It is the systematic study of the state & government The
word political came from the Greek word polis meaning city
equivalent to a sovereign state It is the basic knowledge &
understanding of the state & the principles & ideas which
underlie its organization & activities It is primarily
concerned with the association of human beings in a body politic or
a political community
Political Sciencey History ascribes to Aristotle the beginnings
of the
formal study of state & government y Political science is a
social science considering that it focuses on men as they interact
with the government and its various institutions y It deals with
the basic knowledge & understanding of the state as well as the
principles & ideologies underlying its organization &
activities
Political Sciencey Fields of political science:7. Public Policy
1. Political Theory 8. Political Dynamics 2. Public Law 9.
Government & Business 10. Legislature 3. Government 11.
Geopolitics 4. Comparative Government 5. International Relations 6.
Public Administration
Political Sciencey Values & Uses of Political Science: y 1.
Awareness of the importance & impact of
government on people s lives y 2. Education for citizenship y 3.
Development of civic values y 4. Preparation for various careers
& professions
Politicsy Politics is the owning & exercising of power,
rule,
authority & influence for whatever reasons. y It is the art
& science of governance y Power refers to the ability or the
right to do something; the ability to exercise authority over
others y Authority is the feature of a leader or an institution
that compels others to grant it obedience usually because of some
ascribed legitimacy
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Politics
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y Rule is the regulation or by-law governing procedure in
a public or private body y Influence refers to the act or
process or power of producing an effect without apparent exertion
of tangible force or direct exercise of command & often without
deliberate effort or intent
Politicsy Images of politics in the Philippines: y Boardroom
politics y Bureaucratic politics y Congress politics y Chief
executive politics y Courtroom politics y Newborn multi-media y
politics
The Concept of Governancey Transparency of government y
Simplicity of procedures y Responsibility y Fight against
corruption y Individual freedom & collective expression y An
independent judicial system
Concepts of State & Governmenty State is a community of
persons more or less
y y y y y
numerous , permanently occupying a definite portion of territory
, having a government of their own to which a great body of
inhabitants render obedience & enjoying freedom from external
control Elements of the State: 1. People 2. Territory 3. Government
4. Sovereignty
Origin of Statesy 1. Divine right theory y 2. Necessity or force
theory y 3. Paternalistic theory y 4. Rousseau s Social Contract
Theory y 5. Hobbes Social Contract Theory y 6. Locke s Social
Contract Theory y 7. Instinctive Theory y 8. Economic Theory y 9.
Historical or Evolutionary Theory
State Distinguished from Nationy 1. A state is a political
concept, while a nation an ethnic
concept y 2. A state is not subject to external control while a
nation may or may not be independent from external control y 3. A
single state may consist of one or more nations or peoples , a
single nation maybe made up of several states
State Distinguished from Governmenty They are usually regarded
as identical. y The government is only the agency through which
the
state expresses its will y A state cannot exist without a
government y It is possible to have a government without a
state
Purpose & Necessity of Governmenty Advancement of the public
welfare: government exists
for the welfare of the people y Consequence of absence: without
an organized structure of government anarchy & disorder & a
general feeling of fear & insecurity will prevail in
society
Purpose & Necessity of Governmenty Through the government,
the state is able to achieve y y y y y
the following purposes: Establishment of domestic order
Provision for the common defense of the state Securing for the
people the blessings of liberty & justice Promotion of the
general welfare Promotion of public morality
Functions of Governmenty Three basic functions of government: y
1. Rule making y 2. Rule adjudication y 3. Rule execution y
According to Burns the following are the two functions
of government: y 1, Administration y 2. Maintenance of
authority
Inherent Rights of the Statey Inherent rights of the state: y 1.
Right of existence y 2. Right to self-preservation y 3. Right to
property & domain y 4. Right of jurisdiction y 5. Right of
legation
Fundamental Powers of the Statey 1. Power of eminent Domain y 2.
Police power y 3. Power of taxation
Forms of Governmenty A. As to the number of persons exercising
sovereign y y y y y y y
powers: 1. Monarchy a. Absolute b. Limited c. Constitutional 2.
Aristocracy :exercised by a few privileged class 3. Democracy:
exercised by a majority of the people a. Direct b. Indirect
Forms of GovernmentDemocracy seeks to promote the following
values: 1. Personal liberty 2. Respect for the individual 3.
Equality of opportunity 4. Popular Consent To be successful,
democracy needs a well defined process most important of which are:
y 1. Free & fair elections 3. Majority rule y 2. Freedom of
expression 4. freedom to assemble & y protesty y y y y y
Forms of Governmenty B. As to the extent of powers exercised by
the central or y y y y y
national powers: 1. Unitary government: control of national
& local affairs exercised by the national or central government
2. Federal : powers of government divided: one for national, the
other for local affairs As to relationship between the executive
& legislative branches of government: 1. Presidential 2.
