q;F fle;j fhyk; Kjy; jw;fhyk;

tiu murpay; fl;rpKiw tsu;r;rpaile;j tpjk;> mtw;wpd; nfhs;iffs;>

fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; mtw;wpy; Vw;gl;L te;j khw;wq;fs; vd;gd njhlu;ghf

xg;gPl;L uPjpahff; fw;gJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. mNjNghd;W ,it jw;fhyj;jpy;

,e;ehl;L murpay; Kiwapid tbtikg;gjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jp

te;Js;sJld; mKf;ff; FOf;fs;> kf;fs; mgpg;gpuhak;> ntFrd Clfq;fs;

vd;gd mjw;fhf toq;fpa gq;fspg;G> mtw;wpd; flikfs; Nghd;W mjd;

gpuNahf uPjpahd nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpAk; Mokhff; fw;gJ nghUj;jkhdJ.


,yq;ifapd; jw;fhy murpay; nranyhOq;F,yq;ifapd; jw;fhy murpay; nranyhOq;F,yq;ifapd; jw;fhy murpay; nranyhOq;F,yq;ifapd; jw;fhy murpay; nranyhOq;F,yq;ifapd; jw;fhy murpay; nranyhOq;F

,yq;ifapd; murpay; nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Nfw;gtu;fs; my;yJ nraw;gLgtu;

cs;sdu;. murpay; fl;rpfs;> cau; tFg;gpdu;> mur rhu;gw;w mikg;Gf;fs;>

njhopw; rq;fq;fs;> khztu; mikg;Gf;fs;> Clftpayhsu;fs;> fiyQu;fs;>

gy;Njrpa epWtdq;fs;> gy;fiyf;fof tpupTiuahsu;fs;> Vida Gj;jp [Ptpfs;>

ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs;> cyf tq;fp>ru;tNjr ehza epjpak; vd;gd ,yq;ifapd;

jw;fhy murpay; nraw;ghLfspy; cs;s Kf;fpa gq;Nfw;ghsu;fshtu;.

68

,t; xt;nthU fhuzpAk; jdpahfTk; $l;lhfTk; ,e;ehl;L murpay;

nraw;ghLfspy; mOj;jk; toq;ff;$ba eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;L tUfpd;wd.

,f;fhuzpfs; njhlu;ghfTk; mtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghfTk; tpupthd

tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wj; jUtNj ,j;jiyg;gpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

� ,yq;ifapy; murpay; fl;rpfSk; fl;rpKiwAk;,yq;ifapy; murpay; fl;rpfSk; fl;rpKiwAk;,yq;ifapy; murpay; fl;rpfSk; fl;rpKiwAk;,yq;ifapy; murpay; fl;rpfSk; fl;rpKiwAk;,yq;ifapy; murpay; fl;rpfSk; fl;rpKiwAk;

- 1935 ,y; ,yq;if rkrkh[f; fl;rp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjy; ,e;ehl;by; murpay;

fl;rp Kiw Muk;gkhfpaJ.

- ,jd; gpd;du; KiwNa If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp> = yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp Nghd;w

murpay; fl;rpfs; Njhd;wpd.

- 1947 ,d; Nrhy;gup murpayikg;Gr; rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fspd; gpd;dNu Kiwahd

murpay; fl;rpKiw Muk;gkhapw;W.

- 1954 ,y; = yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp jhgpf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; murpaypy;

Kf;fpa ,uz;L fl;rpfshf If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpAk; = yq;fh Rje;jpuf;

fl;rpAk; gpurpj;jp ngw;wd.

- jdp xU fl;rp> ngUk;ghd;ik Mrdq;fisf; nfhz;l murhq;fq;fis

mikg;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhf ,Ue;jd.

- ,jdhy; Kf;fpa ,U fl;rpfs; ,ize;J $l;L murhq;fq;fis mikf;Fk;

Nghf;F fhzg;gl;L te;jJ.

- If;fpa Njrpa fl;rp tyJ rhup murpay; fl;rp vdTk; = yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp

jiyikapyhd rkrkh[> fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpfs; ,lJrhup murpay; fl;rpfs;

vdTk; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

,yq;ifapd; murpay; fl;rpfs;> gy;NtW ,dq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs; vd;gtw;iw

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njhd;wpaikahy; tFg;Gthjg; Nghf;Ffs;

nfhz;litahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l

tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwapd; fhuzkhf gy; fl;rp Kiw Njhd;w top

Vw;gl;lJ.

r%fg; gy;ypdj; jd;ik rkg;gLj;j Kbahj msTf;F tFg;Gg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;

,lk;ngw;wik> fUj;J Nkhjy;fs;> khfhz rigfspd; mwpKfk; Nghd;w

fhuzpfSk; gy; fl;rpKiw Njhw;wk; ngw;wjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa

fhuzpfSs; rpythFk;.

gy;fl;rp Kiw tsu;r;rpaile;jjd; fhuzkhf murhq;fk; xd;iwj; jhgpj;jy;>

gjtp ,of;fr; nra;jy; vd;gtw;iwr; nra;Ak; fUtpahf rpwpa fl;rpfs;

tYg;ngw;Ws;sd.

gy;fl;rp Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L murhq;fq;fs;> $l;L vjpu;f;fl;rpfs;

Njhd;wpaikahy; murpay; ];jpuj;jd;ik ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

$l;L murhq;fq;fs; miktjd; fhuzkhf epiyahd> ePz;lfhy murpay;>

nghUshjhuj; jj;Jtq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,aq;Ftjw;F murhq;fq;fshy;

,ayhky; Nghdik Kf;fpa gz;ghf cs;sd.

69

mbf;fb fl;rp khWjy; ,d;W kpfr; ru;t rhjhuz gz;ghf fhzg;gLtJld;

mjd; fhuzkhf fl;rp xOf;fq;fs; mg;gl;lkhf kPwg;gLfpd;wd.

mKf;ff; FOf;fs; mKf;ff; FOf;fs; mKf;ff; FOf;fs; mKf;ff; FOf;fs; mKf;ff; FOf;fs;

murpaypy; cs;s jdpegu;fspYk; jhgdq;fspYk; mOj;jk; Vw;gLj;Jtjd;

%yk; jk;Kila Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf nraw;gLk; jdpegu;

FOf;fs;> mikg;Gf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mKf;ff; FOf;fs; vd miof;fyhk;.

jw;fhy ,yq;ifapy; njhopw; rq;fq;fs;> khztu; mikg;Gf;fs;> njhz;lu;

,af;fq;fs; Nghd;w gy;tifahd FOf;fs; murpay; nraw;ghLfspy;

mOj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kf;fpa jhgdq;fshFk;.

,t;tidj;J mKf;ff; FOf;fSk; ,d;W gy;NtW murpay; fl;rpfshy;

topelj;jg;gLtjidf; fhzyhk;.

nghJrd mgpg;gpuhak; nghJrd mgpg;gpuhak; nghJrd mgpg;gpuhak; nghJrd mgpg;gpuhak; nghJrd mgpg;gpuhak;

murhq;fk;> mjd; nraw;ghLfs;> murpay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cila gpuKfu;fs;>

epfo;Tfs; vd;gd njhlu;ghf kf;fs; nfhz;Ls;s fUj;J kf;fs; mgpg;gpuhakhFk;

(nghJrd mgpg;gpuhak;)

kf;fs; mgpg;gpuhaq;fis cUthf;Ftjpy; murpay; fl;rpfs;> ntFrd Clfq;fs;>

murpay; fl;rpj; jiytu;fs;> rptpy; mikg;Gf;fs;> kjj; jiytu;fs;> nghUshjhu

fhuzpfs; vd;gd nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

murhq;fj;jpd; nray; milit mstpLtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba rpwe;j

Rl;bahfg; nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj;jpy; cz;ikAk; ngha;ikAk; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.

mjdhy; nghJrd mgpg;gpuhakhdJ murhq;fj;jpdhy; mjd; ek;gfj;jd;ikia

cWjp nra;J nfhz;ljd; gpd;Ng fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

(,e;jg; ghl myF ,e;ehl;L murpaypd; gpuNahfr; nraw;ghLfis ,dq;fz;L

nfhs;tjw;fhf khztUf;F ngUk; Jizahf mikAk;. vdNt Kbe;jsTf;F

gpuNahf uPjpahfTk; tpkuprd rpe;jidf;F ,lkspf;ff;$bajhfTk; fw;wy; -

fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jp tplaq;fisf; fw;gjw;F trjpfs;

nra;JnfhLj;jy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ.)

70

nghJrd ClfKk; murpaYk;nghJrd ClfKk; murpaYk;nghJrd ClfKk; murpaYk;nghJrd ClfKk; murpaYk;nghJrd ClfKk; murpaYk;

� rdehaf murpay; Kiwnahd;wpd; fPo; Clf Rje;jpuj;Jf;F Kjd;ikahd

,lKz;L.

� rdehafj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;F Rje;jpukhd> gf;fr;rhu;gw;w RahjPdkhd Clfq;fs;

fhzg;gLjy; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gNjhL rdehafj;jpd; fhtyu;fs; vd Clfq;fs;

fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

� Kf;fpakhd murpay; epfo;Tfis kf;fSf;F Kd;itj;jy;> jfty;fis

tbtikj;jy;> murpay; kakhf;fy;> murpay; uPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;

tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpthjq;fis elj;Jjy; Nghd;w mNef mk;rq;fs;

jw;fhy ,yq;ifapy; Clfq;fs; %ykhf ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

� ,d;W ngUk;ghyhd Clfq;fs; murpaypy; cs;s fl;rpfspd; ifahl;fshf

khwpAs;sikiaf; fz;Lnfhs;s KbfpwJ.

� Rje;jpukhdJk; RahjPdkhdJkhd Clfq;fSf;Fk; Clftpayhsu;fSf;Fk;

njhy;iy nfhLj;jy;> murpay; mOj;jq;fisg; gpuNahfpj;jy;> nfhiy nra;jy;

Nghd;wit $l rkPg fhyq;fspy; epfo;e;Js;sikiaf; fhzyhk;.


� Rtu;g;gj;jpupif xd;W jahupj;jy;.

� tFg;gpd; khztu;fis mwpTWj;jp Rtu;g;gj;jpupiff;Fupajhd gpd;tUk;

jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; khztu;fis FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.

� murpay; fl;rpfs;

� kf;fs; mgpg;gpuhak;

� mKf;ff; FOf;fs;

� ntFrd Clfq;fs;

,j;jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; Mf;fG+u;tkhd fl;Liufisj; jahupg;gjw;F khztu;fis

mwpTWj;Jq;fs;. mtw;iwr; Nrfupj;J Rtu;g;gj;jpupif xd;iwj; jahupj;J tFg;gpy;

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

71

myF 16.0myF 16.0myF 16.0myF 16.0myF 16.0 : -: -: -: -: - G+Nfhs kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa uPjpahd murpaypy;G+Nfhs kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa uPjpahd murpaypy;G+Nfhs kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa uPjpahd murpaypy;G+Nfhs kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa uPjpahd murpaypy;G+Nfhs kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa uPjpahd murpaypy;

,yq;if,yq;if,yq;if,yq;if,yq;if

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp 01 01 01 01 01 : -: -: -: -: - ,yq;ifapd; g+Nfhs kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa murpaw; #oiyf;

fz;lwpe;J nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - 16.1 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk;> jd;Ndhbize;j

jhgdq;fs; kw;Wk; rhu;f;> Mrpahd;> INuhg;gpa

xd;wpak;> gpupj;jhdpa nghJeytha ehLfs;

Nghd;w ehLfSf;fpilapyhd mikg;Gf;fs;>

mj;Jld; gpujhdkhf mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;

vd;gtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf tpku;rdk;

nra;thu;.

16.2 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifapd; Njrpaf; nfhs;if

njhlu;ghf Muha;thu;.

16.3 Njrpaf; nfhs;ifapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s

fhuzpfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;tjD}lhf

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa

nfhs;ifapd; Nghf;if Muha;thu;.


� ru ;tNjr ehLfSf;fpilapy ; nraw;gLk; gy;NtW mikg;Gf ;fis

mwpe;Jnfhs;tJld; mtw;iw tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

� ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs;> ehLfSf;fpilapyhd mikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; tpNrlkhd

murhq;f rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

� If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; Muk;gKk; mjd; Nehf;fq;fisAk; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

� If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; kw;Wk; ,yq;ifAldhd mjd; njhlu;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.

� cyf tq;fp> ru;tNjr ehza epjpak; vd;gtw;Wld; ,yq;if nfhz;Ls;s

njhlu;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.

� gpupj;jhdpa nghJeytha mikg;Gldhd ,yq;ifapd; njhlu;Gfis tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;thu;.

� gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

� rhu;f; mikg;gpd; gz;Gfis tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

� Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp njhlu;ghf mwpe;Jnfhs;tJld; me;epWtdk;

,yq;ifAld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.

� Mrpahd;> INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; kw;Wk; nghJeytha ehLfs; Nghd;wtw;iw

mwpe;Jnfhs;thu;.

� gpuhe;jpa xOq;fikg;Gf;fSf;Fk; ,yq;iff;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G gw;wpAk;

mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.

� cyf kl;lj;jpYk; gpuhe;jpa kl;lj;jpYkhd murhq;f rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSf;Fk;

,yq;iff;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;ig tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.

72


ru;tNjr uPjpapyhd xOq;fikg;Gf;fspd; Muk;gKk; guk;gYk; tpiuthf

tsu;r;rpaile;Js;s tpjj;ij ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; te;j

fhyq;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ. ,uz;L cyf Aj;jq;fspd; NghJk; ru;tNjr r%fk;

Kfq;nfhLj;j rpukq;fs;> gpur;rpidfs; Nghd;wtw;iw me;je;j ehLfspd;

murhq;fq;fspdhy; jdpahf jPu;f;f Kbahkw; NghdikAk; NkYk; Aj;jj;jpd;

gpd;du; ru;tNjr rptpy; Nrit> njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritfs;

Nghd;wtw;wpy; Vw;gl;l Ntf tsu;r;rpAk; ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.

� ,e;epiyikfspdhy; cyfk; kpfTk; RUq;fpAs;sJ. epyTiff;fhf

muRfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;GfSk; Mspilj; njhlu;GfSk; tpUj;jp

aile;Js;sd.

� tsu;e;JtUk; Nkw;gb epiyikfspd; fPo; ,yq;iff;F jdpj;J tho;tnjd;gJ

Kbahj fhupakhFk;.

� 1948 ,y; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpapypUe;J tpLjiy ngw;wjd; gpd;du;> ru;tNjr

mur epWtdq;fSlDk; ru ;tNj kl;lj ;j pyhd murhq;f rhu ;gw ;w

epWtdq;fSlDk; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Ls;s Kiwia

,dq;fhzyhk;.

� ,t;tyfpd; Nehf;fkhtJ> ,d;iwa cyfpy; tsu;r;rpaile;JtUk; ru;tNjr

uPjpapyhd murhq;f rhu;ghd kw;Wk; murhq;f rhu;gw;w xOq;fikg;Gf;fspd;

jd;ikfis ,dq;fhz;gJk; mtw;Ws; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy xOq;fikg;Gf;fSld;

,yq;if NgZk; njhlu;ig ,dq;fhZk; jpwDkhFk;.


� ehLfSf;fpilapyhd mikg;Gf;fis ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs; vdTk; miog;gu;.

ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fis> ru;tNjr murhq;f rhu;ghd mikg;Gf;fs; vdTk;

ru;tNjr murhq;f rhu;gw;w mikg;Gf;fs; vdTk; ,Utifg;gLj;Jtu;. ru;tNjr

uPjpapyhd murhq;f rhu ;ghd epWtdq;fs; muRfs; xd;wpize;J

cUthditahFk;. ru;tNjr uPjpapyhd murhq;f rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;> egu;fs;

xd;wpiztjd; %yk; cUthditahFk;. ,t;thwhd ru;tNjr uPjpapyhd

murhq;f rhu;ghd mikg;Gf;fs; 1874 ,d; gu;ypd; xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; epWtg;gl;l

ru;tNjr mQ;ry;/ jghy; rq;fq;fs; Muk;gk; tiu ePz;L nry;;fpwJ.

� mNj rkak; ru;tNjr uPjpapyhd murhq;f rhu;gw;w mikg;Gf;fspd; Muk;gk;

1864 ,y; n[dpth rk;Nksj;jpd; fPo; epWtg;gl;l nrQ;rpYit rq;fk; tiu

ePz;L nry;fpd;wJ.

