7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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1
16 1998
(Refah Partisi),
.
[ ]
.1
.
,
.
, .
, 1990.
.
,2
(1923 1950),
1990.
.
1Laik Cumhuriyet ilkesine aykr eylemleri nedeniyle,Milliyet, 17 Ocak 1998.
2 Cumhuriyet
Republic
. .
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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2
:
, ,
,
.
( ,
),
,
.
,
.
90,
. ,
, ,
.
.
... ,
, (think tanks)
.
,
.
,
,
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
3/90
3
.
:
;
,
, ,
;
,
;
, .
,
,
.
, ,
.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
4/90
4
: .
,
.
3
,
(661 -750) (750 1250)
-
. , ,
(aria eriat ),
.
, ,
.4
.
(Sunn)
. (i`a
, ) (
) Ali.
.
Hanefi, Hanbali, Maliki afii.
,
,
3 Abu Bakr (632-634), Omar (634-644), Othman (644-656)
Ali (656-661).4 The Times, Concise Atlas of World History, ed. Geoffrey Barraclough (London: Times
Books, 1994
5
), . 40-41.
H.A.R. GibbHarold Bowen, Islamic Society and the West, vol. 1,pt. I, Islamic Society in the Eighteenth Century(London: Oxford University Press, 1950), .
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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5
:
(kelime-i ehadet), (namaz),
(oru), (zekt) (hac)
.
9 11
:
(tasawwuf, sufilik)
/
/ .
,
, .
,
.
10 11 ,
.5
,
.
, ,
.
( , 977-1186
, 992-1211) ,
- (gaz, aknc)
/ (dervi)
.
,
21-22. . , (7-18 )(: . , 1987).
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
6/90
6
.6
,
.
,
:
(ulema) ,
(mera).
(askeri).
ulema (imam,
mezzin), (fetva)
(mft, eyh-l-islam),
(kad), (mderris). ,
,
(umma, mmet)
(eriat).7
,
.8, ,
5
H.A.R. GibbHarold Bowen, . 21.6 Speros Vryonis Jr, The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process ofIslamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century (Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press, 1971), . 143-287. , cihd gz, . inasiTekin, Trk Dnyasnda Gzve CihdKavramlar zerine Dnceler ( Gz Cihd ), , Tarih ve Toplum109 (Ocak1993): 9-18.110 (ubat 1993): 9-16.7 askeri, . Halil nalck, The Nature of Traditional Sosiety. Turkey, Robert A.
Ward-Dunkwart Rustow, Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey (Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1964), 42-63. ulema, .H.A.R. GibbHarold Bowen, op. cit., pt.II, 70-113. , . - , . , (: , ...), . 446-485.8
. Margoliouth erif Mardin, Din ve deoloji( )(stanbul: letiim, 19977), . 67-68.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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7
, mmet
. ,
Allah. , , -
, mmet
, ,
(peygamber) .
, -
,
(, civitas).
, , ,
, Allah,
Allah,
Allah,9
,
/ (tarikat).10
, Mardin
.
Durkheim
.
,
. ,
. (mmet)
(ulema), .11
/
/ -,
9Ibid., . 72. , . 101 erif Mardin, Ideology and Religion in the
Turkish Revolution, Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset ( )
(stanbul: letiim, 1997
5
), . 156.10Mardin,Din ve deoloji, . 71, 93.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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8
. ,
-,
.12
, , : ,
, ,
, , ,
,
.
,
(ruling institution)
(..
Mevlevi Nakibendi),
( Bektai).13
19
(Tanzimat)
. , ,
:
.
, ,
19 ,
Namk Kemal, Enver Bey Ziya Paa.
11Ibid., .73-76.12
Binnaz Toprak, Islam and Political Development in Turkey(Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1981), . 28-29. - , . Mardin, erif Mardin, Center-Periphery Relations: A Key to Turkish Politics?,
Daedalus, vol. 102 (Winter 1973): 169-190.13Mardin, Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset, . 161.Din ve deoloji, . 95-96.Toprak, . 27-28.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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9
,
,
, . ,
eriat,
, ,
,
, .
Cemaleddin Afgani (1839-1897) Muhammed Abduh (1845-1905),
.
(kinci Merutiyet,
),
Srat-i Mstakim(1908)
Sebilr-Read (1911).
, , Mardin
(itihad) [ ].14
(hadis ehli),
.
20
/ ,
,
Ziya Gkalp: ,
, (Trklemek, slamlamak, Muasrlamak).
,
,
14Mardin, slmclk ( ), Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset, . 11-24.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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10
.15
,
(1911-1922).
15
Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (London: Oxford University Press,19682), . 234-236.
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11
1923-1980
1. 1923-1950
(1919-1922)
(ttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti) ,
, ,
Mustafa Kemal. ,
,
.16 ,
1923 1935 ,
,
. Toprak
:
, , .17
- .
(1922)
(1924), (1928),
(1925),
(1925),
(ezan, 1931-1932),
(1934).
. ,
, eyh-l-islam
(eriye ve
Evkf Vekleti, 1924),
16 , Zrcher, . Erik Jan Zrcher, MilliMcadelede ttihatlk [ The Unionist Factor. The Role of theCommittee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement, 1905-1926(Leiden: E.J.
Brill, 1983)] (stanbul: Balam, 1995
2
).17Toprak, . 40.