Parliamentary
Forms of Governmenty 1. Presidential Form: y a. Powers of
government distributed among the three
branches: executive, legislative & judicial y b. The chief
Executive is who is the Head of the state as well as members of the
legislature elected by the people y c. The Chief Executive could be
remived through impeachment even before the expiration of his term
y d. The Chief Executive cannot dissolve the legislature at any
point in time
Forms of Government2. Parliamentary Form: a. There is fusion
between the Executive & legislative branches b. Members of the
legislature are elected by the people c. The Chief Executive is
elected by members of legislature from the majority party y d. The
Chief Executive stays in power as long as he enjoys the support of
the legislature & can be removed by members if they lose their
confidence on him y e. The Chief Executive can dissolve the
legislaturey y y y y
Forms of Governmenty Governments based on legality or
legitimacy: y 1. De Jure government y 2. De Facto government y
Governments based on the prevalent political system y y y y
& ideology: 1. Liberal democracy: a. Established democracy
b. Transitional democracy c. Facade democracy
Forms of Governmenty 2. Authoritarianism is a political system
that rests y y y y y
more on the obedience of the citizens than upon their consent:
1. Communist state 2. One-Party system 3. Military state 4.
Dynastic or court regime 5. Theocratic State
The Government of the Philippines in Transitiony I. Pre-Spanish
Government: Unit of government : 1. Barangay settlements or
villages with more or less 100 families 2. Datu chief of the
Barangay,also called rajah, sultan or datu assisted by the council
of Elders (Maginoos ) 3. Social classes: a. Nobility b. Freeman c.
Serfs d. Slaves 4. Early laws: promulgated by the datus -Laws were
generally fair
The Government of the Philippines in Transitiony II. Government
during the Spanish Period: y 1. Spanish colonial administration: y
1565 to 1821
Philippines directly governed by the King of Spain through
Mexico y 1821 to 1898 directly ruled by Spain y Council of the
Indies responsible for the administration, then the Council of
Ministers & the Ministry of Ultramar
The Government of the Philippines in Transition3. Government was
unitary, centralized in structure, national in scope y Barangays
consolidated into towns (pueblos) headed by a gobernadorcillo y
Towns consolidated into provinces headed be the governor, the
representative of the Governor-General y Cities governed under
special charters each with city councils or ayuntamiento 4. The
governor-general/captain general or vice royal patron :exercise
executive, legislative & judicial powers. As vice royal patron
exercised certain religious powers
Philippine Government in Transition5. The Judiciary: The Royal
Audiencia was the Supreme Court. y Courts of First Instance were
also established y There were special courts like the military,
naval, ecclesiastical courts. III. Governments during the
revolutionary era: y 1. Katipunan y 2. Biak na Bato /01/1897 to
12/15/1897 y 3. Dictatorial government- proclamation of
independence June 12, 1898 y 4. Revolutionary government y 5. First
Philippine Republic Jan, 23,1899 to March 23,1901
Philippine Government in TransitionIV. Government during the
American regime: y 1.Military Government y 2. Civil government:
July 14, 1901 headed by the GovernorGeneral with legislative powers
y Lawmaking bodies during the American regime: y 1901-1907- Phil.
Commission headed by the governor y 1901-1916-Philippine commission
as the Upper House, Philippine Assembly as the Lower House y
Spooner Law in 1916 gave way to Philippine legislature. y The
Philippines was represented in the US House of Representatives by
the two resident commissioners elected y Elected by the Philippine
Legislature
The Philippine Government in Transitiony Commonwealth Government
created pursuant to the y y y y
Tydings=Mcduffie Law on March 24,1934 Transition period of ten
years prior to granting of independence Inaugurated November 15,
1935 with Manuel L. Quezon & Sergio Osmena as Vice President It
was republican in form,under the presidential type Legislative
power vested initially in a unicameral legislature: the National
Assembly later a bicameral congress. Filipinos had complete
control, the Americans on foreign affairs
The Philippine Government in Transitiony The commonwealth
government functioned in exile during World War II
V. Governments during the Japanese Occupation: y Japanese
military administration established in Manila January 3, 1942 y
Philippine Executive Commission the civil government headed by
Jorge Vargas composed of Filipinos It exercised both executive
& legislative powers y The Japanese sponsored Republic; October
14,1943 with Jose P. Laurel as President
The Philippine Government in Transitiony Previous Philippine
Republics: y Republic of the Philippines was formally inaugurated
on July 04,1946 with Manuel Roxas as first President & Elpidio
Quirino as Vice President y Philippine republics established: y
First- January 23,1899 under the Malolos constitution y Second
October 14,1943 under the Japanese sponsored Constitution y Third
July 14,1946 y Fourth Proclaimed by President Marcos y under the
1973 Constitution
The Philippine Government in TransitionProvisional Government of
1986: y The government established under the President Aquino was:
y 1. revolutionary y 2. de jure/de facto y 3. constitutional &
transitory y 4. Democratic y It derived its powers from the people
to whom it was accountable y A Provisional constitution was
promulgated to replace the 1973 Constitution
Concept of Constitutiony It refers to the body of rules &
principles in accordance
with which the powers of sovereignty are regularly exercised y
Constitution of the Philippines is a written instrument by which
the fundamental powers of the government are established, limited
and defined and by which these powers are distributed among the
several departments or branches for their safe & useful
exercise for the benefit of the people.