� ,t;thW epWtg;gl;l ehLfSf;fpilapyhd mikg;Gf;fisg; gpd;tUkhW

tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

73

ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs;

ehLfSf;fpilapyhd

murhq;fk; rhu; mikg;Gf;fs;

ehLfSf;fpilapyhd murhq;f

rhu;gw;w mikg;Gf;fs;

cyf kl;l gpuhe;jpa kl;l ,ilj;ju cyf kl;l gpuhe;jpa kl;l

mikg;Gf;fs; mikg;Gf;fs; mikg;Gf;fs; mikg;Gf;fs; mikg;Gf;fs;

� ,tw;Ws; ,yq;ifAld; njhlu;Gila cyf kl;l kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa kl;l

ru;tNjr murhq;fk; rhu;e;j mikg;Gf;fs; rpy gw;wpAk; cyf kl;l kw;Wk;

gpuhe;jpa kl;l> ru;tNjr kl;l murhq;f rhu;gw;w mikg;Gf;fs; gw;wpAk;

fye;JiuahLtjd; %yk;> ,yq;iff;Fk; Nkw;gb mikg;Gf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy;

epyTk; njhlu;Gfspd; jd;ikia ,dq;fhzyhk;.

� ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs;> (International Organizations) ru;tNjr murpay; fsj;jpy;

tsu;r;rpaile;J> mit ru;tNjr njhlu;GfspDs; tYthd fhuzpnahd;whf

khwpAs;sikf;Fk; VJthfpa tplaq;fis ,dq;fhzyhk;.

1. ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; Kd;dUk; gpd;dUk; Mrpa> Mgpupf;f> ,yj;jPd;

mnkupf;f ehLfspy; eilngw;w FbNaw;w ehl;L epiyikapypUe;J tpLgl;L

Rje;jpukile;jik.

2. ru;tNjr Kiwapy; jdpahfr; nraw;gLtjpYk; ghu;f;f $l;lhfr; nraw;gLtjd;

%yk;> cau;kl;l gaDWjpiag; ngwKbAnkd;gJ ,d;W ru;tNjr uPjpapy;

tsu;e;J tUk; xU fUj;jhFk;.

3. ru;tNjr uPjpapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l tpiuthd

tsu;r;rp.

4. ehLfSf;fpilapyhd gpur;rpidfisAk; neUf;fbfisAk; xU ehl;bdhy;

jdpahf jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Kbahik.

5. ,uz;L cyf Aj;jq;fSk; epytpa fhyfl;lj;jpy; muR ika ghJfhg;Gf;

nfhs;if ntw;wpailatpy;iy vdTk; gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;w Nghu;g;gyj;ij

xd;W Ftpj;J nghJ vjpupf;nfjpuhf ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLf;f KbAnkd;gij

Njrpa muRfs; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

6. ,uz;L cyf Aj;jq;fspd;NghJk; mDgtpj;j nfhLikfs; kPz;Lk;

cUthfhjpUf;f rkhjhdj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy; mtrpak; vd tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;sy;.

7. gy gFjpapdUlDk; ,uh[je;jpu njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;.

74

8. Nkhjy;fspd;wp rkhjhdkhf neUf;fbfisj; jPu;j;jy; mtrpak; vd

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

,d;W RahjPd muRfs;> murpay; r%f nghUshjhu Nehf;fq;fis

khj;jpuky;yhJ Aj;jk; kw;Wk; rkhjhdk; njhlu;ghfTk; nghJ Nehf;fq;fis

epiwNtw;w RakhfNt xd;whf ,ize;J mikg;Gf;fis epWTk; Nghf;F

cs;sJ.

cyf uPjpapyhd ru;tNjr muRrhu; mikg;Gf;fs;cyf uPjpapyhd ru;tNjr muRrhu; mikg;Gf;fs;cyf uPjpapyhd ru;tNjr muRrhu; mikg;Gf;fs;cyf uPjpapyhd ru;tNjr muRrhu; mikg;Gf;fs;cyf uPjpapyhd ru;tNjr muRrhu; mikg;Gf;fs;

If;fpa ehLfs; rigIf;fpa ehLfs; rigIf;fpa ehLfs; rigIf;fpa ehLfs; rigIf;fpa ehLfs; rig

Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :

kdpj tuyhWk; vq;Fk; r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; fhuzq;fspdhy; cyfpy;

Mq;fhq;Nf> fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk;> Aj;jq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. NkYk; mtw;iwj; jtpu;f;f

kdpjd; gy;NtW Kaw;rpfspy; <Lgl;lhd;. ,jid Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l gy;NtW

epWtdq;fSk; epWtg;gl;ld. 1914 - 1918 fhyg;gFjpapDs; eilngw;w Kjyhk;

cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; tpisthf mt;thwhd mikg;nghd;W cUthf;fg;gLtjd;

Njit tYthf Vw;gl;lJ. ,jd; gadhf 1920 ,y; 27 mq;fj;jtu;fisf; nfhz;l

ru;tNjr rq;fk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

,jd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; cyf rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;

1939 - 1945 Mz;Lfspy; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghu; eilngw;wJ. ,jd;NghJ mstpl

Kbahj ngsjpf> khdpl tsq;fs; mope;J Nghapd. ,jd; fhuzkhf If;fpa

ehLfs; rig cUthfpaJ. 1945 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 25 Mk; jpfjpapypUe;J A+d;

26 Mk; jpfjp tiu nrd; gpuhd;rp];Nfhtpy; eilngw;w khehl;by; If;fpa ehLfspd;

gpufldk; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. gpufldj;jpd; Kd;Diuapy; If;fpa ehLfspd; mikg;ig

epWTtjd; Nehf;fk; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

� %d;whk; cyf Aj;jj;ij jLj;jy;.

� mbg;gil kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; kdpj Neaj;ij nfsutpf;Fk;>

rKjhaKiwnahd;iw cUthf;FtjhFk;.

� xg;ge;jq;fSf;Fk; ru;tNjr rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;Fk; Mtzq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g nraw;gl

toptFf;Fk; epge;jidfis cs;slf;Fjy;. Nkw;gb epge;jidfis epiwNtw;wp

tho;f;if epiyia Nkk;gLj;jp mjpf Rje;jpuKs;s #oypy; nraw;gLtjw;Fs;s

Mw;wiy typAWj;jy;.

� mtutu; fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;J rkhjhdkhf thor; nraw;gLj;jy;.

� ru;tNjr rkhjhdk;> ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> vy;yh

rf;jpfisAk; mjpfhuq;fisAk; xd;wpizj;jy;. nghJed;ik fUjpay;yhJ

NtW fhuzq;fSf;fhf MAjg; gyj;ij gad;gLj;Jk; nfhs;ifia epuhfupj;jy;.

� vy;yh ,dq;fspdJk; nghUshjhu> r%f mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpyhd

Vw;ghLfisr; nra;jy;.

� ,jd;gb If;fpa ehLfs; rigia epWTtjd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; ru;tNjr

rkhjhdj;ijg; NgzyhFk;. cUthf;fpa rpy tUlq;fspy; nghUshjhu> r%f

Jiwfspd; tsu;r;rp njhlu;ghfTk; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.

75

If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

1. cyfk; G+uhTk; rkhjhdj;ijg; Ngzy;.

2. ,dq;fSf;fpilNa el;Gwitg; Ngzy;.

3. Vo;ikapy; thLk; kf;fspd; tho;f;if epiyia Nkk;gLj;jy;. gl;bdp> Neha;fs;>

mwpahik Mfpaw;iw ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;. xt;nthUtupdJk; cupikfSf;Fk;

ehdhtpj Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk; kjpg;gspj;jy;> Cf;Ftpj;jYf;fhf xw;Wikahfr;

nraw;gly;.

4. Nkw;gb Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjw;fhf ehLfSf;F cjTjy;

Nkw;gb Nehf;fq;fis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf ehLfSf;F cjTk; ciuahly;

FO Nghy; nraw;gly;.

If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; Nfhl;ghLfs; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; Nfhl;ghLfs; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; Nfhl;ghLfs; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; Nfhl;ghLfs; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; Nfhl;ghLfs;

1. vy;yh mq;fj;Jt ehLfSf;Fk; rkkhd jd;dhjpf;f mjpfhuk; cs;sJ.

2. vy;yh muRfSk; gpufldj;jpw;F fl;Lg;gLtij gpuNahf uPjpahf;fy;.

3. ru;tNjr uPjpapyhd Nkhjy;fis rkhjhd uPjpapy; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;.

4. xU ehL kw;nwhU ehl;Lf;F vjpuhf gilg;gyj;ij cgNahfpf;fhjpUj;jYk;

mt;thW gilg;gyk; nrYj;Jtjhf mr;RWj;jhjpUj;jYk;.

5. If;fpa ehLfspd; rigia tYTs;sjhf;fy;> jPu;T fhZk; nraw;ghl;Lf;F

vjpuhf ehLfSf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;fhikAk; gpufldj;jpw;F Vw;g vLf;Fk;

ve;jnthU nraw;ghl;Lf;Fk; vy;yhtpj xj;Jiog;igAk; toq;fYk;.

6. ehLfspd; cs;ehl;L ePjp> epu;thfj;jpy; jiyapLk; mjpfhuj;ij gpufldj;jpd;

%yk; ngw;Wj; juhjpUj;jy;.

Nkw;gb Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; cs;slf;fp tiuag;gl;l If;fpa

ehLfspd; gpufldj;jpd; rl;lj;ij Vw;W 1945 Mk; Mz;L A+d; khjk; 26 Mk;

jpfjp elj;jg;gl;l rk;Nksdj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wpa 50 ehLfspd; gpujpepjpfs; xg;gkpl;ldu;.

Vo;ik> Neha; kw;Wk; #oiy Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lVo;ik> Neha; kw;Wk; #oiy Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lVo;ik> Neha; kw;Wk; #oiy Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lVo;ik> Neha; kw;Wk; #oiy Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lVo;ik> Neha; kw;Wk; #oiy Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l

Gj;jhapukhk; Mz;bd; gpufldk;Gj;jhapukhk; Mz;bd; gpufldk;Gj;jhapukhk; Mz;bd; gpufldk;Gj;jhapukhk; Mz;bd; gpufldk;Gj;jhapukhk; Mz;bd; gpufldk;

2000 Mk; Mz;L nrg;nlk;gu; khjk; elj;jg;gl;l Gj;jhapukhk; Mz;bd; rk;Nksdj;jpd;

NghJ cyfj; jiytu;fs; gpd;tUk; ,yf;Ffis mila xg;Gf;nfhz;ldu;.

� 2015 Mk; Mz;lstpy; xU ehisf;F xU mnkupf;f nlhyUf;Ff;

FiwthftUkhdk; ngWgtu;fspd; njhifia ghjpahff; Fiwj;jYk; J}a

FbePiug; ngwKbahj kf;fs; njhifiaf; Fiwj;jYk;.

� 2015 Mz;lstpy; cyfpYs;s vy;yh Mz; - ngz; gps;isfSf;Fk; fl;lhakhf

Muk;gf; fy;tpia toq;fy;. vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk; fy;tpapy; rk tha;g;gspj;jy;.

76

� jha; kuz tpfpjj;ij 3/4 Mf Fiwj;jYk;> 5 tajpw;Fl;gl;l rpWtu; ,wg;G

vz;zpf;ifia 2/3 My; Fiwj;jYk;.

� HIV/AIDS Vida Neha;fs; guTjiyj; jLj;jy;.

� mehijg; gps;isfis HIV/AIDS ,ypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;F tpNrl

epthuzkspj;jy;.

� 2020 Mz;lhFk;NghJ Fiwe;jJ 100 kpy;ypad; Nrupthrpfspd; tho;tpy;

jpl;ltl;lkhd tsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jy;.

� Mz; - ngz; rkj;Jtj;ijg; Ngzy;. Vo;ikf;Fk; gl;bdpf;Fk; Neha;fs;>

Jd;gq;fSf;Fk; vjpuhf nraw;gl ngz;fisj; J}z;Ljy;.

� vy;yh gpuNjrq;fspYk; thOk; AtjpfSf;Fk; nfsutkhd njhopy;tha;g;ig

ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; topKiwfis nraw;gLj;jYk; mgptpUj;jp nra;jYk;.

� mgptpUj;jp mile;JtUk; ehLfSf;Fj; Njitahd kUe;J tiffisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhLf;f Njitahd kUj;Jt cw;gj;jp rhiyfis Muk;gpj;jYk; Cf;Ftpj;jYk;.

� Vo;ikia ,y;yhnjhopf;fj; Njitahd mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ

jdpahu; Jiwf;Fk; r%f mikg;Gf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig tsu;j;jy;.

� Gjpa njhopDl;g trjp tha;g;Gf;fis (tpNrlkhf jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly;

njhopDl;gk;) cWjpnra;jy;.

mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;

� If;fpa ehLfspd; gpufldj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; epge;jidfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;

$batUk;;

� mq;F mspf;fg;gLk; nghWg;Gf;fis Vw;W nraw;gl tpUg;gKilatu; kw;Wk;

jpwikAilatu; vd mikg;G jPu;khdpf;Fk;

� rkhjhd Nehf;Fila vy;yh ehLfSf;Fk; mq;fj;Jtk; cupj;jhFk;.

ghJfhg;Gr; rigapd; tpje;Jiuapd; mbg;gilapy; nghJr;rig mq;fj;Jtk; toq;Fk;.

xUehl;bd; mq;fj;Jtj;ij ,ilepWj;Jk; my;yJ mq;fj;Jtj;ij ePf;Fk; mjpfhuk;

gpufldj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;sNghjpYk;> ,Jtiu mt;thW nra;ag;gltpy;iy.

If;fpa ehLfs; rigapy; jw;NghJ 192 ehLfs; mq;fk; tfpf;fpd;wd. 1945 Mk;

Mz;by; gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;l rkaj;jpy; mjpy; xg;gkpl;l 54 ehLfSk; Muk;g

mq;fj;jtu;fs; vdg;gLtu;. Nghyhe;J rk;Nksdj;jpy; gq;Fgw;whj NghjpYk; Kjypy;

xg;gkpl;lJ. mjd; gpd;du; xg;gkpl;l ehLfs; ,uz;lhk; tifapduhff; fUjg;gLtu;.

ve;jnthU mq;fj;Jt ehLk; ,d;Wtiu If;fpa ehLfs; rigapypUe;J

tpyftpy;iy. kNyrpahTld; Vw;gl;l gpzf;F fhuzkhf ,e;NjhNdrpah 1965

,y; If;fpa ehLfspypUe;J jw;fhypfkhf ntspnawpa NghjpYk; 1966 ,y; kPz;Lk;

,ize;J nfhz;lJ.

77

If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; epWtd uPjpahd mikg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; epWtd uPjpahd mikg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; epWtd uPjpahd mikg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; epWtd uPjpahd mikg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; epWtd uPjpahd mikg;G

If;fpa ehLfs; rig 6 gpujhd epWtdq;fspd; fPo; xOq;fike;Js;sJ. Muk;g

gpufldj;jpd; %yk; ,J Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. nghJr;rig

2. ghJfhg;Gr; rig

3. nghUshjhu r%f rig

4. ek;gpf;if nghWg;ghsu; rig

5. ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;

6. nrayhsu; ehafk;

³ nghJr;rignghJr;rignghJr;rignghJr;rignghJr;rig

If;fpa ehLfspd; mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; fye;JiuahLk; gpujhd rig nghJr;-

rigahFk;. vy;yh mq;fj;Jt ehLfsJ gpujpepjpfs; mjpy; fye;Jnfhs;thu;fs;.

xU mq;fj;jtUf;F xU thf;F cupj;jhfpd;wJ. ,d;W ,q;F 192 mq;fj;Jt

ehLfs; cs.

� nghJr; rigapd; gzpfis ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhf 6 FOf;fs; epWtg;gl;Ls;sd.

� epuhAjghzpahf;fy;> ru;tNjr ghJfhg;G> murpay; gzpfs; njhlu;ghd FO.

� nghUshjhu epjpf;FO.

� r%f> kdpjNea> fyhrhu tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd FO.

� FbNaw;wthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd FO.

� rl;l uPjpahd tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd FO.

ve;jnthU mq;fj;Jt ehl;Lf;Fk; Nkw;gb FOtpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngwyhk;. vy;yh

FOtpw;Fk; jiytu; xUtUk; nrayhsu; xUtUk; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.

³ ghJfhg;Gr; rigghJfhg;Gr; rigghJfhg;Gr; rigghJfhg;Gr; rigghJfhg;Gr; rig

ghJfhg;Gr; rig rPdh> gpuhd;R> u\;ah> gpupj;jhdpah> If;fpa mnkupf;fh Mfpa

Ie;J epue;ju mq;fj;jtu;fisf; nfhz;lJ. NkYk; ,uz;L tUl gjtpf; fhyj;Jf;F

nghJr; rigapdhy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLk; 10 cWg;gpdu;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. If;fpa

ehLfs; rigapd;gpufldj;jpd;gb ghJfhg;Gr; rigapd; gpujhd gzp ru;tNjr

ehLfspd; rkhjhdj;ijAk; ghJfhg;igAk; NgZtjhFk;.