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12
(Diyanet leri Reislii)
(Evkf Umum Mdrl)
.18 ,
,
(trbe) (tekke) 1925,
.
:
. 1924
.
. ,
(Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu, 1924)
,
(medrese)
, ,
.
(mam-Hatip Mektepleri),
.
,
. ,
,
(1926).19
,
-
. , ,
Ziya Gkalp :
18
1928 1924 .
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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13
,
,
. , ,
(hurafe)
. 1928
. ,
, ,
, ,
,
-.
.20
. ,
(1946-1950) nn,
, .
7
,
(social cement). , 1949
,
, ,
1930 1933 .21
19 , . Toprak, . 40-54.
20Mardin,Din ve deoloji, . 148-149. Lewis, . 414-415,
. Ziya Gkalp, . Taha Parla, ZiyaGkalp, Kemalizm ve Trkiyede Korporatizm ( Ziya Gkalp, ) (stanbul: letiim: 19932), . 79-85. , .Toprak, . 38-39.erif Mardin, Religion and Secularism in Turkey, Ali Kazancgil andErgun zbudun (eds.), Atatrk: Founder of a Modern State(London: C. Hurst & Co., 1981),
208-212.21Mardin, slmclk, . 32.Toprak, . 49 76-78.
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14
2. 1950 1980
(Demokrat Parti) Adnan
Menderes 14 1950
.
(secular)
, .
Mardin
:
, (tarikat)
,
.22
,
-
.
-,
. ,
.. (ezan)
. ,
, .23
, ..
,
, .
Ticani Atatrk,
, 15
Kemal Pilavolu.
22
Mardin, slmclk, . 31-36.23Toprak, . 78-82.
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15
Nurcu.
, Risale-i Nur (
), Bedizzaman Said Nursi (1873-1960),
,
. .24 ..,
,
.
,
.25
27 1960.
(Adalet Partisi) ,
, 60.
1961
Ragp Gmpala
,
/ ..
(Menderes, Zorlu,
Koraltan).26
(
-, ),
. , ,
, ..
...
,
24 Bedizzaman Said Nursi, . erif Mardin, Bedizzaman Said Nursi (1873 -1960):Bir Tebliin ekillenmesi ( Bedizzaman Said Nursi (1873-1960):The Shaping of a Vocation), Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset, .170-193.25 Toprak, . 83-90. Erik J. Zrcher, Turkey. A Modern History (London-New York: I.B.
Tauris, 1994), . 243-245.26Ibid., , 258.
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16
. ...
( irtica).
nn ,
, Nurcu,
. ,
,
.27
60,
. ...
Ecevit
(ortann solu) ,
-
,
.28 , Necmettin
Erbakan 1969 ,
.
( ), 1970
, (Mill Nizam
Partisi).29
Erbakan
,
. , , - (muhtra) 12 1971.
Erbakan .
Turgut
Sunalp .
27erif Mardin, TrkiyedeDin Sembollerin Dnm stne Bir Not (
A Note on the Transformation of Religious Symbols in Turkey, Trkiyede Din ve
Siyaset, . 209.Toprak, . 92-96.28Ibid., . 94-95.
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17
Erbakan 1972
(Mill Selamet Partisi).
Sunalp
(devlet partisi),
.30
. ,
Nakibendi (
Erbakan) Nurcu .31
,
1973
11,8%
, ... Blent Ecevit.
.32 , ,
Nurcu,
8,6% 1977.33 ,
(Milliyeti Cephe)
1975 1977,
, , ( ,
, Milliyeti Hareket Partisi
Alparslan Trke)
.34,
,
,
29Zrcher, Turkey. A Modern History, . 270.
30 Aye avdar, Tarikatlarn Seim Snav ( ),
Nokta, 14-20 ubat 1999, 9.31
Ibid., . 9. erif Mardin, Modern Trkiyede Din ( Religion inModern Turkey,Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset, . 107.32Feroz Ahmad, The Making of Modern Turkey (London and New York: Routledge, 1994),. 161-162.33
avdar, . 9-10.erif Mardin, 2000e Doru Kltr ve Din ( TheConference on Turkey towards the Year 2000), paper
, Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset, . 225-226.34Ahmad, . 165-167.avdar, . 10.
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18
,
12 1980.
3. 1980-1990
.35,
. ,
ulema, , . ,
258 350,
270,000, 40,000 .
. , ,
, , .36
Turgut zal .
,
.
(Diyanet leriMdrl) . ,
, 50,765
1979 84,712 1989 115
, 62,947 1988 54,667
35 60, .Zrcher, Turkey. A Modern History, . 259-
260.36Ahmad, . 214, 219-220.
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19
1984, 1500 .37,
(Trk-slam Sentezi),
.
(Aydnlar Oca),
.
, .38
.39
(Anavatan Partisi) Turgut zal,
.
, ,
. ,
, . ,
Nakibendi Nurcu
zal, .
, ,
.40
37Ibid., .220-221,
.38
M. Hakan Yavuz, Political Islam and the Welfare (Refah) Party in Turkey, ComparativePolitics 30, 1 (October 1997): 67-68. , . Tanl Bora-Kemal Can, Devlet,Ocak, Dergh. 12 Eyllden 1990lara lkc Hareket(, , . 12 90), (stanbul: letiimYaynlar, 19994), . 147-189.39 , 1987. 40
Sencer Ayata, Patronage, Party, and State: The Politicization of Islam in Turkey, MiddleEast Journal 50, n. 1 (Winter 1996): 44-45.avdar, . 10.
