Political science

Politics and Governance: History, Government and ConstitutionTransition of Philippine Government: From Katipunan to the Second Republic

Transition of Philippine Government

Structure of the Revolutionary Movement

KKK

Established after the failure of revolutionary groups to bring reform.

Founded by Deodato Arellano, Roman Basa and Andres Bonifacio

Three objectives namely: reform the political, civic and moral

Transition of the Philippine Government


As the group began to elect councilors and renamed and changed the positions, it began to the structure of the movement started to resemble an organized government


The Magdalo-Magdiwang rivalry and the rise of the Magdalo Government

Magdiwang – faction of Bonifacio while the Magdalo represented the faction of Aguinaldo

The Magdalo’s felt that a new government should replace the KKK.

The failure of Bonifacio to secure the leadership position led to the dissolution of the KKK.

While it led to the election of Aguinaldo and the rise of the Magdalo government



Biak na Bato Republic

Named after a town in Bulacan where the constitution was drafted by Isabelo Artacho

It was deliberated by the revolutionary generals of Aguinaldo, acting as constitutional assembly.

Was copied from the Cuban 1895 Himaguayu Constitution.

Was adopted and later became the Biak – na- Bato Constitution


Under this constitution, the Supreme council wielded power

This Supreme Council was composed of the President, Vice President and 4 secretaries (interior, foreign affairs, treasury and war

The Supreme Council of Grace and Justice exercised judiciary functions.

Momentarily ended when Aguinaldo went into exile.



Dictatorial Government

Established after Aguinaldo’s return from exile

It was established, upon recommendation of Ambrocio Rianzares Bautista since it suited the political condition

In a dictatorial government, the government can prosecute war criminals and address the war.

This phase was known for?


Declaration of Philippine Independence


Revolutionary Government

It started right after the end of the dictatorial government

Recommended by Apolinario Mabini, the new adviser of Aguinlado

Revolutionary Government enabled the government to rally for the people’s support

Remain vigilant against Spanish tyranny


Achievements

Organization of the first cabinet

Observance/compliance with the mandate of the decrees on the election and appointment of members of the Malolos Congress

Setting up of the Malolos Congress and its transformation as a component/constituent body to formulate a new constitution (agreement, charter) for the country.

Adoption of the 1899 Malolos Constitution


Malolos Congress

Approved the Malolos Congress

Adopted the Malolos Constitution

Malolos Constitution

Drafted by Felipe Calderon

Influenced by the constitutions of 7 countries namely:

As stated, the constitution provides for a parliamentary system, with the president elected by the Assembly and special representatives, lasting for 4 years.


France

Belgium

Mexico

Costa Rica

Guatemala

Nicaragua

Brazil


Constitutional Government

First act after the circulation of the constitution was to reorganize the cabinet (Mabini became the head of the cabinet and secretary of foreign affairs)

Creation of the first Republic (as dictated in the constitution)

Establishment of the three branches of government (legislative, executive and judicial)

Transition of the philippine Government

Purpose of the three branches:

So as not to concentrate power in just one entity

To be more representative and democratic

Legislative

Adopted a unicameral congress, known as the Assembly of Representatives

In principle, it wielded more power than the two branches with its authority to create a Permanent Commission

Permanent Commission – 7 members which can designate the president and secretary of the country.


Executive Power

Exercised by the President

His power was also manifested through his department secretaries.

His secretaries were also responsible to the Assembly, and were given seats in the assembly and allowed to participate in deliberations


Judicial

Power was vested in the Supreme Court and in other courts

Headed by the Chief Justice

Despite the fact that the CJ and Solicitor Generals were chosen by the Assembly (with the agreement of the President and secretaries) the judicial was still free from influence and, independent.


Government during the American Occupation

Occupation began after Spain and the US sealed the Treaty of Paris on December 20, 1898.

Treaty of Paris – the “ownership” of the Philippines was transferred from Spain to US, for 20 million dollars.

- Also part of an agreement of Spain to cede its colonies to the US

Transition of Philippine Beginning of the US Military Government

US Military Government (August 14, 1898 – July 4, 1901)

First governor was General Wesley Merritt

Achievements:

Laid down the foundation (basis) of the US Civil Government

Introduced the American system of education

Organized the civil courts

Established the local government in towns and provinces

Conducted the first local election


While the Military Government was still in full swing, two commissions were created by the US President:

1 1st Philippine Commission/Schurman – laid down the foundation, based on the outcome of the survey conducted.

2 Second Philippine Commission – terms were on the establishment of a civil government


1. First Philippine Commission/Schurman

Establishment of a territorial government with legislature of 2 houses (elective and appointive)

Withdrawal of military rule in the pacified areas

Conservation of natural resources

Organization of autonomous local government

Free elementary schools

Appointment of trustworthy men to higher/government offices


2. Second Philippine Commission – shift from military to civil government

First to exercise legislative functions

First order was the appropriation (allocation/use) 2 million pesos for the repair of roads and bridges.