³ nghUshjhu> r%f rignghUshjhu> r%f rignghUshjhu> r%f rignghUshjhu> r%f rignghUshjhu> r%f rig

If;fpa ehLfspd; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f rig “If;fpa ehLfs; rig” vd

miof;fg;gLk;. ,q;F 54 mq;fj;jtu;fs; cs;sdu;. 3 Mz;L gjtpf;fhyk; cs;sJ.

xU tUlj;jpw;F 1/3 mq;fj;jtu;fs; epakpf;fg;gLthu;fs;. xU mq;fj;jtUf;F xU

thf;F cupj;jhFk;. nghJthd ngUk;ghd;ik thf;F ngWk; Kiwapy; mq;fj;Jtu;

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLthu;.

78

³ ek;gpf;ifahsu; nghWg;Gr; rigek;gpf;ifahsu; nghWg;Gr; rigek;gpf;ifahsu; nghWg;Gr; rigek;gpf;ifahsu; nghWg;Gr; rigek;gpf;ifahsu; nghWg;Gr; rig

,r;rigf;F xg;gilj;Js;s gpujhd gzp nghWg;gspf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;ij epu;tfpg;gij

Nkw;ghu;it nra;jyhFk;.

nghWg;gspf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpd; :

� kf;fspd; mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.

� Ra epu;thf Mw;wiyg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;.

� Rahjpgj;jpaj;ij mz;kpf;f gbg;gbahf gapYjy;.

ek;gpf;if epjpa rigapd; gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; gpd;tUkhW :

nghJr; rigapd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; xU mikg;G ,JthFk;.

cgha uPjpahd Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; ghJfhg;G rigapd; fPo; ,aq;Fk;.

³ ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;

nghJr; rigapdJk; ghJfhg;Gr; rigapdJk; Rje;jpu thf;Ffspdhy;

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l 15 ePjpgjpfspdhy; ePjpkd;wk; mike;Js;sJ. cyfpd; gpujhd

ePjpKiwfis gpujpepjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,e;ePjpkd;wj;ij mikf;f eltbf;if

vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU ehl;bypUe;J ,uz;L mq;fj;jtu;fis epakpf;f KbahJ.

xU ePjpgjpapd; Nritf;fhyk; 9 Mz;LfshFk;.

If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gpujhd ePjp mikg;G ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wkhFk;.

ePjpkd;wkhdJ mjd; ahg;gpd; vy;yhg; gFjpapdUf;Fk; jpwe;jjhFk;. If;fpa ehLfs;

rigapd; mq;fj;Jtk; ngwhj ehnlhd;Wf;Fk;> ghJfhg;G rigapd; tpje;Jiug;gpd;

Ngupy; nghJr; rigfshy; epr;rapf;Fk; tpNrl epge;jidfspd; fPo; ahg;gpd;

gq;Fjhuuhf KbAk;.

³ nrayhsu; fhupahyak;nrayhsu; fhupahyak;nrayhsu; fhupahyak;nrayhsu; fhupahyak;nrayhsu; fhupahyak;

If;fpa ehLfspd; gpujhd fhupahyak; ,JthFk;. ,jd; jiytu; ghJfhg;Gr;

rigapd;> gupe;Jiuapd; fPo; Ie;jhz;L fhy gjtpf; fhyj;Jf;F nghJr;rigapdhy;

epakpf;fg;gLthu;. If;fpa ehLfspd; gpufldj;jpd;gb ,tiu gpujhd epUthf

mjpfhup vd miog;gu;.

� ru;tNjr ghJfhg;gpw;F mr;RWj;jyhf mikAk; vd nrayhsu; fUJk;

ahnjhd;iwAk; ghJfhg;G rigapd; ftdj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;Ltuy;.

� ghJfhg;G rig> nghJr;rig mikg;gpd; Vida epWtdq;fs; %yk; mtUf;F

nghWg;G toq;Fk; gzpfis epiwNtw;Wjy;.

� ru;tNjr neUf;fb cUthfpAs;s> Nkw;gb epiyfs; jPtpukile;Js;s kw;Wk;

gutpAs;s re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtw;iw jtpu;g;gjw;fhf ntspg;gilahfTk; jdpg;gl;l

uPjpapYk; Neub eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

Mfpad nrayhsu; ehafj;jpd; gzpfshFk;.

79

³ gzpfs;gzpfs;gzpfs;gzpfs;gzpfs;

If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gue;j gzpfis 5 gpujhd Gyq;fspD}lhf njhFg;ghu;.

� ru;tNjr ghJfhg;Gk; rkhjhdj;jpw;Fkhd Ntiyfs;.

� nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f mgptpUj;jpf;fhd gzpfs;.

� kdpj cupikfSf;fhd gzpfs;.

� FbNaw;w thjf; nfhs;ifiaj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffs;.

� ru;tNjr rl;lq;fSf;fhd gzpfs;.

³ If;fpa ehLfs; rigAk; ,yq;ifAk;If;fpa ehLfs; rigAk; ,yq;ifAk;If;fpa ehLfs; rigAk; ,yq;ifAk;If;fpa ehLfs; rigAk; ,yq;ifAk;If;fpa ehLfs; rigAk; ,yq;ifAk;

If;fpa ehLfs; rigAk; mjNdhL ,ize;j epWtdq;fSk; xU ehl;by; nraw;gLtJ

me;j ehl;bdJk; Njrpa epWtdq;fspdJk; Nfhupf;iffis mDrupj;jhFk;.

1955 Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; khjk; 14 Mk; jpfjp ,yq;if If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd;

mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;wJ. ,jd; gadhf ,yq;if RahjPdkhdJk; Rje;jpukhdJkhd

ehlhf ru;tNjr kjpg;gpw;F MshdJ. mJ khj;jpuky;yhJ If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd;

gy;NtW cjtpfSk; Vida rpwg;G NritfSk; ,yq;iff;F cupikahdJ.

If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd;> epGzj;Jt mq;fj;Jt rigahd ru;tNjr njhopyhsu;

mikg;G> If;fpa ehLfspd; fy;tp> tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; fyhrhu mikg;Gf;fs;>

ru;tNjr tpkhd Nrit mikg;Gf;fs;> cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; Mfpaw;Wld; 1954

Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; khjk; 16 Mk; jpfjp ,yq;if xg;ge;jk; nra;Jnfhz;lJ.

,jd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu> r%f mgptpUj;jpf;fhf If;fpa

ehLfs; rigapd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wfnfhs;syhFk;.

Nkw;gb xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f

mgptpUj;jpf;fhf If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhFk;.

,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; xg;Gnfhz;l nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis

xOq;Fnra;jy;> mjd; mDkjpapd;gb ,yq;if muRf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;f

Ntz;bajhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jd;gb ,yq;iff;F gpd;tUk; tifapyhd cjtpfs;

fpilj;jd.

1. muRf;F cjTtjw;Fk; mwpTiu toq;Ftjw;Fk; epGzj;Jt Nritfspd;

xj;jhiria ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.

2. Nju;;e;njLj;j gpuNjrq;fspy;> nrayku;Tfs;> gapw;rpnewp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs;>

fz;fhl;rpfs; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; mjw;Fj; Njitahd Kw;gzpfs;

Nghd;wtw;iw xOq;Fnra;jy;.

3. Gyikg; guprpy; gpuNjrq;fspy;> cau; Gyikg; guprpy; toq;fy;.

4. Nju;e;njLj;j gpuNjrq;fspy; Kd;khjpup> MNyhridj; jpl;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

5. murpdJ If;fpa ehLfs; rigapdJk; me;epNahd;a mq;fPfhuj;Jld; ifj;njhopy;

cjtp toq;fy;.

80

,jd; gpd;du; ,yq;iff;F If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; nghUshjhu cjtpfSf;F

Nkyjpfkhf epGzj;Jt mwpitg; ngWk; tha;g;Gk; Vw;gl;lJ.

,d;W If;fpa ehLfs; epiyiar; Nr;e;j 19 epWtdq;fs; ,yq;ifapDs;

nraw;gLfpd;wd. mjDld; njhlu;Gila epWtdq;fSk; mikg;Gf;fSk; (And];Nfh

Nghd;w) fhupahyaq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; ,y;yhj NghjpYk; mur epWtdq;fs; Clhf

my;yJ If;fpa ehLfs; mgptpUj;jp epWtdq;fs; Clhf mtw;wpd; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs;

nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

If;fpa ehLfspd; njhFjpahdJ (The United Nations System) If;fpa ehLfspd;

nrayhsu; fhupahyak;> If;fpa ehLfspd; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk;> epjpaq;fSk;

kw;Wk; tpNrl epWtdq;fs; Mfpad xd;W Nru;e;J cUthdjhFk;.

³ If;fpa ehLfs; nrayhsu; fhupahyak;If;fpa ehLfs; nrayhsu; fhupahyak;If;fpa ehLfs; nrayhsu; fhupahyak;If;fpa ehLfs; nrayhsu; fhupahyak;If;fpa ehLfs; nrayhsu; fhupahyak;

� cs;sf jhkj kw;Wk; Fiwghl;L Nritf; fhupahyak; (OIOS)

� rl;l mYtYf;fhd gzpafk; (OLA)

� murpay; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd jpizf;fsk; (DPA)

� epuhAjghzpahf;Fk; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd jpizf;fsk; (DDA)

� rkhjhd nraw;ghLfSf;fhd jpizf;fsk; (DPKO)

� kdpjNear; nraw;ghLfis xUq;fpizf;Fk; fhupahyak; (OCHA)

� nghUshjhu r%f nraw;ghLfSf;fhd jpizf;fsk; (DESA)

� nghJr;rig kw;Wk; rk;Nksd Kfhikj;Jt jpizf;fsk; (DGACM)

� nghJj; jfty;fs; jpizf;fsk; (DPI)

� Kfhikj;Jt jpizf;fsk; (DM)

� <uhf; Ntiyj;jpl;l fhupahyak;

� If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; ghJfhg;G xUq;fpizg;G fhupahyak; (UNSECOORD)

³ gpuhe;jpa Mizf; FOf;fs;gpuhe;jpa Mizf; FOf;fs;gpuhe;jpa Mizf; FOf;fs;gpuhe;jpa Mizf; FOf;fs;gpuhe;jpa Mizf; FOf;fs;

� Mgpupf;fh njhlu;ghd nghUshjhu Mizf;FO (ECA)

� INuhg;gpa nghUshjhu Mizf;FO (ECE)

� ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;f kw;Wk; fupgpad; nghUshjhu Mizf;FO (ECLAC)

� Mrpa gRgpf; nghUshjhu r%f Mizf;FO (ESCAP)

� Nkw;fhrpa nghUshjhu r%f Mizf;FO (ESCWA)

³ If;fpa ehLfspd; epahahjpf;fr; rigfs;If;fpa ehLfspd; epahahjpf;fr; rigfs;If;fpa ehLfspd; epahahjpf;fr; rigfs;If;fpa ehLfspd; epahahjpf;fr; rigfs;If;fpa ehLfspd; epahahjpf;fr; rigfs;

� gioa A+Nfh];yhtpah njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr Fw;w epahahjpf;f rigfs; (ICTY)

� Uthz;lh njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr epahahjpf;f rig (ICTR)

81

³ If;fpa ehLfspd; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk; NtW rigfSk;If;fpa ehLfspd; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk; NtW rigfSk;If;fpa ehLfspd; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk; NtW rigfSk;If;fpa ehLfspd; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk; NtW rigfSk;If;fpa ehLfspd; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk; NtW rigfSk;

� tzpfk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd If;fpa ehLfspd; rk;Nksdk;. (UNCTAD)

� ru;tNjr tzpf ikak;. (ITC)

� Nghijg;nghUs; kw;Wk; Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd If;fpa ehLfspd; gzpkid.

(UNODC)

� If;fpa ehLfspd; Rw;whly; Ntiyj;jpl;lk; (UNEP)

� If;fpa ehLfspd; mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lk;. (UNDP)

� ngz;fSf;fhd If;fpa ehLfspd; mgptpUj;jp epjpak;. (UNIFEM)

� If;fpa ehLfspd; Copau;fs; (UNV)

� If;fpa ehLfspd; rdj;njhif epjpak; (UNFPA)

� mfjpfSf;fhd I. eh. tpd; cau; ];jhdpfu; fhupahyak;. (UNHCR)

� I.eh. rpWtu; epjpak; (UNICEF)

� cyf czTj;jpl;lk; (WFP)

� kj;jpa fpof;F gy];jPd; mfjpfSf;fhd If;fpa ehLfspd; epthuz Nrit

kw;Wk; Ntiy epWtdk; (UNRWA)

� kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd If;fpa ehLfspd; cau; ];jhdpfuhyak;

(gzpkid) (OHCHR)

� If;fpa ehLfspd; FbapUg;G Ntiyj;jpl;lk;. (UN-Habitat)

� If;fpa ehLfs; nraw;wpl;l Nrit gzpkid (UNOPS)

� If;fpa ehLfspd; gy;fiyf;fofk; (UNU)

� ngz;fs; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd ru;tNjr Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp jhgdq;fs;

(INSTRAW)

� If;fpa ehLfs; gpuhe;jpaj;jpDs; eilngWk; Fw;wr; nray;fs; kw;Wk;

epahahjpf;fq;fs; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp epiyak;. (UNICR)

� If;fpa ehLfspd; gapw;rp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; (UNITAR)

� If;fpa ehLfspd; r%f mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; (UNRIDS)

³ NtW rpwg;G epWtdq;fs;NtW rpwg;G epWtdq;fs;NtW rpwg;G epWtdq;fs;NtW rpwg;G epWtdq;fs;NtW rpwg;G epWtdq;fs;

� ru;tNjr njhopyhsu; mikak; (ILO)

� If;fpa ehLfs; czT kw;Wk; tptrha mikak; (FAO)

� If;fpa ehLfs; fy;tp> tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; fyhrhu mikak; (UNESCO)

� cyf Rfhjhu jhgdk; (WHO)

� cyf tq;fpf; FO (World Bank Group)

� kPsspj;jy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd ru;tNjr tq;fp. (IBRD)

� ru;tNjr mgptpUj;jp rq;fk; (IDA)

� ru;tNjr epjp epWtdk; (IFC)

� gy;gf;f KjyPl;Lg; ghJfhg;G epWtdk;; (MIGA)

� gy;gf;f KjyPl;L neUf;fbfisj; jPu;f;Fk; epiyak; (ICSID)

� ru;tNjr ehza epjpak; (IMF)

� ru;tNjr rptpy; tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J mikg;G (ICAO)

� ru;tNjr fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J mikg;G (IMO)

� ru;tNjr kpd;dQ;ry; Nrit rq;fk; (ITU)

� mfpy jghy; rq;fk; (UPU)

� cyf fhyepiy mikak; (WMO)

� cyf mwpTrhu; nrhj;Jf;fspd; mikg;G (WIPO)

82

� tptrha mgptpUj;jpf;fhd ru;tNjr epjpak; (IFAD)

� If;fpa ehLfspd; ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jp mikak; (UNIDO)

� ru;tNjr mZrf;jp epWtdk; (IAEA)

� mZ MAj cw;gj;jpia KOikahfj; jilnra;Ak; xg;ge;jj;ij xOq;Fnra;Ak;

Muk;g Mizf;FO. (CTBTO)

� ,urhad MAjj; jilf;fhd mikak; (OPCW)

� cyf cy;yhrg; gaz xOq;fikg;G (WTO)

� cyf tu;j;jf mikg;G (WTO)

Nkw;gb vy;yh mikg;Gf;fs; gw;wpAk; khztu; gUkl;lhd tpsf;fj;ijg;Nkw;gb vy;yh mikg;Gf;fs; gw;wpAk; khztu; gUkl;lhd tpsf;fj;ijg;Nkw;gb vy;yh mikg;Gf;fs; gw;wpAk; khztu; gUkl;lhd tpsf;fj;ijg;Nkw;gb vy;yh mikg;Gf;fs; gw;wpAk; khztu; gUkl;lhd tpsf;fj;ijg;Nkw;gb vy;yh mikg;Gf;fs; gw;wpAk; khztu; gUkl;lhd tpsf;fj;ijg;

ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Fwpg;G :-Fwpg;G :-Fwpg;G :-Fwpg;G :-Fwpg;G :- If;fpa ehLfs; rpWtu; epjpak;> ru;tNjr ehza epjpak;>If;fpa ehLfs; rpWtu; epjpak;> ru;tNjr ehza epjpak;>If;fpa ehLfs; rpWtu; epjpak;> ru;tNjr ehza epjpak;>If;fpa ehLfs; rpWtu; epjpak;> ru;tNjr ehza epjpak;>If;fpa ehLfs; rpWtu; epjpak;> ru;tNjr ehza epjpak;>

Gdu;tho;T kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr tq;fp (cyf tq;fp)>Gdu;tho;T kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr tq;fp (cyf tq;fp)>Gdu;tho;T kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr tq;fp (cyf tq;fp)>Gdu;tho;T kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr tq;fp (cyf tq;fp)>Gdu;tho;T kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr tq;fp (cyf tq;fp)>

kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; fy;tp> tpQ;Qhd>kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; fy;tp> tpQ;Qhd>kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; fy;tp> tpQ;Qhd>kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; fy;tp> tpQ;Qhd>kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; fy;tp> tpQ;Qhd>

fyhrhu mikg;G Mfpad gw;wp tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.fyhrhu mikg;G Mfpad gw;wp tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.fyhrhu mikg;G Mfpad gw;wp tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.fyhrhu mikg;G Mfpad gw;wp tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.fyhrhu mikg;G Mfpad gw;wp tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

�� ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l (updated) jfty;fis khztUf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f jfty;fis khztUf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f jfty;fis khztUf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f jfty;fis khztUf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f jfty;fis khztUf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f

Mrpupau;fs; eltbf;if vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.Mrpupau;fs; eltbf;if vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.Mrpupau;fs; eltbf;if vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.Mrpupau;fs; eltbf;if vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.Mrpupau;fs; eltbf;if vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

njw;fhrpa gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;Gf;fhd mikg;Gnjw;fhrpa gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;Gf;fhd mikg;Gnjw;fhrpa gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;Gf;fhd mikg;Gnjw;fhrpa gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;Gf;fhd mikg;Gnjw;fhrpa gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;Gf;fhd mikg;G

Muk;gk; : 1985 ,y; brk;gu; 8 Mk; jpfjp tq;fhs Njrj;jpd; jiyefuhd

lhf;fh efupy; Muk;gkhfpaJ.