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20
19 1983
(Refah Partisi),
.
(Ali Trkmen, Ahmet Tekdal),
,
1987 Erbakan .
1987 7,2% (
Nakibendi ANAP, Nurcu DYP),
1989 9,8% 16
46 , ,
, Kahramanmara, anlurfa Van.41
. ,
, ,
.
.
41Ibid., .10-11.Yavuz, . 70-71.
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21
1990
1.
1991 ,
16,2%, 62 . ,
,
(Milliyeti alma
Partisi) (Demokrat Partisi).42
10%. , 22
,
.43
Refah, ,
1994,
19,7%, :
.
. 1995,
21,4%,
158 . , ,
ANAP-DYP. ,
Tansu iller Mesut Ylmaz,
1996, .
Refah,
. , 1996,
42 1985-1992 ,
Adnan Menderes, Aydn Menderes43Yavuz, . 71-72.
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22
Refah-DYP : Necmettin
Erbakan.44
Erbakan
, .
,
, .
, , Erbakan :
,
Atatrk.
,
,
.45
,
.
,
, .46
, , , ,
D-8,
(, , ,
, , , ).
G-7 .
, , Refah
,
. ,
..
44 Ibid., . 71-72. George Joff, The Islamist Enigma in Turkey, Jime Review (Autumn
1996): 11-12.45Ibid., . 10.
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23
1995,
(Operation Provide
Comfort) . .
1996,
.47, ,
Erbakan
,
.
, . ,
50% 7
70% ,
1996 1,5 .48 , ,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
(barts)
46 M. Hakan Yavuz, Turkish-Israeli Relations through the Lens of the Turkish Identity
Debate, Journal of Palestine Studies 27, no. 1 (Autumn 1997): 29.47
Ibid., . 29, 31-32.
Phillip Robins, Turkish Foreign Policy under Erbakan, Survival39, no. 2(Summer 1997): 83-94.Joff, . 13-18.
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24
.
, ,
.
Taksim
,
.49
1997
...
,
[ ] (Aydnlk iin bir Dakika Karanlk),
9:00
, ,
, .
Refah,
, .50
, ,
4 ,
(Kuds Gecesi), Refah Sincan,
.
,
.
. 24-28
smail Hakk Karaday
.
(Milli Gvenlik Kurulu) 18
48Ibid., .20.
49 Nilfer Narl, The Rise of the Islamist Movement in Turkey, Middle East Review of
International Affairs (MERIA)3, no.3 (September 1999): 6-7.50
Ibid., . 7. evket Kazan .
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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25
-
.51
18
: )
(sekiz yllk kesintisiz
eitim), ,
, )
)
)
.
( lker
hlas), 19 , 20
51 , 110
1.200 -.52
Refah ,
,
29 ,
,
.53 Erbakan
, Vural
Sava
.54
, 16 1998
,
9-2.
51Ibid., . 7.Yavuz, Turkish-Israeli Relations, . 30.52
Ibid., . 30.53
Ibid., . 30-31. Ordu: Devleti Koruyalm (: ),Radikal, 30 Nisan 1997, 5.54
Yavuz, Turkish-Israeli Relations, . 31
.
James Nathan, Turkey on Edge, InternationalRelations13, no.5 (August 1997): 21.
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26
Ahmet Necdet Sezer. , ,
Erbakan
evket Kazan, Ahmet Tekdal, evki Ylmaz, Hasan Hseyin Ceylan, . Halil
elik,
, .
,
.55
. ,
1998 (Fazilet Partisi),
Refah
.56 Recai Kutan. ,
. (Devlet
Gvenlik Mahkemesi)
Recep Tayyip Erdoan,
.
... Fazilet
Refah -
,
.
1999 15,41%.57
. , ,
,
.
55. Milliyet, 17 1998.
56 ,
(fazilet) erdem.57Chronology of Political Islam in Turkey, Turkish Probe, 4 February 2001.
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27
2. Refah
Refah 1990
.
(Adil Dzen).
.
,
,
.
,
, .
,
. , .
. Refah
,
.
: ..., .. .58
.
, .
Erbakan, ,
58Robins, passim..Joff, . 9-10.Ayata, . 54.
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28
.
, ,
, .
, , ,
.
,
,
mmet
.
.
, ,
,
, ,
.59
Refah,
eriat,
.
zal,
.
,
,
.
59Yavuz, Political Islam, . 73-74.Ayata, . 54.
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29
,
-, Refah (urban)
.60 ,
, 1993
,
.61 ,
.
.62
,
.
, 1995,
,
.63
,
.
, , , ,
, .
,
.
:
,
, ,
,
60Yavuz, Political Islam, . 70.61
Metin Heper, Islam and Democracy in Turkey: Towards a Reconciliation?, Middle EastJournal 51, no. 1 (Winter 1997): 37.62Ibid., . 36.Henry Barkey, Turkey, Islamic Politics and the Kurdish Question, World Policy
Journal13, no.1 (Spring 1996): 45.63Heper, . 36.
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30
.64
Refah .
.
(Avrupa Milli Gr Tekilt),
. 1970
70,000 ,
.
(International Humanitarian Help) ,
,
.65
,
.
(gelenekiler)
Necmettin Erbakan, Ouzhan Asiltrk
evket Kazan,
.
.
.