Nature & Purpose or Function of the Constitutiony 1. Serves
as the fundamental or supreme law y 2. Establishes basic framework
& underlying principles
of government y Constitutional Law Branch of public law which
treats of constitutions, their nature, formation, amendment &
interpretation
Nature & Purpose or Function of the Constitutiony Functions
of the Constitution: y 1. Establishment of the basic framework of
the
government y 2. Regulation of the rights & freedoms enjoyed
by the individual y 3. Protection of the people from government
abuses
Kinds of Constitutiony 1. As to origin & history: y a.
Conventional or enacted y b. Cumulative or evolved y 2. As to their
form: y a. Written y b. Unwritten y 3. As to manner of amending
them: y a. Rigid or inclusive y b. Flexible or elastic
Requisites of a good Constitutiony As to form: y 1. Brief y 2.
Broad y 3. Definite y As to contents: y 1. constitution of
government y 2. constitution of liberty y 3. constitution of
sovereignty
Constitution Distinguished from Statutey 1. constitution is
legislation from the people, statute
from the people s representatives y 2. a constitution states the
general framework of the law, a statute provides the details of the
subject it treats y 3. a constitution is intended to govern the
future, a statute to meet existing conditions y 4. a constitution
is the supreme or fundamental law to which all statutes must
conform
Constitution of the Republic of the PhilippinesI. The 1935
Constitution 1. Framing & ratification: y a. Approval on March
24, 1934 by President Franklin Roosevelt of the Tydings McDuffie
Law known as Philippine Independence Act y b. Approval on May 5,
1934 by the Phil. Legislature of a bill calling a constitutional
convention y c. Approval on February 8,1935 by the convention of
the Constitution y d. Approval on march 23,1935 by President
Roosevelt of the constitution y e. Ratification on May 14, 1935 of
the constitution by the Filipino electorate
Constitution of the Republic of the Philippinesy The
TydingsMcDuffie Law empowered the Filipinos to frame their
constitution but it imposed certain limitations like: the
constitution being republican in form, should contain bill of
rights & define the relationships between the US & the
Philippines y Sources: constitution of the US, the 1898 Malolos
constitution, & three organic laws as: Instruction of President
Mckinley to the 2nd Phil. Commission,Phil. Bill of 1902, &
Jones Law of August 26,1916 y The constitution was intended for the
Commonwealth & the Republic y However it ceased to operate
during the Japanese Occupation :1942-1944
The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippinesy Amendments
to the 1935 Constitution: y 1. Establishment of a bicameral
legislature y 2. Reeligibility of the President & Vice
President for a
second four-year term y 3. Creation of the Commission on
elections y 4. Parity amendments y 5. Right of suffrage granted to
women
Constitution of the Republic of the Philippinesy The 1973
constitution: y 1. Framing of the Constitution: y a. Congress on
June 17,1969 authorized the holding of a constitutional convention
in 1971 y b. Republic Act no. 6132 set Nov. 10,1970 as election day
for the 320 delegates to the convention y c. Rewriting of the
Constitution by the convention started June 01,1971 & was
signed Nov. 30,1972 y The 1935 Constitution was made the basis y
The constitution was approved by the Citizen Assemblies
Constitution of the Republic of the Philippinesy Amendments to
the 1973 Constitution: y 1. making of the President as the regular
President & prime Minister y 2. granting of legislative powers
to the President y 3. establishing of a modified parliamentary form
of government y 4. permitting natural born citizens who have lost
their citizenship to be transferees of private lands y 5. allowing
the grants of lands of public domain to qualified citizens y 6.
providing land reforms & urban housing programs
Constitution of the Republic of the Philippinesy The 1987
constitution: y Framing & ratification: y 1. Under Article 5 of
Presidential Proclamation on
March 25,1986, the 1987Constitution was drafted by the
Constitutional Commission (CONCOM ) composed of 50 Filipino
citizens of recognized probity known for their independence,
nationalism & patriotism y It convened June 02, 1986 at the
Batasang Pambansa, Quezon cityy
Constitution of the Republic of the Philippinesy Three important
drafts used by the Commission in y y y y
drafting the 1987 Constitution: 1. Malolos Constitution of 1898
2. 1935 Constitution 3. 1973 Constitution The CONCOM approved the
draft on October 12, 1986 & was submitted to the President for
approval. The constitution was ratified by the people on February
02, 1986
Features of the 1987 Constitutiony The Constitution of 1987 is y
pro-life y pro-people y pro-poor y pro
Filipino y anti-dictatorship