US Civil Government (July 4, 1901 – Nov. 15, 1935) – replaced the Military Government after the authority to govern the Philippines was transferred from the US President to US Congress (1st Organic Act).

The transfer was a result of the amendment to the Appropriation Act by Sen. John C. Spooner.

Inaugurated on July 4, 1901 (synchronized with the date of US independence)



Cooper Act of Philippine Bill of 1902 (2nd Organic Act)

Highlights of the law:

1 Extension of Bill of Rights

2 Appointment of 2 resident Commissioners to Washington

3 Continuation of the Philippine Commission as the upper house and the Philippine Assembly as lower house.


And the most significant….

4. The establishment of and Elective Philippine Assembly (election of its members was on July 30, 1907, inaugurated on October 16, 1907; first speaker was Sergio Osmena).


Jones Law of 1916 (3rd Organic Act) – granted the Filipinos self-government (autonomy)

Highlights:

1. Legislative function was transferred to the bicameral legislature (replaced the Philippine Commission); composed of the Senate (upper house) and lower house (House of representatives.

2. Election of Manuel Quezon as first senate president and again, Sergio Osmena as Speaker of the House of Rep.


Prelude to Independence

1 OSROX Mission (introduced the Hare-Hawes Cutting Act)

2 Tydings-McDuffie Law of 1934 (successfully adopted by the Phil. Legislature and ratified/approved on June 5, 1934 )

3 Election of delegates to the 1934 Constitutional Convention

Constitutional Convention

Con-Con Subcommittee


1935 Constitution

Established the Commonwealth of the Philippines/Government (10-year transition government)

Upon withdrawal of American sovereignty and declaration of independence, the commonwealth shall be known as a republican state

The constitution also enumerated the constitution of the state, the powers and duties of the 3 branches of government namely:

Transition of the Philippine GovernmentExecutive

Legislative - unicameral

Judicial

• Submitted to US President Franklin Roosevelt for approval and was eventually ratified on May 4, 1935.

• Amendments were made in 1940, which changed the legislative from unicameral to bicameral congress and, reducing the term of the President from 6 to 4 years.

Transition of the Philippine Gov’t

Commonwealth Government

Election for the first set of officers was on September 17, 1935

Manuel Quezon was elected as President

Sergio Osmena as Vice President.

*Sergio Osmena became the 2nd president of the Commonwealth (in exile) after Quezon’s death in the US on August 1, 1944

JAPANESE OCCUPATION


Philippine Executive Commission

Reorganized the government

Renamed the national government as Central Administrative Organization

Created the KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas, propaganda unit), which later became the only political party during the Japanese Occupation



Second Republic (October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945)

Replaced the Philippine Executive Commission

Adopted the 1943 Constitution, through the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence headed by Dr. Jose P. Laurel

Ratified on September 7, 1943.

Composed of 12 articles, a preamble and a provision stating the creation of the 3 branches of government.


Executive

Elected for a single term of 6 years

Headed by the President who was more powerful than the three branches of gov’t (absolute power in appointing even local gov’t officials and half of the members of the National Assembly.


Legislative – unicameral known as the National Assembly

Judiciary – still in existence but its power was usurped (taken over) by the president or Executive branch of government.

*Second Republic ended on August 17, 1945 after the surrender of Japan to America


Third Republic of the Philippines

Commonwealth became a republic after the declaration of independence on July 4, 1946

Last election under the Commonwealth was on April 23, 1946.

The third republic lasted for 26 years, led by 6 presidents.


Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946 – July 4, 1946) – last president of the Commonwealth, first president of the 3rd Republic. Known for the passage of the Parity Rights under the Bell Trade Act and economic rehabiltation

Elpidio Quirino – served from April 17, 1948 to December 30, 1953. Under his term, the Central Bank of the Philippines was created.

Transition of the Philippine GovernmentRamon Magsaysay (December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957. Two of his achievements were the passage of the Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954 and, the establishment of the NARRA (National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration of 1955.

Carlos Garcia (March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961). Known for his Filipino First Policy

Diosdado Macapagal (December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965 – known for enacting the Agricultural Land Reform Code, formation of MAPHILINDO,


Changing the date of Philippine independence.

Ferdinand Marcos – (December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986) Known for the creation of blueprint and construction of the LRT; campaign again the Communist Party of the Philippines and its revolutionary army NPA; adoption of the 1973 Constitution, etc.

Political science

Travel

new government

rise of themagdalo government

assembly of representatives

vice president

president andsecretary

constitutional assembly

agreement ofthe president

unicameral congress