,
64
Ayata, . 53
.
Heper, . 36
.
Yavuz, Political Islam, . 76-78.
Barkey, . 45.65Yavuz, Political Islam, . 77.
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31
.
.66
(yenilikiler)
,
.
Recep Tayyip Erdoan, Bahri Zengin
Erbakan, Abdullah Gl.
. , Erdoan
,
,
.67 Zengin
,
.
(, )
.
,
.68
, ,
.69
,
.
66Yavuz, Political Islam, . 76.
67Heper, . 37.68
Yavuz, Political Islam, . 75-76.69Barkey, . 48.
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32
, Refah
. , .
, , :
, ,
.70
1991 .
,
. ,
,
,
, .
.71
,
: .
.
. , , Refah
.
,
70
Yavuz, Political Islam, . 73-75.
Survey: Turkey, Economist, 10 June 2000, 12.71Barkey, . 46-47.
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33
. 72
Refah
:
,
,
.73
1995, ,
, .
,
.
,
,
.
, Refah
.
, ,
. ,
,
,
.74
Refah
, .
,
72Joff, . 19-22.
73Robins, . 94.Survey: Turkey, Economist, 12-13.74
Ibid., . 94-97.
Michael M. Gunter, The Silent Coup: The Secularist -Islamist Struggle inTurkey, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies21, no. 3 (Spring 1998): 4-11.
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34
,
,
.
,
.75
Refah
(Bat alma Grubu)
evik Bir Gven
Erkaya,
.
.
,
Refah. ,
, ,
,
,
eriat.
,
,
.76
.
,
,
Utah, Metin Tamko,
.
(, , ),
(conservatives) (revisionists),
75
Heper, . 43-44.76Ibid., . 42.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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35
.
. Tamko 60
(moderates)
(militants).77
, ,
. ,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
. , ,
.78
,
. ,
,
.
77 Metin Tamko, The Warrior Diplomats. Guardians of the National Security and
Modernization of Turkey(Salt Lake City:Utah University Press, 1976), . 103-105.78Heper, . 42-44.
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36
3.
1995.
. ,
Refah
,
,
. ,
, (),
, ,
.
Refah
,
, .
,
.
. ,
. -
,
1993,
37 .
Refah.79
79Yavuz, Political Islam, . 78.
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37
.
,
.
,
,
. , Refah 1995
HADEP.
, Refah,
HADEP .
(Demokrasi Partisi, DEP)
,
,
, .
, Refah
1,40%.80
,
.
-
Rize.
, .
,
80 Ibid., . 79. Barkey, . 50-51. DEP, .
Cumhuriyet, 9 Aralk () 1994. ,. ,
Azimet Kylou KyleriDevlet Yakyor ( ), Cumhuriyet, 11 Ekim () 1994.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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38
,
.81
.
, ,
,
,
,
.
80.
.
,
.
(import substitution strategy). ,
,
(devletilik). , , 1980
, 60,
. , :
(export-oriented economy).
,
.82
81Yavuz, Political Islam, . 79.
82Haldun Glalp, Modernization Policies and Islamic Politics in Turkey, Sibel Bozdoan
and Reat Kasaba (eds.), Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey (Seattle andLondon: University of Washington Press, 1997), . 54-57.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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39
.
,
,
.
, .83
60
.84 , ,
.
(urban)
,
,
.
,
.
, , , ,
, ,
.85
,
: status.
83Ziya nis, The Political Economy of Islamic Resurgence in Turkey: The Rise of Welfare
Party in Perspective, Third World Quarterly 18, no. 4 (1997): 749-753.84 Refah 1995 (gecekondu), . . lg zler, Politics of the Gecekondu in Turkey: ThePolitical Choices of Urban Squatters in National Elections, Turkish Studies1, no. 2 (Autumn2000): 39-58.85
NilferGle, Secularism and Islamism in Turkey: The Making of Elites and Counter-Elites,Middle East Journal 51, no. 1 (Winter 1997): 51-53.
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40
/ .
,
.
, .
, ,
-
. , ,
,
, .86
, ,
Refah. .
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
, , ,
.87
,
.
86 Ibid., . 52, life-world .Ayata,
. 53-54.87
mit Cizre Sakallolu, Parameters and Strategies of Islam-State Interaction in RepublicanTurkey, International Journal of Middle East Studies28 (1996): 241-242.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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41
. ,
,
. ,
,
,
.
:
. , ,
,
.
,
.88
.
,
.
, ...
,
.
,
.
,89 ,
.
, ,
, ,
88Gle, . 55-57.
89 , . Menderes nar/ Aye Kadolu, An
Islamic Critique of Modernity in Turkey: Politics of Difference Backwards, Orient40, 1 (1999):53-69.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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42
,
, .90
,
,
.
.
1980
, ,
(bourgeoisie).
zal,
.91
, , ,
.
,
.
,
. , 1990
(Mstakil
Sanayici ve adamlar Dernei, MSIAD).
90Heper, . 40-42.Gle, . 56. ,
. Michael E. Meeker, The New Muslim Intellectuals in the Republic of Turkey RichardTapper (ed.), Islam in Modern Turkey. Religion, Politics and Literature in a Secular State(London-New York: I.B. Tauris & Co., 1991), . 189-219.91
, .Ahmad, . 221.Sakallolu, . 244. Rabtatl-lemi-
slm, . CumhuriyetUur Mumcu, Uur Mumcu, Rabta(stanbul: Tekin Yaynevi, 1993).
