Political Revolutions. Do Now #25 The unit we are about to cover is about political revolutions around the world. A revolution is a sudden, complete or.

Political Revolutions

Do Now #25

The unit we are about to cover is about political revolutions around the world. A revolution is a sudden, complete or marked change in something.

Besides political revolutions, can you think of any revolutionary changes in any area of daily life that you have heard of or seen during your life time?

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Political Revolutions

• Revolution – which is a sudden or significant change in the old ways of doing things.

• Revolutions can occur in many areas, such as government, technology, or art.

American Revolution• The Glorious Revolution of 1688 had given England a

constitutional monarchy. • In essence, this meant that various laws limited the power of the English

king. • A growing number of England’s colonists in North America

accused England of tyrannical rule.

• Emboldened by Enlightenment ideas, they would attempt to overthrow what was then the mightiest power on earth and create their own nation.

The American Colonies Grow• American colonies grow large and populous during 1600s, 1700s• Colonies thrive economically through trade with Europe

- Britain’s Navigation Act restricts that trade (1651) other trade laws add restrictions, taxes• Colonists identify less and less as British subjects

Britain and Its American Colonies(We’ll act this bad boy out, cause its mad confusing)

British–Colonial Tensions Arise • Britain, American colonies win French and Indian War in 1763

• Britain taxes colonists to help pay war debts• Colonists argue that British cannot tax them without their consent

Growing Hostility Leads to War• Colonists protest tea tax with “Boston Tea Party” in 1773• Colonists meet in Philadelphia to address British policies (1774)• British and Americans exchange fire at Lexington and Concord in 1775

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The Influence of the Enlightenment• Colonial leaders push for independence, rely on

Enlightenment ideas• Declaration of Independence—document

justifying colonial rebellion• Leader Thomas Jefferson writes Declaration,

uses ideas of Locke

Americans Win Independence

Success for the Colonists• Despite British military might, colonists have advantages:

- motivating cause of freedom- French assistance- war’s expense for Britain

• British surrender at Yorktown in 1781; colonists win the war

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The Federal System• Constitution creates three branches of

government• Provides checks and balances—ensures

branches share power equally • Promotes federal system—power divided

between nation and states

The Bill of Rights• Some fear too much national power, few

protections of rights• Leaders win support for Constitution by adding a

Bill of Rights- 10 Amendments to Constitution that protect

freedoms

Americans Create A Republic

Do Now #26

1. Do you feel that a violent revolution is sometimes the only answer to solve a problem?

2. What are some diplomatic (verbal, negotiations) ways people can solve problems?

French Revolution

• In the 1700s, France was considered the most advanced country of Europe. It had a large population and a prosperous foreign trade.

• It was the center of the Enlightenment, and France’s culture was widely praised and imitated by the rest of the world.

• However, the appearance of success was deceiving.

France: Why would a revolution take place in these

circumstances?

French Revolution

The Old Regime• Old Regime—social and political system in France during the 1770s• Estates—three social classes of France’s Old Regime

The Privileged Estates• First Estate—Catholic clergy—own 10 percent land, pay few taxes• Second Estate—rich nobles—2 percent population, own 20 percent land

The Third Estate• 97 percent of people are peasants, urban workers, middle class• Have few privileges, pay heavy taxes, want change

French Revolution Continues

Enlightenment Ideas• Enlightenment ideas inspire some in Third Estate

Economic Troubles• High taxes and rising costs damage economy by 1780s• King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette known for

extravagance• Louis doubles nation’s debt; banks refuse to lend more money

French Revolution Continues

The National Assembly• Third Estate has little power under

old rules• Third Estate sets up National

Assembly—new legislature to make reforms

• Tennis Court Oath—delegates decide to write new constitution for France

Storming the Bastille• Rumors fly in Paris that Louis wants

to suppress National Assembly• Mob attacks and seizes Bastille,

killing guards on July 14, 1789

The roof is on fire

End of the French Revolution

A Limited Monarchy• In September 1791, Assembly finishes new constitution • Legislative Assembly—new body created to pass laws

Problems with Other Countries• Austrians and Prussians want Louis in charge of France; France declares

war

End of the French Revolution

Jacobins Take Control• Jacobins—radical political organization behind

1792 governmental changes • After a close vote, Louis XVI is found guilty of

treason and beheaded by the guillotine.