Nehf;fk; :

� gpuhe ;jpa nghUshjhu> r%f Nkk;ghLk; fyhrhu mgptpUj;jpia

tpiuTgLj;jYk;.

� tya kf;fspd; eyd;Gup Ntiyfis mgptpUj;jp nra;tjd; %yk; mtu;fspd;

tho;f;if epiyia Nkk;gLj;jy;.

� mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifia Nkk;gLj;jy;.

� nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd Jiwfspd; capNuhl;lkhd

xj;Jiog;igAk; me;epNahd;dpa cjtpfisAk; NritfisAk; tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

� nghJthd Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf ru;tNjr re;jpg;Gf;fspd;NghJ

mikg;gpd; mq;fj;Jtu; kj;jpapy; xj;Jiog;ig typikg;gLj;jy;.

� xj;j Nehf;fj;ijAk; ,yf;FfisAk; nfhz;l ru;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa

mikg;Gf;fSld; xw;Wikahfr; nraw;gly;.

� mq;fj;Jtk; : tq;fhsNjrk;> G+l;lhd;> ,e;jpah> khiyj;jPT> Neghsk;>

ghfp];jhd;> ,yq;if> Mg;fhdp];jhd; Mfpa ehLfs; ,t;tikg;gpy; mq;fj;Jtk;

tfpf;fpd;wd.

� xOq;fikg;gpd; nghwpKiw : %d;W gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ.

1. rhu;f; rk;Nksdk;

2. nrayhsu; fhupahyak;

3. NtW FOf;fs;

83

Nkw;gb epWtdq;fs; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf tptupf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,e;ehLfSf;fpilNa Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Ls;s tu;j;jf xg;ge;jq;fs;.

1. njw;fhrpa tpUg;Gupik tu;j;jf xg;ge;jk; (SAPTA)

2. njw;fhrpa Rje;jpu tu;j;jf xg;ge;jk; (SAFTA)

njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; rq;fk;njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; rq;fk;njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; rq;fk;njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; rq;fk;njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; rq;fk; (ASEAN) (ASSOCIATION OF

SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS)

Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; : 1967 ,y; jha;yhe;jpd; gq;nfhf; efupy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. rPdhtpd;

rthYf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f ,J Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk; rPdh - mnkupf;f njhlu;Gfs;

mjpfupj;jTld; epiyik khw;wkile;jJ.

Nehf;fk; :Nehf;fk; :Nehf;fk; :Nehf;fk; :Nehf;fk; :

� $l;L Kaw;rpapD}lhf gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; nghUshjhu> r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk;

fyhrhu mgptpUj;jpiaAk; tpiuTgLj;jy;.

� If;fpa ehLfspd; gpufldj;jpd;gbAk; tyaj;jpd; ehLfSf;fpilNa Vw;gLj;Jk;>

rkhjhdj; njhlu;gpD}lhf tyaj;jpd; rkhjhdj;ijAk; cWjpg;ghl;L epiyiaAk;

tsu;j;jy;.

� nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu> njhopDl;g tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; epUthfk; Mfpa

Jiwfspy; xw;Wikahd xj;Jiog;Gk;> me;epNahd;dpa cjtpiaAk; tsu;j;Jf;

nfhs;sy;.

� fy;tp kw;Wk; njhopy;rhu; NritfisAk; tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; epu;thfk; Mfpa

Jiwfspy; gapw;rpiaAk; Muha;r;rpfisAk; elj;Jjy; %yk; xUtUf;nfhUtu;

xj;Jiog;G toq;Fjy;.

� mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;> tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J

njhlu;ghd nraw;ghLfis tsu;j;jy;> kf;fspd; tho;f;if kl;lj;ij cau;j;j

xw;Wikahfr; nraw;gly;.

� njd;fpof;F Mrpah njhlu;ghd Muha;r;rpfis tsu;j;jy;.

� Vida ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fSld; xw;Wikahfr; nraw;gly;.

mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; : ,e;NjhNdrpah> kNyrpah> jha;yhe;J> gpypg;igd;> rpq;fg;G+u;

Mfpa ehLfs; Muk;gfhy mq;fj;Jt ehLfshFk;. 1984 ,y; G&id ,uhr;rpaKk;

mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;wJ.

fl;likg;gpd; nghwpKiwfl;likg;gpd; nghwpKiwfl;likg;gpd; nghwpKiwfl;likg;gpd; nghwpKiwfl;likg;gpd; nghwpKiw

� mikr;ru;fspd; rk;Nksdk; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; mikr;ru;fis cs;slf;fpaJ.

5 tUlq;fSf;F xUKiw $l;lk; eilngWk;. nraw;FO %yk; md;whl

eltbf;iffs; elhj;jg;gLk;. tu;j;jfk;> tq;fpr; nraw;ghLfs;> njhlu;ghly;>

tptrhak; kw;Wk; tdtsq;fs; njhlu;ghf nraw;gl epiyahd FO xd;Wk;

cs;sJ. ,jd; jiyikr; nrayhsu; mYtyfk;> 1967 Mk; Mz;L

,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; [fhu;j;jh efupy; epWtg;gl;lJ.

84

� 1970 Mk; jrhg;jj;jpy; ,e;J rKj;jpu rkhjhd tya MNyhridf; FO

cjtp ngWtjw;fhfTk; Vw;Wkjpf;fhf> ey;y tpiyiag; ngWtjw;fhf ,yq;if

mq;fj;Jtk; Nfhupa NghjpYk; mq;fj;Jtk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

gpupj;jhdpa nghJeythak;gpupj;jhdpa nghJeythak;gpupj;jhdpa nghJeythak;gpupj;jhdpa nghJeythak;gpupj;jhdpa nghJeythak;

Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; : gpupj;jhdpa rhk;uh[;aj;jpw;F mbik ehLfshf ,Ue;J gpd;du;

gpupj;jhdpahtplkpUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngw;w ehLfSld; njhlu;e;Jk; cwitg; NgZk;

Nehf;fk; ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;j fhyj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpahTf;F ,Ue;jJ. ,jd;gb

1944 ,y; gpupj;jhdpah> fdlh> mT];jpNuypah> epArpyhe;J> ,e;jpah> nehNlrpah>

njd; Mgpupf;fh Mfpa ehLfs; xd;WNru;e;J ,t;tikg;ig epWtpd.

Nehf;fq;fs; :Nehf;fq;fs; :Nehf;fq;fs; :Nehf;fq;fs; :Nehf;fq;fs; :

� nghUshjhu> murpay;> fyhrhu Jiwfspy; me;epNahd;a xj;Jiog;ig tsu;j;jy;.

� njhopDl;g mwpitg; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;sy;.

� Gyikg; guprpy;fisg; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;sy;.

� mq;fj;Jt ehLfSf;fpilNa tu;j;jfj; njhlu;Gfis tsu;j;jy;.

mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; : gpupj;jhdpahtpd; FbNaw;w ehlhftpUe;J Rje;jpukile;j

ehLfSf;F ,t;tikg;gpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngwKbAk;. vdpDk; mt;thW Rje;jpuk;

ngw;w vy;yh ehLfSk; mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy.NkYk; ve;jnthU

ehl;bw;Fk; mq;fj;Jtj;jpypUe;J tpyfpf; nfhs;sTk; KbAk;. ,d;W ,t;tikg;gpy;

48 ehLfs; mq;fj;Jtk; tfpf;fpd;wd.

� fl;likg;Gk; nghwpKiwAk;

,q;F %d;W epWtdq;fs; cs;sd.

i. muRj; jiytu;fspd; rk;Nksdk;.

mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; muRj; jiytu;fs; ,jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; tfpg;gu;. ,uz;L

Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw mtu;fs; xd;W$Lthu;fs;.

ii. mikr;ru;fs; kl;lj;jpYk; mur mjpfhupfs; kl;lj;jpYkhd $l;lq;fs; - mur

jiytu;fspd; KbTfisr; nraw;gLj;j tUlj;jpw;F xUKiw xd;W$Lthu;fs;.

iii. nrayhsu; mYtyfk;.

nghJeythaKk; ,yq;ifAk;nghJeythaKk; ,yq;ifAk;nghJeythaKk; ,yq;ifAk;nghJeythaKk; ,yq;ifAk;nghJeythaKk; ,yq;ifAk;

Rje;jpuk; ngw;wTld; ,yq;if ,t;tikg;gpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;wJ. ,t; mq;fj;Jtk;

,d;Wtiu cs;sJ. nghJeythaj;jpd; vy;yh $l;lq;fspYk; ,yq;if

gq;Fgw;wpAs;sJ.

,yq;if gy;NtW mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fSf;Fk; nghJeythaj;jpd; cjtpiag;

ngw;Ws;sJ.

85

cjhuzk; :

1. tYrf;jp nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;fhf.

2. tdts mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;fhf.

3. ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd njhopDl;g mwpT.

4. Gyikg;guprpy; cjtpj; jpl;q;fs;.

Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpMrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpMrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpMrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpMrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp(Asian Development Bank)

Muk;gk; : Mrpa kw;Wk; J}u fpof;F gpuhe;jpaj;ijr; Nru;e;j ngUk;ghyhd

ehLfs; tsu;e;J tUk; ehLfshFk;. mtu;fs; Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; gpujhd

gpur;rpidfshf %yjd gw;whf;Fiw> njhopDl;g mwptpd;ik MfpadthFk;.

,g;gpur;rpidfs; gw;wp 1963 ,y; elj;jg;gl;l Mrpa kw;Wk; J}u fpof;F ehLfspd;

epjp mikr;ru;fspd; kfhehl;by; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ. mjd; gadhf 1965 brk;gu;

khjj;jpy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp epWtg;gl;lJ. mjd; rl;lG+u;t Muk;g jpfjpahf

1966 brk;gu; 19 Mk; jpfjpNa fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.


� gpuhe;jpaj;jpYs;s mgptpUj;jp Fiwe;j ehLfspd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;fhd

epjptrjpfis Vw;ghL nra;jy;.

� mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fSf;fpilNa njhlu;igg; Ngzy;.

� Njitahd njhopDl;g trjpfis toq;fy;.

mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; : jw;NghJ 48 ehLfs; mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;sd. mtw;Ws; 32

ehLfs; Mrpa gRgpf; gpuhe;jpa ehLfshFk;. 15 ehLfs; INuhg;gpa mnkupf;f

ehLfshFk;. MfNt ,jd; mq;fj;Jtk; Mrpa ehLfSf;F ntspNaAk; gutpAs;sJ.

xOq;fikg;gpd; nghwpKiwxOq;fikg;gpd; nghwpKiwxOq;fikg;gpd; nghwpKiwxOq;fikg;gpd; nghwpKiwxOq;fikg;gpd; nghwpKiw

� ,q;F mjpgjp; rignahd;Wk; gzpg;ghsu; rignahd;Wk; jiytu; xUtUk;

mlq;Ftu;.

� mq;fj;Jt rigapdhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;w gpujhd mjpgjp;fspdhYk; Nkyjpf

mjpgjpfspdhYk; mjpgjpfs; rig cUthfpAs;sJ. tUlj;jpw;nfhUKiw

,r;rig $Lk;. $l;lq;fSf;F epjp mikr;ru;fs;> gpujp epjpaikr;ru;fs;> kj;jpa

tq;fp MSeu;fs; MfpNahu; gq;Fgw;Wtu;. mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; gq;fspg;gpw;Nfw;g

thf;Fg; gyk; mikAk;.

� gzpg;ghsu; rig 12 mq;fj;jtu;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

mjpy; 8 Ngu; gpuhe;jpaj;jpypUe;Jk; Vida 4 NgUk; ntsp mq;fj;jtu;fshtu;.

gjtpf;fhyk; 2 Mz;LfshFk;. Njitf;Nfw;wthW $l;lq;fs; eilngWk;.

� jiytu;fs;> mjpgjpfs; rigapdhy; epakpf;fg;gLthu;. mjpgjpfs; rigiaNah>

gzpg;ghsu; rigiaNah Nruhj xUtu; epakpf;fg;gl;lhy; gjtp epiy mbg;gilapy;

Fwpj;j ,uz;L epWtdq;fspdJk; gzpg;ghsu; rigapdJk; mq;fj;Jtk; fpilf;Fk;

gjtpf;fhyk; 5 tUlq;fshFk;.

86

Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpAk; ,yq;ifAk;Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpAk; ,yq;ifAk;Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpAk; ,yq;ifAk;Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpAk; ,yq;ifAk;Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpAk; ,yq;ifAk;

� ,yq;ifAk; ,jpy; xU mq;fj;Jt ehlhFk;.

� ,yq;iff;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cjtpfSl; rpy :

1. Nghtd;jd;d ePu;kpd; cw;gj;jp epiyak;

2. rGf];fe;j A+upah cu cw;gj;jp nraw;wpl;lk;

3. ,yq;ifapd; Nkw;Ff; flw;fiu kPd;gpb njhopy; mgptpUj;jp

4. fpupe;j Xah mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk;

5. nrdfy> fy;Xah rPdp ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jp

6. kPd;gpb JiwKf mgptpUj;jp

7. gy;yhz;L gapu; mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;wpl;lk;

8. Rdhkp mdu;j;jj;jpw;F MshfpNahiu kPsf; Fbaku;j;Jk; nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;F

157 kpy;ypad; nlhyiug; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.

9. tlf;F> fpof;F kf;fis kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;Gk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak;

epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk;. ,jdbg;gilapy; mtu;fis kPsf; Fbaku;j;jTk; mtu;fsJ

mbg;gil trjpfis epiwNtw;wTk; cjTjy;. (North East Community

Restoration and Development Project)

INuhg;gpa nghUshjhu r%fk;INuhg;gpa nghUshjhu r%fk;INuhg;gpa nghUshjhu r%fk;INuhg;gpa nghUshjhu r%fk;INuhg;gpa nghUshjhu r%fk;(European Economic Community)

1952 ,y; epWtg;gl;l INuhg;gpa epyf;fup kw;Wk; cUf;F Mizf;FO 1957 ,y;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l cNuhkhGup xg;ge;jk;> Vida mikg;Gf;fs; xd;WNru;e;J 1957

khu;r; 22 Mk; jpfjp INuhg;gpa nghUshjhu r%fk; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,jidg; nghJthf

INuhg;gpa nghUshjhu r%fk; vd miog;gu;.


1. mq;fj;Jt ehLfspilNa nghJr;re;ijnahd;iw Vw;gLj;jy;.

2. mq;fj;Jt ehLfspilNa rkepiyahd mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.

3. xg ;ge ;jj;jpd; gpufhuk; 10 Mz;Lfspy; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspilNa

Vw;Wkjp,wf;Fkjpf;fhd jPu;itia ePf;Fjy;.

4. tu;j;jf eltbf;iffspd;NghJ mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; xNu nghUshjhu tyakhfr;

nraw;gly;.

5. mq;fj;Jt ehLfSf;fpilapyhd nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspd;NghJ mq;fj;Jt

ehLfshy; nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba epge;jidfSk; jPu;it KiwAk;

nraw;gly;.

6. mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; nrd;kjp kPjpfis nrYj;j cjTjy;.

7. mq;fj;Jt ehLfSf;fpilNa rkepiyahd mgtpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.

mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; : ngy;[pak;> gpuhd;];> ,j;jhyp> yf;]k;gu;f;> neju;yhe;J> Nkw;F

N[u;kdp Mfpa 6 ehLfSk; Muk;g mq;fj;Jt ehLfshFk;.

87

fl;likg;Gg; nghwpKiwfl;likg;Gg; nghwpKiwfl;likg;Gg; nghwpKiwfl;likg;Gg; nghwpKiwfl;likg;Gg; nghwpKiw

� ,jd; jiyikafk; gpuhd;rpYs;sJ.