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44
,
Abdurrahman Dilipak: MSIAD
, .
. MSIAD .
. ,
.94
Refah
. TSIAD
,
.
, MSIAD
.
94
Metin Sever, Tarikatlarn Sermayesi Nereden Geliyor? ( ;), Nokta, 15-21 Ocak () 1995, 33.nis, . 759-761.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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45
4. ,
80
:
.
.95
,
. , Nakibendi
zal ( ,
Korkut zal),
,
, , Al-Baraka Trk.
Nurcu,
Faisal Finans, Nurcu Fethullah Glen
Fethullahi ...,
MSIAD ,
,
.96
,
, . ,
,
,
.
95nis, . 758.96
Sever, . 29-32. , . Faik Bulut, Tarikat SermayesininYkselii( ) (stanbul: teki Yaynevi, 1995).
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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47
,
,
.
. , ,
, Fethullah100 Sleymanc
. ,
,
.
, , ,
,
.101
, ,
.
.
Refah .
80,
. ,
Mesut Ylmaz ANAP, 1991,
100
Fethullah Glen , . Blent Aras and mer Caha, Fethullah Glen andHis Liberal Turkish Islam Movement,Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA)4,no.4 (December 2000): 1-13. , , , , 1 1999, 38-40.M. Hakan Yavuz, Towards anIslamic Liberalism?: The Nurcu Movement and Fethullah Glen, Middle East Journal53, no.
4 (Autumn 1999): 583-605.101Ibid., . 50-51.Sakallolu, . 243-244.
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48
Turgut zal102
Nakibendi
,
.
, 1995
(cemaat)
. Nakibendi aramba,
Erenky Kbrsi ,
skender Paa , Menzil
,
, (Byk Birlik Parisi).
Nurcu
, ,
Fethullah ANAP, Yeni Nesil DYP. Sleymanclar
ANAP, klar
,
, Refah.103
. , ,
,
.
,
.
(iftar yemei) Erbakan , 10 1997.
Fethullah Nurcu
102 zal 1977
Refah , . avdar, Tarikatlarn SeimSnav,Nokta, .10.Ayata, 45-46.103
Baki Koar, Tarikatlardan Erbakana Rest ve Salvo ( Erbakan), Nokta, 26 Mart-1 Nisan 1995, 18-19.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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49
.104
Refah, Erbakan,
.
, .
Recai Kutan
Refah .
,
,
.
( DYP ANAP),
. 115
Refah
(Gnl Erleri Platformu),
DYP.
, Ali Trkmen,
Nakibendi, Nurcu
Sleymanc.105
1999. ,
,
. , ,
,
. ,
104
avdar, . 11-12.105Ibid., .12-13.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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50
,
.
,
.106
,
,
.
15 - (25%
) ,
,
. Kzlba (,
)
, Bektai,
13 Hac Bekta Veli.
, 20%
. ,
16
,
.
,
, ,
, .107
1923,
Mustafa Kemal
.
106Ibid., . 13.Heper, . 38-40.107
David Zeidan, The Alevi of Anatolia,Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA) 3, no.4 (December 1999): 1-3. , . etin Yetkin, Etnik veToplumsal Ynleriyle Trk Halk Hareketleri ve Devrimler (
), 2 , (stanbul:May Yaynlar, 1974).
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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51
,
.
,
.
1950,
, 1960,
.
1966
(Birlik Partisi).
1970
, .
1978,
Kahramanmara
.108
zal
. , ,
. , 1990
,
,
. ,
, ,
1993,
Refah Gazi Osman Paa
1995.
,
108
Zeidan, 3-4
.
erif Mardin, Modern Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset ( Religion and Politicsin Modern Turkey),Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset, . 114-145.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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52
,
, .109
,
. (MIT)
90
10.110
(slami Hareket, slami Direni)
Hizbullah
. , ,
,
,
.
(BDA-C).
,
(eriat). , ,
(, , ),
,
. ,
,
109Zeidan, 5, 16. . 13-18 1995. Sabah (Yunan Parma), .Sabah, 16Mart 1995. 1997 Sleyman Demirel Mesut Ylmaz
Hac Bekta Veli.110., Cumhuriyet, 30 Ekim () 1991.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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53
1998. ,
BDA-C,
1999
Hizbullah.
PKK calan.
,
1993.
, ,
, ,
.111
111 Ely Karmon, The Demise of Radical Islam in Turkey, paper
International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=130 (
Middle East Review of International Affairs(MERIA)1, no.4 (December 1997).
http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=130http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=130http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=1307/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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54
1970
(Islamic Revival)112,
,
(think tanks). ,
:
,
(Bernard Lewis, Samuel Huntington),
,
,
(Edward Said, John Esposito, Fred
Halliday).113
,
, ,
, .
,
.
, ,
.114
112 , . Simon Murden, Cultural Conflict in Internatinal
Relations: The West and Islam, John Baylis-Steve Smith, The Globalization of WorldPolitics(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), . 374-389.113
, . Mahmood Monshipouri, TheWests Modern Encounter with Islam: From Discourse to Reality, Journal of Church andState, (Winter 1998), . 1-23.114
Is Islamism a Threat? A Debate, ( Middle EastQuartrly 2 1999 , John Esposito,
Martin Kramer, Graham Fuller, Daniel Pipes, Patrick Clawson, www.meforum.org/meq/dec99/debate.htm.
http://www.meforum.org/meq/dec99/debate.htmhttp://www.meforum.org/meq/dec99/debate.htmhttp://www.meforum.org/meq/dec99/debate.htm7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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55
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
:
. , , ,
, , , ,
-. ,
.115
,
,
.