Divided Country• Not all people in France support all changes of

the Revolution

Robespierre Assumes Control• Maximilien Robespierre—Jacobin leader rules

France for a year as a dictator. • Reign of Terror—Robespierre’s rule, which

includes killing many opponents• Thousands die during the Terror, including

former allies and Marie Antoinette• 85 percent of those who die during the Terror

are middle or lower class

Napoleon Takes Power

Hero of the Hour• In 1795, Napoleon Bonaparte, commander of the French Army,

defeats royalist rebels attacking National Convention• Napoleon wins stunning victories in Italy, gaining popularity

Coup d’État (coo day ta)• In November 1799, he carries out coup d’état—seizure of power. • Napoleon defeats British, Russians, Austrians who join forces

against him

Napoleon Takes Power

Restoring Order at Home• To fix economy, he sets up national

banking system, efficient tax collection• Establishes lycées—government-run

public schools to train officials• Signs concordat—agreement—with

pope restoring Catholicism in France• Creates Napoleonic Code—uniform

system of laws

Napoleon Crowned as Emperor• In December 1804, Napoleon crowns

himself emperor of France

The End of Napoleon

Napoleon Suffers Defeat• Britain, Prussia, Sweden, Russia, Austria join forces against Napoleon• Napoleon raises another army, but meets quick defeat by allied powers• Napoleon finally surrenders and is exiled to island of Elba

The Hundred Days• Louis XVIII, new king, is soon overthrown and Napoleon returns from exile• Waterloo—British, Prussian forces defeat Napoleon’s army• This defeat ends Hundred Days—Napoleon’s last attempt at power.

The End of Napoleon

A Meeting of Nations•Congress of Vienna—series of meetings that reshape Europe•monarchs deposed by Napoleon are returned to thrones•Leaders hope to restore order through these changes•Congress of Vienna succeeds in getting all European governments together•Fair deals are worked out so that the meeting does not lead to more war•European nations agree to preserve peace, which lasts almost 40 years

Do Now #27

Are you proud to be an American?

Proud to be from New Jersey? Proud to be from Long Branch?

Why?

Latin American Revolutions

• The successful American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Enlightenment changed ideas about who should control government.

• Ideas of liberty, equality, and democratic rule found their way across the seas to European colonies.

A Race and Class System• Latin America has social classes that determine jobs and

authority:• Peninsulares—born in Spain, they head colonial government,

society• Creoles—American-born Spaniards who can become army

officers • Mestizos have both European and Indian ancestry• Mulattos—Have both European and African ancestry• Slaves• Indians are at the bottom of society

Revolts Continue Throughout Latin America

Revolution in Haiti• Haiti is first Latin American territory to gain freedom • Toussaint L’Ouverture leads slave revolt against French (1791)• Toussaint eventually dies in French prison in 1803

Haiti’s Independence• Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares Saint Domingue a country in 1804• Saint Domingue becomes first black colony to win independence• Renamed Haiti, means “mountainous land” in the Arawak language

Revolts Continue Throughout Latin America

Creole Leaders• Simón Bolívar—wealthy Creole leads Venezuela in revolution• Venezuela declares independence in 1811; Bolívar wins war by 1821• José de San Martín—leader of Argentinean revolutionary forces• Argentina independent in 1816; San Martín helps free Chile• Bolívar’s and San Martín’s armies drive Spanish out of Peru in 1824

Revolts Continue Throughout Latin America

Mexican Revolt• Padre Miguel Hidalgo—priest who launches Mexican revolt (1810)• 80,000 Indian and mestizo followers march on Mexico City• José María Morelos—leads revolt after Hidalgo’s defeat, but loses.

Do Now #28

What is your opinion of this quote? 1 paragraph

“Borders are imaginary lines that say people born on one side are somehow different and better than those born on the other”

-Emma GoldmanShe could beat you

up.

US vs. THEM

After the Revolutions

Nationalism emerges

• Nationalism: The belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.

Result of Revolution in Latin America= Independence

Result of Revolution in Europe

= Unification

Bonds That Create a Nation

What are some identifying factors that we see among students at LBHS? i.e. Academy ....

Thanksgiving Rivals….

US Them

Meaning of features The slogan/motto is often written below or above the coat of arms, and is usually some sort of motto or testament to the bearer's strength.

The Shield is often the center of the coat of arms, directly descended from the shields of the medieval knights.

The Supporters can be interpreted both literally or figuratively, representing the ideals and morals that the represented entity is built upon.

The coronet/helmet is a small crown/helm that occasionally sits on top of the shield as a symbol of rank or royalty.

The wreath/torse is a strip of fabric that once represented the favor or a lady.

The crest/charger usually stands on the top of the helm, coronet or wreath, and often features images such as the front part of an animal or birds' wings.

The mantling is the backdrop for the shield, often depicted as a type of cloth. The tradition comes from the wearing of a mantle over a knight's helm, to keep rain and wind from entering the armor's join at the neck.

Field Trip

Today we are going to MEDIEVAL TIMES!!!

Field Trip

No. We’re not. I lied.

We’re going to the front entrance of the school

Leave everything at your desk

Personal Symbol Project

Today we will start a “nationalist” activity in which YOU are actually the “nation”

Complete your “nation’s” Coat of Arms and attach your explanations of the elements to the INBOX for a formative grade

If you do not finish today it becomes homework

Smiga Coat of Arms