� ehd;F gpujhd rigfs; ,tw;iw epu;tfpf;fpd;wd. ,jd; gpujhd epu;thf

epWtdk; Mizf;FOthFk;.

mikr;ru;fspd; Mizf;FO :mikr;ru;fspd; Mizf;FO :mikr;ru;fspd; Mizf;FO :mikr;ru;fspd; Mizf;FO :mikr;ru;fspd; Mizf;FO :

nfhs;iffisj; jPu;khdpg;gJ ,e;epWtdkhFk;. mt;thNw ru;tNjr tplaq;;fs;

njhlu;ghd jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuKk; ,jw;Fz;L.

INuhg;gpa ghuhSkd;wk; - mq;fj;Jt ehLfSf;F 198 Mrdq;fs; cz;L.

nghUshjhu rl;lq;fis cUthf;FtJ ,JthFk;.

� rl;lk; njhlu;ghd mjpfhu rig Rje;jpukhd ePjpgjpfspdhy; MdJ.

,e;epWtdj;jpd; %yk; mur kw;Wk; epWtdq;fSf;fpilapyhd neUf;fbfs;

jPu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,yq;ifAldhd njhlu;G,yq;ifAldhd njhlu;G,yq;ifAldhd njhlu;G,yq;ifAldhd njhlu;G,yq;ifAldhd njhlu;G

FbNaw;w ehlhftpUe;j fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,yq;if ngUk;ghYk; gpupj;jhdpahTlNdNa

nghUshjhu uPjpapy; njhlu;Gfisg; Ngzp te;jJ. gpupj;jhdpah> INuhg;gpa

nghUshjhu r%fj;Jld; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l gpd;du;> Vida INuhg;gpa

ehLfSlDk; nghUshjhu njhlu;Gifs tpUj;jp nra;a Neupl;lJ. mt;thwhd

njhlu;Gfs; rpy gpd;tUkhW:

� ghuk;gupa Vw;Wkjpg; nghUl;fSf;F Nkyjpkhf ijf;fg;gl;l Milfs; Nghd;w

Gjpa nghUl;fs; INuhg;gpa ehLfspdhy; tpiy nfhLj;J thq;Fjy;> ,yq;ifapd;

nghUshjhuj; jpl;lq;fSf;F cjtp toq;Fjy;.

cjhuzk; : kfhtyp gpuNjrj;jpd; ePu;top kw;Wk; FbapUg;G NtiyfSf;F

cjtp nra;jy;.

� 1975 ,y; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l xg;ge;jnkhd;wpd;gb ,yq;ifapd; Vw;WkjpfSf;F

epthuzq;fs; toq;Fjy;. (Mz;LNjhWk; ,J GJg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.)

� nld;khu;f;fpYk; Nkw;F N[u;kdpapYk; ,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jf ikaq;fs; ,uz;il

epWTjy;.

88

murhq;f rhu;gw;w mikg;Gf;fspd; Muk;gk;> tsu;r;rp kw;Wk;murhq;f rhu;gw;w mikg;Gf;fspd; Muk;gk;> tsu;r;rp kw;Wk;murhq;f rhu;gw;w mikg;Gf;fspd; Muk;gk;> tsu;r;rp kw;Wk;murhq;f rhu;gw;w mikg;Gf;fspd; Muk;gk;> tsu;r;rp kw;Wk;murhq;f rhu;gw;w mikg;Gf;fspd; Muk;gk;> tsu;r;rp kw;Wk;

tpu pTtpu pTtpu pTtpu pTtpu pT

murhq;f rhu;gw;w (Non-Governmental Organization) epWtdk; vd;gJ> gpuirfNsh>

gpuirfs; FOf;fNsh Nkw;gb ,U gpupTfSNkh ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; xj;Jiog;ig

Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf epWtg;gl;l xUtif mikg;G MFk;. ,it

murhq;fq;fshy; topelj;jg;gLgitNah> epWtg;gl;litNah vt;topapyhtJ epjp

xJf;fPL toq;fg;gLfpd;witNah my;y> 1968 ,y; If;fpa ehLfspd; nghUshjhu

kw;Wk; r%f rigapd; %yk; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l MNyhridnahd;wpd;gbahd>

ehLfSf;F ,ilapyhd mikg;G murhq;f rhu;gw;w mikg;ghFk;.

,it murpay; fUkq;fspypUe;J xJq;fpaitahFk;. murpay; mjpfhuj;ij

vjpu;Nehf;Fk; FONth fl;rpNah my;y. vdpDk; jkJ KO r%fj;jpdJk; my;yJ

r%fj;jpd; xU gFjpapdJ r%f nghUshjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtJ ,jd;

Nehf;fkhFk;. MfNt ,it njhopw;rq;f mikg;gpw;F khw;wkhd ,yhg Nehf;fw;w

xUtif mikg;Gf;fshFk;. vdpDk; murhq;f rhu;gw;w epWdq;fspdhy; me;je;j

muRfspd; epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpia Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> mtw;iw

milaKbAnkd;gJ ,d;W Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;s nfhs;ifahFk;. ,it

ehLfSf;fpilapyhd xg;ge;j kl;lj;jpy; my;y. ehLfSf;fpilapyhd egu;fspd;

kl;lj;jpy; epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ ehLfSf;fpilapyhd muRfs; jiyapl;L

,it epWtg;gltpy;iy.

ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk;ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk;ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk;ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk;ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk;

(International Committee of Red Cross - ICRC)

Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; : 1864 ,y; Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;l n[dPth cld;gbf;ifapd; gpufhuk;

nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,j;jhypa ehl;ltuhd n`d;wp ̂ lhd;l; ,jid

epu;khdpj;jhu;. 1859 ,y; tl ,j;jhypapy; eilngw;w Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ fhaKw;w

Nghu; tPuu;fspd; Jf;ffukhd epiyiaf; fz;l ,tu;> mt;thwhdtu;fSf;F cjTk;

Kfkhf> kw;Wk; ehd;F NgUld; Nru;e;J mjid epWtpdhu;fs;. 1864 ,y; n[dpth

rk;Nksdj;jpy; ,J rl;l uPjpahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.


1. ve;jnthU ,lj;jpYk; kdpj r%fj;Jf;F NeUfpd;w Jd;gfukhd epfo;Tfisj;

jtpu;g;gjw;F my;yJ Fiwg;gjw;F Kaw;rp nra;jy;.

2. kdpj r%fj;jpd; nfsutj;ijg; NgZk; tifapy; nraw;gly;.

3. ahtupdJ ek;gpf;ifiaAk; ngwf;$bathW thj tpthjq;fisj; jtpu;j;J

gf;fr;rhu;gw;w Kiwapy; ele;Jnfhs;sy;.

4. ,yhg Nehf;fw;w Kiwapy; njhz;lu; mbg;gilapy; epthuzk; toq;fy;.

5. xU ehl;by; xU nrQ;rpYitr; rq;f fpisnahd;iw khj;jpuk; epWTjy;.

6. nrQ;rpYit rq;fkhdJ ehl;bd; vy;yhg; gpuirfSf;Fk; jpwe;j xd;whFk;.

ehl;L vy;iyapDs; kdpj ,dj;jpd; ed;ik fUjp nraw;gLk;.

7. ,d> kj. tFg;G Ngjkpd;wp egu;fspd; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wjy;

8. mt;tt; ehLfspd; rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;Fk; nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffSf;Fk;

mikthfr; nraw;gly;.

89

mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; :mq;fj;Jtk; :

1863 ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fkhdJ> RtPld; ehl;L 25

mq;fj;jtu;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. ve;jnthU ehl;Lf;Fk; nrQ;rpYit rq;fnkhd;iw

epWt KbAk;. mr;rq;fj;jpy; ehl;bd; ve;jnthU gpuirf;Fk; mq;fj;Jtk; ngwKbAk;.

mq;fj;jtu;fs; ehl;bdJk; mikg;gpdJk; rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;ltuhtu;.

mq;fj;jtu;fs; mikg;gpd; rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;Fk; Fwpj;j ehl;bd; rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;Fk;

fPo;g;gbjy; mtrpakhFk;. ,d;W 300 kpy;ypaDf;Fk; $ba vz;zpf;ifahNdhu;

,jpy; mq;fk; tfpf;fpd;wdu;;. 146 ehLfspy; nrQ;rpYit rq;fq;fs; epWtg;gl;Ls;sd.

xOq;fikg;G xOq;fikg;G xOq;fikg;G xOq;fikg;G xOq;fikg;G

,jd; gpujhd epWtdq;fs; %d;whFk;.

i. ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYit rk;Nksdk;

ii. ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYit FO

iii. Njrpa nrQ;rpYit r%fk;

ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYit rk;Nksdk;ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYit rk;Nksdk;ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYit rk;Nksdk;ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYit rk;Nksdk;ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYit rk;Nksdk;

i. 1919 ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ehd;F tUlq;fSf;F xUKiw $Lk;. Njrpa

kl;l nrQ;rpYit rq;fq;fis epWtp mtw;wpilNa me;epNahd;dpa njhlu;igg;

Ngz cjTjYk; Njrpa r%fq;fSf;F mwpTiu toq;fYk;> cjtp toq;fYk;.

ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYit FOru;tNjr nrQ;rpYit FOru;tNjr nrQ;rpYit FOru;tNjr nrQ;rpYit FOru;tNjr nrQ;rpYit FO

ii. 1863 ,y; epWtg;gl;l ,jpy; RtPld; Njrj;jpd; 25 Ngu; mq;fj;jtu;fshtu;.

Rtpl;ru;yhe;J Njr muRk; me;je;j ehl;bd; Njrpa kl;l nrQ;rpYit rq;fq;fSk;

cjtp toq;Fk;. mikg;gpd; mbg;gil nfhs;iffisg; Ngzy; mikg;gpd;

gzpahFk;. Nritfis tpupTgLj;jYk; Gjpjhf cUthf;Fk; nrQ;rpYit

rq;fq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; MfpadthFk;.

Njrpa nrQ;rpYit r%fk;Njrpa nrQ;rpYit r%fk;Njrpa nrQ;rpYit r%fk;Njrpa nrQ;rpYit r%fk;Njrpa nrQ;rpYit r%fk;

iii. me;je;j ehl;by; epWtg;gl;l nrQ;rpYit rq;fq;fs; ,jpylq;Fk;. ehl;bd;

ve;jnthU gpuirf;Fk; ,jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngwKbAk;.

,yq;ifAk; nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fKk;,yq;ifAk; nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fKk;,yq;ifAk; nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fKk;,yq;ifAk; nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fKk;,yq;ifAk; nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fKk;

1936 Mk; Mz;L gpupj;jhdpa nrQ;rpYit rq;fj;jpd; xU fpisahf ,J

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1947 ,y; ,J ,yq;if nrQ;rpYit rq;fkhf khwpaJ. 1952

,y; ,J ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYit FOtpdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 1972 ,y; ,J

,J ,yq;if nrQ;rpYit rkhrkhf (r%fk;) khwpaJ.

ve;jnthU gpuirf;Fk; ,jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngwKbAk;. mtu;fs; xd;WNru;e;J

epWTk; nghJr;rig %yk; jPu;khdq;fs; vLf;fg;gLk;. jiyikf; fhupahyak;

nfhOk;gpy; epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. fz;bapYk; FUzhfiyapYk; fpisf; fhupahyaq;fs;

nraw;gLfpd;wd.

90

,yq;if nrQ;rpYit rkhrk; %yk; gpd;tUk; Nritfs; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

1. KjYjtpg; gapw;rpfSk; NritfSk;.

2. Muk;g Rfhjhuj;ijg; Ngzy;.

3. tPl;L jhjpr; Nrit.

4. gpzpahsu; Nghf;Ftuj;J Nrit. (Ambulance)

5. ,uj;j jhdk; nra;gtu;fis Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;.

6. tpgj;Jf;Fs;shdtu;fis Njbg; ghu;j;J jfty; toq;Fjy;.

7. ,isQu; Nrit nraw;ghLfs;.

8. Ngh\hf;F Nritfs;.

9. kf;fs; mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs;.

fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; tlf;F fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fspy; eilngw;w rptpy;

Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ nrQ;rpYitr; rkhrk; mUk; gzpahw;wpaJ. tpNrlkhf LTTE

apdupd; fPo; ,Ue;j gpuNjr kf;fspd; Rfhjhu trjpfs;> tpgj;Jf;fhshNdhupd;

Njitfis epiwNtw;wy;> gpujhdkhf mg;gpuNjrj;Jf;Fk; muRf;Fk; ,ilNa

njhlu;igg; Ngzy; cl;gl;l gy;NtW Nritfs; Mw;wg;gl;ld.

ru;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr; rigru;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr; rigru;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr; rigru;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr; rigru;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr; rig(Amnesty International)

Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; : 19651 Mk; Mz;L ,q;fpyhe;jpd; gPl;lu; ngd;rd;> vupf; Ngfu;

MfpNahupdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l (Appeal for Amnesty) Nghuhl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L 1963 ,y; nrl;nlk;gu; 30 Mk; jpfjp ru;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr; rig epWtg;gl;lJ.

(Amnesty International).


kdpj cupikfs; kPwg;gl;l xUtUf;F epahaj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;> kdpj

cupikfs; kPwg;gLtij KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tuy;> mjw;fhf Clfq;fspd; ftdj;ij

<u;j;jy;> Neubahf kWguprPyidf;F kDnra;jy;> mJ njhlu;ghf Njbg; ghu;j;jy;

Mfpad ,jd; Muk;g Nehf;fq;fshFk;. ,d;W mfjpfs;> JaUf;F MshNdhu;>

gpd;jq;fpa Fyj;jtu;> Nfhj;jpuj;jpdu;> rkaj;jtu;> ,dq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; ngz;fspd;

cupikf;fhfTk; Nghuhb tUfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb ru;tNjr kd;dpg;G rig gpd;tUk;

Jiwfspy; nraw;gLfpd;wJ.

1. ngz;fs; cupikfs;

2. rpWtu; cupikfs;

3. ,k;rpj;jiy KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltuy;

4. kuz jz;lidia ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;

5. mfjpfspd; cupikfs;

6. rpiwf; ifjpfspd; cupik

7. kdpjdpd; nfsutj;ijg; Ngzy; MfpadthFk;.

91

mq;fj;Jtk; : mq;fj;Jtk; : mq;fj;Jtk; : mq;fj;Jtk; : mq;fj;Jtk; : tpUk;gpa xUtu; ,jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngwyhk;. ,jd;gb njhz;lu;

mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLk; ngUk; vz;zpf;ifahd mq;fj;jtu;fisAk; rk;gsk;

ngWk; xU rpy Copau;fisAk; ,r;rig cs;slf;Fk;. ,d;W ,r;rigAld;

,ize;Js;s mq;fj;jtu;fspdJk; Mjuthsu;fspdJk; vz;zpf;if 2.2

kpy;ypaidAk; jhz;bAs;sJ.

fl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;G

� me;je;j ehl;bd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; epWTk; myFfs; (Section) mbkl;l

epWtdq;fshFk;. rpwpa vz;zpf;ifahd mq;fj;jtu;fs; nfhz;l ehLfspd;

mj;jifa mikg;Gf;fs;> fl;likg;Gf;fs; (Structure) vdg;gLk;.

� ,t;thwhd myFfs;> fl;likg;Gfs; ,y;yhj ehLspd; kf;fSk; ru;tNjr

kd;dpg;Gr; rigapy; ru;tNjr mq;fj;Jtk; ngwKbAk;. (International Membership)

� mbg;gil nraw;ghLfis xUq;fpizj;jy; ,e;j epWtdq;fspd; gzpahFk;.

� Nkw;gb ru;tNjr fTd;rpypDs; (International Council) vy;yh mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;

ru;tNjr njhFjpfSf;Fk; myFfs;> mikg;Gf;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;Fk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

fpilf;fpd;w NghjpYk; thf;Fupik> myFfSf;Fk; fl;likg;Gf;fSf;Fk; khj;jpuNk

cupikahFk;.

� ru;tNjr fTd;rpy; ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw $Lk;.

� Nkw;gb ru;tNjr fTd;rpypdhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;w 8 mq;fj;jtu;fisAk; xU

nghUshsiuAk; nfhz;l ru;tNjr nraw;FO (International Executive

Committee) ru;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr; rigapd; kpf cau;kl;l epWtdkhFk;.

� ru;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr; rigapd; ehshe;j gzpfis epiwNtw;Wk; nghWg;igf;

nfhz;Ls;s ru;tNjr fTd;rpy;> ru;tNjr FOTk; topelj;Jk; ru;tNjr nrayfKk;

(International Secrateriate) ck; nrayhsUk; cs;sdu;.

� 2005 Mk; Mz;lstpy; 52 myFfSk; 23 fl;likg;Gf;fisAk; nfhz;ljhf

,J mike;jpUe;jJ.