80 ,
zal
... :
,
.116
1991, ,
115
Ibid. Samuel Huntington, (:Terzo Books, 1998), . 124-125.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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56
.
... ,
.117
.
,
, .
70
,
, .
,
,
,
.118 Refah
,
.
Erbakan
, .. (cihad)
,
.
, ,
,
, .119
116Ahmad, . 175, 214, 219-221.
117Is Islamism a Threat? A Debate.118
Ibid. Mahmood Monshipouri, Reform and the Human Rights Quandary: Islamists vs.Secularists, Journal of Church and State, (Summer 1999): 1-28. Morton I. Abramowitz,Dateline Ankara: Turkey after Ozal, Foreign Policy, no.91 (Summer 1993), , .119
Ibid. Stephen Kinzer, The Islamist who Runs Turkey, Delicately, The New York TimesMagazine, 23 February 1997.Barkey, . 48-50.Nathan, Turkey on Edge, . 22-24,
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57
.
,
,
.
,
.
Refah, .
Erbakan
,
. ,
.
Taksim
,
.120
,
.
, Refah
.
(), ,
,
. ,
1996 , .
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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58
,
.
,
. ,
,
.
.
,
eriat.
,
.121
:
.
, .
. , ,
(irtica). , ,
120Eric Rouleau, Turkey: Beyond Atatrk, Foreign Policy 103 (Summer 1996): 79-80.
121. , . (1995-1997)( ..., 1997), 6-7, 19-28.
(Financial Times., International Herald Tribune, Le Monde) .
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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59
1997
. ,
,
Erbakan
,
.122
Refah ,
.
.
.
,
.123
, 1950.
, ,
,
.
, , ,
,
,
122 Mumtaz Ahmad and I. William Zartman, Political Islam: Can it Become a Loyal
Opposition?, Middle East Policy5, no. 1 (January 1997): 79-80.123
Monshipouri, . 19-20.
Is Islamism a Threat? A Debate, passim.
.
Mumtaz Ahmad and I.William Zartman, . 80.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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60
.
NGO
.124
,
.
, .
,
,
,
.
,
,
.125
124 Debbie Lovatt, Islam, Secularism and Civil Society, The World Today 53, no. 8-9(August-September 1997): 226-229.125
. Turkeys Refah Party in Power: An Assessment: An Interview with Graham Fuller,Middle East Affairs Journal3, no. 1-2 (Winter-Spring 1997), Yavuz, Turkish-
Israeli Relations, . 34
.
Ian O. Lesser, Turkeys Strategic Options, The InternationalSpectator34, no. 1 (January-March 1999): 79-88.
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61
The Emergence of Modern
Turkey Bernard Lewis
-
: .
,
, , . ,
Lewis, 60,
(milliyet) .126
1959 11 6-14
,
;.127
. , 1968 , ,
50,3% , 37,5%
.128 1994, 69%
, 21% 4%
.129
, ,
. 78
126Lewis, . 344, . 36.
elhamdlillah mslmanm, . , .127Mardin, Din ve deoloji, . 81.128
Ibid., . 163-164.129Heper, . 34-35.
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62
,
. Lewis
.
, ,
,
.
,
.130
1923
: ,
. ,
.
,
.131
, ,
.
, ,
,
,
.132
,
,
130Lewis, . 422-424.Toprak, . 55.131Mardin,Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset, . 218-219.Toprak, . 24.132
, .Mardin,Trkiyede Din veSiyaset, . 166.Toprak, . 39.
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63
Said 1925,
Kubilay 1930.133
,
,
. ,
,
.
,
,
,
. ,
.
Lewis .
[ ]
.134 ,
,
.135 ,
, ,
.
. Mustafa Kemal
,
133 , . Mete Tunay, T.C.nde Tek Parti Ynetiminin
Kurulmas (1923-1931) (
, 1923-1931) (stanbul: Cem Yaynevi, 19892
).134Lewis, . 423.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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64
.
,
.
, , ,
.136 ,
,
,
. ,
,
.
1970.
Necmettin Erbakan
.
.
,
(hadis ehli),
.
,
. , ,
. ,
,
12 1980.
, ,
.
135
Toprak, . 124.136Mardin,Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset, . 82-83, 165.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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65
, .
,
.
,
,
Refah,
. ,
,
, ,
.
,
MSIAD
.
.
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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66
, .137
,
, :
, .
. ,
, .
Refah ,
:
, , ,
.138
,
1923 :
.
,
.
,
.
137Glalp, Modernization Policies and Islamic Politics in Turkey, . 58-59.138
, . mit Cizre Sakallolu, Kemalizm slamlayor ( ), Nee Dzel, Yeni Yzyl, 26 Ocak ()
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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69
,
,
. ,
,
.
1998
.
,
.
(Cemil iek, Ali Cokun, Abdullah Gl, Abdulkadir Aksu),
1999. , ,
.
, .142
,
60% ( 50%),
.
, Nazl lcak Oya
Akgnen, .
,
Refah. ,
, ,
141
Heper, . 35-38.
Gle, passim.
.
Ayata, . 55-56.142Narl, The Rise of the Islamist Movement in Turkey, . 6.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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70
Recai Kutan Nazl lcak ,
.143
..,
,
. , ,
,
,
.
.
,
. ,
. ,
,
Abdullah calan.144
18 1999
,
15,41%.
,
.
Refah
,
,
. 1990
erif Mardin,
: ,
;
143
Ibid., . 6-7.144Ibid., . 7.
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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71
,
.145
status quo .
,
.146
. ,
,
,
. , ,
,
,
.147
,
,
,
, , ,
.
- ,
,
.
145 Mardin, Trkiyede Din Sembollerin Dnm stne Bir Not, Trkiyede Din ve
Siyaset, . 237.146
Narl, . 7.147Sakallolu, Kemalizm slamlayor.
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72
, Erbakan
.148
Sakallolu (nationalism)
, .149
,
.
.
,
,
, .
148
Barkey, .48
.
Yavuz, Political Islam, . 80-81.149Sakallolu, Parameters and Strategies, . 248.
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73
,
, .
,
1970 . , ,
,
.
,
. ,
90,
, , ,
. Huntington
.150
.
,
. ,
,
. , , ,
,
,
7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey
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74
. , ,
,
.
78
, -
, , ,
. , ,
,
,
.
1999
: (Demokratik
Sol Partisi) Blent Ecevit
, 1995
10% .
17,98%
Refah.
151
.
, ,
,
.
,
,
,
: .
150Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies(New Haven and London: Yale
University Press, 1996).151
Sultan Tepe, A Kemalist-Islamist Movement? The National Action Party, Turkish Studies1, no. 2 (Autumn 2000): 59-72.
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APPENDIX A
Chronology of Political Islam in Turkey
The following is a history of Turkey's Islamic political movement overthe decades.
Jan. 1970:The National Order Party (MNP) is formedunder the leadership
of Necmettin Erbakan.
May 1971: The MNP is disbanded by the Constitutional Court after
accusations arise that it was anti-secular. Erbakan exiles himself in
Switzerland.
Oct. 1972: The National Salvation Party (MSP) is formed by Erbakan'sclose
aides. He returns and takes leadership.
Oct. 1973: The MSP wins 11.8 percent of votes in general elections, winn ing
48 seats in the 450-member Parliament.
Oct. 1974-1977: The MSP joins three successive coalition governmentsas a
junior partner. Erbakan serves as deputy prime minister each time.
June 1977: The MSP only wins 5.3 percent of votesand 24 parliamentary
seats in the elections.
Sept. 1980: The Turkish military takes over with a coup after factional
fighting All political parties are abolished and party leaders are placed under
house arrest.
Oct. 1980: Erbakan and 21 MSP officials are imprisoned on charges of
acting against secularism. They are released one year later and acquitted.
July 1983: The Welfare Party (RP) is founded by Erbakan's close aides whilehe remains banned from politics.
Oct 1987: The ban on former political leaders is lifted. Erbakan takes over
RPleadership.
Nov. 1987: The RP wins seven percent of votes in general elections but
holds no parliamentary seats due to a new 10 percent minimum threshold.
Oct. 1991: The RP wins 17 percent of votes in elections and gains 38 seats
in an expanded 500-member Parliament.
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Dec. 1995: The RP gets 21 percentof votes and becomes the largest party
in Parliamentwith 158 seats in a further-expanded 550-member Parliament.
June 1996: Erbakan forms a coalition government with former Prime Minister
Tansu Ciller. Erbakan is now prime minister.
June 1997: Erbakan resigns after mounting pressureby secularist military.
This period is called a "post-modern coup," by some circles.
Jan. 16, 1998: TheRP is disbanded by the ConstitutionalCourt.
Feb. 19, 1998: Turkish prosecutors launch an investigation against
'Erbakan charges of insulting the Constitutional Court.
Feb, 24,1998: Turkey's Islamists re-launchtheir potent cause under a new
banner after their former flagship the RP was officially outlawed by the
Constitutional Court. More than 100 former RP deputies, including Islamist
policy-makers, join the newly formed Virtue Party (FP) which inaugurates
its parliamentary life at a meeting in a chamber of the National Assembly.
Mar. 5, 1998: The newly-emerged FP becomes the largest group in
Turkey's Parliament when it attracts its 140th deputy.
April 21, 1998: The State Security Court (DGM) in Diyarbakir sentences
Recep Tayyip Erdogan, mayor of Istanbul and a Virtue Party (FP) member,
to ten months in jail and a heavy fine for an Islamist speech he made in
1997 in the southeastern province of Siirt.
May 1998: Discussions on replacing FP Chairman Ismail Alptekin
dominate party meetings.
May 14, 1998: Recai Kutan is elected as the new leader of the FP
following pressure from reformists within the party.
May 22, 1998: The RP appeals to the European Commission of Human
Rights against the closure of their party, banned for threatening Turkey's
secular constitution. Former Welfare Justice Minister Sevket Kazan
formally lodges the appeal against the ban citing infringements of freedom
of speech and assembly as guaranteed by the European Human Rights
Convention to which Turkey is a signatory.
May 24, 1998: Ankara State Security Court's (DGM) chief prosecutor
demands that the Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's
Association (MUSIAD) be closed.
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June 11, 1998: The Parliamentary Constitutional Commission decides to
postpone the debate of draft bills, popularly referred to as "fundamentalist
laws."