,yq;ifAk; ru;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr; rigAk,yq;ifAk; ru;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr; rigAk,yq;ifAk; ru;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr; rigAk,yq;ifAk; ru;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr; rigAk,yq;ifAk; ru;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr; rigAk;

jdJ Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;s ru;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr; rig gpd;gw;Wk;

gpujhd caupa khu;f;fkhf miktJ cupikfs; kPwg;gly; njhlu;ghf kf;fs;

fUj;ij cUthf;FtjhFk;. ,jw;fhf nra;jpahsu; kfhehLfs; elj;Jk; mtu;fsJ

gpujhd caupa topahFk;. 2005 Mk; Mz;by; ,yq;if njhlu;ghf 52 mj;jifa

nra;jpahsu; khehLfis elj;jpaJ.

92

kdpj cupikfis tprhuiz nra;Ak; mikg;Gkdpj cupikfis tprhuiz nra;Ak; mikg;Gkdpj cupikfis tprhuiz nra;Ak; mikg;Gkdpj cupikfis tprhuiz nra;Ak; mikg;Gkdpj cupikfis tprhuiz nra;Ak; mikg;G(Human Rights Watch)

Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :Muk;gk; :

1975 ,y; n`y;rpq;fpapd; xg;ge;jj;jpw;Nfw;g n`y;rpd;fp tprhuiz (Helsinki Watch)

mikg;gpd; Muk;gj;Jld; 1978 ,y; ,J Muk;gkhfpaJ.

1981 ,y; mnkupf;f tprhuiz rigAk; (American Watch) ck;> 1985 ,y; Mrpa

tprhuiz rigAk; 1988 ,y; Mgpupf;f tprhuiz rigAk; 1989 ,y; kj;jpa

fpof;F tprhuiz rigAk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. 1988 ,y; ,it ahTk; xd;wpize;J

kdpj cupikfs; tprhuiz rig (Human Rights Watch) cUthfpaJ.

nfhs;iffs;nfhs;iffs;nfhs;iffs;nfhs;iffs;nfhs;iffs;

� cyf kf;fspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gly;.

� gf;fr; rhu;ghd eltbf;iffisj; jtpu;g;gjw;F murpay; Rjr;jpuj;ijg; ghJfhf;f>

Nghu;fsq;fspy; eilngWk; kdpjj; jd;ikaw;w eltbf;iffspypUe;J kf;fisg;

ghJfhj;jy;> Fw;wthspfis rl;lj;jpw;F Kd;dhy; nfhz;Ltuy;> Jd;gj;jpw;F

MshNdhUld; vOe;J epw;wy; Mfpad.

� kdpj cupikfs; kPwg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mjw;Fg; nghWg;G $w Ntz;ba

Coypy; <LgLgtu;fis / Fw;wthspfis rl;lj;jpw;F Kd;dhy; epWj;Jjy;>

mjw;fhf tprhuiz elj;Jjy;> cupikfis ntspf;nfhzuy; Mfpad.

� cyfpYs;s vy;yh ehLfSf;Fk; mjpfhuj;jpy; cs;stu;fSf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fis

J\;gpuNahfk; nra;gtu;fSf;Fk; ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd

rl;lj;jpw;F kjpg;gspf;f typAWj;jy;.

nraw;ghLfs;nraw;ghLfs;nraw;ghLfs;nraw;ghLfs;nraw;ghLfs;

� 1975 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J ,d;Wtiu Nkw;gb Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf;

nfhs;tjw;fhf> gue;j Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;W epiwNtw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1997 ,y;

mtu;fs; elj;jpa epyf;fz;zp ntbfis jil nra;tjw;fhd ru;tNjr

Nghuhl;lq;fSf;fhfTk; Mu;g;ghl;lq;fSf;fhfTk; Nehgy; rkhjhdg; gupR

fpilj;jJ.

� ,yq;ifapy; tlf;F fpof;fpy; eilngw;w rptpy; Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ kdpj cupikfs;

kPwg;gl;l rk;gtq;fs; njhlu;ghf Nkw;gb mikg;gpd; jiyaPL njhlu;ghf

mt;tikg;gpd; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp fw;gpf;f KbAk;.

93

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if

etPd ru;tNjr r%fj;jpDs; ve;jnthU ehl;Lf;Fk; ru;tNjr tptfhuq;fspy;

jiyaplhJ ,Uf;f KbahJ. mjid tpNrlkhd Kiwapy; ifahs Ntz;Lk;.

mjw;fhd tpNrlkhd ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

� ehLfs; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpDs; nraw;gLk; tpjk; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if %yk;

ntspf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

� xU ehL Vida ehLfSld; NgZk; njhlu;Gfs; %yk; jkJ mgpyhi\fis

epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy; njhlu;ghf vLf;Fk; Kaw;rpfspd; rhuhk;rj;ijf; fhl;Lk;

ntspaPL ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if vdf; fUjg;gLk;. - Nehu;kd; `py;. (Norman

Hill)

� ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if vd;gJ xU ehL Vida ehLfSld; ,ilj;njhlu;Gfisg;

NgZk;NghJ gpd;gw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfSk; eilKiwfSk; cs;slq;Fk; $w;whFk;.

(Rathnaswamy).

� ,jd;gb xU ehl;bd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if ,uz;L mbg;gilg; gFjpfshy;

MdJ. mitahtd:

1. xU ehL ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; Vida ehLfSld; njhlu;Gfisg; NgZk;NghJ

epiwNtw;w vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;w Njrpa Nehf;fq;fSk; mgpyhi\fSk; ahit

vd;gJk;>

2. mtw;iw epiwNtw;wg; gpd;gw;Wk; eilKiw vJntd;gJk; MFk;.

� xU ehl;bd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifia cUthf;FjYld; njhlu;Gila

fhuzpfis %d;W gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.

1. mff; fhuzpfs;

2. Gwf; fhuzpfs;

3. nfhs;if tFf;Fk; fhuzpfs;

1. mff; fhuzpfs;

� Gtpapay; epiyikfs;

� tuyhW

� ehl;bdhy; nra;af;$bait (Njrpa ,aYik)

� kf;fs; fUj;J

2. Gwf; fhuzpfs;

� cyfpd; Njrpa mur Kiwikapd; ,d;iwa epiyAk; mjd; nraw;ghLk;.

� ru;tNjr rl;lq;fSk; ru;tNjr epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghLfSk;.

� ru;tNjr njhlu;Gfspy; tsu;r;rpaile;Js;s njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs;.

94

xU ehl;bd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fq;fs;xU ehl;bd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fq;fs;xU ehl;bd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fq;fs;xU ehl;bd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fq;fs;xU ehl;bd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fq;fs;

1. gpujhd my;yJ mbg;gil Nehf;fk; (Core Values)

- ehl;bd; epyTifia cWjpnra;Jnfhs;sy;.

- ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghf Kf;fpakhd gpuNjrq;fisAk; ,lq;fisAk; ghJfhj;Jf;

nfhs;sy;.

- murpay; uPjpahd epWtdq;fisAk; Njrpa xUikg;ghl;ilAk; ghJfhj;jy;.

- nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . eLj;ju mstpyhd Nehf;fq;fs; (eLj;ju mstpyhd Nehf;fq;fs; (eLj;ju mstpyhd Nehf;fq;fs; (eLj;ju mstpyhd Nehf;fq;fs; (eLj;ju mstpyhd Nehf;fq;fs; (Middle cless Objectives)))))

- tu;j;jfj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;sy;.

- ntspehl;L cjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

- ntspehl;Lr; re;ijia tpupTgLj;jy;.

- ehl;bd; r%f eyd;fis cau;kl;lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;LtUjy;.

- ehl;bd; nfsutj;ij ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; tsu;j;jy;.

3. mfpy cyf - ePz;lfhy Nehf;fq;fs; (Universal Long Range Objevtives)

ru;tNjr r%fj;jpDs; jkJ epyTifiag; Ngz Ntz;Lnkd ehk; ek;Gk;

r%f #oiyf; fl;bnaOg;Gtij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l Nehf;fq;fs;.

1948 ,ypUe;J 1971 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifia

KbTnra;jYk; jPu;khdpj;jYk; mjidr; nraw;gLj;j KbT nra;jJk;

jPu;khdpj;jJk; mjid nraw;gLj;j mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;bUe;j gpujkupdhyhFk;.

,yq;ifapy; ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfisg; Ngz xU mikr;R ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

mjw;fhf gpujk ke;jpupapdhy; epUtfpf;fg;gl;l jpizf;fsk; xd;W khj;jpuNk

,Ue;jJ.

1977 ,y; ntspehl;Lf; fUkq;fis topelj;j jdpahd xU mikr;Rk; mikr;ru;

xUtUk; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

� Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if njhlu;e;J

khw;wkile;J te;jJ. murhq;fq;fs; khWk;NghJ nfhs;ifAk; khwpaJ.

1948 - 1956 tiu1948 - 1956 tiu1948 - 1956 tiu1948 - 1956 tiu1948 - 1956 tiu

� ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; I.Nj.f. murhq;fq;fs; Ml;rpapypUe;jJ ntspehl;Ljtpfs;

ngWk; Nghf;F ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; tpUj;jpaile;jJ.

� ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpahtpw;Fk; Nkw;F ehLfSf;Fk; rhu;ghdJk;

u\;ahtpw;Fk; fk;A+dp];l; ehLfSf;Fk; vjpuhd nfhs;ifia ,yq;if

gpd;gw;wpaJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzpfs; tUkhW

� Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;duhd Muk;g fhyfl;lj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpahtpw;Fk; ,yq;iff;Fk;

,ilNa neUf;fkhd cwT epytpaJ.

95

� 150 tUlfhyk; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; FbNaw;w ehlhf ,Ue;jik.

� 1948 ,y; ,yq;iff;Fk; gpupj;jhdpahtpw;Fk; ,ilNa nra;ag;gl;l ghJfhg;G

xg;ge;jk;. ,jd;gb fl;Lehaf;f tpkhd epiyaj;jpYk; jpUNfhzkiy

JiwKfj;jpYk; gil Kfhk;fis itj;jpUf;f gpu pj ;jhdpahtpw ;F

mDkjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

� Rje;jpuk; ngw;wTld; ,yq;iff;F nghJeytha rq;fj;jpy; G+uz mq;fj;Jtk;

fpilj;jik.

� ,yq;iff;Fk; gpupj;jhdpahtpw;FkpilNa epytpa nghUshjhuj; njhlu;Gfs;.

,yq;if 1948 ,y; Nk> brk;gu; khjq;fspYk; 1949 nrg;nlk;gupYk;If;fpa

ehLfs; rigapy; mq;fj;Jtk; Nfhup tpz;zg;gpj;jNghJ u\;ah jdJ tPl;Nlh

mjpfhuj;ij cgNahfpj;J mjid vjpu;j;jJ.

mt;thW epuhfupj;jikf;Ff; fhuzk; ,yq;if xU gupG+uz Rje;jpukile;j

ehly;y vd;W u\;a ntspehl;likr;ru; $wpdhu;.

,yq;ifapy; mg;NghJ Ml;rpapypUe;j I.Nj.fl;rp fLk; fk;A+dp];l;> rkrkh[>

khu;f;];thj vjpu;g;G nfhs;ifiaf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. mNjNghd;W md;W Nrhtpaj;

u\;ah cl;gl;l fk;A+dp];l; ehLfspd; vOr;rp gw;wp Nkw;Fyf ehLfSk; mjw;F

rhu;ghd ehLfSk; mr;rkile;jpUe;jd. ,e;jpaj; jiytuhd gpujku; NeU

fk;A+dp]j;jpd; Nehf;fk; [dehafj;;ij mopg;gJ vd;W $wpapUe;jhu;.

,e;epiyikfs; fhuzkhf Rje;jpukile;j Muk;g fhyj;jpy;> fk;A+dp]j;jpw;F

vjpuhdJk; gpupj;jhdpahtpw;F rhu;ghdJkhd Nghf;F ,yq;if ntspAwTf;

nfhs;ifapy; fhzg;gl;lJ.

,jdhy; fk;A+dp];l; ehLfSld; vJtpj uh[je;jpu njhlu;GfSk;

Ngzg;gltpy;iy. mJ khj;jpuky;y. ve;jnthU fk;A+dp];l;thjpf;Fk; ,e;ehl;Lf;F

tuTk; ,lkspf;ftpy;iy.

cjhuzk; :

1. fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpAld; ,ize;j ,yq;if njhopw;rq;f rk;Nksdj;jpd; 10 MJ

Mz;L tpohtpw;F tUif jutpUe;j u\;a> rPd> gpuhd;R Njr jiytu;fSf;F

,yq;iff;F tu tprh mDkjp toq;fhik.

2. fk;A+dp];l;thjp vdf; fUjpa gpupj;jhdpa rkhjhdf; FOtpd; jiytUf;F

,yq;iff;F tp[ak; nra;a tprh kWf;fg;gl;lik.

3. fk;A+dp];l;thjj;Jld; njhlu;Gila E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;> gj;jpupiffs;

Nghd;wtw;iw ,yq;iff;F nfhz;LtUtjw;F jil tpjpj;jik.

,f;nfhs;ifia Fwpg;gpl;lstpy; khw;wpaikj;j ,uz;L re;ju;g;gq;fis

,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; fhzKbfpwJ.

1. rPd muir ,uh[je;jpu uPjpapy; mq;fPfupj;jik.

2. 1952 ,y; rPdhTf;Fk; ,yq;iff;Fkpilapy; Vw;gl;l ,wg;gu; - muprp xg;ge;jk;.

96

,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; cyf re;ijapy; Vw;gl;l ghupasthd

muprpj; jl;Lg;ghL fhuzkhf ,yq;if ngUk; neUf;fbia vjpu;Nehf;fpaJ.

1952 ,d; eLg;gFjpapy; ,yq;if muR murp Nfhup cyf ehLfsplk; tpz;zg;gpj;j

NghjpYk; mjid ve;j cyf ehLk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. mNjrkak; ,wg;gu;

tpiy Fiwe;jikAk; ,yq;iff;F ngUk; nghUshjhu neUF;fbiaj;

Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. ,r;rkaj;jpy; ,yq;if Kfq;nfhLj;j neUf;fbapypUe;J tpLgl

Nkw;gb ,wg;gu; muprp xg;ge;jk; ,yq;iff;F ngupJk; cjtpaJ.

,jd; gpd;dUk; fk;A+dpr ehLfSld; vJtpj njhlu;Gk; Ngzg;gltpy;iy.

Fiwe;j gl;rk; rPdhTld; $l J}Jtu; kl;lj; njhlu;G cUthf;fg;gltpy;iy.

,jd; gpd;dUk; $l ,yq;ifapd; nfhs;ifapy; khw;wk; Vw;gltpy;iy vd

1955 ,y; ghz;Lq; kfhehl;by; ,yq;if gpujku; N[hd; nfhj;jyhty Mw;wpa

ciuapypUe;J njspthfpwJ.

1956 - 1965 tiu1956 - 1965 tiu1956 - 1965 tiu1956 - 1965 tiu1956 - 1965 tiu

1956 ,y; eilngw;w Nju;jypy; jpU.gz;lhuehaf;ftpd; ,yq;if Rje;jpuf;

fl;rp Ml;rpf;F te;jJ. 1960 khu;r;> A+d; fhyk; jtpu;e;j 1965 tiuahd

fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if Rje;jpuf; fl;rpNa gjtpapypUe;jJ.

,f;fl;rp ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapy; Gul;rpfu khw;wj;ij

Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,J njhlu;gpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa ntsp/ cs; fhuzpfs;

gythFk;.

1. N[hrg; ];uhypdpd; gpd;du;> u\;ahtpd; Mrpah njhlu;ghd nfhs;if

khw;wkiljy;.

2. fk;A+dp];l; ehLfs; njhlu;ghf jpU. gz;lhuehaf;fhtpd; kdg;ghq;F.

3. 1956 ,y; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp Ml;rpapypUe;j muRld; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l njhlu;Gk;

fk;A+dp];l; thjk; njhlu;ghf kf;fspd; kdg;ghq;F khw;wkile;jikAk;

jpU.gz;lhuehaf;ftpd; KjyhtJ ciuapd;NghJ Gjpa murhq;fj;jpd;

ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

� mjd; %yk; muR> ve;jnthU gpuptpdiuAk; rhuhJ ,Ug;gjhfTk;

� fl;Lehaf;f> jpUNfhzkiy Kfhk;fs; jpUk;gg; ngwg;gLnkdTk; mwptpj;jhu;.

� 1958 ,y; nrf;Nfh];NyNtf;fpa gpujku; ,yq;iff;F tp[ak; nra;jhu;.

� 1956 tiu gpupj;jhdpahTlDk; Vida Nkw;F ehLfSlDk; Ngzpa cwT

khwhJ Ngzg;gly;.

� u\;ah> `q;Nfupg; gpur;rpidapy; jiyapl;lNghJ jpU. gz;lhuehaf;f

eLepiyik tfpj;jik %yk; mJtiu Ngzpa cwT rPu;nflhky; Ngzg;gl;lJ.