June 1998: Turkey's powerful pro-secular army prepares to increase its
pressure on the government to step up the fight against Islamic politics,
news reports claim.
June 1998: The head scarf dispute reaches a peak. According to the
Dress Code wearing a head scarf inside state offices is illegal. Police and
university students clash over the head scarf issue. The head scarf is
viewed as a symbol of political Islam.
June 29, 1998: Court begins the trial of Erbakan, charged with slander in a
case seen as retribution for his failed challenge to the official secular order.
June 30, 1998: According to an opinion poll commissioned by the Turkish
Armed Forces (TSK), the FP continues to be the most popular party in
Turkey.
July 8, 1998: The court launches a fresh investigation into Recep Tayyip
Erdogan, the mayor of Istanbul, for alleged criticism of the country's
secular order.
Aug. 1998; Ankara DGM prosecutor Nuh Mete Yuksel begins scrutinizing
the speeches and actions of the FP to assess whether it is a continuation
of the defunct RP for its anti-secular stance.
Aug. 21, 1998: The Finance Ministry asks prosecutors to investigate the
finances of RP, saying that the party falsified records and hid cash
reserves. Finance Ministry inspectors say $3.6 million is missing from the
accounts of the party.
Sept. 23, 1998: The Supreme Court of Appeals upholds a ten-month
prison sentence for Istanbul's popular pro-Islamic Mayor Tayyip Erdogan,
thus ending his political career.
Oct. 28, 1998: Ankara's Chief Prosecutor's Office delivers two reports
catling ''for the removal of political immunity for FP Chairman Kutan.
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Nov. 12, 1998: Greater Ankara Municipality Mayor Melih Gokcek is taken
into custody by an anti-ferrorist team associated \/vith the AnkaraSecurity
Department following an order from DGM Prosecutor Nuh Mete Yuksel.
April 17, 1999: The FP gets 15 percent of votes in the election and became
the main opposition party in the newly formed Parliament.
May 7, 1999: Chief Prosecutor Vural Savas asks the Constitutional Court to
ban the FP on charges that is the successor of the now-defunct RP.
Dec. 12, 2000: The Constitutional Court begins deliberations on whether to
outlaw FP on grounds that it is an extension of an already banned group
under laws that strictly separate religion and state.
Dec. 12, 2000: The Constitutional Court decides to annul a law that makes it
harder to close down parties in Turkey and thus opens the way for a possible
ban against the main opposition FP.
Dec.13, 2000: Court postpones a hearing in a case for the closure of the
FP.
Jan 22, 2001: Turkey's coalition parties decide to postpone parliamentary
debate of a new law making it harder to close political parties, a move that
could affect the fate of the main Islamist party.
Jan 30, 2001: The Constitutional Court restarts the hearing of the law suit
demanding the closure of the FP.
:Turkish DailyNews, 4 February 2001.
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79
APPENDIX B
1973
: Binnaz Toprak, Islam and Political Development in Turkey, . 119.
%
29,8 149
11,9 45
33,3 185
5,3 13
3,4 3
11,8 48
1973
31%
12%35%
6%
4%
12%
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81/90
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82
1991
* .
: M. Hakan Yavuz, Political Islam and the Welfare (Refah) Party in Turkey, . 71.
%
27 178
24 115
10,8 7
20,8 88
* 16,2 62
1991
28%
24%11%
21%
16%
*
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83
1995
: M. Hakan Yavuz, Political Islam and the Welfare (Refah) Party in Turkey, . 71.
%
19,2 135
19,7 132
14,6 76
10,7 49
8,1 0
21,4 158
1995
20%
21%
16%
11%
9%
23%
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84
1999
: www.Turkey.org/politics/p_dist.htm
%
12,1 85
13,22 86
22,19 136
17,98 129
15,41 111
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86
Graham, Edward. Islams Rise in the Turkish Republic. An Analysis of
Turkish Political Trends leading to the Rise of Refah Partisi. Middle East
Information Network. http://mideastinfo.com.
Gunter, Michael M. The Silent Coup: The Secularist-Islamist Struggle inTurkey. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, vol. XXI, No.
3, (Spring 1998): 1-12.
Glalp, Haldun. Modernization Policies and Islamic Politics in Turkey.
Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey. . Sibel
Bozdoan Reat Kasaba (Seattle and London: University of
Washington Press, 1997).
Heper, Metin. Islam and Democracy in Turkey: Towards aReconciliation?. Middle East Journal 51, no. 1 (Winter 1997): 32-45.
Huntington, Samuel. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven
and London: Yale University Press, 1996.
---------------------------
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nalck, Halil. The Nature of Traditional Society. Turkey. Political
Modernization in Japan and Turkey. Robert A. Ward-
Dunkwart Rustow (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964).
Joff, George. The Islamist Enigma in Turkey. Jime Review (Autumn1996): 5-22.
Kamel, Saleh Abdullah. Islamic Banking in Practice: The Albaraka Group
in Muslim Minority Countries, Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs,
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Karmon, Ely. The Demise of Radical Islam in Turkey, International Policy
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Kazancgil, Ali and Ergun zbudun, . Atatrk: Founder of a Modern
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Kinzer, Stephen. The Islamist who Runs Turkey, Delicately. The New
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Koar, Baki. Tarikatlardan Erbakana Rest ve Salvo!. Nokta, 26 March-1
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