� rPdg; gpujku; 1957 ,y; ,yq;iff;F tp[ak; nra;j rkaj;jpy; ntspapl;l

$l;lwpf;ifapy;> ngupa> rpwpa ehLfs; ahTk; rkkhdit vd;Wk; ve;jnthU

ehl;Lf;Fk; kw;nwhU ehl;bd; cs; tptfhuj;jpy; jiyapLk; cupik ,y;iy

vd;Wk; epuhAjf; nfhs;if %yk; ehLfSf;fpilNa xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd

mbg;gilia cUthf;fy; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gply;.

� rPd ,e;jpa vy;iyg; gpur;rpidapd;NghJ eLepiyik tfpj;jikAk; eLepiyahd

Mrpa ehLfSld; Nru;e;J mjid rkhjhdg;gLj;j Kaw;rp vLj;jikAk;.

97

� rPdhTlDk; ,e;jpahTlDk; fly; top njhlu;Gfis Nkk;gLj;jy;.

� ,e;jpaj; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsupd; (kiyafj; jkpou;) gpu[h cupikg; gpur;rpdia

Ngr;R thu;j;ij %yk; jPu;j;jYk; ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfis

tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

1963 ,y; ,yq;iff;Fk; xy;yhe;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xg;ge;jk;1963 ,y; ,yq;iff;Fk; xy;yhe;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xg;ge;jk;1963 ,y; ,yq;iff;Fk; xy;yhe;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xg;ge;jk;1963 ,y; ,yq;iff;Fk; xy;yhe;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xg;ge;jk;1963 ,y; ,yq;iff;Fk; xy;yhe;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xg;ge;jk;

,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; fk;A+dpr ehLfSld; Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;l xg;ge;jq;fs; %yk;

tu;j;jf> ifj;njhopy;> tptrha> epjp cjtpfisg; ngw;W ,yq;ifapd; Nkw;gb

Jiwfis tsu;j;jy;.

,t;thW cUthf;fpa ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;iffspy; ,w;iwtiu epiyj;jpUf;Fk;

nfhs;ifahtJ>

� mzpNruhf; nfhs;if.

� mZ MAj cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpfSf;F vjpuhd nfhs;if.

� Vida ehLfSld; neUf;fkhd xj;Jiog;igg; Ngz eltbf;if vLj;jy;

kw;Wk; ,yq;if gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;ahj ehLfSld; ,uh[je;jpu cwitg;

Ngz Kaw;rp vLj;jy;.

(i) ,jw;fpzq;f> 1957 xf;Nlhgu; 15 Mk; jpfjp jpUNfhzkiy JiwKfKk; 1957

etk;gu ; 01 Mk; jpfjp fl;Lehaf;fTk; rl;luPjpahf ,yq;ifahy;

nghWg;Ngw;fg;gl;ljd; %yk; Kjy; Nehf;fk; epiwNtwpaJ.

(ii) 1957 ,y; u\;ahTlDk; rPdhTlDk; nghUshjhu> fyhrhu> ,uh[ je;jpu

cgha njhlu;G xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jhfpaJ.

� khu;f;]prthj rQ;rpiffs;> gj;jpupiffSf;fhd jil ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

� 1957 ,y; rPd gpujkUld; me;ehl;L fyhrhuf; FO ,yq;iff;F tp[ak;

nra;jJ.

� 1964 ,y; rpwpkh - rh];jpup xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; cupa gpur;rpidf;F jPu;T

fhzg;gl;lJ khj;jpukpd;wp ,U ehLfSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;Gk;

fUj;jhoKs;sjhfg; Ngzg;gl;lJ.

� 1963 - 1965 fhyfl;lj;jpy;> ,yq;if nspehl;Lr; nryhtzp njhlu;ghf ngUk;

gpur;rpidia vjpu;Nehf;fpaJ. ,J njhlu;ghf nghUshjhu epGzu;fs; ,uz;L

jPu;Tfis Kd;itj;jdu;. gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gjw;F ntspehl;L cjtp

Njitnad ju;f;fpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb Kjd;Kjyhf 1965 ,y; ntspehl;Lr;

nryhtzp> ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; gpujhd fhuzpahf khwpaJ.

,jidj; jPu;f;f ,yq;if Rje;jpuf; fl;rp - rkrkh[ $l;lurhq;fk; Nkw;F

ehLfspd; cjtpia ehbaJ. ,jd; gadhf ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu

gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPu;Tfhz cyf tq;fp epGzu; FOnthd;W ,yq;iff;F

mDg;gg;gl;lJ.

98

1965 ,y; gjtpf;F te;j murhq;fk;> Nkw;gb nfhs;iffis Kd;ndLj;Jr;

nrd;wJ. mjid cWjpg;gLj;jTk; eltbf;if vLj;jJ. ,jw;fhfg; gpd;tUk;

eilKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld.

1. nghUshjhu cjtp ngwj; Njitahd epWtdf; fl;likg;ig cUthf;fy;.

cjhuzk; :- jpl;l cUthf;fj;Jf;fhd mikr;nrhd;iw Vw;gLj;jy;.

2. cyf tq;fpapdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bathwhd ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;Lf;

nfhs;ifia Nkw;Fyf gykpf;f ehLfspdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bathW

tbtikj;jy;.

3. ,t;turhq;fk; gjtpf;F te;jTld; rPdhTf;Fk; u\;ahTf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

mspf;fg;glkhl;lhnjd mwptpf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk; me;ehLfSld; ,uh[ je;jpu

njhlu;Gfs; khw;wg;gltpy;iy.

4. 1965 - 1970 Mz;Lfspd; ehl;bd; ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if gpujhdkhf ntspehl;Ljtp

ngWtJ njhlu;ghdjhfNt ,Ue;jJ.

1970 ,y; If;fpa Kd;dzp muR Nju;jYf;F Kd;du;> jhk; gjtpf;F te;jTld;>

Nkw;gb nfhs;iffs; khw;wkilAnkd mwptpj;jNghjpYk; mt;thW

khw;wg;gltpy;iy.

1965 ,d; gpd;du;> ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; ele;j Kf;fpa khw;wk;

� ,e;jpah> njw;fhrpahtpd; kpfg; gykhd ehlhf khw;wkiljy;;.

� Nrhtpaj; u\;ah njw;fhrpahTf;F ntspapYs;s kpfTk; gyk; tha;e;j ehlhf

khWjy;.

,J njhlu;ghd 1970 gjtpf;F te;j murpd; nfhs;if gpd;tUkhW:

1. ,e;jpahtplkpUe;Jk; u\;ahtplkpUe;Jk; tpyfpapUf;f Kaw;rp nra;jy;.

2. mtw;Wf;F vjpuhf mnkupf;fhTlDk; rPdhTlDk; neUf;fkhd njhlu;igg;

Ngzy;.

� 1971 Vg;uypy; rPdhTldhd njhlu;Gfs; gytPdkile;jjd; tpisthf

mnkupf;fhTldhd njhlu;Gfs; mjpfupj;jd.

� 1976 ,y; mzpNruh ehLfspd; rk;Nksdj;ij ,yq;ifapy; elj;jpajd; %yk;

,yq;ifapd; eLepiyikf; nfhs;if mjpfupj;jJ.

� 1964 ,y; Vw;gLj;jpa rpwpkh - rh];jpup xg;ge;jk; %yk; ,e;epiy NkYk;

cWjpaile;jJ. ,e;jpag; gpujku; ,e;jpuh fhe;jpAld; nfhz;bUe;j jdpg;gl;l

njhlu;ig cgNahfpj;J ,e;jpahTld; rpwe;j el;Gwitg; Ngz ,yq;ifg;

gpujkupdhy; Kbe;jJ.

99

� 1977 ,y; gjtpf;F te;j [dhjpgjp N[.Mu;.[atu;jd jdJ ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if gw;wpa Muk;g ciuapd;NghJ mzpNruhik jdJ nspehl;Lf;nfhs;if vdf; $wpdhu;.

� ,e;jpa gpuku; ,e;jpuh fhe;jpapd; jiyikapy; 1983 ,y; GJby;ypapy; ele;jmzpNruh ehLfs; rk;Nksdj;jpd; %d;whk; cyf ehLfspy; epyTk; Vo;ikepiy gw;wp mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspd; ftdj;ij <u;f;f Kaw;rpf;fg;gl;lJ.

� 1985 ,y; rhu;f; mika cld;gbf;ifapy; xg;gkpl;L gpuhe;jpa xw;Wikf;fhdmbj;jskply;.

� ,t;thW ,e;jpahTld; njhlu;Gfisf; nfhz;bUe;jNghjpYk; ,yq;ifahdJghfp];jhDlDk; mnkupf;fhTlDk; neUf;fkhd njhlu;igg; Ngzp te;jJ.

� ,r;rkaj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; gpujhdfhuzpahf mike;jJ. LTTE Ald; ,yq;if muR nfhz;bUe;j NkhjyhFk;.,g;gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf ,yq;if muR Nkw;Fy cjtpia ehbajdhy;,e;jpa cwT rPu;Fiye;jJ. ,yq;if muR ,t;tikg;gpw;F ,e;jpah cjTtjhfFw;wQ; rhl;baJ. ,jdhy; ,U ehLfSf;fpilapyhd cwtpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsTtpupry; Vw;gl;lJ. xU fl;lj;jpy; LTTE apdiu ntw;wpnfhs;s ,Ue;jNghJ,e;jpah tpkhd topahf czTg; nghl;lyq;fis tPrp mt;ntw;wpiaj; jLj;jJ.

� ,e;j epfo;tpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifAld; neUq;fpa njhlu;igg; Ngzpa ghfp];jhd;>mnkupf;fh Mfpa ehLfs; ghuhKfkhapd. ,jdhy; ,e;jpa cjtp jtpu;f;fKbahjjhapw;W. ,jd; tpisthf 1987 ,y; ,yq;if - ,e;jpa xg;ge;jk;ifr;rhj;jhfpaJ.

� LTTE mikg;G xg;Gnfhz;l khjpup nraw;glhikahy; ,e;jpah rkhjhdg; gilia,yq;iff;F mDg;gpaJ. ,J ehLfSf;fpilapyhd cwit NkYk; tpupryilar;nra;jJ.

� [dhjpgjp gpNukjhr ,ejpa rkhjhdg; gilia jpUk;gpaDg;gpa NghjpYk;,e;jpahTld; Kd;du; ,Ue;j (1970 fspy;) cwT Gj;Japu;ngwtpy;iy.

� [dhjpgjp [atu;jd> [dhjpgjp gpNukjhr MfpNahupd; gjtpf;fhyk; G+uhTk;,yq;if Nkw;FyFld; neUf;fkhd cwitg; Ngzp te;jJ. ,jpy; 1977 ,y;nraw;gLj;jpa jpwe;j nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if mjpf nry;thf;iff;nfhz;bUe;jJ.

� 1994 ,y; gjtpf;F te;j nghJ rd If;fpa Kd;dzp muR> ,e;jpa - ,yq;ifcwit rPu;nra;jJ.

� ,yq;if ,e;jpahit xU gykhd ehlhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. ,e;jpah -,yq;ifapd; ,dg; gpur;rpidia xU cs;ehl;Lg; gpur;rpidahf Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.,Jtiu ,e;jpah ,t;tplaj;j py ; NeubahfNth kiwKfkhfNthjiyapltpy;iy.

� ,t;thW ,e;jpahTld; ey;Ywitg; Ngzpa mNjrkak; Nkw;F ehLfSlDk;neUq;fpa njhlu;G Ngzg;gl;lJ.

100

� 2000 Mk; mz;L gjtpf;F te;j murpd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;

fhuzp ,dg;gpur;rpidahFk;.

� Ngr;Rthu;j;ij %yk; gpur;rpdiaj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;SkhW Nkw;F ehLfspdhy;

muRf;F Vw;gLj;jpa mOj;jj;ij kWj;j muR mjw;fhd Nghu; eltbf;ifia

ifahz;lJ. ,J ,yq;ifapd; ru;tNjr> ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;iffis khw;wpaJ.

� Nkw;F ehLfSldhd el;Gwthd ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifia ,yq;if gpd;gw;wpa

NghjpYk; me;ehLfs; ,yq;ifAld; ,zf;fkw;w nfhs;ifia ifahz;lgbahy;

,yq;if muR <uhd;> ypgpah> kpad;khu; Nghd;w ehLfSld; jdJwit

tYg;gLj;jpaJ.

,t;thW me;je;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if khw;wkile;j Kiwapd;

mk;khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfSk;

ntspf;nfhzuf;$bathW ,g;ghlk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mt;thNw NkNy

tptupf;fg;gl;lthW ,d;W ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if vj;jpirapy;

gazpf;Fk; Nghf;iff; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ vd;gJk; tpsf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.


Ra Mf;fkhf rQ;rpifnahd;W jahupj;jy;Ra Mf;fkhf rQ;rpifnahd;W jahupj;jy;Ra Mf;fkhf rQ;rpifnahd;W jahupj;jy;Ra Mf;fkhf rQ;rpifnahd;W jahupj;jy;Ra Mf;fkhf rQ;rpifnahd;W jahupj;jy;

,yq;ifapd; G+Nfhs kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa #oiy ,dk; fhz;gjw;F Ra Mf;fkhf

rQ;rpif xd;wpidj; jahupj;jy;.

� nraw;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jfty;fis fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;stw;wpD}lhfg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.

� njd; Mrpa gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G mikg;G. (rhu;f;)

� njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfspd; mikak; (Mrpahd;)

� gpupj;jhdpa nghJeytha mikg;G

� If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk;

� njupTnra;ag;gl;l gy;jug;G ru;tNjr mikg;Gfs;

cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; : cyf tq;fp> ru;tNjr ehza epjpak;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp>

ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk;> Kf;fpa kdpj cupikfs; mikg;Gfshd

ru;tNjr kd;dpg;G rig> kdpj cupikfs; tprhuiz mikak;.

� NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l jiyg;Gf;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; toq;Ff.

� xt;nthU khztUk; jahupj;j Ra Mf;fj;ij xd;Wjpul;b rQ;rpifiaj;

jahupf;Ff.

� nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;Jf.

101

ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;

� khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; FOf;fshf;Ff.

� gpd;tUk; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; epWtdq;fisf; FOf;fSf;fpilNa

gfpu;e;J mspf;Ff.

1. nghJr;rig

2. ghJfhg;Gr; rig

3. nghUshjhu r%f rig

4. ek;gpf;if nghWg;Gr; rig

5. ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;

6. nrayfk;

xt;nthU FOTk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisj;

jpul;l khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.

cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :

- mjpfhupfisj; njupTnra;J epakpf;Fk; Kiw

- cj;jpNahfG+u;t Nju;jy;

- MNyhridfSf;F mq;fPfhuk; toq;Fjy;

- jiyikj;Jtk;

- nghWg;Gf; $Wjy;

� khztu;fs; Njitahd jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;f %yq;fis toq;Fjy;.

� Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Mrpupau; cjtpia toq;Ff.

� xt;nthU FOitAk; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;Jf.


1. Website www.amnesty.org http//www.adb.org2. Basic fact about UN.

3. Wikipedia. The free encyclopedia.

102

ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL


fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy;> kjpg;gPL vd;gd fy;tpr; nranyhOq;fpd; Kf;fpa %d;W

$Wfs; vd;gJk; fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jypd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mwpe;Jnfhs;s kjpg;gPl;ilg;

gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; midj;J Mrpupau;fSk; njupe;J itj;jpUf;f

Ntz;ba xU tplak;. mtw;iw gu];gur; nry;thf;Fld; eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ

gw;wpAk; xt;nthd;wpd; tpUj;jpapYk; mt;tf; $Wfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;JtJ

gw;wpAk; Mrpupau;fs; mwptu;. njhlu; kjpg;gPl;L (njhluhf eilngWtJ)

Nfhl;ghLfspd; gb mJ eilngw Ntz;baJ fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; eilngw;Wf;

nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghjhFk;. ,J fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jypd; Muk;gj;jpy;> ,ilapy;>

Kbtpy; ve;j NeuKk; epfo KbAk; vd;gij Mrpupau; tpsq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mNj Nghd;W jk; khztu;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij kjpg;gpl vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Xu; Mrpupau;

fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL njhlu;ghd xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l jpl;lkplYld;

,Ug;gJ mtrpak;.

ghlrhiyia ikakhff; nfhz;l kjpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lk; xU guPl;ir KiwNah

my;yJ guPl;ir elj;JtNjh my;y. khztupd; fw;wiyAk; Mrpupaupd;

fw;gpj;jiyAk; Nkk;gLj;Jk; xU <LghlhfNt ,J fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. khztu;fis

neUq;fp mtu;fs; gyk;> gytPdq;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw;Wf;Fg; gupfhuk; fz;L

khztu;fspd; cr;rtpUj;jpia miltjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba xU

Ntiyj;jpl;lkhFk;.

fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL %yk; fz;lwpjw; nranyhOq;fpd;ghy; khztu;fs;

topg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; Mrpupau; khztu;fspilNa elkhb mtu;fs; <Lgl;Ls;s

Ntiyfis mtjhdpj;J topfhl;ly;fis toq;fpf; fUkkhw;WtNj ghlrhiy

kl;lf; fzpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpD}lhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F khztu;

njhlu;e;J kjpg;gPl;Lf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;baJld; khztupd; Mw;wy;> tpUj;jp

vjpu;ghu;g;G kl;lj;jpy; eilngWfpd;wjh vd;gij Mrpupau; cWjpg;gLj;j

Ntz;bAs;sJ.

fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; Clhf eilngw Ntz;baJ khztu;fSf;F cupa mDgtq;fis

toq;fp mtw;iw khztu;fs; cupa Kiwapy; cs;thq;fpf; nfhz;Ls;sduh

vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;JtjhFk;. mjw;fhd topfhl;liy toq;FtjhFk;.

kjpg;gPl;by; (fzpg;gPl;by;) <Lgl;Ls;s Mrpupau; jk; khztu;fSf;F ,Utpjkhd

topfhl;ly;fis toq;fyhk;. mit nghJthf Kd;D}l;ly;> gpd;D}l;ly; (Feed-

back, Feed forward) vdg;gLk;. khztu;fspd; gyq;fSk; gytPdq;fSk;

,dq;fhzg;gLk;NghJ mtu;fspd; gytPdq;fisg; Nghf;Ftjw;Fk; gyq;fis

nkU$l;Ltjw;Fk; ,g;gpd;D}l;lYk; Kd;D}l;lYk; cjTk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpd; ntw;wpf;fhf ghlrhiyapd; Nehf;fq;fspy;

ve;j Nehf;fj;ij ve;j kl;lj;jpy; milag; ngw;Ws;sdnud;gij mwpe;Jnfhs;tJk;

khztu;fSf;Fj; NjitahdjhFk;. kjpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; %yk;

khztu;fs; mile;Jnfhz;l ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ij epr;rag;gLj;jjy; ,jd;

%yk; Mrpupau;fsplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtJld; khztu;fSld; njhlu;ghLtjw;F

Mrpupau;fs; Kd;tu Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba kpfr; rpwe;j topKiw

ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPlhFk;.

103

Nkw;gb Nehf;fj;Jld; fUkkhw;Wk; Mrpupau ;fspdhy; jk; fw;gpj ;jy;

nranyhOq;Fk; khztu;fs; fw;wy; nranyhOq;Fk; NkYk; tpisj;jpwDs;sjhf

mika tpidj;jpwDldhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs;

gad;gLj ;jg ;gl Ntz;Lk ; . ,jw ;nfd Mrpu pau ;fSk; khztu ;fSk;

gad;gLj;jf;$ba topKiwfs; rpy fPNo jug;gLfpd;wd. ,it ePz;l fhykhf

gu Pl ;irfs ; j pizf;fsj ;j pD}lhf Njr pa fy ;t p e pWtfj ;j pD}lhf

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l KiwfshFk;. mit gw;wp VyNt ghlrhiyj; njhFjpapy;

Mrpupau;fs; mwpe;jpUf;fpwhu;fs; vd;Nw vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

mt;topKiwfs; tUkhW:mt;topKiwfs; tUkhW:mt;topKiwfs; tUkhW:mt;topKiwfs; tUkhW:mt;topKiwfs; tUkhW:

1. xg;gil 2. nraw;wpl;lk;

3. njhif kjpg;gPL 4. Njly;

5. mtjhdpg;G 6. fz;fhl;rp – Kd;itg;G

7. fsg; gpuahzk; 8. rpW vOj;Jg; guPl;ir

9. fl;likg;Gf; fl;Liu 10. jpwe;j E}w;guPl;ir

11. Mf;fr; nraw;ghLfs; 12. Nfl;lw; guPl;ir

13. nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghL 14. Ngr;R

15. Ra Mf;fk; 16. FOr; nraw;ghL

17. vz;zf;fUg;glk; 18. ,ul;ilg; gjpNtL

19. Rtu;g;gj;jpupif 20. tpdhtpilg; Nghl;b

21. tpdhtpilg; Gj;jfk; 22. tpthjk;

23. fye;Jiuahly; mku;T 24. fUj;juq;F

25. cld; Ngr;R 26. tfpghfNkw;wy;

mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s ,f;fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; midj;Jk; vy;yhg;

g hlq ; fs pd ; Ng hJk ; vg ; N g hJk ; gad ; gLj ; jg ; gl Ntz ;Lk ; vd ;W

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjy;y. jkJ ghlj;Jf;F> ghl myfpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd xd;iwj;

njupT nra;J nfhs;tjpy; Mrpupau;fs; Mu;tk; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.

,t;thrpupau; topfhl;lw; Nfhitapy; Mrpupau;fs; jk; khztu;fspd; fw;wy;

Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpg;gpLtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk;

kjpg;gPl;Lj; njupTfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iw Mrpupau;fs; nghUj;jkhd

jk; tFg;G khztu;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij fzpg;gPL nra;ag; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; ,Ue;J tpyFtJ khztu;fs; jk; mwpTrhu;

Mw;wiyAk; cstpaf;fg; gz;GfisAk; kdg;ghq;FfisAk; tpUj;jp nra;J

nfhs;tjpy; ,Ue;Jk; mtw;iw ntspf;fhl;Ltjpy; ,Ue;Jk; J}ug;gLj;Jk;.

104

jtiz jtiz jtiz jtiz jtiz I

kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lk; - 01kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lk; - 01kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lk; - 01kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lk; - 01kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lk; - 01

eyd;Gup muR Kiwapd; tpUj;jpAld; murpd; Kf;fpa nghWg;ghf nfhs;iffis

cUthf;Fjy; mikfpwJ. mt;thW xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l mur nfhs;iffis

eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy; mur epu;thfk; (nghJ epu;thfk;) vdg;gLk;. ,jw;Nfw;g

mbg;gilapy; mur nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fjy; mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;

Kiwfs;> mJ njhlu;ghd epWtd njhFjpfs; vd;gd gw;wpa khztu;fspd;

nrad;Kiw mwpit kjpg;gplNt ,k;kjpg;gPl;bD}lhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

cq;fs; ghlrhiy mike;Js;s gpuNjrj;Jf;F mUfpYs;s gpuNjr nrayhsu;

mYtyfk;> khtl;l nrayhsu; mYtyfk; my;yJ NtW ahjhapDk; mur

epWtdk; xd;iwj; njupTnra;J me;epWtdj;ijg; ghu;itapLtjw;F fsr; Rw;Wyh

xd;iw Vw;ghL nra;f.

me;j mtjhdpg;G %yk; gpd;tUk; Jiwfs; gw;wpa tplaq;fisj; jpul;b mwpf;if

xd;iw xOq;FgLj;Jf. nghUj;jkhd epajpfisg; gad;gLj;jp kjpg;gPl;Lf;F

cl;gLj;Jf.

� gjtp mLf;fikg;G (gbepiyaikg;G)

� gzpf;FO Ml;rp

� me;epWtdj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLgit

� mur nfhs;iffs; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; tpjk;

� mur nfhs;iffs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ mjDld; njhlu;ghd NtW

epWtdq;fs;

� epWtdnkhd;wpd; Kfhikj;JtKk; mjd; rpwg;gpay;GfSk;


kdpj ,dj;jpd; njhlf;f fhyk; njhl;L ,d;Wtiu Nkhjy;fs; vd;gJ mtu;fspd;

epyTifAld; fl;Lz;L ,lk;ngWtnjhd;W vd;gij murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;ijf;

fw;Fk; khztu; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;epiyikia fUg;nghUshff;

nfhz;L Njitahapd;> Mf;fG+u;tkhd glq;fs;> epwq;fs; vd;gtw;iwg;

gad;gLj;jp (fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gf;fis khztu; FOf;fspilNa

gfpu;e;jspj;J) $l;lhfr; Rtu;g;gj;jpupif xd;iwj; jahupg;gjpy; khztu;fis

<LgLj;Jf.

� Nkhjy; - tiutpyf;fzk;

Nkhjy; %yk;

Nkhjy;fSk; mtw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfSk;

105

Nkhjy;fSk; td;KiwfSk;

Nkhjy;fSk; m`pk;irAk;

Nkhjy;fisj; jPu;f;ff;$ba Kiwfs;

,tw;wpd;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wpAk; ftdk; nrYj;Jf.

i. vy;yh khztu;fSk; FOf;fspy; ,lk;ngWjy;.

ii. FOTf;fhd jiyg;G gw;wp Muk;g fye;JiuahlYf;Fk; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fk;

re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

iii. vy;yh khztu;fSk; FOr; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl topg;gLj;Jf.

iv. Neu Kfhikj;Jtk;.

v. ,Wjpahd $l;L Mf;fj;ij khztu;fs; ghu;itaplf;$bathW fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.


Njrpa murpay; epiyikfis Nktpr; nry;Yk; r%fj;jpy; thoNtz;ba

epiyikfspy; ,d;iwa Fbkf;fSf;F khWgLk; ru;tNjr epiyikfs; gw;wp

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; ,d;iwa Njitahf cs;sJ. ,jw;Nfw;g murpay;

tpQ;Qhdj;ijf; fw;Fk; khztu;fspilNa tsu;f;f Ntz;ba mwpthf Ma;T

uPjpapy; fl;likg;Gila fl;Liufis vOJk; jpwid khztu;fspilNa

cUthf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

gpd;tUk; gpupTfs; gw;wpa rkfhy murpay; epiyikfis khztu;fs;

mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.

i. ru;tNjr murpaiy ,dq;fhZjy;. (ru;tNjr murpay; vd;why; vd;d? mjd;

Njitg;ghLfs; ahit?)

ii. ru;tNjr cwTfspd; ,ay;Gfs;.

iii. ru;tNjr cwTfs; jw;NghJ cUg;ngw;Ws;s tpjk;.

iv. ru;tNjr nry;thf;fpid rkg;gLj;jf;$ba cj;jpfs;.

- $l;Lg; ghJfhg;G / tYr; rkepiy

- ru;tNjr rl;lk;

- MAjg; gupfuzk;

- cyf murhq;fj;ij cUthf;Fjy;

v. ,Wjp KbTfisAk; Kd;nkhopTfisAk; Kd;itj;jy;.

vi. Mf;fG+u;tkhd jiyg;gpidg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

106

jtiz jtiz jtiz jtiz jtiz II

kjpg;gPL 01kjpg;gPL 01kjpg;gPL 01kjpg;gPL 01kjpg;gPL 01

nghUj;jkhd epu;thf Kiwia cUthf;Ftjw;F fUj;Js;s murpay;> r%f>

gy;tifg;gl;l murpayikg;G khjpupfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Nfw;g

xt;nthU r%fj;jpdJk; Njitfspd; ,ay;GfSk; Nghf;FfSk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W

NtWgl;bUf;f KbAk;. vdpDk; mk;khjpupfs; gw;wp xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; mwpjy;

,t;tplaj;ijf; fw;wypd; %yk; Vw;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; njupTnra;ag;gl;l

Ie;J ehLfspd; murpayikg;G gw;wpa mwpit cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy;>

i. vz;zf;fUg; glj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;F khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;Ff.

ii. njupTnra;ag;gl;l Ie;J ehLfspdJk; ‘murpayikg;G ,ay;Gfs;’ vDk;

jiyg;ig FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.

iii.tpupthd jiyg;Gf;fs; njhlf;fk; cg jiyg;Gf;fs; tiu mg;ghl tplaq;fs;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;L ghlg;gug;G KOikahfg; gfpug;glf;$ba tpjj;jpy; cs;sjh

vdg; ghu;f;fTk;.

iv. xt;nthU FOtpdhYk; jahupf;fg;gl;l ghlj;Jf;fhd glj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;ag;

nghUj;jkhd epajpfisg; gad;gLj;Jf.



Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;;gpYs;s rpwg;gpay;Gfs;>

tpjpKiwfs;> tpNrl murpayikg;G epWtdq;fs; vd;gd gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg;

ngWk; nghUl;L ,ul;ilg; gjpTf; Fwpg;NgL jahupf;Ff.

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;Jf.

i. fUg;nghUSf;F Vw;w jfty;fisj; jpul;Ljy;.

ii. fUj;jikTk; ju;f;fuPjpapyhdJkhd tpisTfis vLj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;.

iii.njupTnra;ag;gl;l jfty;fs;> Jyq;fy;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; midj;J

tplaq;fisAk; cs;slf;Fjy;.

iv. rupahd jfty;;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;.

107


kjpg;gPL - 03kjpg;gPL - 03kjpg;gPL - 03kjpg;gPL - 03kjpg;gPL - 03

1978 Mk; Mz;bd; ,uz;lhtJ FbauR murpayikg;G %yk; mwpKfQ;

nra;ag;gl;l Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Gjpa mk;rk; epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjp KiwahFk;.

,jw;Nw;g rdhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuKk; gzpfSk; gw;wp khztu;fspd; mwpit

fzpg;gpLtNj vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

� gpd;tUk; jiyg;GfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fis nghUj;jkhd

tpjj;jpy; FOf;fshf;fp xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; jiyg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.

- [dhjpgjpAk; mikr;ruitAk;

- [dhjpgjpAk; rl;lthf;fj;JiwAk;

- [dhjpgjpAk; ePjpj;JiwAk;

- [dhjpgjpAk; mur NritAk;

� xt;nthU jiyg;Gf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd 5 tpdhf;fisAk; mtw;Wf;Fupa

tpilfisAk; jahupj;J ghl myFf;fhd tpdhf;nfhj;J E}ypid Mf;Ff.

� nghUj;jkhd epajpfisf; nfhz;L kjpg;gPL nra;f.

108

jtiz jtiz jtiz jtiz jtiz III


etPd ,yq;ifapd; murpay; nrad;Kiwapy; gpd;tUk; rf;jpfs; nraw;gLk;

tpjk; gw;wp jpwe;j E}y; guPl;irapid xOq;FgLj;Jf.

� ,e;ehl;bd; murpay; fl;rpfSk; fl;rpKiwAk;

� mOf;ff; FOf;fs;

� kf;fs; fUj;J

� ntFrd Clfq;fSk; murpaYk;

khztu;fSld; fye;Jiuahb Njitahd E}y;fs;> fl;Liufs; vd;gtw;iwj;

jahu;g;gLj;Jf. guPl;iria FOr; nraw;ghlhf xOq;FgLj;Jf. gpd;tUk;

Nehf;fq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;Ls;sdth vd;gij Muha;f.

1. jiyg;Gf;fs;> ghl tplaq;fs; ,ilNaahd njhlu;Gfs;.

2. jfty; jpul;Ltjw;fhf E}y;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

3. jfty;fspd; cz;ikj; jd;ikAk; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;

4. xOq;F Kiwahfj; jfty;fisj; jpul;Ljy;.

5. jPu;TfisAk; fhuzq;fisAk; fUj;Js;s tpjj;jpy; vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;.



njupTnra;ag;gl;l gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; gy;gf;f cyfshtpa epWtdq;fSld;

,yq;ifapd; tfpghfj;ij Muha;e;J nraw;wpl;l mwpf;if xd;iwj; jahupf;f

khztu;fis xOq;fikf;Ff.

gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfis ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jf.

� ,yq;ifAk; njd; Mrpa gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G mikaKk;

� njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; mikaKk;> INuhg;gpa nghUshjhu r%fj;jpd;

rkfhyg;Nghf;Fk;

� nghJeytha mikg;Gf;fspd; jw;Nghija epiyikAk; vjpu;fhyKk;

� If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; flikfSk; ,yq;ifAk;

� jw;Nghija ru;tNjr ehLfspy; muR rhuh epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghLfs;

fzpg;gPl;bd;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;f.

1. jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd rupahd tplaq;fisj; jpul;Ljy;.

2. vy;yhg; gpupTfSf;Fk; cupa tplaq;fis cs;slf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; jfty;fisj;

jpul;Ljy;.

3. cupa fhyj;jpDs; G+uzg;gLj;Jjy;.

4. tplaq;fis xOq;FgLj;JjYk; Mf;fj;jpwd; ntspg;ghLk;.

109



,yq;ifapd; ntspAwTf; nfhs;ifia tbtikg;gjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa

fhuzpfs; gy cs;sd. mtw;iwg; gFg;gha;T nra;J Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du;

,yq;ifapd; ntspAwTf; nfhs;ifapd; ,ay;GfisAk; Gjpa Nghf;FfisAk;

EZfp Muha;e;J ifNaL xd;iwj; jahupj;jy;. ,ijj; jdpahs; xg;gilahf

xOq;FgLj;Jf.

- ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; :

i. ghlj;jpd; midj;J gpupTfSk; cs;slq;Fk; tpjj;jpy; tplaq;fis Kd;itj;jy;.

ii. rupahd> ju;f;f uPjpahd tplaq;fisj; jpul;Ljy;.

iii. tplaq;fisj; Njbawptjw;F E}y;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

iv. Mf;fj;jpwd; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd tplaq;fis Kd;itj;jy;.

Political Science - Front Pages ediv fy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp murpdhy; rfy ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;Fk; ghlE}y;fs; ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gLtJld; Mrpupau;fSf;F Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G

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